464:
59:
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695:, which demonstrates the reflection of cold, by supposing that all bodies emit invisible rays, undulations in the ethereal fluid. He did experiments to support his theories of calorific and frigorific radiation and said the communication of heat was the net effect of calorific (hot) rays and frigorific (cold) rays and the rays emitted by the object. When an object absorbs radiation from a warmer object (calorific rays) its temperature rises, and when it absorbs radiation from a colder object (frigorific rays) its temperature falls. See note 8, "An enquiry concerning the nature of heat and the mode of its communication" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, starting at page 112.
555:
laying out of kitchens in hospitals and institutions ... He taught his contemporaries to recognise the fire built on an open hearth, the only means of domestic heating and cooking with which they were acquainted, for the ineffective and wasteful contrivance it really was. He held the most enlightened views, ... far in advance of his time, on the waste of fuel and the evils of atmospheric pollution in cities. ... Rumford's constant preoccupation ... was the application of scientific principles to the improvement of the lot of the poor and the working classes, and it was in the subject of heat and its utilization that he found the greatest outlet for his endeavours.
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672:. Rumford had observed the frictional heat generated by boring cannon at the arsenal in Munich. Rumford immersed a cannon barrel in water and arranged for a specially blunted boring tool. He showed that the water could be boiled within roughly two and a half hours and that the supply of frictional heat was seemingly inexhaustible. Rumford confirmed that no physical change had taken place in the material of the cannon by comparing the specific heats of the material machined away and that remaining.
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1960:
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and added a choke to the chimney to increase the speed of air going up the flue. The effect was to produce a streamlined air flow, so all the smoke would go up into the chimney rather than lingering and entering the room. It also had the effect of increasing the efficiency of the fire, and gave extra control of the rate of combustion of the fuel, whether wood or
375:. This earned him the enmity of the popular party, and a mob attacked Thompson's house. He fled to the British lines, abandoning his wife, as it turned out, permanently. Thompson was welcomed by the British to whom he gave valuable information concerning American forces, and became an advisor to both General
726:
created a sensation in London when he introduced the idea of restricting the chimney opening to increase the updraught, which was a much more efficient way to heat a room than earlier fireplaces. He and his workers modified fireplaces by inserting bricks into the hearth to make the side walls angled,
630:
making particularly forthright attacks. Instrumentation far exceeding anything available in terms of accuracy and precision would have been needed to verify
Thompson's claim. Again, he seems to have been influenced by his theological beliefs and it is likely that he wished to grant water a privileged
554:
Benjamin
Thompson ... has many claims on the interest of the historian of science. ... He founded the Royal Institution ... His methods of conservation of heat and economy of fuel, his designs of stoves, fireplaces and cooking utensils were widely used during his lifetime. He was consulted on the
799:. His standard candle was made from the oil of a sperm whale, to rigid specifications. He also published studies of "illusory" or subjective complementary colours, induced by the shadows created by two lights, one white and one coloured; these observations were cited and generalized by
704:
1414:
Benjamin Count of
Rumford, "Essay X: On the construction of kitchen fire-places and kitchen utensils together with remarks and observations relating to the various processes of cookery; and proposals for improving that most useful art",
1970:
659:
647:
774:
were soon being constructed throughout Europe. The key innovation involved separating the burning fuel from the limestone, so that the lime produced by the heat of the furnace was not contaminated by ash from the fire.
678:
Rumford made no attempt to further quantify the heat generated or to measure the mechanical equivalent of heat. Though this work met with a hostile reception, it was subsequently important in establishing the laws of
307:
and began to correspond with Loammi
Baldwin and others about them. Later that year he worked for a few months for a Boston shopkeeper and then apprenticed himself briefly, and unsuccessfully, to a doctor in Woburn.
