817:, attempted to mediate a solution to the strike, but these talks broke down on July 11. President Truman proposed a 60-day cooling off period, but Fairless rejected it. Fairless proposed a fact-finding board (which had worked in the 1946 strike) and 60-day cooling off period on July 14, and President Truman accepted the plan the following day. As the fact-finding board conducted its hearings, in August Fairless publicly denounced what he called was "dictatorial" governmental regulation of wages and prices. On September 14, the fact-finding board issued its report, and said that U.S. Steel should provide pensions for its workers. Fairless denounced the recommendation as a "revolution" against free enterprise, and rejected the fact-finding panel's report wholesale. Nonetheless, Fairless agreed to attend a mediation session in Washington, D.C., two days later. On September 17, Murray accused Fairless of imposing a double standard on workers when he revealed that U.S. Steel was paying the pensions of its executives. Public opinion turned sharply against Fairless, and with the Taft-Hartley injunction due to expire Murray announced that the union would strike. Fairless opened bargaining with the union, and President Truman won a postponement of the strike until October 1 in order to allow negotiations to bear fruit. But the negotiations did not result in a contract, and the union struck on schedule. Murray announced on October 13 that the union would settle for a pension plan funded by a 29 cents per hour contribution from U.S. Steel. Fairless continued to resist the pension plan idea. But as layoffs spread throughout the steel industry, other steel companies began meeting with Ching to seek a resolution. On October 18, Fairless quietly sent an aide to meet with Ching and to discuss the pension plan proposal. On October 31, Bethlehem Steel reached an agreement with the United Steelworkers that implemented a pension plan. Under pressure to agree to the same terms, Fairless agreed to meet with Ching and Murray. But no agreement was forthcoming. Jones & Laughlin Steel signed a pension plan deal with the union on November 7, and Youngstown Sheet & Tube agreed to the union's terms two days later. With all the other major steel companies resuming production, Fairless set aside his previous opposition to the pension plan and signed with the union on November 11.
788:, and Bowles agreed to consider a $ 2.50 per ton increase in the price of steel. But OPA's fact-finding was nowhere near complete. With the steel strike scheduled to begin on January 13, Truman summoned Fairless and Murray to the White House on January 11. Truman convinced Murray to delay the strike one week, but the two sides were still far apart on the pay rise (Murray demanding 19 cents an hour, and Fairless offering just 15 cents an hour). On January 13, Fairless consulted with other steel industry executives about the talks. The following day, Truman indicated publicly that he would approve a $ 4 per ton price increase, but only if the two sides came to agreement via collective bargaining on a wage increase. Murray indicated he would accept Truman's offer. But Murray also reportedly said that the steel industry was engaged in a "conspiracy" to destroy the labor movement, a statement which outraged Fairless and led to a breakdown in talks. With no resolution, the strike occurred as scheduled on January 19. Fairless denounced the strike as an attack on the president's wartime reconversion program, industry, and the public good. On January 24, Fairless asked the president to call a national wage and price conference covering all major industries to establish new national wage and price levels. But Truman rejected the plan, and reiterated that his basic proposal from January was the only one he would consider. On January 28, Fairless opened talks with the United Steelworkers. As the strike continued into February 1946 without resolution, Congress began holding hearings on the issue. On February 9, Murray testified that Fairless had offered him a 19 cents per hour wage increase on January 12. Congressional and public opinion turned against Fairless, and on February 15 he and Murray agreed to an 18 cent an hour wage increase.
732:(which, in exchange for a no-strike pledge by the nation's labor unions, had achieved complete legal authority to approve all union contracts). These strikes, Fairless said, significantly impeded U.S. Steel's ability to meet production goals. Although wage increases were inflationary, Fairless announced on December 8 that he was reopening negotiations with SWOC in order to award a pay increase and attempt to raise production. SWOC asked for back pay to make up for purchasing power lost due to severe wartime inflation. But Fairless refused to consider this request. More than 170,000 SWOC members went out on strike. Fairless gave in to union demands on December 28. Fairless was infuriated by the negotiations and subsequent contract, and in January 1944 said that he favored a return to the open shop as a means of reining in SWOC's power at the bargaining table.
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quantities of high grade ore in that area. U.S. Steel bought and developed the
Orinoco Ore Mine. Under pressure from the Truman Administration to increase steel capacity as a pre-emptive measure in response to the Cold War, U.S. Steel and Fairless began drawing up plans for a totally new and modern steel mill on the East Coast to take advantage of the Venezuela Orinoco ore. A site was chosen on the east border of Pennsylvania on the Delaware River 30 mile north of Philadelphia, near Morrisville, Pa. Ore ships could steam from Venezuela and up the Delaware to unload without travelling the Panama Canal, saving shipping costs. Ben Fairless oversaw every aspect of the new mill's design and construction. The new Fairless Works was named after him. His daughters and granddaughters helped to christen and start the new Fairless Works on December 11, 1952.
680:, to the White House on November 14 along with Lewis and two other top UMW leaders. He told them that neither he nor Congress would order a union shop, and asked that work continue in the mines while the two sides negotiated. But Fairless reported that no progress was made, and Lewis threatened to close all coal mines nationwide. Violence between striking miners, law enforcement officials, and miners willing to cross picket lines broke out almost immediately, and some miners in non-captive coal mines walked off the job in solidarity with the steel company miners. Roosevelt asked Lewis to agree to allow the NDMB arbitrate the decision, but Lewis said Roosevelt had shown such prejudicial behavior already that he would not do so. On November 22, Roosevelt asked Fairless, Lewis, and Dr.
516:, and by mid-1935 nearly 90 percent of all workers in the U.S. steel industry belonged to an ERP. U.S. Steel, in particular, saw the ERPs as a legitimate way of learning about employee concerns, and the ERPs in that company began to become more independent. SWOC found little traction in the steel industry, so SWOC focused on gaining control of the ERPs in 1935 and 1936. Fairless was caught in this strategy. In July 1936, he publicly warned his employees against joining "outside unions". So long as the ERPs had not challenged management prerogatives or demanded pay increases, U.S. Steel was content to let them operate, even independently. But in August 1936, the ERP at Carnegie-Illinois demanded a 10 cent an hour pay increase, which Fairless personally denied on September 12.
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and the other members of the commission traveled around the globe, observing foreign aid projects and interviewing officials in other governments. The advisory board issued an interim report on
December 22 that advocated fewer funds but easing restrictions on their use. But when the board's final report came out in March 1957, it backed off the reduction in funds. Rather, Fairless and the advisory board members advocated keeping funding at current levels, easing restrictions on their use, and reducing barriers to international trade to encourage economic growth so that fewer funds would be necessary. Fairless also urged Congress to expand American foreign aid programs to nations which had chosen a neutral role in the
460:(headquartered in Chicago) and Carnegie Steel (headquartered in Pittsburgh) subsidiaries into a single Carnegie-Illinois Steel Company (with headquarters in Pittsburgh), and that Fairless would be president of the new company. On September 17, two more wholly owned subsidiaries, Clairton By-Products and the Lorain Steel Company, were merged into Carnegie-Illinois as well. Fairless assumed the presidency of the new subsidiary on October 1, 1935. Carnegie-Illinois rapidly expanded under Fairless. In December 1935, it opened a $ 35 million steel works in
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would be forced to grant it in their steel mills as well. Myron C. Taylor, still on the U.S. Steel board of directors, wrote a confidential letter to
President Roosevelt offering to agree to the union shop in captive mines but only if Roosevelt issued an executive order or Congress enacted legislation requiring it. His reasoning was that federal action would enable the steel companies to resist agreeing to union shops in steel mills. On September 15, the UMW went out on strike. Lewis agreed to resume work after a week in order to allow the
668:(NDMB; a federal agency established to provide quick resolution of labor disputes in defense-critical industries) to study the matter. The UMW walked out again on October 28, and two days later Taylor and Lewis agreed to allow the entire NDMB to rule on the issue. But unexpectedly, the NDMB ruled 9-to-2 against the union shop provisions on November 10. Lewis set a new strike date of November 15, and on November 13 Fairless predicted that any coal strike in the "captive mines" would be a short one. Roosevelt summoned Fairless;
688:) to form a committee to arbitrate the dispute themselves. Although Lewis knew that Steelman favored the union shop, the steel companies accepted the arbitration agreement without that knowledge. Nonetheless, the government board provided the steel companies with the cover they needed to oppose the spread of the union shop into the steel mills, and steel companies and "captive mine" owners agreed to accept the arbitration panel's decision. The panel voted 2-to-1 (with Fairless still defending the
579:. Lewis told Murray to appear in Fairless' office on Monday morning, where an agreement would be signed. Murray and Fairless met on March 2, and a recognition agreement was signed that day. Negotiations on additional terms of the agreement began between Fairless and Murray on March 13, and a one-year agreement reached four days later that provided for seniority rights; a week of paid vacation for any worker with more than five years of seniority; two weeks' notice of dismissal;
520:, director of SWOC, said Fairless' actions were not discouraging and predicted that his union would soon have enough power in the ERPs to force management to accept a collective bargaining agreement. Murray proved correct: By early November 1936, Fairless had been forced to schedule a meeting for ERP representatives in the Pittsburgh area to discuss a 10 cent an hour wage increase. By November 10, Fairless had agreed to a
380:, one of two key managers at Central Steel. By 1921, he had been promoted to mill superintendent, general superintendent, and finally executive vice president in charge of operations. In July 1926, Central Steel merged with the United Alloy Steel Corporation. Fairless was made vice president and general manager of the new company, Central Alloy Steel, and in 1928 promoted to president of the firm.
