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standard name of the universal in ordinary
English usage: What is the name of the universal distinctive of chairs? "Chair" in English is used not only as a subject (as in "The chair is broken"), but also as a predicate (as in "That is a chair"). So to generate a name for the universal distinctive of chairs, take the predicate "chair" and add "ness", which yields "chairness".
381:, nonphysical, non-mental entities to which words such as "sameness", "circularity", and "beauty" refer. Particulars are the referents of proper names, such as "Phaedo," or of definite descriptions that identify single objects, such as the phrase, "that person over there". Other metaphysical theories may use the terminology of universals to describe physical entities.
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Plato's examples of what we might today call universals included mathematical and geometrical ideas such as a circle and natural numbers as universals. Plato's views on universals did, however, vary across several different discussions. In some cases, Plato spoke as if the perfect circle functioned
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and adding the suffix "ness", "ity", or "hood". For example, the universal that is distinctive of left-handers may be formed by taking the predicate "left-handed" and adding "ness", which yields the name "left-handedness". The principle is most helpful in cases where there is not an established or
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is what particular things have in common, namely characteristics or qualities. In other words, universals are repeatable or recurrent entities that can be instantiated or exemplified by many particular things. For example, suppose there are two chairs in a room, each of which is green. These two
284:. Extreme Realists posit the existence of independent, abstract universals to account for attribute agreement. Nominalists deny that universals exist, claiming that they are not necessary to explain attribute agreement. Conceptualists posit that universals exist only in the
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Nominalists hold that universals are not real mind-independent entities but either merely concepts (sometimes called "conceptualism") or merely names. Nominalists typically argue that properties are abstract particulars (like tropes) rather than universals.
183:(e.g. the personhood of Socrates). However, universals are not necessarily abstract and particulars are not necessarily concrete. For example, one might hold that numbers are particular yet abstract objects. Likewise, some philosophers, such as
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152:", as well as "greenness" or the quality of being green; in other words, they share two "universals". There are three major kinds of qualities or characteristics:
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are similar or agree in attribute, namely in having the attribute of greenness. The issue is how to account for this sort of agreement in attribute among things.
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Lewis, D. (1983), "New work for a theory of universals". Australasian
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Taking a broader view, the main positions are generally considered classifiable as:
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Russell, Bertrand (1912b). "On the
Relation of Universals and Particulars" (
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There are many philosophical positions regarding universals. Taking "
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Characteristic or qualities that particular things have in common
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Rodriguez-Pereyra, Gonzalo (2008). "Nominalism in
Metaphysics",
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Concluding
Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
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Price, H. H. (1953). "Universals and Resemblance", Ch. 1 of
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or blueprint for all copies and for the word definition of
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Russell, Bertrand (1912). "The World of Universals," in
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Loux, Michael J. (2001). "The Problem of Universals" in
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A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
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The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy
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MacLeod, M. & Rubenstein, E. (2006). "Universals",
606:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 133.
258:) that the mind abstracts from these beautiful things.
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Williams, D. C. (1953). "On the Elements of Being",
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
216:or attribute agreement among things. For example,
30:"Universals" redirects here. For other uses, see
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819:Quine, W. V. O. (1961). "On What There is," in
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310:A universal may have instances, known as its
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264:: there are no universals, only individuals.
342:of a universal. That is, a universal type (
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690:, McGill-Queen's University Press/Acumen.
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
663:Metaphysics: A Contemporary Introduction
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842:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
749:Universals: An Opinionated Introduction
702:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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187:, consider universals to be concrete.
1746:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
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679:, J. Fieser & B. Dowden (eds.). (
417:theorists, the medieval philosophers
231:" as an example, four positions are:
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1766:The World as Will and Representation
840:Swoyer, Chris (2000). "Properties",
772:, München, Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 2005
603:An Introduction to Indian Philosophy
581:MacLeod & Rubenstein (2006), §3.
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173:(e.g. humanity), whereas
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190:Most do not consider
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61:improve this article
1686:Daneshnameh-ye Alai
1197:Linguistic modality
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494:The Secret of Hegel
330:) and the relation
222:Granny Smith apples
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665:, N.Y.: Routledge.
