266:. He ran successfully in the 1922 municipal elections and became deputy mayor of Chambon, but did not find municipal politics interesting and resigned from this office on 25 August 1922. In March–April 1924 he was among the CGTU Communist activists who led a major strike of 20,000 metalworkers in the Foréz region. He was arrested for undermining the freedom of labor, sentenced to four months in prison and fined 200 francs. The strike did much to advance the position of the Communists in the CGTU against the anarcho-syndicalist leadership. In November 1924 Frachon was appointed permanent secretary to the Loire departmental union of the
311:. On 25 April 1925 Frachon married Marie-Louise Péalat, a seamstress from Chambon. Their son, Henri, was born on 7 January 1929. As secretary of the departmental union of the CGTU he was a member of the French delegation to the sixth session of the Executive Committee of the Communist International in Moscow in February–March 1926. On his return he replaced the secretary of the Lyon region of the PCF. At the PCF's Lille Congress in July 1926 he became a member of the Central Committee. He was very active in promoting the party in meetings throughout the region, fighting
475:
587:
indiscreet due to trusting too much in the Soviet-German pact. In the autumn
Frachon and Duclos decided to appoint Charles Tillon to organize the first armed groups of the PCF. Frachon met Tillon in early November 1940 to propose this assignment. Tillon accepted and became the third member of the secretariat. Germany attacked the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 in
337:
and Thorez. Frachon and other PCF leaders were arrested on 24 July 1929 at a meeting held in
Villeneuve-Saint-Georges to prepare for the international anti-war demonstrations of 1 August. They were charged with conspiracy against the internal and external security of the state. Frachon was jailed in
175:
in
Chambon, where he participated in theatrical productions and read widely in the library. Frachon joined the general strike in 1912 against the "Three Years Law". In 1913 he was called up for military service. He was placed in the auxiliary service due to his myopia, and was in the clothing store
413:, the national representatives, provided assistance to the local militants Auguste Walch, Frédéric Fassnacht, Joseph Mohn and Georges Woldi. The October 1934 meeting of the National Confederal Committee of the CGTU was entirely devoted to trade union unity. Frachon became secretary of the reunited
631:
that called on the metalworkers of Paris to take arms. Soon after, Frachon and Duclos returned to the PCF headquarters, and then to their homes in
Montreuil. On 27 August 1944 Frachon made his base in the Confederal Bureau of the CGT headquarters on rue Lafayette. He laid out the task of CGT union
152:
When
Frachon's father died he obtained work with a manufacturer of bolts and other hardware. He joined the union in 1909. He joined a strike at his factory in January 1910 that soon spread to all the metal works in the Loire. He lost his job due to another strike in 1911, but soon found work in a
493:
was launched on 1 September 1939. The Soviet army invaded eastern Poland on 17 September. The PCE was officially dissolved on 26 September 1939. The communist leadership at first accepted the
Comintern line that the war was a fight between imperialists, not relevant to the workers. Frachon would
646:
The CGT "diarchy" of
Jouhaux and Frachon was formalized on 5 September 1945 and confirmed in the April 1946 CGT conference. Frachon was Joint Secretary-General of the CGT from 1945 to 1967. He had to deal with the PTT strike in the summer of 1946, the Renault strike at the end of April 1947 and
618:
in 1944 most of the trade union action was taken by the unitarians led by
Frachon. It was at his proposal that it was agreed that the CGT should have two general secretaries. The two were Frachon and Louis Saillant, who got on well together. Saillant replaced Jouhaux, who had been deported to
586:
Frachon returned to Paris and met Duclos on 10 August 1940. The two men assumed leadership of the party in France. They decided not to use the safety devices and hideouts that
Maurice Tréand had put in place, but to use a new network established by Dallidet. Tréand was suspected to have been
148:
at the age of 51. Benoît received a
Certificate of Primary Education in July 1904. He went on to secondary school in Chambon-Feugerolles, but dropped out two years later. At the age of thirteen he became apprenticed to a former metal worker, who taught him the basic skills.
505:
After the German invasion of May 1940, Frachon followed the official line of investigating the conditions for national defense. He tried to make contact with the government to gain the release of communists to help in resisting the invasion, but was not answered. Frachon,
214:, the socialist Minister of Armaments, created worker's delegates. In January 1918 he was an alternate delegate for his workshop, and took a clear position against the war. He was moved from Guérigny that month and given various jobs in the aviation industry. He was at
466:(1939–45) caused a surge of anti-communist feeling. Although Frachon called for the independence of the CGT from all parties, and for the unity of trade unions of all countries, he was removed from his position in the confederal office of the CGT in September 1939.