843:, established the Institution as a premier research laboratory, and also justly famous for its series of public lectures popularizing science. That tradition continues to the present, and the Royal Institution
1011:
An Essay on
Chimney Fire-Places; With Proposals for Improving Them, to Save Fuel, to Render Dwelling-Houses More Comfortable and Salubrious, and Effectually to Prevent Chimnies from Smoking. Illustrated with
1984:
734:
Thompson became a celebrity when news of his success spread. His work was also very profitable, and much imitated when he published his analysis of the way chimneys worked. In many ways, he was similar to
1848:
The
Forgotten Art of Building a Good Fireplace: The Story of Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, an American Genius & His Principles of Fireplace Design Which Have Remained Unchanged for 174 Years
1999:
979:
Rumford Street (and the nearby
Rumford Place) in Liverpool, England, are so named due to a soup kitchen established to Count Rumford's plan which formerly stood on land adjacent to Rumford Street.
900:. (His American wife, Sarah—whom he had abandoned at the outbreak of the American Revolution—had died in 1792.) Thompson separated from his second wife after three years, but he settled in
819:
showing a Royal
Institution lecture on pneumatics with Davy holding the bellows and Count Rumford looking on at extreme right. Dr Garnett is the lecturer holding the victim's nose.
2470:
675:
Rumford argued that the seemingly indefinite generation of heat was incompatible with the caloric theory. He contended that the only thing communicated to the barrel was motion.
299:. Thompson excelled at his trade, and coming in contact with refined and well educated people for the first time, adopted many of their characteristics including an interest in
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Thompson's prospects were dim in 1772 but in that year they changed abruptly. He met, charmed and married a rich and well-connected widow, an heiress named Sarah Rolfe (
463:
2500:
2091:
1163:
719:. He invented a percolating coffee pot following his pioneering work with the Bavarian Army, where he improved the diet of the soldiers as well as their clothes.
711:
Thompson was an active and prolific inventor, developing improvements for chimneys, fireplaces and industrial furnaces, as well as inventing the double boiler, a
1084:"Sir Benjamin Thompson, count von Rumford". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014. Web. 01 Jul. 2014 <
390:- which primarily served on Long Island in 1782 and early 1783, where they earned local notoriety for destroying a church and burial ground in order to erect
2014:
1937:
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391:
526:
in 1789; it remains today and is known as one of the largest urban public parks in the world. He was elected a
Foreign Honorary Member of the
2084:
622:
In 1797, he extended his claim about non-conductivity to liquids. The idea raised considerable objections from the scientific establishment,
1928:
196:(March 26, 1753 – August 21, 1814) was an American-born British military officer, scientist, inventor and nobleman. Born in
1550:
2520:
2515:
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1206:. The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. Original 9th Ed. in 25 Vols. Werner. p. 673
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as the first lecturer. The institution flourished and became world-famous as a result of Davy's pioneering research. His assistant,
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2077:
1225:
2530:
1672:
1620:"When Ben met Mary: The Letters of Benjamin Thompson, Reichsgraf von Rumford, to Mary Temple, Viscountess Palmerston, 1793–1804"
2019:
603:. He correctly appreciated that the insulating properties of these natural materials arise from the fact that they inhibit the
380:
1111:
367:
began
Thompson was a man of property and standing in New England and was opposed to the uprising. He was active in recruiting
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527:
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Rumford's most important scientific work took place in Munich, and centred on the nature of heat, which he contended in "
275:
is preserved as a museum. He was educated mainly at the village school, although he sometimes walked almost ten miles to
607:
of air. He then made the somewhat reckless, and incorrect, inference that air and, in fact, all gases, were perfect non-
2505:
1893:
1441:
991:
638:
food preparation method owing to his experiment with a mutton shoulder. He described this method in one of his essays.
