760:
707:, the most well-studied among belemnite embryos, had a protoconch, a developing guard, and a solid guard. The developing guard tightly surrounded the protoconch. The embryonic shell consisted of an ovoid protoconch and several chambers. The protoconch had two layers, and several compartments - called "protoconch pockets" - formed between the layers, which may have stored gas or liquid in life to stay buoyant. The protoconch and guard were probably made of chitin, a protective material that may have allowed the embryo to survive at greater depths and colder temperatures, develop into adults faster, and allow juveniles and adults to venture into deeper waters. Further, the protoconch would have allowed them to form limbs before reaching the phragmocone stage, and thus inhabit the open ocean earlier. These may have allowed belemnites to colonize a range of habitats across the world.
714:, the number and successive size of the chambers of the phragmocone are used to analyze the growth of an individual over their life. Successive belemnite chambers tend to increase in size exponentially. Unlike other cephalopods, there is no decreasing trend of chamber size in the earliest stages. The decreasing trend generally coincides with hatching, meaning embryonic belemnites had no or few chambers and hatched only with a protoconch. The phragmocone, thus, developed after hatching. Ammonites are thought to have done the same, implying a similar reproductive strategy, and, considering both reached
616:, large hooks were common near the mouth, and were either used for surrounding small prey or ramming into large prey; however, these large hooks were not present in a small specimen, indicating it was either a juvenile—and the development of different hooks coincided with a difference in prey selection - or the specimen was a female and the hooks were used by males for male-on-male combat or during copulation. In modern hook-bearing squid species, only matured males have hooks, indicating a reproductive purpose. It is possible the hooks, being analogous to suckers, could move.
349:
466:. This would have allowed the animal to move horizontally through the water. The guard may have also served to cut through waves while swimming at the surface, though modern cephalopods generally stay completely submerged. Though unlikely, it is possible fossilization increased the perceived density of the guard, and it may have been up to 20% more porous in life. Fins may have been attached to the guard, or the guard may have lent support for large fins. Including arms, guards could have accounted for one-fifth to one-third of the total length of a belemnite.
491:
653:
143:
983:
3000:
480:
2968:
119:
2885:
1113:
2823:
856:
640:- long, modified arms used in copulation or combat with other males. Instead of several hooks, the hectocotyli feature a pair of enlarged hooks—mega-onychites—to latch onto the female at a safe distance to prevent getting stuck with one of her hooks. Like squid, the positioning of the mega-onychites could have been either at the tip or origin of the arm depending on the species. Copulation probably involved the male depositing
620:
584:
5276:
2860:. Belemnites with slender guards may have been better swimmers than those with more massive guards, with the former having dived into deeper waters and hunted in the open ocean; and the latter restricted to the nearshore and fed from the seafloor. Broadly speaking, they may have preferred temperatures of 12–25 °C (54–77 °F), and, like modern squid, warmer waters may have heightened their
2296:, is also proposed, whose members have an aragonitic guard in contrast to the calcitic guards of other belemnites. Aragonitic guards are usually only seen in the ancestral Aulacocerida belemnoids, and Belemnotheutina may represent a transitional stage between the two orders, though some believe Belemnitida derived from Phragmoteuthida which derived from Aulacocerida.
335:, though the higher classification of cephalopods is volatile and there is no clear consensus on how belemnites are related to modern coleoids. Guards can give information on the climate, habitat, and carbon cycle of the ancient waters they inhabited. Guards have been found since antiquity and have become part of folklore.