281:(whom everyone called "Blaine") began tutoring him. Blaine McClintock encouraged him to go to college, even though Justus High School only provided a three-year program. McClintock helped Fairless obtain a teaching position rather than go into manual labor, which would have ended his aspirations for college. He taught school for three years (1905 to 1908) at Riverdale, Ohio;
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of
Republic Steel (one of his own positions; the other was chairman of the board of directors) at a higher salary than U.S. Steel was offering. Fairless later said he knew next to nothing about U.S. Steel's operations, corporate or manufacturing structure, or merchandising. But he resigned from Republic Steel effective September 15, 1935, to join U.S. Steel.
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in
January 1950, and Fairless was called to testify. On January 24, Fairless testified that the price increase was caused by the recent collective bargaining agreement. But the pressure on Fairless did not abate. Congress held additional hearings in April. Several members of Congress accused Fairless of being part of an illegal
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651:) met with President Roosevelt in the White House to discuss mobilization needs. In mid-March, Fairless formed and chaired an Iron and Steel Industry Defense Committee to help improve steel and iron production even further. More than 140 steel companies formally joined the committee at its first meeting in May 1941.
508:. After charges were drawn up and a trial conducted, on September 10, 1936, the AFL suspended the 10 unions which belonged to the CIO—including the AA (which was now operating as part of SWOC) among them. SWOC initially began a heavy organizing drive among steel workers nationwide, employing more than 400
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In 1945, when
Fairless was still President of USS, he met with a mining engineer named Mack Lake. Lake told Fairless that he believed there was iron ore in Venezuela, south of the Orinoco River. He asked Fairless to subsidize the research for the ore and Fairless agreed. Lake proved there was massive
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Fairless subsequently approved a large increase in the price of steel in
December 1949. Fairless was strongly criticized by members of Congress for this price increase, but he defended it as absolutely necessary given the recent wage negotiations. Congress opened hearings into steel industry pricing
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In 1935, the U.S. Steel company, which had lost $ 130 million from 1932 to 1934 and was just barely breaking even in 1935, approached
Fairless with the offer to become president of its newly formed Carnegie-Illinois Steel subsidiary. According to Fairless, Girdler then offered Fairless the presidency
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In
September 1956, President Eisenhower appointed Fairless chairman of International Development Advisory Board, a new federal commission of leading citizens charged with studying American foreign aid policies and making recommendations regarding its distribution. Over the next four months, Fairless
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Fairless was also active in mobilizing the U.S. steel industry for defense purposes during World War II. Initially, Fairless argued against allowing the United States to enter the war in Europe, and believed that the U.S. embargo on steel sales to
American allies in Europe should not be lifted. But
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and U.S. Steel's general counsel, testified that he had advised the company that such consultations were legal. Fairless and other steel executives hurriedly testified again before the committee, attempting to downplay the nature of these talks. Fairless was called to testify before the committee a
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opened a legal inquiry into interlocking boards of directors in the steel industry. Fairless denounced the inquiry, declaring it an attack on business. Although no legal action was taken against Fairless by the Justice Department, Fairless later called for major revisions in U.S. antitrust law to
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from Justus High School in 1905. While in elementary and high school, he worked summers for Clark McClintock, a man with a lumber business. Fairless mowed his lawn, took care of his horses, plowed the fields of farms he owned, and did other general jobs for $ 9 a month (including meals). In high
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clause in contracts with mines owned by steel companies. Lewis, who believed that labor standards would be frozen in the forthcoming war, wanted these so-called "captive mines" to grant the union shop as all other mining companies had. Steel company executives resisted this demand for fear they
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adjustment for 53,000 of Carnegie-Illinois' 100,000 workers. With SWOC continuing to gain strength in Carnegie-Illinois' ERPs, in early January 1937 Fairless established a grievance committee composed of four pro-union ERP representatives with power to hear and adjudicate employee grievances,
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As World War II ended, Fairless led U.S. Steel through yet another major steel strike. The United Steelworkers demanded a significant pay increase in order to once more bring pay in line with the heavy inflation brought about by the war. With prices still strictly regulated by the federal
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at the age of five to raise money for his family. Fairless remained close to his mother and father, however. He described his father as a happy-go-lucky person who liked almost everyone, and who thought little of walking 10 miles (16 km) on his day off to see his teenage son play
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In 1938, Fairless' first year as president of U.S. Steel, an indefinite extension was negotiated to the SWOC collective bargaining agreement, effectively preventing a major wage cut at the company. In April, Fairless was also named the chief administrative officer of the company.
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school, he acted as his school's janitor. He arrived early each morning, fired the coal-burning furnace, dusted desks and chairs, swept floors, and shoveled the sidewalks for $ 65 a year. When his grades began to suffer due to work and lack of attention, McClintock's nephew,
802:. The legislation established a National Labor-Management Panel to advise the president on how to avoid major disruptions in critical economic sectors in the future. In December 1947, Truman appointed Fairless to this panel as one of six representatives from industry.
351:" reached Massillon, Fairless resolved to go see the march. Passing by the Central Steel Company plant (then under construction) on a train, Fairless decided not to see the march. Instead, he got off the train, went to the steel plant construction site, and asked the
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Fairless' commitment to defense mobilization led to clashes with labor unions, however. In April 1941, Fairless agreed to a 10 cents an hour wage increase to avert a SWOC strike in steel. But seven months later, Fairless refused to give in when John L. Lewis and the
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December 7, 1941, also proved to be the start of World War II for the United States. During the war, Fairless led U.S. Steel in rapidly increasing production. In 1943, however, the Carnegie-Illinois Steel Company was found to be supplying inferior steel to the
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urged the parties to come to an agreement out of a concern for national security, but Fairless refused without a price increase. Steel industry executives asked the National Labor Relations Board to prevent a strike, but the agency said it lacked the power. The
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His father was a coal miner and worked summers as a farmer, and the family remained poor. Fairless later recalled that his father repeatedly said the only way to survive in the world was to work and work very hard. His mother was seriously injured in a
622:, was created in 1938 to investigate monopolies in key sectors of the economy. In November 1939, Fairless admitted to the committee that steel companies often consulted one another when setting prices. His comments ignited a firestorm of controversy.