377:, advancing the need for a united front of exploited workers, and for workers to understand the broader issues when often they were focused on immediate goals such as better wages and improved working conditions. In the early 1930s the PCF was in disarray.
236:
where he found a job as a metallurgist at the Giraud-Soulay company. He was soon elected a shop steward, and negotiated with the management in two disputes. During this period he abandoned his anarcho-syndicalist views. After the split of the SFIO at the
591:. With this, PCF policy switched to support for armed struggle against the German occupiers. Tillon was put in charge of military matters. Jacques Duclos became effective leader of the party, although in theory Tillon and Frachon shared authority.
323:
Frachon attended the PCE national conference in June 1928, where he was designated delegate to the 6th congress of the Communist International in July–September 1928. He returned as an alternate member of the Executive Committee. In November 1928
438:. He worked for international trade union unity, but without success. In November 1937 he and Jouhaux went to Moscow to discuss unity with the Russian unions. In 1938 he and Jouhaux attended a convention of Mexican unions. On his way back, in
602:
and to collaboration with the enemy. They arranged a meeting between the confederate and unitarian groups of the CGT on 17 May 1941. Contact was broken during the repressive period that followed, but resumed in July 1942. Frachon proposed to
419:(CGT) at the trade union unification congress in Toulouse in March 1936. On 9 March 1936 he resigned from the PCE politburo, although he remained one of the party leaders. Unlike Thorez, he opposed participation of the communists in the
735:
Unité ouvrière internationale pour la défense de la paix et de la liberté: Discours prononcés aux Assemblées de la Fédération syndicale internationale... Suivis de documents sur la discussion entre les syndicats soviétiques et la F. S.
651:
and other journals. His report to the 29th congress in June 1953 was read by Monmousseau. In November 1953 Frachon participated in the Congress of Trade Unions of the Seine. He was arrested that evening but was freed a few days later.
396:
In November 1931 Frachon was named a member of the CGTU's Confederal Bureau. In October 1932 he left the PCE secretariat and became secretary of the CGTU, replacing Monmousseau. From 29 June to 29 August 1933 the building workers of
659:
retired as joint secretary general of the CGT, an arrangement confirmed at the 1959 CGT confederal congress. At the 36th congress of the CGT in June 1967 he handed over to Georges Seguy, since his health was failing. He moved to
494:
spend most of the war in the Paris region. On 8 October 1939 he was designated PCF secretary for French territory at a leadership meeting in Belgium which he did not attend for fear of being detained at the border. During the
563:. The negotiations fell through, and the Soviet Union changed tack and condemned the attempt. The leadership of the French Communist Party in the period between the German occupation of France between the armistice and the
328:
proposed him as a member of the Politburo of the PCE Central Committee. At the end of 1928 Frachon moved permanently from Lyon to Paris. He was made a member of the secretariat established at the 1928 congress, along with
1772:
598:, and called for the workers to organize clandestine sections within the legal unions to oppose Vichy and the German occupiers. He contacted Louis Saillant in the autumn of 1940, who was also hostile to the draft
1903:
1776:
315:
influences and praising the example of the Soviet Union. Frachon ran unsuccessfully in the national elections in April 1928 as candidate of the Workers and Peasants Bloc for the 3rd district of Lyon.
385:
from gaining influence. He was to resolve rivalry, eliminate unsound elements and install men loyal to Moscow at the head of the party. Fried removed Barbé and Célor and advanced Thorez, Frachon,
31:
792:
La classe ouvrière dans la lutte pour la démocratie et la République, pour la défense des libertés syndicales et les revendications, pour la paix: discours au C.C.N. des 11 et 12 juin 1958
1109:
365:, where he was joined by his wife and son. He rejoined the politburo in January 1931. He was involved in the dispute against Barbé and Celor, accused of sectarianism. He often wrote for
567:
on 22 June 1941 was divided between three locations. Secretary-general Maurice Thorez was in Moscow with André Marty. In Paris the clandestine party was directed by Frachon, aided by
619:
Germany. Dominique Labbé served as for several years Frachon's unofficial secretary. He records Frachon’s rather casual attitude towards official titles and hierarchy at this time.