597:
extremities of the arm increased the risk of losing the arm. Having two rows of hooks covering the entire breadth of the arm, a belemnite could have had between 100 and 800 hooks in total. Some hooks have a spur just above the base, but this may be a distortion from fossilization or preparation of the material. The
3022:. Belemnites declined through the Late Cretaceous, and their range became more restricted to the polar regions; the southern populations became extinct in the early Maastrichtian, and the last belemnites—of the family Belemnitellidae—inhabited what is now northern Europe. They finally became extinct in the
700:
Like other cephalopods, belemnites may have laid floating egg masses, and a single female may have laid between 100 and 1,000 eggs. Hatchlings were either miniature forms of adults or went through a larval stage. According to the latter model, the egg was formed by the protoconch and a single-layered
596:
Belemnites had 10 hooked arms of, more or less, equal length with suckers. The hooks were rarely larger than 5 mm (0.20 in), and increased in size toward the midsection of the arm, possibly because the midsection is where maximum power could be exerted when grabbing, or bigger hooks on the
969:
Belemnoidea, as a group, seemed to feature a reduction of the projection of the otherwise conical phragmocone into the pro-ostracum. That of the most ancient order
Aulacocerida is orthoconic (none projects), Phragmoteuthida three-quarters projects, Belemnitida a quarter, and the most developed
776:
Belemnite guards have sometimes been found with fractures with signs of healing. It has been interpreted in the past that these are evidence of digging, with belemnites using their guard to dig up prey on the seafloor; however, belemnites are now generally interpreted to have been open ocean
609:
Different hook shapes were probably specialized for certain tasks, for example, a strongly hooked uncinus was designed to stab prey at a constant angle. It would force and sink in deeper if the prey tried to move away from the belemnite. Hook shapes and forms vary from species to species. In
2983:, much like modern coleoids which migrate from the ocean to the shelf area. In battlefields comprising both adults and juveniles—as the former model would consist entirely of adults—large groups of belemnites may have been killed by volcanism, changes in salinity or temperature,
3106:
has been described, among others, as two fossil belemnites. Before belemnites were identified as fossils, it was believed the guards were some gemstones, namely lyngurium and amber. After a thunderstorm, guards would sometimes be left exposed in the soil, explained as
787:
guard specimens exhibit a double-pointed tip, probably stemming from some traumatic event. One belemnite guard also presents a double-pointed tip, with one of the points projecting higher than the other, probably a sign of an infection or settlement of a parasite. A
571:, age, or distortion during fossilization. These specimens appeared to have had similar adaptations to modern squid for speed and may have been able to reach similar maximum speeds of 1.1 to 1.8 km/h (0.68 to 1.12 mph) like modern migrating
2292:, though a third possible suborder may exist with Sinobelemnitidae. The Belemnopseina guards have a groove on their alveolus, whereas the Belemnitina have a groove at their apex. The grooves probably corresponded to blood vessels. Another suborder,
557:. Though the hyponome was well-developed in belemnites, the phragmocone was large, implying a small mantle cavity and thus less jet propulsion efficiency. Like some modern squid, belemnites may have mainly used large fins to coast along
957:
Guard shapes in the early
Jurassic ranged from conical to spearheaded but spearheaded became more prevalent as the Jurassic progressed. This was probably due to pressure to become more streamlined and increase swimming efficiency,
2016:
According to the "belemnoid root-stock theory", belemnoids gave rise to modern coleoids sometime in the
Mesozoic, with octopuses deriving from Phragmoteuthida and squid from Diplobelida, making Belemnoidea paraphyletic. The
2991:), or mass stranding. Another popular theory is that the guards were simply moved or redeposited by ocean currents into large aggregations. Some battlefields may be regurgitated indigestible matter from a predator.
2851:
zones. To hunt, they may have quickly or stealthily grabbed prey, maintaining a grip with the hooks, and then dove down to eat. It is traditionally thought they resided on the shelf their entire life, and preyed on
541:
of the ear – were large, much like in modern fast-moving squid. Like other cephalopods, the skin was likely thin and slippery. The eyeballs were likely thicker, stronger, and more convex than in other cephalopods.
601:
hooks are subdivided into three sections: The base - which can be either flat or concave - the shaft - which projects either upward at an incline either straight or bent - and the uncinus - which can be hook- or
301:
Belemnites were an important food source for many
Mesozoic marine creatures, both the adults and the planktonic juveniles and they likely played an important role in restructuring marine ecosystems after the
1128:
The guard—also known as the rostrum, scabbard, gaine, and sheath—is the part of the animal most likely to be fossilized. Guards are difficult to distinguish at the species level, and, consequently,
3608:
Wani, R.; Tajiki, A.; Ikuno, K.; Iwasaki, T. (2017). "Ontogenetic trajectories of septal spacing in Early
Jurassic belemnites from Germany and France, and their palaeobiological implications".