238:, Wales, born in 1867. His parents emigrated to the United States in the 1880s, and settled in Ohio. They married in October 1888. Benjamin was their second child; he had an older brother, John, and two younger siblings, Mary Ann and Ralph.
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company executive. He was president of a wide range of steel companies during a turbulent and formative period in the American steel industry. His roles included President of Central Alloy Steel from 1928 to 1930; First Vice President of
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was outraged. He denounced what he saw as the takeover of the AA on June 5, and declared that the CIO steelworker organizing drive would fail. More importantly, however, Green interpreted the move as proof that the CIO was engaging in
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for the surveying team) to engineer when another person failed to show up for work for a week. After the plant was finished, he was asked to stay on at the steel mill rather than travel to another Central Steel construction site near
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In 1956, the Stark County Ohio Board of Education merged Navarre-Bethlehem, Beach City, Brewster, Wilmot, and Sugarcreek School Districts into one. It was named the Fairless Local School District, in honor of Benjamin Fairless.
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that several managers at Carnegie-Illinois had falsified tests so that inferior grade steel could be sold to the government, and had pocketed the money saved as profits. He said he had fired the individuals responsible.
336:), but they reconciled in May 1940. She died on September 29, 1942, at the family home in Massillon after a long, unspecified illness. She was buried in Massillon's Rose Hill Cemetery (now Rose Hill Memorial Park).
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by February 1941, Fairless had come to see the necessity of rapid expansion of domestic industry to meet the increasingly likely threat of war. He joined with a group of other top steel executives and met with
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including the power to chastise managers and recommend punishment. But this failed to blunt the union drive. On February 11, ERP representatives throughout Carnegie-Illinois Steel demanded a $ 5 per day
809:. The Taft-Hartley Act's provisions permitting an injunction against a strike in an industry critical to national security were invoked an hour after the United Steelworkers walked off the job on July 7.
643:(a federal agency tasked with promoting defense mobilization). Fairless agreed to increase steel production and devote more steel to defense rather than consumer needs. On February 19, Fairless and
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Strikes during and shortly after World War II convinced many in Congress that federal labor law should be amended to prevent these threats to national security. In 1947, Congress passed the
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and told them that Taylor had just signed an agreement agreeing to recognize SWOC as a labor union representing workers at U.S. Steel; bargain collectively with SWOC; establish grievance and
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The two men talked animatedly at a table for a half hour, then met secretly at the Mayflower over the next two days. Beginning February 17, the two men met secretly for two weeks at Taylor's
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third time in January 1940. He successfully defended the steel industry's practice before the committee, although the arguments used would later lead to amendments to U.S. antitrust law.
874:. On November 2, 1961, he sued for divorce from his wife on grounds that she had publicly humiliated him and committed "indignities". The divorce was granted in early December 1961.
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was named his replacement. Fairless to elevated to the presidency of U.S. Steel effective January 1, 1938. On December 8, U.S. Steel's board of directors agreed to reincorporate as a
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on November 24 declined to permit a price increase, arguing it would violate its price regulations. But the union agreed to a 30-day cooling off period, and on December 31 President
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In August 1944, Blaine Fairless wed Caroline Sproul. Less than two months later, Benjamin Fairless married Hazel Hatfield Sproul on October 14, 1944. She was the daughter of Dr.
399:, was named the chairman of the board of directors of the new firm. Fairless was named first vice president of the new company. Over the next five years, Girdler made Fairless his
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Knowing next to nothing about the manufacture of steel, Fairless spent extra time at the Central Steel plant learning about the manufacturing process and the creation of light
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In 1912, while still in college, Fairless married Jane Blanche Trubey (sometimes spelled "Truby"). The couple's son, Blaine, was born on June 27, 1913. (Blaine graduated from
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In North Braddock PA near one of Carnegie's original steel mills and his original library stands Ben Fairless Elementary school, part of the Woodland Hills School district.
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2899:"Navarre, Ohio: Covered Wagons, Canals, and Characters" by Marilyn R. Cook and Don Cooke. Published by the Navarre-Bethlehem Township Historical Society in September, 1981.
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491:). In order to avoid antagonizing the AFL but eager to begin an organizing drive in steel along industrial union lines, the CIO resolved to work through the
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won agreement from Fairless and Murray to establish a fact-finding board to study the issue. One week later, the president conferred with OPA Administrator
269:. He called his mother "a truly great woman" who had little education but who taught her children the values of honesty, thrift, hard work, and saving.
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government, in November 1945 Fairless refused to grant any pay increase unless the government approved a $ 2 per ton increase in the price of steel.
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during World War II, and later was an electric company executive.) The couple appeared to have marital problems in 1940, and Jane Fairless went to
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512:. But the steel industry responded by almost universally creating "employee representation plans" (ERPs). These ERPs were thinly disguised
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against various sectors of the coal industry, demanding wage increases significantly higher than those granted in other industries by the
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him, and he took their last name. (He continued to maintain a home in Justus until the end of his life.) He began selling copies of the
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and to move the corporate headquarters from New York City to Pittsburgh. The following day, Fairless was named chairman of the board's
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When the 1946 collective bargaining agreement expired in 1949, the United Steelworkers demanded that U.S. Steel provide each worker a
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In October 1943, President Roosevelt asked Fairless to sit on a new advisory panel on eliminating bottlenecks in steel production.
713:, and announced an investigation into the shipments of inferior steel. Three weeks later, Fairless personally testified before the
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also created the Benjamin F. Fairless Memorial Medal in his name, its highest award given to a person outside the steel industry.
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In retirement, Fairless remained active in business affairs and public service. In May 1955, he was elected president of the
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Apelt, Brian. " The Corporation- A Centennial Biography of United States Steel Corp. 1901-2001" Cathedral Publishing. 2000.
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decided to replicate his 1894 poor people's protest march and lead a group of unemployed workers to Washington, D.C. When "
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accident when he was two years old, and he was sent to live with his aunt and uncle, Sarah and Jacob Fairless, in nearby
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In 1954, the Association for Iron and Steel Technology inaugurated the Benjamin F. Fairless Award in his honor. The
705:. The informer was fired by Carnegie-Illinois, and subsequently sued for $ 2 million under a law enacted during the
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Seven months later, Myron C. Taylor announced he was retiring as chairman of U.S. Steel effective April 4, 1938.
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to keep steel prices high, an accusation Fairless categorically denied on April 24. Two days later, however, the
755:). The couple were married by the pastor of the Shadyside Presbyterian Church at Mrs. Sproul's parents' home in
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in mid-November 1961, and died on January 1, 1962. His funeral was held at St. Michael's of the Valley Church.
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named Fairless to the President's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities (a predecessor to the
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foreman for a job. He was given a job on the spot. He was promoted from "transit man" (someone who operated a
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procedures; grant an across-the-board wage increase; establish a five-day, eight-hour workwork; and grant
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of grievances; a no-strike clause; and a clause guaranteeing employer neutrality during union elections.
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clarify rules regarding interlocking directorships, price fixing, and other business consultations.
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on November 8, 1935. The CIO was intent on organizing all workers in a plant (a philosophy known as
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in 1946 for helping to break steel production bottlenecks in the United States during World War II.
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Raskin, A.H. "U.S. Steel Rejects Findings of President's Fact Board as 'Revolutionary Doctrine'."
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Fairless again confronted the UMW in late 1943. Throughout the year, UMW members had engaged in
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During Fairless' tenure as president of Carnegie-Illinois Steel, his company was unionized. The
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403:. Fairless became a critical manager at Republic Steel, overseeing executives and operations at
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Chief of Ordnance during World War II on how to eliminate bottlenecks in the steel industry.
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Fairless was a well-known humanitarian, and one of the few steel executives willing to allow
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Egan, Charles E. "Steel Official Faces Justice Action Over Interlocking Directorships."
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On January 27, 1930, Central Alloy Steel merged with Republic Iron & Steel Company,
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2868:"AIST Benjamin F. Fairless Award." Association for Iron and Steel Technology. No date.