647:
further strikes in late 1947. During the repression that began in 1953, Frachon escaped arrest on 23 March 1953 by going into hiding. He continued to make regular contributions to
1898:
144:, Loire, the third of five children in a working-class family. Le Chambon-Feugerolles was a mining and industrial town in the Loire coal basin. His father was a miner who died of
611:
and forced labor in Germany, urge them to join the armed struggle and announce the reunification of the CGT. Jouhaux did not want to go underground, and the meeting broke up.
583:
took a different line from the other PCF leaders. Instead, in public statements in June and July 1940 Tillon spoke out for fighting for national liberation from the Germans.
249:. He quit this job after refusing to work on making torpedoes. He was rehired and again fired several times, helped by his qualification but still refusing to make weapons.
1893:
557:. Tréand and Jean Catelas, the deputy for Amiens, began negotiations with the German ambassador for permission to resume open publication of the communist journal
627:
In the last months of the German occupation, Duclos and Frachon met frequently and helped prepare the uprising. On 22 August 1944 Frachon signed an article in
434:, where they lived until the start of 1939, then moved to a small house with a garden in Montreuil, made available by the communist party, beside the house of
228:
708:
Le grand capitalisme provocateur de crise, de désordre et de misère: rapport présenté ... au 8è congrès de la CGTU, Issy-Les-Moulineaux, 24-27 septembre 1935
268:
254:
594:
Frachon's primary concern during the war was the trade union movement. Through many articles in the underground journals he explained the failings of the
1908:
218:
when the armistice was declared in November 1918. He spent a short time with the troops occupying the Rhineland, then was discharged on 19 August 1919.
1852:
479:
1396:
1224:
801:
Union de la classe ouvrière et des démocrates: pour de meilleurs salaires, la réduction du temps de travail, la défense des libertés et de la paix
664:, in the spring of 1973. In October 1973 he suffered a cardiovascular and cerebral accident. He died in Bordes on 4 August 1975 at the age of 82.
1556:
1439:
1433:
1429:
1693:
699:
Pour une C.G.T. unique ! Pour l'action de masse ! Discours prononcés à la Conférence nationale du parti communiste, Ivry, juin 1934
1707:
632:
officials: to bring the war to a successful end, rebuild the economy and resume the fight for worker's rights. Frachon was a member of the
1913:
1888:
415:
128:
726:
De Toulouse à Nantes. Deux ans d'activité confédérale au service de la classe ouvrière. Conférence faite [...] le 7 juillet 1938
1566:
1551:
252:
In 1922 Frachon became secretary of the metal workers union in Chambon. In this role he participated in the founding congress of the
196:
naval arsenal, but due to his technical skills was not sent to the front. Frachon disagreed with the CGT position of supporting the
1786:
98:
1883:
1818:
458:
he supported Jouhaux in his personal disapproval of the agreements but said trade union unity was the more important issue. The
1571:
1781:
1546:
1364:
1310:
1281:
1168:
1139:
872:
853:
1847:
1389:
745:
La C.G.T. et la renaissance française. Rapport présenté au Comité Confédéral National de la C.G.T. du 4 au 6 Septembre 1945
245:. He led his whole section into the Communist Party. In June 1921 Frachon returned to Chambon where he found work with the
1791:
1757:
361:
Frachon and the others were released on bail in May 1930. Frachon moved to an apartment on the first floor of a house in
502:
worked with Frachon to establish the first clandestine structures, acting as secretary of the clandestine organization.
1606:
1581:
1254:
633:
575:
were Jacques Duclos, who became the political leader of the party, and later the leader of the Communist Resistance,
272:(CGTU). In March 1925 he organized a conference of all the Loire unions, against the opposition of the CGTU leaders.
1762:
1672:
1382:
1714:
1679:
381:
was assigned by Comintern to eliminate the social-democratic and anarcho-syndicalist elements, and prevent the
640:
431:
110:(13 May 1893 – 1 August 1975), a French metalworker and trade union leader, was one of the leaders of the
1586:
1576:
1523:
459:
1228:
754:
La Bataille de la production: Nouvelle étape du combat contre les trusts. Rapports, articles et discours
153:
machine factory. He joined a small anarchist group of miners and metalworkers created in 1909, and read
424:
553:
the PCF leaders denounced the imperialist war, called for peace and concentrated on opposition to the
526:
region to start reorganizing communist activity. Frachon left Paris on 12 June 1940, and moved to the
1752:
1596:
1204:
884:
Les Grèves de Strasbourg, une phase de la lutte des Alsaciens-Lorrains contre l'impérialisme français
550:
1728:
782:
701:. Impr. d'art Voltaire, 34, rue Richer ; les Publications révolutionnaires, 120, rue Lafayette.