4700:
Stevens, K.; Mutterlose, J.; Schweigert, G. (2014). "Belemnite ecology and the environment of the
Nusplingen Plattenkalk (Late Jurassic, southern Germany): Evidence from stable isotope data".
2276:, consisting of a common ancestor and all of its descendants, and is characterized by the possession of ten hooked appendages, a multilayered outer wall of the phragmocone, and a
4306:
Donovan, S. K.; Jagt, J. W. M.; Deckers, M. J. M.; Laffineur, J. (2018). "Preservation of a heavily bored belemnite rostrum from the upper
Maastrichtian of north-east Belgium".
384:; and the spear-shaped guard at the very tip. The guard is attached to the phragmocone in a socket called the alveolus. The cone, in life, would have been encased in muscle and
3846:
Hart, M. B.; Hughes, Z.; Page, K. N.; Price, G. D.; Smart, C. W. (2018). "Arm hooks of coleoid cephalopods from the
Jurassic succession of the Wessex Basin, Southern England".
2901:
Belemnites were likely an abundant and important food source to many sea-going creatures of the
Mesozoic. Belemnite hook remains have been found in the stomach contents of
567:
specimens with preserved soft anatomy elements had a pair of rhomboid fins near the top of their guards; however, the specimens had different-sized fins, possibly owing to
3026:, around 66 mya, where, like in ammonites, it is thought the protoconch of embryos could not survive the ensuing acidification of the oceans. However, the dubious genus
298:
hooks were usually no bigger than 5 mm (0.20 in), though a belemnite could have had between 100 and 800 hooks in total, using them to stab and hold onto prey.
1022:, in the first century CE, did not believe in lyngurium and called the gemstone a belemnite for the first time—though not recognizing it as a fossil. The name is from
1132:
are common and inflate the group's apparent diversity. Preserved hooks can be used to distinguish belemnite species as each species has unique hook shapes. However,
962:
with increasingly faster predators and competitors. Their early evolution and apparent abundance were likely important in reconstructing marine ecosystems after the
286:. Unlike squid, belemnites had an internal skeleton that made up the cone. The parts are, from the arms-most to the tip: the tongue-shaped pro-ostracum, the conical
4881:
Fuchs, D.; Iba, Y.; Tischlinger, H.; Keupp, H.; Klug, C. (2015). "The locomotion system of
Mesozoic Coleoidea (Cephalopoda) and its phylogenetic significance".
4279:
Hoffman, R.; Ansorge, J.; Wesendonk, H.; Stevens, K. (2018). "A Late Cretaceous pathological belemnite rostrum with evidence of infection by an endoparasite".
950:, reported from Southern China. By the Early Jurassic, belemnites were probably quite common, having spread out into the western Laurasian coasts as well as
947:
5460:
2677:
2692:
2394:
727:
are the largest among belemnites, measuring 60 to 70 cm (24 to 28 in) in length and up to 50 mm (2.0 in) in diameter. The Cretaceous
3111:
thrown from the sky. This belief persists in parts of rural Britain. In Germanic folklore, belemnites are known by at least 27 different names, such as
2975:
Large accumulations of guards are commonly found and have been nicknamed "belemnite battlefields". The most quoted explanation is that belemnites were
2707:
2620:
2590:
2561:
911:
246:
1082:
with 11 species. This classification was confirmed when the first impressions of belemnite soft body anatomy were described by English paleontologist
2797:
2567:
2516:
2343:
2293:
397:
241:
4790:
Kröger, B.; Vinther, J.; Fuchs, D. (2011). "Cephalopod origin and evolution: A congruent picture emerging from fossils, development and molecules".
2596:
2581:
2372:
2078:
1406:
718:, a rather efficient one. Belemnite hatchling protoconches are estimated to have been generally around 1.5 to 3 mm (0.059 to 0.118 in).
5391:
4265:
3952:"Embryonic shell structure of Early–Middle Jurassic belemnites, and its significance for belemnite expansion and diversification in the Jurassic"
3317:
2713:
2647:
2633:
2525:
2451:
2314:
2289:
1102:
790:
740:
236:
2030:
between belemnoids and squid. However, molecular evidence suggests that the squid and octopus lineage diverged from Belemnoidea in the Permian.