2411:(16 February 1946). "Decision Is Sudden; A Handshake Seals Steel Strike Settlement".
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Events elsewhere forced Fairless' hand. On Saturday, January 9, 1937, CIO president
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In September 1942, the Pittsburgh Steamship Company named a 639-foot (195 m)
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in New York City. On Sunday, March 1, Lewis met with Murray, CIO general counsel
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Mullaney, Thomas E. "Head of U.S. Steel Defends Price Rise, Welcomes Inquiry."
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Forging a Union of Steel: Philip Murray, SWOC, and the United Steelworkers.
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The following year, Fairless embroiled U.S. Steel in an investigation into
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Whitney, Robert F. "President Names Steel Fact Board, Asks Price Study."
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Dale, Jr., Edwin L. "U.S. Urged to Aid Backward Lands, Neutral Or Not."
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Raskin, A.H. "U.S. Steel Parley Set Today; Youngstown Tube Signs Pact."
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Raskin, A.H. "Ching to Bid Today for Peace in Steel as Layoffs Spread."
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Stark, Louis. "Steel Must Accept Pensions Or Face Strike, Murray Says."
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Stark, Louis. "$ 4 Steel Price Rise Hinges On Pay Pact Barring Strike."
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Leviero, Anthony. "President Names Board to Review U.S. Intelligence."
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187:(which had absorbed Central Steel) from 1930 to 1935; President of the
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Dale, Jr., Edwin L. "Aid Study Backs Outlays Abroad At Present Pace."
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Raskin, A.H. "U.S. Steel Bid Spurs Hope For Quick Peace in Industry."
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Stark, Louis. "U.S. Steel Rejects 60-day Peace Plan Truman Proposes."
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Raskin, A.H. "Fearless First Offered Plan At White House, Aide Says."
1127:"An Age That Bred Strength Yields Two Giants and a Romantic Renegade."
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Fairless was educated in local public schools, and graduated as class
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Brody, David. "The Origins of Modern Steel Unionism: The SWOC Era."
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Stark, Louis. "Truman and Steel Still Deadlocked as Walkout Nears."
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Porter, Russell. "Steel Leaders Summoned to Confer in White House."
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Hillyer, William Hurd. "Men of Achievement — Benjamin F. Fairless."
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Stark, Louis. "Truman Asks Steel Truce to Oct. 1, New Bargaining."
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After graduation from college, he took a job as a surveyor for the
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230:). His father was David Dean Williams, a poor coal miner born in
822:
499:(SWOC) was formed in Pittsburgh on June 7, 1936. AFL president
325:
231:
191:
from 1935 to 1938; and then President (1938–1955), and later
179:
2994:
Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
222:
Fairless was born Benjamin Franklin Williams in May 1890 in
2978:
The Lonely Quest: The Evolution of Presidential Leadership.
2942:
Fairless, Benjamin F. "'It Could Only Happen in the U.S.'"
2776:
Schmidt, Dana Adams. "Fairless to Lead Study of U.S. Aid."
2156:
October 14, 1944; "Mrs. Sproul, Bride of U.S. Steel Head."
1778:
Austin, Kenneth L. "Steel Status Seen Clarified By Talks."
1652:
March 14, 1937; "C.I.O. Peace Pledge Given to U.S. Steel."
747:. She had only recently divorced John Roach Sproul, son of
709:. Fairless angrily defended U.S. Steel from accusations of
529:, an 80 cent a day wage increase, and a 40-hour work week.
456:
On August 28, U.S. Steel announced that it was merging its
234:
in 1865, and Ruth Wooley Williams, a miner's daughter from
2529:"Steel Disputants Accept Bid By U.S. to a Parley Monday."
969:
Austin, Kenneth. "Fairless Is At Top After 24-Year Rise."
900:
Fairless was awarded the Medal for Merit for advising the
3026:
2886:"Iron And Steel Industry Gives Greenspan Highest Honor."
2329:
January 19, 1946; "Says Steel Fights for Its Consumers."
1391:
August 29, 1935; "U.S. Steel to Unify Plant Operations."
2789:
White, William S. "Foreign Aid Study Asks Freer Trade."
1882:"Strike Is Averted in Steel Industry By Wage Increase."
2987:
Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1989.
2958:
This Is Ohio: Ohio's 88 Counties in Words and Pictures.
2926:
New York: Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co., 1977.
2737:
Fenton, John H. "Fairless Demands Trust Act Revision."
2247:
Stark, Louis. "Truman Intervenes in Steel Price Case."
1957:
November 16, 1941; Lawrence, W.H. "Refuse Union Shop."
1856:
Austin, Kennth L. "Steel Committee to Aid in Defense."
2659:
Levey, Stanley. "U.S. Steel Signs 2-Year Union Pact."
1631:
Stark, Louis. "Carnegie-Illinois Confers with C.I.O."
203:, the largest steel corporation in the United States.
2724:
Egan, Charles E. "Fairless Strikes Back at Critics."
2594:
Raskin, A.H. "29c Steel Pension Is Cited By Murray."
1843:"Roosevelt Conf with B. F. Fairless and R. E. Olds."
618:, with membership drawn from Congress as well as the
1830:
Hurd, Charles. "Steel Men Pledge Full Defense Aid."
161:
President, Chairman, & Chief Executive Officer,
2381:Stark, Louis. "Hear Steel Seeks Pledge on Prices."
1456:
Brody, p. 20; Zieger, p. 29-33; Phelan, p. 129-142.
684:(professor of economics and former director of the
137:
Jane Blanche Truby Fairless (1912-1942; her death);
2999:Banking on Fraud: Drexel, Junk Bonds, and Buyouts.
2208:"NLRB Admits Power Lack To Halt Any Strike Vote."
1404:"U.S. Steel to Combine Four Subsidiaries in One."
1374:
1372:
1370:
493:Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers
3078:
2953:New York: B.C. Forbes & Sons Pub. Co., 1948.
2325:"Fairless Says Murray Told 'a Base Falsehood'."
918:were named for him. U.S. Steel also developed a
536:had a chance encounter with U.S. Steel chairman
391:to form a new firm, Republic Steel Corporation.
178:(May 3, 1890 — January 1, 1962) was an American
692:) to grant the union shop on December 7, 1941.
2685:Cloke, H. Walton. "Testifies on Steel Rates."
1417:"Failress In New Post, Optimistic For Steel."
1367:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1269:
1267:
1084:
1082:
367:
3117:People from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
2973:Lincolnwood, Ill.: VGM Career Horizons, 1997.
1905:
1903:
1901:
1679:November 8, 1937, p. 36. Accessed 2012-03-14.
1132:January 12, 1962, p. 46. Accessed 2012-03-14.
985:
983:
981:
979:
2503:"Peacetime Dictation Assailed by Fairless."
2039:"'Informer' On Steel Sues for $ 2,000,000."
1597:"Board for Wage Rise at Carnegie-Illinois."
1360:"Girdler Aide to Join Staff of U.S. Steel."
884:
2985:William Green: Biography of a Labor Leader.
2971:Opportunities in Part-Time and Summer Jobs.
1688:"U.S. Steel to Move to Pittsburgh Jan. 1."
1484:
1482:
1480:
1279:
1264:
1079:
1067:
387:, Trumbell-Cliffs Furnace Company, and the
2951:America's Fifty Foremost Business Leaders.
2490:Stark, Louis. "Steel Walkout Is Averted."
2451:Stark, Louis. "Steel Parley Breaks Down."
2065:"President Meets With New Industry Body."
1898:
1765:"Trust Law Advice to U.S. Steel Is Told."
1714:"U.S. Steel Extends C.I.O. Pay Contract."
1618:
1616:
1430:"$ 35,000,000 Plant for U.S. Steel Unit."
1122:
1120:
1118:
976:
815:Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service
451:
254:from the front of his home. His relatives
29:
2633:"Jones & Laughlin Signs With Union."