1796:
1686:
1327:
211:
1721:
837:
Au rythme des jours: rétrospective sur 20 années de luttes de la C.G.T (textes choisis). 1955-1967
1621:
263:
279:). In 1925 he became secretary of the PCF trade union committee covering the departments of the
1812:
1423:
1405:
420:
242:
202:, under which no industrial actions were taken during the struggle with Germany, and preferred
141:
111:
51:
1246:
Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia
1244:
1156:
607:
a joint appeal to the working class, calling on them to demand their union rights, refuse the
1298:
1271:
1129:
614:
Fresh contacts finally led to the Perreux reunification agreements in April 1943. Until the
280:
1878:
1873:
1767:
1638:
615:
588:
564:
406:
226:
Frachon returned to Chambon-Feugerolles on 8 September 1919, where he joined the socialist
819:
L'Épopée d'un peuple maître de son destin: l'ascension de l'Union soviétique et ses causes
8:
1830:
1517:
886:. Internationale syndicale rouge, Confédération générale du travail unitaire. p. 64.
1185:
770:
694:
661:
490:
410:
284:
207:
70:
498:
that ensued, Frachon helped relaunch the communist journals, now published illegally.
353:
339:
167:
1601:
1360:
1306:
1277:
1250:
1164:
1135:
868:
849:
300:
203:
119:
686:
Le Communisme vit ! il vaincra ! Programme et tactique du parti communiste
576:
288:
1627:
1505:
1493:
595:
535:
519:
455:
439:
1665:
1648:
656:
559:
474:
345:
259:
206:'s opposition to contributing to the war effort. He was a strong supporter of the
154:
30:
1611:
568:
543:
522:
met in Paris early in June 1940, and decided to send Frachon and Dallidet to the
507:
499:
1455:
604:
515:
334:
198:
1561:
1529:
1499:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
580:
451:
435:
386:
325:
238:
162:
1451:
390:
330:
276:
1867:
1643:
1445:
362:
546:
left Paris for the south at the same time, and met Frachon in Haute-Vienne.
1633:
554:
527:
511:
486:
463:
443:
123:
1824:
1700:
1374:
810:
Sur le chemin de l'unité syndicale: recueil d'articles et d'interventions
378:
292:
181:
193:
1735:
1616:
1511:
495:
398:
382:
312:
304:
177:
1056:
1054:
1052:
241:
of 25–30 December 1920 he became a member of the local branch of the
233:
542:. Arthur Dallidet, Jeanjean, Georgette Cadras, Jeannette Tétard and
427:
in June 1936, which achieved important advances in worker's rights.
572:
539:
531:
523:
1049:
401:
went on strike, and the strike spread to enterprises elsewhere in
308:
1590:
763:
Rapport au XXVIIe congrès de la Confédération générale du travail
447:
215:
275:
Frachon was elected head of Communist cells in the Lyon region (
402:
145:
1273:
Madeleine dite Betty: déportée résistante à Auschwitz-Birkenau
1015:
1013:
478:
Clandestine PCF secretariat in 1943. Left to right: Frachon,
1078:
1303:
Thorez-Staline 1944-1947: penser le communisme français ...
1010:
728:. Union syndicale de la Métallurgie parisienne. p. 32.
688:. Bureau d'éditions, 132, faubourg Saint-Denis. p. 52.
430:
At the start of 1937 the Frachons moved to an apartment in
232:(SFIO). He could not find work in the region, so moved to
1904:
Members of the Confédération générale du travail unitaire
655:
Frachon became the sole secretary general in 1957, after
296:
342:, where he wrote several articles under a pseudonym for
1899:
Members of the General Confederation of Labour (France)
1203:
1060:
986:
1359:(in French). Les Presses de Sciences Po. p. 364.
747:. Impr. spéciale de l'Union des syndicats. p. 24.
1066:
964:
962:
960:
958:
717:
Lettre ouverte à mon frère du syndicat "professionnel
1037:
1025:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
1090:
998:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
643:in London alongside many renowned trade unionists.