1064:
classified belemnites as cephalopods, comparing the newly discovered phragmocone remains to that of a nautilus, and concluding a resemblance to
759:
529:
digestive system – similar to open ocean predatory cephalopods. The radula had rows of seven teeth, consistent with modern predatory squid. The
2605:
2538:
2509:
2496:
2409:
2334:
1106:
1098:
3655:"A description of certain belemnites, preserved, with a great proportion of their soft parts, in the Oxford Clay, at Christian-Malford, Wilts"
2937:
marine crocodile, meaning they were eaten whole. It may be that they were to regurgitate the indigestible matter later, similar to the modern
2790:
2487:
2194:
1598:
1257:
1180:
971:
294:
guard is the most common belemnite remain. Belemnites, in life, are thought to have had 10 hooked arms and a pair of fins on the guard. The
2460:
2424:
2385:
2022:
806:
549:, and other organs; also, water is siphoned into and expelled out of the mantle cavity via a tube opening near the arms of the animal, the
3898:"The old and the new plankton: ecological replacement of associations of mollusc plankton and giant filter feeders after the Cretaceous?"
380:
The belemnite cone is composed of three parts. Going from arms to tip, these are the tongue-shaped pro-ostracum; the conical, chambered
4053:
Iba, Y.; Sano, S. I.; Goto, M. (2015). "Large Belemnites were Already Common in the Early Jurassic—New Evidence from Central Japan".
3023:
2895:
1122:
5365:
4506:
Dera, G.; Toumoulin, A.; de Baets, K. (2016). "Diversity and morphological evolution of Jurassic belemnites from South Germany".
1421:—it does not contain a common ancestor and all its descendants—and, thus, invalid. According to some authors, belemnites were a
5455:
3066:
2921:
crustaceans. Some animals may have only eaten the heads, leaving the phragmocone and guards, however, the guards of around 250
963:
303:
739:, four major annual growth stages were preserved in the guard, giving belemnites a lifespan of about three to four years. The
4857:
4402:
3425:
3187:
Iba, Y.; Sano, S. -I.; Mutterlose, J.; Kondo, Y. (2012). "Belemnites originated in the Triassic—A new look at an old group".
5018:"Molecular clocks indicate turnover and diversification of modern coleoid cephalopods during the Mesozoic Marine Revolution"
1401:
However, the higher classification of cephalopods is volatile with no clear consensus. Coleoidea is sometimes divided into
2864:, increasing birth and growth rates, but also decreasing lifespan. It has been suggested that most belemnite species were
4480:
Chen, T.; Sen, Z. (1982). "Discovery of Permian belemnoids in South China with comments on the origin of the Coleoidea".
396:
pro-ostraca and phragmocones, though a few belemnites also had aragonite guards, and the alveolar side of the guards of
5465:
5450:
4759:"New evidence of functional suckers in belemnoid coleoids (Cephalopoda) weakens support for the 'Neocoleoidea' concept"
4601:
1139:
fossils have been mistaken for belemnite hooks and vice versa. Preserved fossil guards are used to measure the ancient
306:. They may have laid between 100 and 1,000 eggs. Some species may have been adapted to speed and swam in the turbulent
3102:
Belemnite guards have been known since antiquity, and much folklore has evolved since. The symbol of the Egyptian god
400:
may have also been of aragonite. The pro-ostracum probably supported the soft parts of the belemnite, similar to the
5181:
4124:"Oxygen isotope studies on Jurassic and Cretaceous belemnites from New Zealand and their biogeographic significance"
3127:, ground up to cure sore eyes (which only aggravated the problem), and, in Western Scotland, put into water to cure
2944:
The abundant planktonic belemnite larvae, along with planktonic ammonite larvae, likely formed the base of Mesozoic
3445:
3801:"Belemnoid arm hooks from the Middle-Upper Albian boundary interval: Taxonomy and palaeoecological significance"
701:
shell wall. During the larval stage, the protoconch became internal and the guard began to form. The embryo of
4027:"A belemnite fauna from the Aalenian-Bajocian boundary beds of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (NE Paris Basin)"
4674:
1087:
215:
5244:
4547:
4173:"Life span and growth rate of Middle Jurassic mesohibolitid belemnites deduced from rostrum microincrements"
747:, the guard was demonstrated to have fully developed after one or two years, and growth spurts followed the
5280:
4938:"Belemnite extinction and the origin of modern cephalopods 35 m.y. prior to the Cretaceous−Paleogene event"
4834:
4088:
5115:
Reitner, J.; Engeser, T. (1982). "Phylogenetic trends in phragmocone-bearing coleoids (Belemnomorpha)".
