2789:
1630:
1442:. The company's post-breakup strategy did not work out the way it had planned. Its attempt to enter the computer business failed, and it quickly realized that Western Electric was not profitable without the guaranteed customers the Bell System had provided. In 1995, AT&T spun off its computer division and Western Electric, exactly as the government had initially asked it to do. It then re-entered the local telephone business that it had exited after the breakup, which had become much more lucrative with the rise of
204:, and Northern Electric a Western Electric subsidiary). In return, it proposed to give up ownership of the local operating companies. This last concession, it argued, would achieve the government's goal of creating competition in supplying telephone equipment and supplies to the operative companies. The settlement was finalized on January 8, 1982, with some changes ordered by the decree court: the regional holding companies received the Bell trademark, Yellow Pages, and about half of Bell Labs.
1686:
1658:
1351:
system of access charges where long-distance networks paid the more expensive local networks both to originate and terminate a call. In this way, the implicit subsidies of the Bell System became explicit post-divestiture. These access charges became a source of strong controversy as one company after another sought to arbitrage the network and avoid these fees. In 2002 the FCC declared that
Internet service providers would be treated
1672:
39:
1644:
1462:
1360:
services that looked more like applications on the
Internet and did not interconnect with the public telephone network did not have to pay access charges. However, an FCC order issued in December 2011 declared that all VoIP services would have to pay the charges for nine years, at which point all access charges would then be phased out.
1484:
was passed. Following this, the Baby Bells began consolidating among themselves. Section 271 of the
Telecommunications Act of 1996 also established a way that regulators could approve BOCs to enter the interLATA market in regions where they provide local exchange service. In 1998, Ameritech sold some
1350:
One consequence of the breakup was that local residential service rates, which were formerly subsidized by long-distance revenues, began to rise faster than the rate of inflation. Long-distance rates, meanwhile, fell both due to the end of this subsidy and increased competition. The FCC established a
1359:
service providers arguing that they did not have to pay access charges, resulting in significant savings for VoIP calls. The FCC was split on this issue for some time; VoIP services that used IP but in every other way looked like a normal phone call generally had to pay access charges, while VoIP
1426:
receiving equipment to receive the networks' satellite feeds, and due to the broadcast networks' contractual obligations with AT&T up until the breakup in 1984, when the networks immediately switched to satellite exclusively. This was due to several reasons — the much cheaper rates for
1265:
In addition, there were two members of the Bell System that were only partially owned by AT&T. Both of these companies were monopolies in their coverage areas, received
Western Electric equipment and had agreements with AT&T whereby they were provided with long-distance service. They
1601:
that characterized the historic AT&T Corporation and led to the
Department of Justice antitrust suit. AT&T Inc. announced it would not switch back to the Bell logo, thus ending corporate use of the Bell logo by the Baby Bells, with the lone exception of Verizon.
1266:
continued to exist in their pre-breakup form after the antitrust case, but no longer directly received
Western Electric equipment, and were no longer bound to use AT&T as their long-distance provider. These companies were:
176:
lawsuit against AT&T. At the time, AT&T had substantial control over the United States' communications infrastructure. Not only was it the sole telephone provider throughout most of the country, its subsidiary
1520:, the original parent, was acquired effective November 18, 2005, by SBC, which renamed itself AT&T Inc. and began using the ticker symbol "T" and a new AT&T corporate logo. The new company then acquired
1567:, but continued with FairPoint. In 2010, Verizon sold 4.8 million access lines in 14 states, including Verizon West Virginia (originally The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of West Virginia), to
1419:
satellites, started to give the Bell System competition in the broadcast distribution field, with the satellites providing higher video and audio quality, as well as much lower transmission costs.
1347:, the company that had also purchased two other RBOCs and a former AT&T associated operating company (Ameritech, Pacific Telesis, and SNET), and which later purchased another RBOC (BellSouth).
1883:
1422:
However, the networks stayed with AT&T (along with simulcasting their feeds via satellite through the late 1970s to the early 1980s) due to some stations not being equipped yet with
1597:, is home to the AT&T Global Network Operations Center and is the headquarters of AT&T Corp., the long-distance subsidiary of AT&T Inc. The new AT&T Inc. lacks the
233:
The breakup of the Bell System resulted in the creation of seven independent companies that were formed from the original twenty-two AT&T-controlled members of the System.