28:
1855:
1819:
1787:
1707:
996:
879:
41:
500:
in Bavaria. He studied methods of cooking, heating, and lighting, including the relative costs and efficiencies of
1989:
1619:
913:
340:
1526:
904:
and continued his scientific work until his death on August 21, 1814. Thompson is buried in the small cemetery of
970:
58:
2004:
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938:
883:
368:
303:. While recuperating in Woburn in 1769 from an injury, Thompson conducted experiments concerning the nature of
201:
959:(patented 1859) is named after him, having been invented by a former Rumford professor at Harvard University,
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653:
372:
268:
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His experiments on gunnery and explosives led to an interest in heat. He devised a method for measuring the
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889:
After several affairs and a close friendship with Mary Temple, Viscountess Palmerston, in 1804, he married
1947:
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209:
193:
49:
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1301:
1274:
The History of Concord: From Its First Grant in 1725 to the Organization of the City Government in 1853
407:
364:
205:
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The retention of heat was a recurring theme in his work, as he is also credited with the invention of
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332:
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284:
1916:
An article not only detailing the Rumford fireplace, but also Rumford's life and other achievements.
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1909:
871:
541:. He took the name "Rumford" after the town of Rumford, New Hampshire, which was an older name for
311:
276:
186:
401:
While working with the British armies in America he conducted experiments to measure the force of
2209:
1975:
1780:
Count Rumford: The Extraordinary Life of a Scientific Genius – Scientist, Soldier, Statesman, Spy
1531:
627:
272:
177:
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467:
Bavarian uniforms designed by Benjamin Thompson, also known in Bavaria as Reichsgraf von Rumford
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79:
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Rumford (1804) "An enquiry concerning the nature of heat and the mode of its communication"
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731:. Many fashionable London houses were modified to his instructions, and became smoke-free.
612:
395:
296:
422:
8:
1902:
1867:
Knight of the White Eagle: A biography of Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, 1753-1814
784:
692:
351:
105:
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1498:
1272:
1159:"New Experiments upon Gun-Powder, with Occasional Observations and Practical Inferences"
1086:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/592945/Sir-Benjamin-Thompson-count-von-Rumford
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Walker). Her father was a minister, and her late husband left her property at Rumford,
660:
An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction
648:
An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction
335:, and through his wife's influence with the governor, he was appointed a major in the
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2129:
1923:
1870:
1851:
1834:
1815:
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1137:
1099:
The Scientists: A History of Science Told Through the Lives of Its Greatest Inventors
897:
828:
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The most powerful idea in the world : a story of steam, industry, and invention
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and entered into the employ of the Bavarian government, heavily reorganising the
83:
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619:
had arranged for fur on animals in such a way as to guarantee their comfort.
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560:
Thomas Martin, The Experimental Researches of Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford
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1942:
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From Watt to Clausius: The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age
956:
863:
859:
832:
816:
712:
577:
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236:
139:
1659:
Memoir of Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, with Notices of his Daughter
963:(1818–1893), cofounder of the Rumford Chemical Works of East Providence, RI.
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2100:
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1177:
1158:
1028:
Collected Works of Count Rumford, Volume II, Practical Applications of Heat
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581:
488:. He spent eleven years in Bavaria, reorganizing the army and establishing
477:
405:, the results of which were widely acclaimed when published in 1781 in the
133:
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Thompson also significantly improved the design of kilns used to produce
623:
448:
376:
1912:
The Contribution of Count Rumford to Domestic Life in Jane Austen’s Time
216:, where he was recognised for his administrative talents and received a
2281:
2273:
1874:
1838:
1770:
1742:
1718:
604:
221:
1952:
1506:
1318:
1186:
854:
A bust of Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, in Rumford, Rhode Island.
823:
After 1799, he divided his time between France and England. With Sir
787:, the measurement of light. He made a photometer and introduced the
767:
635:
489:
402:
227:
A prolific scientist and inventor, Thompson also created several new
1459:"Pictet's experiment: The apparent radiation and reflection of cold"
1036:
Collected Works of Count Rumford, Volume III, Devices and Techniques
212:
during the conflict. After the war ended in 1783, Thompson moved to
1831:
An American in Europe: The life of Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford
1478:
515:
292:
1959:
1719:"The Experimental Researches of Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford"
1527:
Prof. Michael Fowler of the University of Virginia, lecture notes
1419:, vol. 3 (London, England: T. Cadell jun. and W. Davies, 1802),
894:
792:
600:
504:
300:
228:
160:
1575:
703:
346:
1888:
1373:
An Experimental Enquiry into the Nature and Propagation of Heat
1232:. Vol. 16. Encyclopedia Americana Corp. 1919. p. 681.