1140:
142:
5249:
4937:
4908:
2873:
1163:
Coleoidea. In 1994, American geologist Peter Doyle defined Coleoidea as composed of three superorders:
733:
is one of the smallest known with a guard length of around 3 cm (1.2 in). In the New Zealand
4343:"Classical and new bioerosion trace fossils in Cretaceous belemnite guards characterised via micro-CT"
554:
348:
4093:
3011:
1143:
of the waters the individual inhabited in life, which gives information on the climate, habitat, and
715:
3951:
5422:
5292:
1030:
meaning dart for the guard's shape. Subsequent authors either considered it to be lyngurium or
820:
The calcitic guards were desirable habitats for boring parasites indicated by the diversity of
3986:"Cephalopod embryonic shells as a tool to reconstruct reproductive strategies in extinct taxa"
5417:
5409:
5330:
4259:
3413:
3222:
Klug, C.; Schweigert, G.; Hoffmann, R.; Fuchs, D.; Pohle, A.; Weis, R.; De Baets, K. (2024).
1041:, and subsequent authors gave several hypotheses to its nature in life, including them being
723:
316:
5396:
4678:
427:, having the chambers of the phragmocone flooded and slowly releasing more seawater via the
5352:
5081:
4990:
4952:
4709:
4689:] (in German). München, Leipzig, Druck, and Verlag von R. Oldenbourg. pp. 470–478.
4566:
4515:
4434:
4354:
4237:
4135:
3812:
3762:
3716:
3569:
3461:
3367:
3282:
3196:
3082:
2027:
401:
4226:"Non-invasive diagnostics fossils – Magnetic Resonance Imaging of pathological belemnites"
423:
for stability purposes. Concerning buoyancy, belemnites may have behaved much like modern
8:
5445:
5158:
4615:
4225:
4172:
2984:
459:
424:
408:
5085:
4994:
4956:
4713:
4570:
4519:
4438:
4358:
4241:
4139:
3816:
3766:
3720:
3573:
3465:
3371:
3286:
3270:
3254:
3223:
3200:
794:
guard features a large growth on the side likely stemming from a parasitic infection. A
5162:
5097:
5042:
5017:
5002:
4863:
4815:
4653:
4457:
4422:
4323:
4153:
4070:
3924:
3897:
3873:
3828:
3778:
3674:
3625:
3528:
3503:
3383:
3298:
3108:
2827:
2654:
2363:
2273:
1160:
1129:
1078:
1061:
931:
923:
606:-like. Overall, they were fish-hook shaped, and probably only the uncinus was exposed.