462:between the Soviet Union and Germany on the eve of
1161:Violence, guerre, révolution: l'exemple communiste
974:
955:
828:Les Cheminots dans l'histoire sociale de la France
692:
247:Société anonyme des aciéries et forges de Firminy
1894:Members of the Provisional Consultative Assembly
1865:
1773:Federation of Marxist-Leninist Circles in France
1209:Base de données des députés français depuis 1789
898:
794:. Confédération Générale du Travail. p. 31.
677:Parti communiste [S.F.I.C.] Discours ..
1128:Besse, Jean-Pierre; Pennetier, Claude (2006).
1127:
1084:
1019:
229:Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière
1390:
683:
679:. Secrétaire du Parti Communiste. p. 64.
674:
1557:French Section of the Workers' International
1357:Frachon (Benoît): communiste et syndicaliste
351:
343:
210:in Russia in 1917. Frachon was elected when
221:
192:Frachon was returned to active duty in the
126:(1939–45). He was Secretary-General of the
16:Former leader of the French Communist Party
1909:Communist members of the French Resistance
1777:Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of France
1708:La Bretagne ouvrière, paysanne et maritime
1404:
1397:
1383:
446:in which he denounced concessions made to
269:Confédération générale du travail unitaire
255:Confédération générale du travail unitaire
140:Benoît Frachon was born on 13 May 1893 in
29:
1552:List of French Communist Party congresses
1222:
1154:
1072:
992:
846:Pour la CGT: mémoires de lutte, 1902-1939
684:Thorez, Maurice; Frachon, Benoît (1931).
675:Thorez, Maurice; Frachon, Benoît (1931).
450:during the crisis over German demands of
1787:Convention for a Progressive Alternative
473:
1819:French Committee of National Liberation
1354:
1269:
1183:
1107:
1043:
1031:
980:
968:
862:
843:
834:
825:
816:
807:
798:
789:
760:
751:
742:
732:
723:
714:
705:
1866:
1694:L'Enchaîné du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais
1572:Mouvement Jeunes Communistes de France
1225:"Quand le PCF collaborait avec Hitler"
1547:History of the French Communist Party
1378:
1325:
1296:
1242:
1096:
1004:
949:
738:. Editions "Vie ouvrière. p. 32.
530:. He and Dallidet rebuilt links with
262:. He supported the union joining the
1110:"Livre. La biographie d'Eugen Fried"
821:. Éditions du Pavillon. p. 138.
1792:Pole of Communist Revival in France
881:
482:, Jacques Duclos and Charles Tillon
423:government. He participated in the
258:(CGTU) on 26 June – 1 July 1922 in
13:
1914:Recipients of the Resistance Medal
1889:French Communist Party politicians
1782:Workers' Communist Party of France
1607:National Council of the Resistance
1582:National Front (French Resistance)
1347:
1157:"La violence Communiste en France"
848:. Éditions sociales. p. 261.
710:. Editions de la CGTU. p. 49.
622:
454:. At the CGT conference after the
318:
176:of the 30th Artillery Regiment in
14:
1925:
1328:"Benoit Frachon l'incontournable"
1326:Maury, Nicolas (30 August 2013).
634:Provisional Consultative Assembly
416:Confédération générale du travail
129:Confédération générale du travail
1673:Le Travailleur de Lot-et-Garonne
1299:"Entretien avec Marcel Dufriche"
489:(1939–45) began when the German
1131:Juin 40, la négociation secrète
667:
469:
90:Metalworker, trade union leader
1884:People from Loire (department)
1680:Le Travailleur du Centre Ouest
1249:. Princeton University Press.
1223:Dauvergne, Christophe (2015).
1186:"Frachon Benoît – (1893–1975)"
1184:Claudel, Paul CLAUDEL (2015).
1108:Amalric, Jaques (1997-02-10).
187:
135:
1:
892:
1305:(in French). L'AGE D'HOMME.
839:. Ed. sociales. p. 638.
830:. Ed. sociales. p. 319.
756:. Ed. sociales. p. 239.
641:World Trade Union Conference
7:
1587:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
1577:Union of Communist Students
1227:(in French). Archived from
1155:Boulouque, Sylvain (2004).
1061:Charles, Joseph TILLON, ANF
10:
1930:
1758:Workers and Peasants Party
1243:Gross, Jan Tomasz (2002).
1211:. French National Assembly
1085:Besse & Pennetier 2006
1020:Besse & Pennetier 2006
719:. impr. J.E.P. p. 27.