2182:"Calls on U.S. Steel to Settle Dispute."
1344:"Officials Announced by Republic Steel."
1314:
1312:
1302:"Alloy Steel Merger Approved By Boards."
1048:
1046:
1044:
1009:
1007:
952:
950:
948:
946:
2976:Rienow, Robert and Rienow, Leona Train.
2933:New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
2195:"U.S. Steel Refuses to Bargain on Pay."
2152:"Benjamin Fairless to Wed Mrs. Sproul."
2010:"Steel Leaders See All Accepting Pact."
1701:"Fairless to Head New U.S. Steel Unit."
1477:
1387:"U.S. Steel to Unify Plant Operations."
1331:"Ex-Farm Boy Heads New Republic Steel."
743:, and former United States Senator from
586:
217:
2922:Dubofsky, Melvyn and Van Tine, Warren.
2126:"Steel Strike Ends With Rush to Work."
2035:
2033:
1817:"Steel Men at Odds on Embargo Action."
1804:"Fairless Defends Steel Price System."
1752:"Fairless Admits 'Extra' Price Talks."
1727:"Three Are Named to Guide U.S. Steel."
1613:
1532:"Carnegie-Illinois Bars Pay Rise Now."
1356:
1354:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1135:
1115:
852:President's Intelligence Advisory Board
561:Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America
210:in the steel industry. He received the
139:Hazel Hatfield Sproul (1944-1955; div.)
3079:
2960:Cleveland: World Publishing Co., 1953.
2542:"'Double-Standard' Charged to Steel."
2407:
2394:"Murray Testifies He Got 19 C Offer."
2169:"Fairless Opposes Rise in Steel Pay."
2139:"Fairless Attacks Job Rule By Union."
2087:"U.S. Steel to Miss New Output Mark."
2052:"Ousts Falsifiers of Tests on Steel."
1953:Lawrence, W.H. "53,000 Told to Quit."
1927:"Predict Quick End of a Coal Strike."
1869:"Steel Men Set Up Group for Defense."
1739:
1737:
1318:"Terms of Merger for Republic Steel."
1309:
1236:"Gen. Coxey to Lead Unemployed Army."
1041:
1004:
943:
616:Temporary National Economic Commission
343:. In 1914, Ohio businessman "General"
59:January 1, 1938 – May 3, 1955
2425:"Truman Names 12 to Taft Act Panel."
2113:"U.S. Steel balks at Back-Pay Rise."
2100:"U.S. Steel Agrees to Wage Parleys."
1988:Lawrence, W.H. "Dr. Steelman Chief."
1671:"Big Steel Gets New Blood and Faces."
1648:"Demands on Steel Widened By C.I.O."
1584:"Tribunal Set Up By Carnegie Steel."
922:near the steel plant, which it named
477:Committee for Industrial Organization
147:President, Central Steel (1928-1930);
2438:"Murray Hints at 'Rolling Strike'."
2368:Stark, Louis. "President Is Sharp."
2221:"Steel Price Rise Rejected By OPA."
2030:
1940:Stark, Louis. "President Is Stern."
1665:"U.S. Steel Votes Common Dividend."
1635:March 2, 1937; "Strike Is Averted."
1558:"Steel Wage Rise Reported Assured."
1351:
1210:
479:(CIO) formed as a caucus within the
446:
2966:New York: Bartlett Orr Press, 1952.
2312:Stark, Louis. "Replies Due Today."
1734:
1545:"Murray Projects Steel Pay Talks."
956:"Benjamin F. Fairless Dies at 71."
827:United States Department of Justice
13:
2750:"Fairless Heads Steel Institute."
2342:Raskin, A.H. "States Steel Case."
2273:Stark, Louis. "Truman Plea Wins."
2078:Dubofsky and Van Tine, p. 420-438.
1979:Dubofsky and Van Tine, p. 403-404.
1610:Dubofsky and Van Tine, p. 273-274.
676:; and Frank Purnell, president of
497:Steel Workers Organizing Committee
305:to pay for tuition. He received a
14:
3153:
2581:Raskin, A.H. "Parleys Collapse."
2023:"Lewis Wins Captive Mine Fight."
1443:"U.S. Steel Releases One Chief."
914:U.S. Steel's Fairless Works near
909:American Iron and Steel Institute
844:American Iron and Steel Institute
762:
471:was signed into law by President
301:. He worked as an assistant in a
3102:American people of Welsh descent
2939:New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1958.
2893:
2880:
2861:
2848:
2835:
2822:
2809:
2796:
2783:
2770:
2757:
2744:
2731:
2718:
2705:
2692:
2679:
2666:
2653:
2640:
2627:
2614:
2601:
2588:
2575:
2562:
2549:
2536:
2523:
2510:
2497:
2484:
2471:
2458:
2445:
2432:
2419:
2401:
2388:
2375:
2362:
2349:
2336:
2319:
2306:
2293:
2280:
2267:
2254:
2241:
870:Fairless retired to his home in
666:National Defense Mediation Board
397:Jones and Laughlin Steel Company
3142:20th-century American engineers
3107:Ohio Northern University alumni
2906:
2228:
2215:
2202:
2189:
2176:
2163:
2146:
2133:
2120:
2107:
2094:
2081:
2072:
2059:
2046:
2017:
2004:
1995:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1947:
1934:
1921:
1912:
1889:
1876:
1863:
1850:
1837:
1824:
1811:
1798:
1785:
1772:
1759:
1746:
1721:
1708:
1695:
1682:
1659:
1642:
1625:
1604:
1591:
1578:
1565:
1552:
1539:
1526:
1513:
1500:
1491:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1437:
1424:
1411:
1398:
1381:
1338:
1325:
1296:
1252:
1243:
1230:
1197:
1184:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1103:
1094:
641:Office of Production Management
189:Carnegie-Illinois Steel Company
157:Carnegie-Illinois Steel Company
3097:People from Stark County, Ohio
2919:Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, 1987.
2001:Dubofsky and Van Tine, p. 404.
1970:Dubofsky and Van Tine, p. 403.
1918:Dubofsky and Van Tine, p. 402.
1909:Dubofsky and Van Tine, p. 398.
1895:Dubofsky and Van Tine, p. 397.
1622:Dubofsky and Van Tine, p. 274.
1506:"Warns Fmployes of Stampede."
1055:
1032:
1023:
995:
963:
778:Office of Price Administration
341:Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway
1:
2828:"Fairless Sues for Divorce."
1571:"New Angle to One Increase."
1465:Phelan, p. 136; Brody, p. 21.
936:
846:. In January 1956, President
837:
2931:American National Biography.
2854:"Merit Medal for Fairless."
1177:"Mrs. Fairless Quits Reno."
695:
481:American Federation of Labor
469:National Labor Relations Act
313:from Ohio Northern in 1913.
7:
3132:Engineers from Pennsylvania
3001:New York: de Gruyter, 1993.
2924:John L. Lewis: A Biography.
2440:United Press International.
2286:"Fairless Here for Talks."
2184:United Press International.
1791:"To Resume Steel Inquiry."
1203:"Rites for Mrs. Fairless."
368:Early steel industry career
226:(a hamlet near the town of
10:
3158:
3122:Medal for Merit recipients
2841:"Ore Boat in Commission."
1519:"Agree on Steel Demands."
1249:Rienow and Rienow, p. 121.
1223:"Fairless Rose Steadily."
540:in the dining room at the
395:, former president of the
332:to offer a quick and easy
320:, was a lieutenant in the
176:Benjamin Franklin Fairless
23:Benjamin Franklin Fairless
3065:
3055:
3047:
3037:
3020:
3012:
3007:
916:Morrisville, Pennsylvania
885:Honors and legacy namings
877:He was hospitalized with
757:Huntington, West Virginia
741:Governor of West Virginia
686:U.S. Conciliation Service
678:Youngstown Sheet and Tube
279:Charles Blaine McClintock
169:
143:
133:
116:
96:
91:
87:
75:
63:
52:
44:
40:
35:Benjamin Fairless in 1939
28:
21:
3112:American civil engineers
3063:January 1938 – May 1955
3035:January 1952 – May 1955
2698:"Fairless Denies Pact."