416:
137:
20:
5404:
5339:
5128:
5101:
5047:
4853:
4807:
4657:
4462:
4398:
4390:
4327:
4198:
4157:
4026:
4007:
3929:
3877:
3832:
3800:
3678:
3582:
3557:
3533:
3474:
3421:
3387:
3355:
3302:
2848:
1038:
568:
534:
455:
385:
5222:
5166:
5069:
4867:
4739:
4074:
3782:
3629:
1034:. The first mention of a belemnite representing a fossil was made in 1546 by German
907:
stage 190 mya. However, the 2012 discovery of early Asian forms classified into the
5196:
5154:
5124:
5089:
5037:
5029:
4998:
4960:
4890:
4845:
4819:
4799:
4770:
4717:
4645:
4574:
4523:
4452:
4442:
4362:
4315:
4288:
4245:
4148:
4143:
4123:
4062:
3997:
3966:
3919:
3909:
3863:
3855:
3820:
3770:
3724:
3666:
3617:
3577:
3523:
3515:
3469:
3375:
3290:
3249:
3239:
3204:
3128:
3019:
2957:
2683:
2277:
908:
685:
451:
432:
4849:
4605:
4552:
Gen. Nov., a new Cretaceous coleoid genus linking Belemnoidea and early Debrachia"
891:. Belemnites were traditionally thought to have evolved in northern Europe in the
4527:
4447:
4319:
3859:
3729:
3700:
3162:
3044:
2698:
2400:
2269:
2146:
1566:
1314:
1184:
1019:
939:
935:
881:
800:
guard shows a large ovoid bubble near the base, likely deriving from a parasitic
283:
267:
5344:
4292:
2280:
between the pro-ostracum and the phragmocone. Belemnitida is separated into two
5200:
3750:
3244:
2918:
2668:
2661:
2545:
2444:
2209:
2130:
1971:
1843:
1794:
1610:
1550:
1351:
1336:
1172:
1164:
1136:
896:
703:
612:
563:
507:
501:
447:
420:
128:
4936:
Iba, Y.; Mutterlose, J.; Tanabe, K.; Sano, S.; Misaki, A.; Terabe, K. (2011).
3824:
652:
490:
431:
tube as the animal increases in size and weight over its lifetime to maintain
5439:
5315:
5093:
5016:
Tanner, A. R.; Fuchs, D.; Winkelmann, I. E.; Thomas, M.; Gilbert, P. (2017).
4649:
3446:"The capsule: an organic skeletal structure in the Late Cretaceous belemnite
3123:("ghostly candle"). In Southern England, the pointy guards were used to cure
3028:
3015:
2988:
2953:
2949:
2941:. To defend themselves, belemnites likely were able to eject a cloud of ink.
2844:
2833:
2776:
2727:
1066:
1023:
982:
919:
904:
860:
641:
558:
320:, would have measured up to 3.11 metres (10.2 ft) in total body length.
311:
279:
76:
39:
4775:
4758:
2999:
998:
The first mention of belemnites in writing comes from the Greek philosopher
5051:
5033:
4811:
4803:
4466:
4367:
4342:
4011:
3933:
3670:
3654:
3650:
3537:
3519:
3140:
3135:
3040:
2967:
2961:
2923:
2865:
2769:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2531:
2356:
2101:
1528:
1418:
1414:
1402:
1234:
1188:
1176:
1144:
1083:
1050:
1035:
999:
884:
821:
779:
768:
729:
577:
118:
5068:
Macleod, N.; Rawson, P.; Forey, P. L.; Banner, F. T.; et al. (1997).
4250:
4197:
Dunca, E.; Doguzhaeva, L.; Schöne, B. R.; van de Schootbrugge, B. (2006).
2884:
479:
5378:
5324:
3868:
3157:
3039:
Following the extinction of the belemnites at the end of the Cretaceous,
2976:
2938:
2934:
2910:
2783:
2626:
2552:
2480:
2473:
2437:
2378:
2349:
2327:
2285:
1828:
1759:
1456:
1443:
1431:
1410:
1133:
1112:
1094:
1054:
990:
959:
748:
735:
673:
665:
637:
630:
625:
522:
381:
332:
287:
231:
197:
51:
4607:
Mémoire sur les bélemnites, considérées zoologiquement et géologiquement
4196:
3774:
3504:"Adaptations to squid-style high-speed swimming in Jurassic belemnitids"
3502:
Klug, C.; Schweigert, G.; Fuchs, D.; Kruta, I.; Tischlinger, H. (2016).
5370:
5189:
Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality
4579:
3914:
3621:
3379:
3152:
3124:
2906:
2902:
2861:
2853:
2822:
2762:
2734:
2640:
2611:
2574:
2502:
2415:
2062:
2007:
1922:
1874:
1772:
1505:
1479:
1422:
1192:
1168:
1156:
1070:
1046:
900:
892:
888:
832:
811:
810:
guard has several blister-like formations, thought to have come from a
796:
743:
belemnites, using the same methods, had a lifespan of about a year. In
693:
681:
657:
436:
307:
275:
184:
96:
61:
5383:
4894:
4721:
4066:
4002:
3985:
3970:
3294:
3047:, replaced planktonic belemnite larvae at the base of the food chain.