1052:
Collected Works of Count Rumford, Volume V, Public Institutions
1044:
Collected Works of Count Rumford, Volume IV, Light and Armament
932:
754:
523:
511:
508:
497:
457:
416:
217:
213:
1020:
Collected Works of Count Rumford, Volume I, The Nature of Heat
496:, a soup for the poor, and established the cultivation of the
320:
901:
244:
101:
1536:
1203:
The Encyclopædia Britannica: New American supplement. A-ZUY
949:
728:
596:
304:
1723:
Bulletin of the British Society for the History of Science
1552:
International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors
1456:
291:. At the age of 13 he was apprenticed to John Appleton, a
1164:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
631:
and providential status in the regulation of human life.
592:
501:
239:. Thompson was rewarded for his efforts by being made an
976:
A street in the inner city of Munich is named after him.
912:. Upon his death, his daughter from his first marriage,
419:
at the end of the war with a reputation as a scientist.
2471:
Loyalists in the American Revolution from New Hampshire
1336:
Rumford (1797) "On the propagation of heat in fluids"
803:
as his "law of simultaneous colour contrast" in 1839.
1938:
A Biography of Benjamin Thompson, Jr. Written in 1868
847:
attract large audiences through their TV broadcasts.
698:
686:
2491:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1281:
16:
American-born British military officer and scientist
2556:
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
315:
Statue of Benjamin Thompson in Woburn Massachusetts
1807:
1758:
1548:
1199:
982:
878:. In 1803, he was elected a foreign member of the
666:of then-current scientific thinking but a form of
2099:
1267:
1200:Kellogg, D.O.; Baynes, T.S.; Smith, W.R. (1903).
739:, who also invented a new kind of heating stove.
2501:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
2452:
1697:
1417:Essays, Political, Economical, and Philosophical
641:
611:of heat. He further saw this as evidence of the
1656:
1387:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
1322:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
1302:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
717:coffee percolator roughly between 1810 and 1814
580:of a solid substance but was disappointed when
386:In 1781 founded a loyalist military unit - The
1299:Rumford (1786) "New experiments upon heat"
533:For his efforts, in 1791 Thompson was made an
452:The beer garden "Am chinesischen Turm" in the
27:For other people named Benjamin Thompson, see
2085:
1864:
358:
1661:. London: Macmillan and Company. p. 43.
1971:Sketch of Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford)
1805:
1796:
1777:
1756:
1579:The Complete Works of Count Rumford, Vol. 5
1473:
1471:
916:, inherited his title as Countess Rumford.
518:. On Prince Charles' behalf he created the
2092:
2078:
1828:
1370:
589:insulating properties of various materials
548:
57:
2048:Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies
1845:
1576:Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford (1876).
1176:
1582:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
1477:
1468:
1464:. Am. J. Phys. 53 (8). pp. 737–753.
1156:
1101:. New York, Random House, 2002. p. 301.
849:
810:
753:
702:
584:published his parallel discovery first.
462:
447:
433:
421:
415:. On the strength of this he arrived in
345:
310:
254:
1535:, first transmitted December 16, 2005,
1436:. New York: Random House. p. 274.
1249:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1244:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter T"
778:
327:, which is today in the modern city of
2453:
1948:Count Rumford's Birth Place and Museum
1799:Count Rumford: Physicist Extraordinary
1716:
1702:. London: Heinemann. pp. 95–107.