1391:) distributed their programming to their local affiliated stations. Prior to the breakup, the broadcast networks relied on AT&T Long Lines' infrastructure of terrestrial
1508:
in 1997 for $ 16.5 billion, creating an organization with about 100,000 employees, an annual net income of $ 3 billion, and revenue of about $ 23.5 billion. SBC purchased
1610:
Due to discrepancies between the pricing of the "old" AT&T shares and the new "when-issued" shares, investors were able to make risk-free profits, most spectacularly
3364:
197:
1403:
networks to deliver their programming to local stations. However, by the mid-1970s, the then-new technology of satellite distribution offered by other companies like
2276:
1431:
set by AT&T for broadcast customers, the split of the Bell System into separate RBOCs, and the end of contracts that the broadcast companies had with AT&T.
2721:
3291:
3349:
184:
Believing that it was about to lose the suit, AT&T proposed an alternative: its breakup. It proposed that it retain control of
Western Electric,
1880:
155:(RBOCs), nicknamed the "Baby Bells", would provide local service, and would no longer be directly supplied with equipment from AT&T subsidiary
236:
On
January 1, 1984, these companies were NYNEX, Pacific Telesis, Ameritech, Bell Atlantic, Southwestern Bell Corporation, BellSouth, and US West.
1912:
1996:
3283:
2653:
1702:– The 1911 breakup of Standard Oil is often compared to the breakup of AT&T and, like AT&T, later had many "baby Standards" merge.
2701:
1593:
by the end of 2008. The name change came after AT&T's merger with BellSouth, as well as with southeast-region telephone operations.
2824:
102:
1560:
563:
1937:
1274:
1434:
AT&T was allowed to enter the computer market after the breakup; observers expected that with Bell Labs and
Western Electric,
200:, that barred it from participating in the general sale of computers (retreat from international markets, relinquish ownership in
1724:
1509:
1446:
in the early 1990s. Even this, however, would not save AT&T Corporation. It would soon be absorbed by one of the Baby Bells,
192:, and AT&T Long Distance. It also proposed that it be freed from a 1956 antitrust consent decree, then administered by Judge
181:
produced much of its equipment. Relinquishing ownership of
Western Electric was one of the Justice Department’s primary demands.
17:
2505:
1564:
2231:
3299:
2663:
2310:
2706:
163:
1319:, failed, and after spinning off its manufacturing operations (most notably Western Electric, which became Lucent, then
42:
Telecommunications situation in the contiguous United States immediately following the Bell System's dissolution in 1984
2215:
1858:
1784:
1494:
1336:
3209:
2767:
1477:
766:
347:
228:
212:
168:
152:
33:
1980:"Business Brief -- Century Telephone Enterprises Inc.: Wisconsin Telephone Assets Purchased for $ 225 Million".
3254:
2817:
1481:
1283:
147:, which had provided local telephone service in the United States. AT&T would continue to be a provider of
2188:
1307:
The breakup led to a surge of competition in the long-distance telecommunications market by companies such as
2802:
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2597:
1750:
1404:
1364:
111:
3084:
1278:
1501:
3100:
1814:
1435:
173:
1901:
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on August 18, 1997, in a $ 25.6 billion deal, retaining the name Bell Atlantic, and then with non-Bell
1384:
1997:"Application Requirements for Requesting Certification to Provide Competitive Local Exchange Services"
3027:
3003:
2810:
2303:
1428:
2966:
2863:
1677:
1556:
1447:
1344:
1316:
2052:
Reinhardt, Krause (October 13, 1999). "SBC-Ameritech No 'Baby' Bell As Giant Telecom Firm Forms".
2679:
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2000:
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1568:
1443:
1291:
3217:
2925:
2696:
2581:
2464:
2404:
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1536:
1476:
Following divestiture in 1984 and the creation of the seven Baby Bells, the service within the
1466:
1392:
1388:
1340:
527:
287:
248:
2037:"Business Brief -- SBC COMMUNICATIONS INC.: Acquisition Is Completed Of New England Concern".
1776:
1769:
1962:
1586:(originally Mountain Bell), Northwestern Bell, and Pacific Northwest Bell under its control.
148:
1450:(formerly Southwestern Bell), which then co-opted the AT&T name to form the present-day
1363:
Another consequence of the divestiture was in how both national broadcast television (i.e.,
3359:
2726:
2389:
2296:
1705:
1691:
1598:
2067:
Cronin, Anthony (December 2, 2005). "SBC dumps its newer letters for AT&T's old one".