435:. At the tip of the phragmocone beneath the guard is a tiny, cup-like
4964:
3409:
3208:
3103:
2914:
2320:
2048:
2036:
1784:
1683:
1668:
1623:
1491:
1213:
1201:
1175:(octopuses), and Belemnoidea; with Belemnoidea containing the orders
1117:
1042:
1011:
878:
871:
838:
689:
677:
669:
573:
530:
526:
463:
428:
393:
324:
154:
101:
45:
5286:
4633:
855:
5309:
5223:"Fossil medicines from 'snake egg' to 'Saint's bones'; an overview"
4423:"The early evolutionary history of belemnites: new data from Japan"
3751:"Grasping the shape of belemnoid arm hooks—a quantitative approach"
3004:
2980:
2945:
2837:
2466:
2281:
2018:
1889:
1638:
986:
951:
927:
875:
814:
711:
550:
412:
314:(nearshore) and fed off the seafloor. The largest belemnite known,
174:
91:
86:
71:
66:
56:
4612:
Memorandum on belemnites, considered zoologically and geologically
3318:"Belemnites in Mythology: From Thunderstorms to Fertility Symbols"
3271:"Fossils explained 82: Belemnites: Anatomy, ecology, applications"
2006:
Top: Belemnitida outside Decapodiformes. Bottom: Belemnitida as a
4981:
Doyle, P.; MacDonald, D. I. M. (1993). "Belemnite battlefields".
3705:(cephalopod hooks) and new records from the New Zealand Jurassic"
2929:
2890:
2857:
2430:
1653:
966:, providing an ample food source for marine reptiles and sharks.
943:
915:
867:
826:
661:
619:
538:
389:
328:
291:
264:
106:
81:
35:
5357:
2927:
were found in the stomach of a 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in)
5275:
3950:
Doguzhaeva, L. A.; Weis, R.; Delsate, D.; Mariotti, N. (2013).
3033:
2948:, serving a greater ecological function than the adults. Giant
783:
was likely the result of a failed predation attempt. Two other
598:
583:
545:
The mantle cavity of cephalopods serves to contain the gills,
518:
440:
295:
164:
4278:
3949:
1091:
1074:
1031:
603:
546:
271:
4756:
4199:"Growth patterns in rostra of the Middle Jurassic belemnite
5117:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen
5015:
4699:
4305:
4281:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen
3221:
1015:
801:
3983:
1417:
of modern cephalopods. However, this grouping is probably
922:. Belemnites probably originated in the Asian part of the
4340:
3798:
3659:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
3003:
Skeletal parts from extinct belemnite cephalopods of the
2868:, inhabiting only a narrow range of temperatures, though
1003:
763:
636:
The males, like in modern squid, probably had one or two
5067:
4880:
4545:
4341:
Wisshak, M.; Titschack, J.; Kahl, W.; Girod, P. (2017).
3701:"Palaeobiological and morphological aspects of Jurassic
3501:
2876:, a period of dramatic increase in global temperatures.
5220:
5022:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4935:
4546:
Fuchs, D.; Ifrim, C.; Nishimura, T.; Keupp, H. (2013).
4223:
3322:
EGU Blog: Stratigraphy, Sedimentology and Palaeontology
1159:. Having no outer shells, they are classified into the
903:(mya) and later spread to the rest of the world by the
4224:
Mietchen, D.; Keupp3, H.; Manz, B.; Volke, F. (2005).
3607:
3186:
926:
around the eastern coasts of the ancient continent of
411:
into chambers, much like the shells of cuttlefish and
4757:
Fuchs, D.; von Boletzky, S.; Tischlinger, H. (2010).
4505:
3748:
404:
of squid, and completely surrounded the phragmocone.
3749:
Hoffmann, R.; Weinkauf, M. F. G.; Fuchs, D. (2017).
