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496:), which describes the countries he visited, with an emphasis on the Jewish communities, including their total populations and the names of notable community leaders. He also described the customs of the local population, both Jewish and non-Jewish, with an emphasis on urban life. In his accounts, Benjamin of Tudela describes Baghdad with great enthusiasm, making particular note of the virtues of the Caliph. He often writes of the respect and intermingle that he encounters between Judaism and Islam. He gave detailed descriptions of sites and landmarks passed along the way, as well as important buildings and marketplaces. Although Benjamin is noted for citing sources and is generally regarded by historians as trustworthy, some of his claims are faulted as relying on earlier writers. For instance, Benjamin's identification of
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to provide a guide where hospitality could be found for Jews traveling to the Holy Land, or for those fleeing oppression elsewhere. He stopped frequently, meeting people, visiting places, describing occupations, and giving a demographic count of Jews in each town and country that he visited. Benjamin
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There is no consensus among scholars as to
Benjamin of Tudela's exact route, although most scholars believe from his itinerary that he travelled on a popular route frequented by travelers at the time. Benjamin set out on his journey from the northeast Iberian Peninsula around 1165, in what may have
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in 1173. In his travels, he described a significant Jewish community somewhere around modern-day
Ethiopia. While it appears clear that such a community existed, scholars still struggle to decide where in Africa he actually visited—a lack of uniform spelling makes it hard to distinguish what places
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Contemporaries of Marco Polo, consisting of the travel records to the eastern parts of the world of
William of Rubruck (1253–1255); the journey of John of Pian de Carpini (1245–1247); the journal of Friar Odoric (1318–1330) & the oriental travels of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela
325:. It has been suggested he may have had a commercial motive as well as a religious one. Several times the subject shows an interest in the coral trade, perhaps as a professional gem-merchant. On the other hand, he may have intended to catalog the Jewish communities
1284:
Anna K. Dulska: “Abrahamic
Coexistence in the Twelfth-Century Middle East? Jews among Christians and Muslims in a Travel Account by a Navarrese Jew, Benjamin of Tudela”, Journal of Beliefs & Values, DOI: 10.1080/13617672.2017.1317520,
62:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
688:
of
Navarra. Xabier Kintana translated Sefer Masaot into Basque language and Jose Ramon Magdalena Nom de Deu translated into Spanish. This trilingual special edition of Benjamin MiTudela book has an
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copied
Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier. "Desperately Seeking the Jewish Kingdom of Ethiopia: Benjamin of Tudela and the Horn of Africa (Twelfth Century)." Speculum 88, no. 2 (2013): 383–404.
709:
Tudelalı Benjamin ve
Ratisbonlu Petachia, Ortaçağ’da İki Yahudi Seyyahın Avrupa, Asya ve Afrika Gözlemleri [trans. by Nuh Arslantas, from Marmara University, Istanbul Kaknüs: İstanbul 2001
656:
Nathan Marcus Adler (trans., ed., New York: Phillip
Feldheim, Inc., 1907), reprint by Hebrew University – Department of History of Israel, 1960. Text document, accessed July 2020.
1164:
Shatzmiller, Joseph (1998). "Jews, Pilgrimage, and the
Christian Cult of Saints: Benjamin of Tudela and His Contemporaries". In Goffart, Walter A.; Murray, Alexander C. (eds.).
998:
Hess, Robert L. "The
Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: A Twelfth-Century Jewish Description of North-East Africa." The Journal of African History 6, no. 1 (1965): 15–24.
473:. In addition, he gathered information on many more areas that he heard about in his travels, including China and Tibet. He recorded details on cultures such as that of
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Narrative of a Journey Round the Dead Sea, and in the Bible Lands; in 1850 and 1851. Including an Account of the Discovery of the Sites of Sodom and Gomorrah
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Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier (2013). "Desperately Seeking the Jewish Kingdom of Ethiopia: Benjamin of Tudela and the Horn of Africa (Twelfth Century)".
632:. Trans. Marcus Nathan Adler. Introductions by Michael A. Signer, Marcus Nathan Adler, and A. Asher. Published by Joseph Simon/Pangloss Press, 1993.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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Komroff, Manuel; Carpini, Giovanni di Plano, abp. of Antivari; Ruysbroeck, Willem van; Odorico, da Pordenone; Benjamin, of Tudela (1928).
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275:. Some modern historians credit Benjamin with giving accurate descriptions of everyday life in the Middle Ages. Originally written in
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is an important work not only as a description of the Jewish communities, but also as a reliable source about the geography and
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by a hundred years. With his broad education and vast knowledge of languages, Benjamin of Tudela is a major figure in medieval
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provided his own evaluations of various cultures he encountered and, sometimes, drew parallels between customs he encountered.
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Jacobs, Martin. “‘A Day’s Journey’: Spatial Perceptions and Geographic Imagination in Benjamin of Tudela’s Book of Travels.”
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Hess, Robert L. (1965). "The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: A Twelfth-Century Jewish Description of North-East Africa".