865:
753:Governor of Pennsylvania
730:National War Labor Board
620:Federal Trade Commission
593:Edward R. Stettinius Jr.
295:Ohio Northern University
250:. His uncle ran a small
16:American steel executive
2980:Chicago: Follett, 1966.
1378:Fairless, p. 174, 1976.
895:SS Benjamin F. Fairless
452:Carnegie-Illinois Steel
328:(at the time, the only
193:Chief Executive Officer
47:President of U.S. Steel
2956:Izant, Grace Goulder.
2929:Garraty, John Arthur.
1190:"Mrs. B.F. Fairless."
1100:Fairless, p. 164, 166.
872:Ligonier, Pennsylvania
773:Lewis B. Schwellenbach
749:William Cameron Sproul
739:, a physician, former
462:Clairton, Pennsylvania
149:First Vice President,
127:Ligonier, Pennsylvania
3023:Chairman of the Board
2964:The John Fritz Medal.
2873:May 12, 2011, at the
1062:Fairless, p. 161-162.
587:U.S. Steel presidency
475:on July 5, 1935. The
473:Franklin D. Roosevelt
389:Bourne-Fuller Company
376:. He was mentored by
218:Early life and career
2877:Accessed 2012-03-15.
1293:Accessed 2012-03-15.
1276:Accessed 2012-03-15.
1261:Accessed 2012-03-15.
1166:The John Fritz Medal
1112:Accessed 2012-03-15.
1091:Accessed 2012-03-15.
1076:Accessed 2012-03-15.
1064:Accessed 2012-03-15.
992:Accessed 2012-03-15.
715:War Production Board
628:Governor of New York
385:Donner Steel Company
303:psychiatric hospital
195:and Chairman of the
3137:Engineers from Ohio
3008:Business positions
2992:The CIO, 1935-1955.
2969:Paradis, Adrian A.
2845:September 13, 1942.
2572:September 22, 1949.
2559:September 20, 1949.
2546:September 18, 1949.
2533:September 17, 1949.
2520:September 15, 1949.
2173:September 15, 1945.
1821:September 27, 1939.
1549:September 27, 1936.
1536:September 13, 1936.
1474:Phelan, p. 136-142.
1408:September 18, 1935.
1395:September 17, 1935.
1194:September 30, 1942.
1020:May 1, 1948, p. 16.
657:United Mine Workers
601:executive committee
485:industrial unionism
419:, Ohio; Massillon;
409:Birmingham, Alabama
2990:Zieger, Robert H.
2937:Current Biography.
2793:December 23, 1956.
2780:September 6, 1956.
2676:December 17, 1949.
2663:November 12, 1949.
2650:November 10, 1949.
2429:December 19, 1947.
2398:February 10, 1946.
2225:November 24, 1945.
2130:December 29, 1943.
2117:December 18, 1943.
2091:November 19, 1943.
2014:November 29, 1941.
1992:November 23, 1941.
1961:November 17, 1941.
1944:November 15, 1941.
1931:November 13, 1941.
1847:February 20, 1941.
1782:November 19, 1939.
1718:February 10, 1938.
1705:December 10, 1937.
1669:October 27, 1937;
1601:February 12, 1937.
1575:November 11, 1936.
1434:December 27, 1935.
1240:February 26, 1914.
973:December 12, 1937.
902:United States Army
813:, director of the
770:Secretary of Labor
707:American Civil War
703:United States Navy
637:William S. Knudsen
345:Jacob S. Coxey Sr.
322:United States Navy
287:College of Wooster
197:board of directors
3127:U.S. Steel people
3075:
3074:
3066:Succeeded by
3038:Succeeded by
2946:October 15, 1956.
2888:Associated Press.
2832:November 4, 1961.
2830:Associated Press.
2767:January 14, 1956.
2689:January 25, 1950.
2637:November 8, 1949.
2624:November 1, 1949.
2611:October 19, 1949.
2598:October 14, 1949.
2409:Loftus, Joseph A.
2385:January 29, 1946.
2372:January 25, 1946.
2359:January 25, 1946.
2346:January 24, 1946.
2333:January 23, 1946.
2316:January 18, 1946.
2303:January 15, 1946.
2290:January 14, 1946.
2277:January 13, 1946.
2264:January 12, 1946.
2212:November 9, 1945.
2199:November 8, 1945.
2186:November 4, 1945.
2160:October 15, 1944.
2143:January 21, 1944.
2128:Associated Press.
2104:December 9, 1943.
2102:Associated Press.
2069:October 28, 1943.
2027:December 8, 1941.
1929:Associated Press.
1834:February 1, 1941.
1808:January 30, 1940.
1795:January 22, 1940.
1769:November 9, 1939.
1756:November 8, 1939.
1692:December 9, 1937.
1588:January 10, 1937.
1573:Associated Press.
1562:November 6, 1936.
1560:Associated Press.
1534:Associated Press.
1508:Associated Press.
1497:Zieger, p. 56-59.
1335:February 2, 1930.
1322:January 28, 1930.
1304:Associated Press.
1291:Fairless, p. 174.
1274:Fairless, p. 172.
1259:Fairless, p. 170.
1192:Associated Press.
1154:Current Biography
1142:Current Biography
1110:Fairless, p. 166.
1089:Fairless, p. 164.
1074:Fairless, p. 162.
990:Fairless, p. 161.
848:Dwight Eisenhower
737:Henry D. Hatfield
659:(UMW) demanded a
447:U.S. Steel career
405:Buffalo, New York
311:civil engineering
307:bachelor's degree
173:
172:
3149:
3051:William A. Irvin
3048:Preceded by
3013:Preceded by
3005:
3004:
2900:
2897:
2891:
2884:
2878:
2865:
2859:
2852:
2846:
2839:
2833:
2826:
2820:
2813:
2807:
2800:
2794:
2787:
2781:
2774:
2768:
2761:
2755:
2748:
2742:
2735:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2709:
2703:
2696:
2690:
2683:
2677:
2670:
2664:
2657:
2651:
2644:
2638:
2631:
2625:
2618:
2612:
2605:
2599:
2592:
2586:
2585:October 1, 1949.
2579:
2573:
2566:
2560:
2553:
2547:
2540:
2534:
2527:
2521:
2514:
2508:
2501:
2495:
2488:
2482:
2475:
2469:
2462:
2456:
2449:
2443:
2436:
2430:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2405:
2399:
2392:
2386:
2379:
2373:
2366:
2360:
2353:
2347:
2340:
2334:
2323:
2317:
2310:
2304:
2297:
2291:
2284:
2278:
2271:
2265:
2258:
2252:
2251:January 8, 1946.
2245:
2239:
2238:January 1, 1946.
2232:
2226:
2219:
2213:
2206:
2200:
2193:
2187:
2180:
2174:
2167:
2161:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2131:
2124:
2118:
2111:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2063:
2057:
2050:
2044:
2037:
2028:
2021:
2015:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1951:
1945:
1938:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1880:
1874:
1867:
1861:
1854:
1848:
1841:
1835:
1828:
1822:
1815:
1809:
1802:
1796:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1770:
1763:
1757:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1732:
1725:
1719:
1712:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1686:
1680:
1663:
1657:
1646:
1640:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1611:
1608:
1602:
1595:
1589:
1582:
1576:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1543:
1537:
1530:
1524:
1523:August 12, 1936.
1517:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1441:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1421:October 2, 1935.
1415:
1409:
1402:
1396:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1365:
1364:August 22, 1935.
1358:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1323:
1316:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1277:
1271:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1227:August 29, 1935.
1221:
1208:
1207:October 1, 1942.
1201:
1195:
1188:
1182:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1124:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1052:Garraty, p. 688.