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1646:Nyāya Sūtras
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1522:Wittgenstein
1467:Schopenhauer
1346:
1337:Unobservable
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1187:Intelligence
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1057:Subjectivism
1052:Spiritualism
967:Essentialism
947:Anti-realism
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59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1666:Metaphysics
1650:(c. 200 BC)
1640:(c. 350 BC)
1630:(c. 350 BC)
1517:Collingwood
1422:Malebranche
1170:Information
1098:Anima mundi
1077:Type theory
1032:Physicalism
997:Materialism
952:Determinism
923:Metaphysics
734:Metaphysics
731:Aristotle,
718:Aristotle,
656:Normativity
411:JP Moreland
352:betweenness
332:betweenness
312:particulars
175:particulars
141:metaphysics
1931:Categories
1726:Monadology
1660:(c. 80 BC)
1367:Parmenides
1252:Perception
1150:Experience
1037:Relativism
1012:Naturalism
962:Enactivism
881:Chrysippus
870:Chrysippus
799:Parmenides
721:Categories
688:Universals
642:References
455:properties
404:Nominalism
306:Particular
300:Particular
274:nominalism
262:Nominalism
214:similarity
158:properties
87:newspapers
18:Universals
1886:Teleology
1851:Mereology
1831:Cosmology
1690:(c. 1000)
1587:Plantinga
1577:Armstrong
1527:Heidegger
1502:Whitehead
1487:Nietzsche
1407:Descartes
1377:Aristotle
1332:Universal
1262:Principle
1232:Necessity
1192:Intention
1145:Existence
1108:Causality
1047:Solipsism
977:Free will
459:predicate
373:referents
162:relations
150:chairness
145:universal
117:June 2022
1942:Ontology
1904:Category
1826:Axiology
1680:(c. 270)
1608:more ...
1562:Anscombe
1557:Strawson
1552:Davidson
1447:Berkeley
1387:Plotinus
1348:more ...
1287:Relation
1267:Property
1242:Ontology
1165:Identity
1086:Concepts
1017:Nihilism
982:Idealism
930:Theories
788:Republic
747:(1989).
466:See also
378:abstract
340:instance
294:ontology
282:idealism
236:Idealism
180:concrete
170:abstract
1676:Enneads
1670:(c. 50)
1636:Timaeus
1626:Sophist
1572:Dummett
1567:Deleuze
1507:Russell
1497:Bergson
1492:Meinong
1472:Bolzano
1432:Leibniz
1412:Spinoza
1397:Aquinas
1382:Proclus
1312:Thought
1302:Subject
1282:Reality
1277:Quality
1247:Pattern
1207:Meaning
1182:Insight
1140:Essence
1125:Concept
1027:Realism
992:Liberty
957:Dualism
810:Sophist
808:Plato,
797:Plato,
786:Plato,
775:Plato,
385:as the
357:inheres
348:redness
344:doghood
328:redness
320:doghood
192:classes
101:scholar
1810:(1981)
1800:(1943)
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1706:Ethics
1700:(1641)
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1592:Kripke
1582:Putnam
1542:Sartre
1532:Carnap
1482:Peirce
1427:Newton
1402:Suárez
1392:Scotus
1272:Qualia
1237:Object
1227:Nature
1222:Motion
1202:Matter
1135:Entity
1007:Monism
777:Phaedo
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483:Sortal
437:, and
391:circle
280:, and
229:beauty
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1597:Lewis
1547:Quine
1512:Moore
1477:Lotze
1462:Hegel
1437:Wolff
1417:Locke
1372:Plato
1342:Value
1322:Truth
512:Notes
415:apoha
218:grass
108:JSTOR
94:books
1537:Ryle
1457:Kant
1452:Hume
1442:Reid
1317:Time
1297:Soul
1292:Self
1217:Mind
1175:Data
1160:Idea
857:link
846:link
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449:The
421:and
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286:mind
220:and
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