1578:
in June 2000 for $ 43.5 billion. On April 6, 2011, Qwest was acquired by CenturyLink (now
208:
8:
3307:
3076:
2982:
2834:
2439:
2345:
1517:
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211:
were variously merged into seven independent "Regional Holding Companies", also known as
140:
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3009:
2474:
2444:
2204:
1942:
1589:
While based in San Antonio, Texas, since 1992, AT&T Inc. moved its headquarters to
1579:
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in 1999 for $ 61 billion, creating the largest U.S. local phone company at the time.
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2414:
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178:
156:
27:
1982 U.S. government action to end AT&T Corp's monopoly over telephone services
1958:"Does Bell Company Entry into Long-Distance Telecommunications Benefit Consumers?"
3275:
3167:
2940:
2510:
2022:"SBC Communications Inc.: Merger with Pacific Telesis closes, creating a giant".
1907:
1887:
1611:
1505:
1427:
transmission offered by satellite operators that were not influenced by the high
1328:
1270:
543:
253:
144:
93:
75:
2283:
Has Divestiture Worked? A 25th Anniversary Assessment of the Breakup of AT&T
2186:
2112:
Elkin, Tobi (June 26, 2000). "New Verizon plans print to usher in merged unit".
1539:
in a $ 70 billion deal. Verizon sold all of its wireline operations in northern
1343:. It was at this point that AT&T was purchased by one of its own spin-offs,
2489:
1486:
1423:
1320:
136:
2832:
1815:"AT&T Breakup II: Highlights in the History of a Telecommunications Giant"
1800:
3343:
3108:
2658:
2479:
2429:
2419:
2189:"United States v. American Tel. and Tel. Co., 552 F. Supp. 131 (D.D.C. 1983)"
1548:
1408:
1396:
279:
244:
143:
would, as had been initially proposed by AT&T, relinquish control of the
57:
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they were local and would not have to pay these access charges. This led to
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261:
185:
3246:
2896:
2711:
2613:
2384:
2319:
2127:
Ravana, Anne (January 17, 2007). "FairPoint buys out Verizon operation".
1540:
1490:
1400:
1295:
324:
201:
132:
1849:
Disconnecting Parties: Managing the Bell System Break-Up, an Inside View
2259:
1764:
1663:
216:
2187:
U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia (February 28, 1983).
1957:
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3146:
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2459:
1521:
1513:
536:
516:
306:
266:
189:
66:
48:
2082:"AT&T Inc. Closes $ 85 Billion Acquisition Of Bell South Corp".
1956:
Jerry A. Hausman, Gregory K. Leonard & J. Gregory Sidak (2002).
1657:
3175:
3154:
3133:
3121:
1469:
1416:
128:
1994:
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866:
585:
316:
120:
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2879:
2716:
2405:
The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of West Virginia
1590:
2288:
2142:"Frontier CEO Says Telco In Strong Shape After Verizon Deal".
1461:
3188:
3092:
2935:
1575:
1544:
1528:
1324:
778:
570:
320:
240:
84:
38:
2206:
The Fall of the Bell System: A Study in Prices and Politics
2101:. Vol. 43, no. 2181. August 18, 1997. p. 80.
1563:, was created. Operations in Vermont were later split into
1356:
783:
769:
198:
United States District Court for the District of New Jersey
2410:
The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of Virginia
2400:
The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of Maryland
2367:
2146:. Vol. 76, no. 20. October 15, 2010. p. 13.
1614:, who made $ 2.5 million in what was at the time the
1524:
for $ 85.8 billion on January 3, 2007, with FCC approval.
1532:
1439:
1380:
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1372:
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1881:
Connect America Fund order details access charge reforms
1335:, it was left with only its core business with roots as
215:(RBOCs), or "Baby Bells". This divestiture reduced the
3239:
R.H. Donnelley Publishing and Advertising of Illinois
1938:"AT&T Move Is a Reversal Of Course Set in 1980's"
1315:. AT&T's gambit in exchange for its divestiture,
1625:
3365:History of telecommunications in the United States
2203:
1900:
1846:
1768:
207:Effective January 1, 1984, the Bell System's many
2264:The Deal of the Century: The Breakup of AT&T
3341:
1892:
162:This divestiture was initiated in 1974 when the
1731:. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014
1582:), an independent telephone provider, bringing
135:in the U.S. was ended on January 8, 1982, by a
3065:
2395:The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company
1456:
2818:
2304:
2654:Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site
1559:for $ 2.7 billion; a new operating company,
2702:New England Telephone and Telegraph Company
1775:. New York, New York: Basic Books. p.