1050:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1011:
1002:
999:
993:
987:
974:
967:
961:
960:January 2, 1962.
954:
893:ore carrier the
793:Taft-Hartley Act
711:war profiteering
682:John R. Steelman
624:Nathan L. Miller
597:Delaware company
546:Washington, D.C.
510:union organizers
433:Youngstown, Ohio
421:Moline, Illinois
224:Pigeon Run, Ohio
123:
110:Pigeon Run, Ohio
106:
104:
92:Personal details
78:
70:William A. Irvin
66:
57:
33:
19:
18:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3062:
3053:
3043:
3034:
3018:
2983:Phelan, Craig.
2909:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2885:
2881:
2875:Wayback Machine
2866:
2862:
2856:New York Times.
2853:
2849:
2843:New York Times.
2840:
2836:
2827:
2823:
2817:New York Times.
2814:
2810:
2804:New York Times.
2801:
2797:
2791:New York Times.
2788:
2784:
2778:New York Times.
2775:
2771:
2765:New York Times.
2762:
2758:
2752:New York Times.
2749:
2745:
2739:New York Times.
2736:
2732:
2728:April 27, 1950.
2726:New York Times.
2723:
2719:
2715:April 26, 1950.
2713:New York Times.
2710:
2706:
2702:April 25, 1950.
2700:New York Times.
2697:
2693:
2687:New York Times.
2684:
2680:
2674:New York Times.
2671:
2667:
2661:New York Times.
2658:
2654:
2648:New York Times.
2645:
2641:
2635:New York Times.
2632:
2628:
2622:New York Times.
2619:
2615:
2609:New York Times.
2606:
2602:
2596:New York Times.
2593:
2589:
2583:New York Times.
2580:
2576:
2570:New York Times.
2567:
2563:
2557:New York Times.
2554:
2550:
2544:New York Times.
2541:
2537:
2531:New York Times.
2528:
2524:
2518:New York Times.
2515:
2511:
2507:August 6, 1949.
2505:New York Times.
2502:
2498:
2492:New York Times.
2489:
2485:
2479:New York Times.
2476:
2472:
2466:New York Times.
2463:
2459:
2453:New York Times.
2450:
2446:
2437:
2433:
2427:New York Times.
2424:
2420:
2406:
2402:
2396:New York Times.
2393:
2389:
2383:New York Times.
2380:
2376:
2370:New York Times.
2367:
2363:
2357:New York Times.
2354:
2350:
2344:New York Times.
2341:
2337:
2331:New York Times.
2327:New York Times.
2324:
2320:
2314:New York Times.
2311:
2307:
2301:New York Times.
2298:
2294:
2288:New York Times.
2285:
2281:
2275:New York Times.
2272:
2268:
2262:New York Times.
2259:
2255:
2249:New York Times.
2246:
2242:
2236:New York Times.
2233:
2229:
2223:New York Times.
2220:
2216:
2210:New York Times.
2207:
2203:
2197:New York Times.
2194:
2190:
2181:
2177:
2171:New York Times.
2168:
2164:
2158:New York Times.
2154:New York Times.
2151:
2147:
2141:New York Times.
2138:
2134:
2125:
2121:
2115:New York Times.
2112:
2108:
2099:
2095:
2089:New York Times.
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2067:New York Times.
2064:
2060:
2054:New York Times.
2051:
2047:
2043:March 25, 1943.
2041:New York Times.
2038:
2031:
2025:New York Times.
2022:
2018:
2012:New York Times.
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1990:New York Times.
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1959:New York Times.
1955:New York Times.
1952:
1948:
1942:New York Times.
1939:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:April 15, 1941.
1884:New York Times.
1881:
1877:
1871:New York Times.
1868:
1864:
1860:March 16, 1941.
1858:New York Times.
1855:
1851:
1845:New York Times.
1842:
1838:
1832:New York Times.
1829:
1825:
1819:New York Times.
1816:
1812:
1806:New York Times.
1803:
1799:
1793:New York Times.
1790:
1786:
1780:New York Times.
1777:
1773:
1767:New York Times.
1764:
1760:
1754:New York Times.
1751:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1729:New York Times.
1726:
1722:
1716:New York Times.
1713:
1709:
1703:New York Times.
1700:
1696:
1690:New York Times.
1687:
1683:
1667:New York Times.
1664:
1660:
1656:March 18, 1937.
1654:New York Times.
1650:New York Times.
1647:
1643:
1637:New York Times.
1633:New York Times.
1630:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1599:New York Times.
1596:
1592:
1586:New York Times.
1583:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1547:New York Times.
1544:
1540:
1531:
1527:
1521:New York Times.
1518:
1514:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1445:New York Times.
1442:
1438:
1432:New York Times.
1429:
1425:
1419:New York Times.
1416:
1412:
1406:New York Times.
1403:
1399:
1393:New York Times.
1389:New York Times.
1386:
1382:
1377:
1368:
1362:New York Times.
1359:
1352:
1348:April 11, 1930.
1346:New York Times.
1343:
1339:
1333:New York Times.
1330:
1326:
1320:New York Times.
1317:
1310:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1280:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1238:New York Times.
1235:
1231:
1225:New York Times.
1222:
1211:
1205:New York Times.
1202:
1198:
1189:
1185:
1179:New York Times.
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1125:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1042:
1038:Paradis, p. 50.
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1012:
1005:
1001:Forbes, p. 111.
1000:
996:
988:
977:
971:New York Times.
968:
964:
958:New York Times.
955:
944:
939:
887:
868:
840:
782:Harry S. Truman
765:
726:wildcat strikes
698:
674:Bethlehem Steel
672:, president of
589:
573:time-and-a-half
550:Upper East Side
542:Mayflower Hotel
538:Myron C. Taylor
454:
449:
370:
261:Cleveland Press
244:horse and buggy
220:
212:Medal for Merit
199:(1952–1955) of
160:
154:
148:
138:
125:
121:
120:January 1, 1962
108:
102:
100:
76:
64:
58:
53:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3155:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3073:
3072:
3069:Walter Munford
3067:
3064:
3060:of U.S. Steel
3054:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3036:
3019:
3016:Irving S. Olds
3014:
3010:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2892:
2879:
2860:
2858:June 21, 1946.
2847:
2834:
2821:
2819:March 8, 1957.
2808:
2806:March 6, 1957.
2795:
2782:
2769:
2756:
2743:
2730:
2717:
2704:
2691:
2678:
2665:
2652:
2639:
2626:
2613:
2600:
2587:
2574:
2561:
2548:
2535:
2522:
2509:
2496:
2494:July 16, 1949.
2483:
2481:July 15, 1949.
2470:
2468:July 13, 1949.
2457:
2455:July 12, 1949.
2444:
2431:
2418:
2413:New York Times
2400:
2387:
2374:
2361:
2348:
2335:
2318:
2305:
2292:
2279:
2266:
2253:
2240:
2227:
2214:
2201:
2188:
2175:
2162:
2145:
2132:
2119:
2106:
2093:
2080:
2071:
2058:
2056:April 9, 1943.
2045:
2029:
2016:
2003:
1994:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1946:
1933:
1920:
1911:
1897:
1888:
1875:
1862:
1849:
1836:
1823:
1810:
1797:
1784:
1771:
1758:
1745:
1733:
1731:April 6, 1938.
1720:
1707:
1694:
1681:
1658:
1641:
1639:March 3, 1937.
1624:
1612:
1603:
1590:
1577:
1564:
1551:
1538:
1525:
1512:
1499:
1490:
1488:Zieger, p. 56.
1476:
1467:
1458:
1449:
1436:
1423:
1410:
1397:
1380:
1366:
1350:
1337:
1324:
1308:
1306:July 23, 1926.
1295:
1278:
1263:
1251:
1242:
1229:
1209:
1196:
1183:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1114:
1102:
1093:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1003:
994:
975:
962:
941:
940:
938:
935:
926:in his honor.