1287:
1142:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
749:
565:
231:designs. He subsequently moved to the
2073:
1617:
1431:
868:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
528:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1900:Eric Weisstein's World of Science. "
634:He is considered the founder of the
429:
190:Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford
46:Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford
1929:Works by or about Benjamin Thompson
1457:James Evans and Brian Popp (1985).
1236:
762:, with the fuel chamber at the left
13:
2521:People from colonial New Hampshire
2516:People from colonial Massachusetts
1750:
699:Inventions and design improvements
687:Calorific and frigorific radiation
29:Benjamin Thompson (disambiguation)
14:
2572:
2526:People from Woburn, Massachusetts
2000:Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count
1882:
880:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
259:Coat of Arms of Benjamin Thompson
2536:18th-century American scientists
2511:People from the Duchy of Bavaria
2020:The New Student's Reference Work
1990:Dictionary of National Biography
1958:
1953:Count Rumford Fireplaces website
1887:
1850:. Alan C. Hood and Company Inc.
1810:Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford
984:
893:, the widow of the great French
283:to attend lectures by Professor
176:
2486:Counts of the Holy Roman Empire
1665:
1650:
1611:
1586:
1569:
1542:
1520:
1450:
1425:
1408:
1395:
1379:
1364:
1351:
1330:
1311:
1293:
1003:
587:Thompson next investigated the
492:for the poor. He also invented
2531:Recipients of the Copley Medal
2005:New International Encyclopedia
1985:Thompson, Benjamin (1754-1814)
1618:James, Frank A. J. L. (2023).
1277:. Concord: Benning W. Sanford.
1261:
1218:
1193:
1150:
1104:
1091:
1078:
939:Count of the Holy Roman Empire
884:American Philosophical Society
250:
1:
1691:
1636:10.1080/00026980.2023.2234717
806:
654:Mechanical equivalent of heat
642:Mechanical equivalent of heat
269:Province of Massachusetts Bay
2541:19th-century American people
2496:Fellows of the Royal Society
1814:. Cambridge USA: MIT Press.
1071:
835:in 1799. The pair chose Sir
707:Section of Rumford fireplace
572:Heat transfer § History
206:American War of Independence
7:
2551:19th-century British people
2546:18th-century British people
1555:. CRC Press. p. 1478.
1549:Waldemar Karwowski (2006).
1157:Thompson, Benjamin (1781).
1059:
908:in Paris, just across from
683:later in the 19th century.
545:where he had been married.
339:. Their child (also named
263:Thompson was born in rural
10:
2577:
1920:Works by Benjamin Thompson
1903:Rumford, Benjamin Thompson
1230:The Encyclopedia Americana
919:
651:
645:
569:
408:Philosophical Transactions
365:American Revolutionary War
359:American Revolutionary War
18:
2506:Harvard University people
2108:
2058:
2045:
2037:
2032:
1735:10.1017/S0950563600000567
1698:Cardwell, D.S.L. (1971).
1483:"About Benjamin Thompson"
1066:History of thermodynamics
882:, and as a member of the
791:, the predecessor of the
325:Province of New Hampshire
271:, on March 26, 1753; his
175:
170:
166:
156:
149:
126:
116:
90:
65:
56:
39:
2418:George Shuckburgh-Evelyn
1677:liverpoolpictorial.co.uk
1673:"Liverpool Street Names"
1657:George E. Ellis (1875).
997:Order of the White Eagle
927:King's American Dragoons
872:Rumford Chair of Physics
388:King's American Dragoons
243:in 1792 before dying in
210:King's American Dragoons
20:Not to be confused with
1976:Popular Science Monthly
1910:Dr. Hugh C. Rowlinson "
1532:Have I Got News For You
1432:Rosen, William (2010).
1319:"Experiments upon heat"
971:World's Fair in Chicago
549:Science and engineering
1943:Escutcheons of Science
1865:Sparrow, W.J. (1964).