1757:
1327:) and other misguided acquisitions such as
350:grouped into "Baby Bells" split off in 1984
2835:American Telephone & Telegraph Company
2825:
2811:
2390:The Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania
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2297:
1840:
1838:
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1832:
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3292:Northern New England Telephone Operations
2051:
1932:
1930:
1898:
1561:Northern New England Telephone Operations
222:
3350:January 1982 events in the United States
2346:American Telephone and Telegraph Company
2116:. Vol. 71, no. 27. p. 28.
1995:Public Service Commission of Wisconsin.
1844:
1480:remained regulated until 1996, when the
1460:
1275:Macquarie Infrastructure and Real Assets
37:
1827:
1510:Southern New England Telecommunications
323:in 2000, which in turn was acquired by
14:
3342:
2532:
2368:Local telephone companies still extant
2279:, judge presiding over the divestiture
2210:. London: Cambridge University Press.
2126:
2066:
1927:
1605:
1565:Telephone Operating Company of Vermont
3064:
2845:
2806:
2747:
2664:Bell Homestead National Historic Site
2635:
2531:
2366:
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2201:
2161:. No. Jul/Aug. 2000. p. 49.
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2722:Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company
2712:The Bell Telephone Company of Canada
2707:International Bell Telephone Company
2039:Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition
2024:Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition
1982:Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition
1763:
1399:, and, for radio, broadcast-quality
2069:Knight Ridder Tribune Business News
2041:. October 27, 1998. p. B, 8:4.
164:United States Department of Justice
24:
2748:
2331:
2253:
2129:McClatchy - Tribune Business News
1618:'s largest (nominal) block trade.
219:of AT&T by approximately 70%.
103:The Southern New England Telephone
25:
3376:
2270:
2172:"CenturyLink Merges with Qwest".
1915:from the original on May 14, 2008
1899:Greenwald, John (July 11, 1983).
1495:CenturyTel of the Midwest-Kendall
1489:lines (covering 19 exchanges) to
213:Regional Bell Operating Companies
153:Regional Bell Operating Companies
2787:
2385:Bell Telephone Company of Nevada
2026:. April 2, 1997. p. B, 4:3.
1684:
1670:
1656:
1642:
1628:
1512:in 1998 for $ 5.01 billion, and
34:United States v. AT&T (1982)
2768:Regional Bell Operating Company
2318:
2285:Conference at NYU, May 6, 2009.
2224:
2202:Temin, Peter (April 17, 2013).
2195:
2180:
2165:
2157:"Qwest closes US West merger".
2150:
2135:
2120:
2105:
2097:"Bell Atlantic, Nynex merged".
2090:
2075:
2060:
2045:
2030:
2015:
1988:
1973:
229:Regional Bell Operating Company
3255:Southern New England Telephone
2636:
2506:Southern New England Telephone
1950:
1874:
1807:
1793:
1717:
1482:Telecommunications Act of 1996
1438:would challenge market leader
1284:Southern New England Telephone
13:
1:
3231:SBC Communications / AT&T
2946:Southwestern Bell Corporation
2674:Telephone Pioneers of America
2598:Advanced Mobile Phone Service
2086:. January 3, 2007. p. 1.
1984:. March 13, 1998. p. B4.
1711:
1502:Southwestern Bell Corporation
293:Southwestern Bell Corporation
112:Southwestern Bell Corporation
3085:Advanced American Telephones
2926:Bell Communications Research
2277:Obituary of Harold H. Greene
1535:on June 30, 2000, to create
1279:Cincinnati metropolitan area
151:, while the now-independent
7:
3300:New Communications Holdings
3101:QLT Consumer Lease Services
2727:AT&T Technologies, Inc.
1621:
1457:Evolution of the Baby Bells
10:
3381:
3066:Second generation spinoffs
3028:AT&T Wireless Services
3004:AT&T Submarine Systems
2144:Telecommunications Reports
1527:Bell Atlantic merged with
1500:SBC Communications (named
1302:
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2054:Investor's Business Daily
1902:"The Colossus That Works"
1853:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1845:Tunstall, Brooke (1985).
1771:How We Got Here: The '70s
1749:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1317:AT&T Computer Systems
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169:United States v. AT&T
2967:Unix System Laboratories
2864:Graybar Electric Company
2159:Global Telecoms Business
1678:Telecommunication portal
1574:US West was acquired by
1557:FairPoint Communications
1411:, with their respective
145:Bell Operating Companies
2680:Spirit of Communication
2669:Bell Telephone Memorial
2607:Regional Bell companies
2415:Diamond State Telephone
1801:"Bell Telephone System"
1569:Frontier Communications
1444:dial-up Internet access
1341:AT&T Communications
1292:Frontier Communications
18:Bell System Divestiture
3268:Verizon Communications
3218:Telcordia Technologies
2882:(via Western Electric)
2697:Bell Telephone Company
2465:Pacific Northwest Bell
2266:, New York: Atheneum.