924:Fairless Hills
886:
883:
867:
864:
839:
836:
811:Cyrus S. Ching
786:Chester Bowles
764:
763:Post-war years
761:
697:
694:
645:Ransom E. Olds
588:
585:
565:Sidney Hillman
522:cost of living
514:company unions
489:craft unionism
458:Illinois Steel
453:
450:
448:
445:
393:Tom M. Girdler
378:F.J. Griffiths
369:
366:
353:surveying team
318:Babson College
219:
216:
185:Republic Steel
171:
170:
167:
166:
151:Republic Steel
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
124:(aged 71)
118:
114:
113:
98:
94:
93:
89:
88:
85:
84:
82:Walter Munford
79:
73:
72:
67:
61:
60:
50:
49:
42:
41:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3154:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3070:
3061:
3059:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2949:Forbes, B.C.
2948:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2896:
2890:May 29, 1997.
2889:
2883:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2857:
2851:
2844:
2838:
2831:
2825:
2818:
2812:
2805:
2799:
2792:
2786:
2779:
2773:
2766:
2760:
2754:May 27, 1955.
2753:
2747:
2741:May 19, 1950.
2740:
2734:
2727:
2721:
2714:
2708:
2701:
2695:
2688:
2682:
2675:
2669:
2662:
2656:
2649:
2643:
2636:
2630:
2623:
2617:
2610:
2604:
2597:
2591:
2584:
2578:
2571:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2545:
2539:
2532:
2526:
2519:
2513:
2506:
2500:
2493:
2487:
2480:
2474:
2467:
2461:
2454:
2448:
2442:July 8, 1949.
2441:
2435:
2428:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2397:
2391:
2384:
2378:
2371:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2345:
2339:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2315:
2309:
2302:
2296:
2289:
2283:
2276:
2270:
2263:
2257:
2250:
2244:
2237:
2231:
2224:
2218:
2211:
2205:
2198:
2192:
2185:
2179:
2172:
2166:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2142:
2136:
2129:
2123:
2116:
2110:
2103:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2075:
2068:
2062:
2055:
2049:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2026:
2020:
2013:
2007:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1943:
1937:
1930:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1892:
1885:
1879:
1872:
1866:
1859:
1853:
1846:
1840:
1833:
1827:
1820:
1814:
1807:
1801:
1794:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1768:
1762:
1755:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1730:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1619:
1617:
1607:
1600:
1594:
1587:
1581:
1574:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1522:
1516:
1510:July 2, 1936.
1509:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1447:May 28, 1936.
1446:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1347:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1305:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1200:
1193:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1111:
1106:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1035:
1029:Izant, p. 69.
1026:
1019:
1017:
1010:
1008:
998:
991:
986:
984:
982:
980:
972:
966:
959:
953:
951:
949:
947:
942:
934:
931:
927:
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
905:
903:
898:
896:
892:
882:
880:
875:
873:
863:
861:
855:
853:
849:
845:
835:
831:
828:
824:
818:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
774:
771:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:West Virginia
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
722:
719:
716:
712:
708:
704:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
658:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
632:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
604:
602:
598:
594:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:John L. Lewis
530:
528:
523:
519:
518:Philip Murray
515:
511:
507:
506:dual unionism
502:
501:William Green
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
444:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
365:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:Wooster, Ohio
288:
284:
283:Navarre, Ohio
280:
275:
274:valedictorian
270:
268:
263:
262:
257:
253:
252:grocery store
249:
245:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
215:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
177:
168:
164:
158:
152:
146:
142:
136:
132:
128:
119:
115:
111:
99:
95:
90:
86:
83:
80:
74:
71:
68:
62:
56:
51:
48:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
3056:
3041:Roger Blough
3021:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2907:Bibliography
2895:
2887:
2882:
2863:
2855:
2850:
2842:
2837:
2829:
2824:
2816:
2811:
2803:
2798:
2790:
2785:
2777:
2772:
2764:
2759:
2751:
2746:
2738:
2733:
2725:
2720:
2712:
2707:
2699:
2694:
2686:
2681:
2673:
2668:
2660:
2655:
2647:
2642:
2634:
2629:
2621:
2616:
2608:
2603:
2595:
2590:
2582:
2577:
2569:
2564:
2556:
2551:
2543:
2538:
2530:
2525:
2517:
2512:
2504:
2499:
2491:
2486:
2478:
2473:
2465:
2460:
2452:
2447:
2439:
2434:
2426:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2395:
2390:
2382:
2377:
2369:
2364:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2313:
2308:
2300:
2295:
2287:
2282:
2274:
2269:
2261:
2256:
2248:
2243:
2235:
2230:
2222:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2183:
2178:
2170:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2140:
2135:
2127:
2122:
2114:
2109:
2101:
2096:
2088:
2083:
2074:
2066:
2061:
2053:
2048:
2040:
2024:
2019:
2011:
2006:
1997:
1989:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1928:
1923:
1914:
1891:
1883:
1878:
1873:May 8, 1941.
1870:
1865:
1857:
1852:
1844:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1792:
1787:
1779:
1774:
1766:
1761:
1753:
1748:
1743:Zey, p. 193.
1728:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1702:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1585:
1580:
1572:
1567:
1559:
1554:
1546:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1507:
1502:
1493:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1444:
1439:
1431:
1426:
1418:
1413:
1405:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1361:
1345:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1319:
1303:
1298:
1254:
1245:
1237:
1232:
1224:
1204:
1199:
1191:
1186:
1181:May 8, 1940.
1178:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1105:
1096:
1069:
1057:
1034:
1025:
1014:
997:
970:
965:
957:
932:
928:
920:company town
913:
906:
899:
894:
888:
876:
869:
856:
841:
832:
819:
804:
790:
766:
734:
723:
720:
699:
670:Eugene Grace
653:
647:(founder of
633:
609:
605:
590:
557:Lee Pressman
531:
527:minimum wage
466:
455:
441:
437:Warren, Ohio
429:Pennsylvania
413:Canton, Ohio
382:
371:
349:Coxey's Army
338:
315:
271:
259:
248:Justus, Ohio
240:
221:
208:unionization
205:
175:
174:
159:(1935-1938);
153:(1930-1935);
122:(1962-01-01)
77:Succeeded by
54:
3092:1962 deaths
3087:1890 births
2997:Zey, Mary.
891:Great Lakes
581:arbitration
415:; Chicago;
374:alloy steel
165:(1938-1955)
155:President,
107:May 3, 1890
65:Preceded by
3081:Categories
3031:U.S. Steel
1168:, p. 1951.
937:References
838:Retirement
751:(a former
661:union shop
649:Oldsmobile
612:monopolies
563:president
425:Pittsburgh
357:theodolite
330:U.S. state
201:U.S. Steel
163:U.S. Steel
144:Occupation
103:1890-05-03
3058:President
1156:, p. 180.
1144:, p. 178.
798:Truman's
696:War years
690:open shop
626:, former
569:seniority
553:townhouse
417:Cleveland
299:Ada, Ohio
236:Pontypool
228:Massillon
134:Spouse(s)
55:In office
2871:Archived
879:pleurisy
860:Cold War
577:overtime
267:baseball
45:5th
807:pension
401:protégé
362:Chicago
334:divorce
256:adopted
3025:&
1016:Forbes
823:cartel
614:. The
559:, and
435:; and
326:Nevada
129:, U.S.
112:, U.S.
2944:Life.
1130:Life.
866:Death
232:Wales
180:steel
1675:Life
800:veto
796:over
575:for
117:Died
97:Born
3029:of
3027:CEO
854:).
544:in
309:in
297:in
289:in
3083::
2032:^
1900:^
1736:^
1615:^
1479:^
1369:^
1353:^
1311:^
1281:^
1266:^
1212:^
1117:^
1081:^
1043:^
1006:^
978:^
945:^
897:.
862:.
759:.
603:.
439:.
431:;
427:,
423:;
411:;
407:;
364:.
2415:.
1677:.
1018:.
105:)
101:(
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