1178:10.1098/rstl.1781.0039
855:
820:
801:Michel-Eugène Chevreul
763:
708:
681:conservation of energy
563:
539:Reichsgraf von Rumford
468:
460:
445:
426:
355:
316:
260:
2438:Edward Charles Howard
1963:Texts on Wikisource:
1896:at Wikimedia Commons
1801:. Doubleday & Co.
1782:. Sutton Publishing.
910:Adrien-Marie Legendre
858:Thompson endowed the
853:
827:, he established the
815:Satirical cartoon by
814:
757:
706:
662:" (1798) was not the
552:
471:In 1785, he moved to
466:
451:
437:
425:
349:
337:New Hampshire Militia
314:
258:
233:Electorate of Bavaria
198:Woburn, Massachusetts
80:Woburn, Massachusetts
1979:, Vol. 9, June 1876.
1806:Brown, S.C. (1981).
1797:Brown, S.C. (1962).
1778:Brown, G.I. (2001).
1757:Bradley, D. (1967).
1598:search.amphilsoc.org
1594:"APS Member History"
1481:(1 September 1992).
961:Eben Norton Horsford
891:Marie-Anne Lavoisier
779:Light and photometry
613:argument from design
343:) was born in 1774.
2476:American physicists
1829:Larsen, E. (1953).
1717:Martin, T. (1951).
1499:1992PhT....45i...9K
1371:Leslie, J. (1804).
1339:Nicholson's Journal
952:is named after him.
758:Cross section of a
750:Industrial furnaces
693:Pictet's experiment
566:Experiments on heat
475:where he became an
438:Thompson's arms as
352:Thomas Gainsborough
200:, he supported the
106:Bourbon Restoration
2481:British physicists
2033:Political offices
1846:Orton, V. (2000).
876:Harvard University
870:, and endowed the
856:
845:Christmas lectures
821:
797:luminous intensity
783:Rumford worked in
764:
709:
615:, contending that
469:
461:
446:
427:
356:
317:
261:
2561:Thermodynamicists
2448:
2447:
2386:Benjamin Thompson
2194:William Brownrigg
2154:Charles Cavendish
2130:Benjamin Franklin
2101:Copley Medallists
2068:
2067:
2059:Succeeded by
2053:
1924:Project Gutenberg
1894:Benjamin Thompson
1892:Media related to
1683:on 1 August 2001.
1562:978-0-415-30430-6
1507:10.1063/1.2809791
1269:Bouton, Nathaniel
898:Antoine Lavoisier
829:Royal Institution
744:thermal underwear
737:Benjamin Franklin
724:Rumford fireplace
617:divine providence
520:Englischer Garten
454:Englischer Garten
430:Bavarian maturity
331:. They moved to
208:, commanding the
184:
183:
151:Scientific career
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2038:Preceded by
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1933:Internet Archive
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1133:
1131:
1129:
1124:on 29 April 2011
1123:
1117:. Archived from
1116:
1108:
1102:
1097:Gribbin, John.
1095:
1089:
1082:
994:
992:Poland–Lithuania
990:
988:
987:
772:Rumford furnaces
561:
486:Charles Theodore
180:
111:
97:
75:
73:
61:
37:
36:
32:
25:
22:Benjamin Tompson
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2178:Benjamin Wilson
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2055:
2050:
2043:
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2012:
1997:
1982:
1885:
1858:
1822:
1790:
1753:
1751:Further reading
1729:(6): 144–158).
1710:
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1112:"Archived copy"
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1079:
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1006:
985:
983:
967:Rumford Kitchen
922:
841:Michael Faraday
809:
795:, as a unit of
789:standard candle
781:
760:Rumford furnace
752:
701:
689:
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568:
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361:
289:Harvard College
279:with the older
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1995:
1980:
1956:
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1917:
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1906:". (1753–1814)
1884:
1883:External links
1881:
1880:
1879:
1869:. Hutchinson.
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1630:(3): 207–328.