1595:Bedminster, New Jersey
1537:Verizon Communications
1504:until 1995) purchased
1473:
1379:) and radio networks (
1277:in 2021, covering the
288:Verizon Communications
249:Verizon Communications
223:Post-breakup structure
188:, the Bell trademark,
124:
2794:Telephones portal
2440:New England Telephone
1963:Antitrust Law Journal
1946:. September 22, 1995.
1823:. September 21, 1995.
1725:"The End of AT&T"
1706:AT&T Technologies
1464:
1405:RCA Astro Electronics
1290:in 1998, now part of
273:in 1999, now part of
260:in 1997, now part of
247:in 1996, now part of
149:long-distance service
41:
1886:May 2, 2013, at the
1692:United States portal
1599:vertical integration
1518:AT&T Corporation
1286:(SNET), acquired by
523:AT&T Corporation
343:AT&T Corporation
301:AT&T Corporation
141:AT&T Corporation
3308:Frontier California
3077:Lucent Technologies
2983:Lucent Technologies
2490:Wisconsin Telephone
2238:on October 31, 2005
2003:on October 30, 2014
1606:Financial arbitrage
1337:AT&T Long Lines
557:SBC Communications)
3318:Frontier Southwest
3044:AT&T Broadband
3010:Tyco International
2533:Other subsidiaries
2475:South Central Bell
2450:New York Telephone
1943:The New York Times
1580:Lumen Technologies
1474:
1472:with the Bell logo
1448:SBC Communications
1345:SBC Communications
1339:and its successor
1333:AT&T Broadband
1254:Lumen Technologies
299:in 1995, acquired
297:SBC Communications
125:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
2880:Northern Electric
2800:
2799:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2717:Northern Electric
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2485:Southwestern Bell
2470:Pacific Telephone
2455:Northwestern Bell
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
1820:Los Angeles Times
1636:Telephones portal
1584:Qwest Corporation
1263:
1262:
550:Southwestern Bell
194:Vincent P. Biunno
16:(Redirected from
3372:
3322:
3313:Frontier Florida
3304:
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3259:
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3243:
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3138:
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3105:
3097:
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2847:First generation
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2792:
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2550:Western Electric
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2234:. Archived from
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2176:. April 6, 2011.
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2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1999:. Archived from
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1650:Companies portal
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1080:
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558:
531:
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286:in 2000 to form
209:member companies
179:Western Electric
157:Western Electric
131:position of the
118:
109:
100:
91:
82:
73:
64:
55:
46:
21:
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3276:Hawaiian Telcom
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3168:Pacific Telesis
3162:
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3136:
3126:(f/k/a US West)
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3116:
3111:
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2941:Pacific Telesis
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2511:Cincinnati Bell
2499:Partially owned
2494:
2445:New Jersey Bell
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2254:Further reading
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2099:Electronic News
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1993:
1989:
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1970:: 463, 463–464.
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1888:Wayback Machine
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1612:Edward O. Thorp
1608:
1506:Pacific Telesis
1459:
1393:microwave relay
1305:
1271:Cincinnati Bell
1079:(non-RBOC ILEC)
1078:
1077:
959:
958:
781:
764:
763:
552:
551:
544:Pacific Telesis
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295:, rebranded as
254:Pacific Telesis
231:
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139:providing that
123:
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94:Pacific Telesis
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76:Cincinnati Bell
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3210:Regional Bells
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3122:MediaOne Group
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2749:Related topics
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2084:FinancialWire
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2056:. p. A06.
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1487:Wisconsin Bell
1458:
1455:
1424:ground station
1321:Alcatel-Lucent
1304:
1301:
1300:
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269:, acquired by
264:
256:, acquired by
251:
243:, merged with
227:Main article:
224:
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137:consent decree
115:
106:
97:
88:
79:
70:
61:
52:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3109:Agere Systems
3107:
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2921:Bell Atlantic
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2659:Bell Boatyard
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2647:Commemorative
2645:
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2575:Long distance
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2543:Manufacturing
2541:
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2480:Southern Bell
2478:
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2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
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2438:
2436:
2435:Mountain Bell
2433:
2431:
2430:Michigan Bell
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:Illinois Bell
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
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280:Bell Atlantic
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275:AT&T Inc.