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Hebrew Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Roth, Cecil. (1972) "Benjamin (Ben Jonah) of Tudela" in Encyclopaedia Judaica. 4. New York: Macmillan, pp. 535–538.
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His journeys reveal the concurrent interconnectedness and diversity of Jewish communities during this time period.
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Hebrew: בִּנְיָמִין מִטּוּדֶלָה, pronounced ; Arabic: بنيامين التطيلي, Binyamin al-Tutayli
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trans. Marcus Nathan Adler. 1907: includes map of route (p. 2) and commentary. PDF format.
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locates Dan/Laish more accurately in the vicinity of Paneas at the fourth mile on the route to
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The name Benjamin of Tudela was adopted by a mid-19th-century traveler and author, known as
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and later translated into most major European languages. It received much attention from
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Travellers, Merchants and Settlers in the Eastern Mediterranean, 11th-14th Centuries
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by non-Jewish sources, although there is no reliable evidence that he was ever one.
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The Travels of Benjamin of Tudela: Through Three Continents in the Twelfth Century
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Little is known of his personal life, apart from the fact that he was a native of
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Benjamin and other contemporary writer travel writers are actually referencing.
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The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: Critical Text, Translation and Commentary
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Saulcy, Louis Félicien Joseph Caignart de; Warren, Edouard de (1854).
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Jacoby, David (2014). "Benjamin of Tudela and his „Book of Travels"".
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Reorienting the East: Jewish Travelers to the Medieval Muslim World.
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is one of the earliest accurate descriptions of the site of ancient
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After Rome's Fall: Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History
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and whose title is clearly inspired by Benjamin of Tudela's book.
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wrote a poem about Benjamin of Tudela, which was set to music by
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The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: Travels in the Middle Ages
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and another one in the former Jewish Quarter of his hometown
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http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/zWEMrqQ8q99rwvTpsQem/full
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1168:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 337–347.
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Sefer Masaot Benjamin MiTudela, Trilingual edition in
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Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.
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Bronze bust of Benjamin by Ricardo Varela Andrés in
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The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character
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1430:12th-century people from the Kingdom of Navarre
1204:Caesarea Philippi: Banias, the Lost City of Pan
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80:accompanying your translation by providing an
46:Click for important translation instructions.
33:expand this article with text translated from
1024:Tudela, Benjamin (1987). Adler, Elkan (ed.).
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1375:Medieval Spanish geographers
1147:A Biblical History of Israel
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601:The well-known Israeli poet
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1415:People from Tudela, Navarre
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1299:Works by Benjamin of Tudela
1231:109, no. 2 (2019): 203-232.
1032:. Dover Publications, Inc.
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957:10.1017/S0021853700005302
878:10.1017/S0038713413000857
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698:Juan Cruz Alli Aranguren
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413:. From there he went to
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1380:Medieval Navarrese Jews
1229:Jewish Quarterly Review
838:Macmillan Reference USA
557:(מסעות בנימין השלישי) (
482:The Travels of Benjamin
265:The Travels of Benjamin
197:Travels throughout the
127:בִּנְיָמִין מִטּוּדֶלָה
101:For more guidance, see
1420:12th-century explorers
1276:Jewish Virtual Library
615:wrote and illustrated
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1280:"Benjamin of Tudela."
1206:. I. B. Tauris.
549:Mendele Mocher Sforim
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103:Knowledge:Translation
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1135:Provan, Iain William
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840:. pp. 362–364.
833:Encyclopedia Judaica
807:"Benjamin of Tudela"
628:Benjamin of Tudela.
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1385:Pilgrimage accounts
1325:Touro College South
745:Exploration of Asia
494:The Book of Travels
429:, returning to the
222: 12th century
188: 12th century
152:binjaˈmin mituˈdela
1365:Historians of Iran
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596:Benjamín de Tudela
583:רחוב בנימין מטודלה
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82:interlanguage link
1390:Spanish explorers
1360:Explorers of Iran
1355:Jewish historians
1345:Explorers of Asia
1303:Project Gutenberg
1213:978-1-85043-440-5
1175:978-0-8020-0779-7
1156:978-0-664-22090-7
735:Ibrahim ibn Yaqub
723:978-975-548-227-9
664:Project Gutenberg
514:Samuel ben Samson
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1395:Beta Israel
1246:(1160–1173)
1095:(in Hebrew)
1057:Wilson 2004
1012:Kramer 1963
740:Ibn Battuta
566:Don Quixote
542:Benjamin II
504:along with
285:Renaissance
273:Middle Ages
269:ethnography
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816:2017-11-05
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686:Government
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199:Old World
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300:Tudela
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243:Africa
241:, and
235:Europe
231:Jewish
162:Tudela
143:, 1994
969:S2CID
961:JSTOR
890:S2CID
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751:Notes
498:Laish
455:Mosul
423:Egypt
399:Syria
379:Lucca
375:Genoa
309:Rabbi
281:Latin
56:DeepL
1269:link
1251:OCLC
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