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494:Rumford's Soup
483:Prince-elector
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43:
42:Gracious Lord
38:
35:
30:
23:
2430:John Hellins
2385:
2298:Samuel Vince
2218:Peter Woulfe
2170:John Smeaton
2162:John Dollond
2122:John Pringle
2052:with W. Knox
2046:
2018:
2003:
1993:. 1885–1900.
1988:
1974:
1957:
1911:
1901:
1886:
1866:
1847:
1830:
1809:
1798:
1779:
1760:
1726:
1722:
1699:
1681:the original
1676:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1597:
1588:
1578:
1571:
1551:
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1530:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1490:
1486:
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1313:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1283:
1273:
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1238:
1229:
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1202:
1195:
1168:
1162:
1152:
1126:. Retrieved
1119:the original
1106:
1098:
1093:
1080:
1051:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1010:
1004:Bibliography
888:
857:
837:Humphry Davy
825:Joseph Banks
822:
782:
765:
741:
733:
721:
710:
690:
677:
674:
667:
657:
633:
621:
591:, including
586:
582:Johan Wilcke
575:
553:
538:
532:
478:aide-de-camp
476:
470:
439:
406:
400:
385:
362:
350:Painting by
318:
262:
226:
189:
185:
150:
134:Copley Medal
96:(1814-08-21)
34:
2466:1814 deaths
2461:1753 births
2350:John Hunter
2342:William Roy
2186:John Canton
2146:John Huxham
2114:John Canton
2103:(1751–1800)
1493:(9): 9–11.
1288:Martin 1951
1171:: 229–328.
1128:16 December
944:The crater
628:John Leslie
624:John Dalton
537:, becoming
443:von Rumford
377:Thomas Gage
251:Early years
204:during the
110:(1st reign)
2455:Categories
2282:John Mudge
2274:James Cook
2258:John Walsh
2210:John Ellis
2056:1780–1781
2042:T. De Grey
1875:B0000CM48T
1839:B0000CII01
1771:B0000CM48T
1692:References
1421:pp. 18–20.
1210:24 January
1012:Engravings
807:Later life
785:photometry
652:See also:
609:conductors
605:convection
570:See also:
490:workhouses
441:Reichsgraf
396:Huntington
333:Portsmouth
295:of nearby
273:birthplace
247:in 1814.
224:in 1784.
222:George III
218:knighthood
72:1753-03-26
2063:J. Fisher
1833:. Rider.
1375:. London.
1072:Citations
1055:, (1970).
1047:, (1970).
1039:, (1969).
1031:, (1969).
1023:, (1968).
1015:, (1796).
925:Colonel,
768:quicklime
636:sous-vide
530:in 1789.
516:oil lamps
403:gunpowder
379:and Lord
369:loyalists
363:When the
277:Cambridge
267:, in the
171:Signature
1644:37615065
1271:(1857).
1138:cite web
1060:See also
955:Rumford
933:Knighted
866:and the
715:, and a
601:feathers
558:—
293:merchant
2061:W. Knox
2040:W. Knox
2023:. 1914.
2008:. 1905.
1931:at the
1743:4024834
1603:1 April
1495:Bibcode
1348:298–341
1253:7 April
999:(1789).
973:, 1893.
969:at the
948:on the
946:Rumford
941:, 1791.
935:, 1784.
920:Honours
906:Auteuil
895:chemist
862:of the
793:candela
664:caloric
543:Concord
512:candles
505:candles
481:to the
473:Bavaria
411:of the
329:Concord
301:science
229:warship
187:Colonel
161:Physics
2440:(1800)
2432:(1799)
2424:(1798)
2412:(1796)
2404:(1795)
2396:(1794)
2388:(1792)
2380:(1791)
2368:(1789)
2360:(1788)
2352:(1787)
2344:(1785)
2336:(1784)
2328:(1783)
2316:(1782)
2308:(1781)
2300:(1780)
2292:(1778)
2284:(1777)
2276:(1776)
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