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262:AT&T Inc.
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50:
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2833:Spinoffs of
2762:
2678:
2425:Indiana Bell
2378:Wholly owned
2263:
2240:. Retrieved
2236:the original
2226:
2205:
2197:
2182:
2173:
2167:
2158:
2152:
2143:
2137:
2131:. p. 1.
2128:
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2077:
2071:. p. 1.
2068:
2062:
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2047:
2038:
2032:
2023:
2017:
2007:December 29,
2005:. Retrieved
2001:the original
1990:
1981:
1975:
1967:
1961:
1952:
1941:
1917:. Retrieved
1906:
1894:
1876:
1864:. Retrieved
1848:
1818:
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1770:
1759:
1733:. Retrieved
1728:
1719:
1700:Standard Oil
1609:
1588:
1573:
1526:
1499:
1475:
1433:
1421:
1362:
1352:
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1306:
1264:
961:
554:
235:
232:
206:
186:Yellow Pages
183:
167:
161:
126:
29:
3360:Bell System
3247:YP Holdings
2908:Divestiture
2897:Bell Canada
2763:Divestiture
2616:(1880-1975)
2614:Bell Canada
2320:Bell System
1765:Frum, David
1541:New England
1401:leased line
1296:Connecticut
1294:, covering
1075:CenturyLink
325:CenturyLink
202:Bell Canada
133:Bell System
3344:Categories
2637:Historical
2582:Long Lines
2260:Steve Coll
2232:"Ed Thorp"
1735:October 3,
1712:References
1664:Law portal
1491:CenturyTel
217:book value
32:See also:
3197:Dex Media
2960:1991–1993
2931:BellSouth
2916:Ameritech
2566:Bell Labs
2460:Ohio Bell
2242:March 15,
1866:April 14,
1522:BellSouth
1514:Ameritech
1389:ABC Radio
537:Ameritech
517:BellSouth
307:BellSouth
267:Ameritech
190:Bell Labs
174:antitrust
67:BellSouth
49:Ameritech
3355:AT&T
3176:AirTouch
3155:Teradata
3134:U S WEST
3008:sold to
2591:Wireless
2559:Research
2262:(1986),
1913:Archived
1884:Archived
1767:(2000).
1745:cite web
1622:See also
1470:payphone
1417:Westar 1
1413:Satcom 1
1243:AT&T
956:AT&T
129:monopoly
2951:US West
2690:Defunct
1919:May 18,
1553:Vermont
1485:of its
1467:Verizon
1429:tariffs
1303:Effects
1248:Verizon
867:Verizon
586:US West
327:in 2011
317:US West
313:in 2006
303:in 2005
196:in the
121:US West
3321:(2014)
3303:(2010)
3295:(2008)
3287:(2006)
3284:Idearc
3279:(2005)
3258:(2014)
3250:(2012)
3242:(2004)
3221:(1997)
3200:(2002)
3179:(1994)
3158:(2007)
3137:(1998)
3112:(2002)
3104:(2000)
3096:(2000)
3088:(2000)
2214:
1857:
1783:
1729:Celnet
1591:Dallas
1551:, and
1385:Mutual
1323:, now
1309:Sprint
962:former
166:filed
119:
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3189:Qwest
3093:Avaya
2936:NYNEX
2906:1984
1576:Qwest
1545:Maine
1529:NYNEX
1478:LATAs
1353:as if
1325:Nokia
782:(non-
779:Qwest
765:(non-
571:NYNEX
555:later
526:(non-
321:Qwest
241:NYNEX
172:, an
85:NYNEX
3037:2003
3021:2001
2997:1997
2976:1996
2890:1975
2873:1956
2857:1929
2244:2006
2212:ISBN
2009:2014
1921:2019
1908:Time
1868:2013
1855:ISBN
1781:ISBN
1751:link
1737:2014
1616:NYSE
1415:and
1407:and
1357:VoIP
1331:and
1311:and
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784:ILEC
770:ILEC
767:RBOC
348:RBOC
127:The
3147:NCR
2988:NCR
1777:327
1533:GTE
1440:IBM
1381:NPR
1377:PBS
1373:CBS
1369:NBC
1365:ABC
1329:NCR
1313:MCI
1288:SBC
761:GTE
528:LEC
284:GTE
271:SBC
258:SBC
3346::
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1960:,
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