371:Les Cahiers du bolchevisme
1840:
1805:
1753:Socialist-Communist Union
1745:
1657:
1597:Union of Russian Patriots
1539:
1414:
1355:Girault, Jacques (1989).
1297:Labbe, Dominique (1996).
1134:. Editions de l'Atelier.
803:. "Le Peuple. p. 46.
639:In 1945, he attended the
565:German invasion of Russia
551:armistice of 22 June 1940
132:(CGT) from 1945 to 1967.
116:Parti communiste français
94:
86:
78:
59:
37:
28:
21:
1797:Movement of Progressives
1687:Le Travailleur du Loiret
1205:"Charles, Joseph TILLON"
1190:Encyclopædia Universalis
863:Frachon, Benoît (1993).
844:Frachon, Benoît (1981).
835:Frachon, Benoît (1973).
826:Frachon, Benoît (1967).
817:Frachon, Benoît (1967).
808:Frachon, Benoît (1963).
799:Frachon, Benoît (1963).
790:Frachon, Benoît (1958).
761:Frachon, Benoît (1948).
752:Frachon, Benoît (1946).
743:Frachon, Benoît (1945).
733:Frachon, Benoît (1939).
724:Frachon, Benoît (1938).
715:Frachon, Benoît (1937).
706:Frachon, Benoît (1935).
442:he gave an interview to
222:1919–28: Regional leader
1763:Proletarian Unity Party
1622:Institut Maurice Thorez
460:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
264:Communist International
171:. He often visited the
1729:Les Lettres Françaises
1424:Ludovic-Oscar Frossard
1407:French Communist Party
1270:Jégouzo, Yves (2011).
483:
352:
344:
243:French Communist Party
142:Le Chambon-Feugerolles
112:French Communist Party
52:Le Chambon-Feugerolles
1722:Le Prolétaire normand
867:. VO éd. p. 91.
477:
425:Matignon negotiations
1841:Parliamentary groups
1768:French Popular Party
812:. C.G.T. p. 95.
616:Liberation of France
589:Operation Barbarossa
1518:Marie-George Buffet
695:Monmousseau, Gaston
636:from 1944 to 1945.
180:at the outbreak of
662:Les Bordes, Loiret
491:invasion of Poland
484:
208:October Revolution
118:, PCF) and of the
71:Les Bordes, Loiret
1861:
1860:
1848:National Assembly
1602:French Resistance
1416:General Secretary
1366:978-2-7246-0563-1
1312:978-2-8251-0780-5
1283:978-2-296-55166-4
1170:978-2-8251-1942-6
1163:. L'AGE D'HOMME.
1141:978-2-7082-3866-4
882:Frachon, Benoît.
874:978-2-902323-33-3
865:Ecrits sur la CGT
855:978-2-209-05452-7
693:Frachon, Benoît;
609:Charte du Travail
600:Charte du Travail
579:and Eugen Fried.
204:Alphonse Merrheim
159:La Guerre Sociale
120:French Resistance
105:
104:
101:Secretary-General
1921:
1715:La Voix de l'Est
1639:Marxism–Leninism
1628:Programme commun
1540:Related articles
1506:Georges Marchais
1494:Georges Marchais
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520:Georges Politzer
456:Munich Agreement
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173:Maison du Peuple
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1348:Further reading
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623:Post-liberation
571:. In hiding in
569:Arthur Dallidet
544:Claudine Chomat
508:Arthur Dallidet
500:Arthur Dallidet
480:Auguste Lecoeur
472:
375:La Vie ouvrière
354:La Vie Ouvrière
340:La Santé Prison
321:
319:National leader
224:
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168:La Vie Ouvrière
138:
74:
68:
64:
55:
54:, Loire, France
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1532:(2018–present)
1530:Fabien Roussel
1527:
1524:Pierre Laurent
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1500:Waldeck Rochet
1497:
1491:
1488:Waldeck Rochet
1485:
1482:Maurice Thorez
1479:
1476:Jacques Duclos
1473:
1470:Maurice Thorez
1467:
1464:Maurice Thorez
1460:Benoît Frachon
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1087:, p. 153.
1077:
1073:Dauvergne 2015
1065:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1009:
1007:, p. 261.
997:
995:, p. 122.
993:Boulouque 2004
985:
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577:Maurice Tréand
471:
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452:Czechoslovakia
436:Jacques Duclos
409:. Frachon and
387:Jacques Duclos
326:Maurice Thorez
320:
317:
307:, and part of
289:Saône-et-Loire
239:Tours Congress
223:
220:
189:
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163:Pierre Monatte
137:
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108:Benoît Frachon
103:
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95:Known for
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67:(aged 82)
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1447:
1446:Pierre Semard
1444:
1441:
1440:Louis Sellier
1438:
1435:
1434:Albert Treint
1431:
1430:Louis Sellier
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1332:Le Grand Soir
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1276:. Harmattan.
1275:
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1256:0-691-09603-1
1252:
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1231:on 2015-07-08
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421:Popular Front
418:
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411:Eugène Hénaff
408:
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363:Choisy-le-Roi
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63:1 August 1975
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40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
1734:
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1699:
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1664:
1658:Publications
1634:Unitary Left
1626:
1567:Headquarters
1459:
1456:Pierre Célor
1356:
1336:. Retrieved
1331:
1316:. Retrieved
1302:
1287:. Retrieved
1272:
1260:. Retrieved
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1229:the original
1213:. Retrieved
1208:
1194:. Retrieved
1189:
1174:. Retrieved
1160:
1145:. Retrieved
1130:
1118:. Retrieved
1113:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1044:Jégouzo 2011
1039:
1032:Jégouzo 2011
1027:
1000:
988:
981:Amalric 1997
976:
969:Claudel 2015
883:
864:
845:
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605:Léon Jouhaux
599:
593:
585:
558:
548:
528:Haute-Vienne
516:Gabriel Péri
512:Jean Catelas
504:
487:World War II
485:
470:World War II
464:World War II
444:United Press
429:
414:
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374:
370:
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335:Pierre Célor
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199:Union sacrée
197:
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139:
127:
124:World War II
115:
107:
106:
65:(1975-08-01)
1879:1975 deaths
1874:1893 births
1827:(1997–2002)
1825:Plural Left
1821:(1940–1947)
1815:(1936–1938)
1746:Derivatives
1701:Front rouge
1526:(2010–2018)
1520:(2001–2010)
1514:(1994–2001)
1508:(1972–1994)
1496:(1969–1972)
1490:(1964–1969)
1484:(1953–1964)
1478:(1950–1953)
1472:(1930–1950)
1466:(1929–1930)
1452:Henri Barbé
1448:(1924–1929)
1436:(1923–1924)
1426:(1921–1923)
1334:(in French)
1192:(in French)
1116:(in French)
779:|work=
391:André Marty
383:Trotskyists
379:Eugen Fried
331:Henri Barbé
293:Haute-Loire
277:Rhône-Alpes
188:World War I
184:(1914–18).
182:World War I
136:Early years
79:Nationality
48:13 May 1893
1868:Categories
1831:Left Front
1736:Pif Gadget
1666:L'Humanité
1512:Robert Hue
1338:2015-07-28
1318:2015-07-28
1289:2015-06-09
1262:2015-06-09
1235:2015-07-07
1215:2015-06-08
1196:2015-07-28
1176:2015-06-07
1147:2015-06-08
1120:2015-07-08
1114:Libération
1097:Labbe 1996
1005:Gross 2002
950:Maury 2013
893:References
649:L'Humanité
629:L'Humanité
560:l'Humanité
549:After the
496:Phoney War
399:Strasbourg
367:L'Humanité
346:L'Humanité
313:Trotskyist
157:'s weekly
44:1893-05-13
781:ignored (
771:cite book
432:Montreuil
234:Marseille
697:(1934).
573:Brussels
540:Toulouse
532:Bordeaux
524:Limousin
194:Guérigny
73:, France
1806:Related
1591:FTP-MOI
448:fascism
407:Moselle
305:Ardèche
216:Belfort
178:Orléans
122:during
1853:Senate
1502:(1972)
1442:(1924)
1363:
1309:
1280:
1253:
1167:
1138:
871:
852:
403:Alsace
146:uremia
82:French
309:Isère
285:Loire
281:Rhône
1617:MRAP
1462:and
1432:and
1361:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1165:ISBN
1136:ISBN
869:ISBN
850:ISBN
783:help
538:and
518:and
405:and
389:and
373:and
350:and
301:Jura
161:and
60:Died
38:Born
736:I..
297:Ain
165:'s
99:CGT
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1775:/
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114:(
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