1395:
Classification of Coleoidea according to Doyle 1994
3984:Laptikhovsky, V.; Nikolaeva, S.; Rogov, M. (2017).
3845:
4789:
4744:University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions
4395:McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
3799:Lehmann, J.; Solarczyk, A.; Friedrich, O. (2011).
3443:
3036:, though this is often excluded from Belemnitida.
499:Preserved soft body elements of the Late Jurassic
4840:. In Gopalakrishnakone, P.; Malhotra, A. (eds.).
4737:
4508:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
4420:
3945:
3943:
3558:"The Jurassic belemnite suborder Belemnotheutina"
3353:
454:near the arms on the opposite end of the animal,
5437:
5221:van der Geer, A. A.; Dermitzakis, M. D. (2008).
4638:Transactions of the Geological Society of London
4031:Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana
3895:
1191:to Belemnoidea, but Doyle considered it to be a
887:, which, in turn, is derived from the Devonian
19:"Belemnite" redirects here. For the genus, see
5114:
4980:
4842:Evolution of Venomous Animals and Their Toxins
4121:
4048:
4046:
4044:
3940:
3794:
3792:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
777:predators. A deformed, zigzag-like guard of a
5145:Taylor, P. D. (2002). "Fossils in folklore".
4738:Doyle, P.; Donovan, D. T.; Nixon, M. (1994).
4600:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4128:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
3891:
3889:
3887:
3709:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
3555:
3354:Monks, N.; Hardwick, D.; Gale, A. S. (1996).
3010:Squid and octopuses diversified and began to
415:. The chambered phragmocone was probably the
4740:"Phylogeny and systematics of the Coleoidea"
4733:
4731:
4687:Main features of paleontology (paleozoology)
4541:
4539:
4537:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4024:
3977:
3439:
3437:
1018:urine which had been buried and solidified.
331:, and are often grouped into the superorder
5461:Taxa named by Karl Alfred Ritter von Zittel
5074:Journal of the Geological Society of London
5070:"The Cretaceous-Tertiary biotic transition"
4683:Grundzüge der Paläontologie (Paläozoologie)
4264:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4170:
4052:
4041:
3789:
3685:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3407:
2872:had a cosmopolitan distribution during the
644:into the female's internal mantle chamber.
419:, and so was positioned directly above the
5063:
5061:
4931:
4929:
4673:
4587:
4421:Iba, Y.; Sano, S.; Mutterlose, J. (2014).
4308:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
3884:
3848:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
3744:
3742:
3740:
824:left on some guards, including the sponge
117:
5140:
5138:
5041:
4774:
4728:
4669:
4667:
4627:
4625:
4578:
4534:
4456:
4446:
4375:
4366:
4249:
4147:
4001:
3923:
3913:
3896:Tajika, A.; Nützel, A.; Klug, C. (2018).
3867:
3728:
3581:
3527:
3473:
3434:
3253:
3243:
3182:
3180:
3178:
2896:State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart
2843:Belemnite remains are found in what were
1123:State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart
914:—now moves this to around 234 mya in the
710:Much like in cuttlefish, nautiluses, and
16:Extinct, squid-like, Mesozoic cephalopods
4976:
4974:
4207:Acta Universitatis Carolinae - Geologica
3544:
3444:Doguzhaeva, L. A.; Bengston, S. (2011).
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
2998:
2966:
2917:remains of ichthyosaurs and the extinct
2883:
2821:
1405:(containing all modern cephalopods) and
1111:
1086:in 1844. In 1895, German paleontologist
981:
854:
758:
651:
618:
582:
347:
5245:"Delaware state fossil - the belemnite"
5058:
4926:
4832:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4479:
4416:
4414:
4122:Stevens, G. R.; Clayton, R. N. (1971).
4108:
3737:
3698:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
2971:A large aggregation of belemnite guards
2952:fish are thought to have been the main
1002:, who lived in the 4th and 3rd century
310:, whereas others resided in the calmer
5438:
5179:
5173:
5144:
5135:
4664:
4631:
4622:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3315:
3268:
3175:
2894:with belemnite guards in its stomach,
1195:to Decapodiformes and Octopodiformes.
5291:
5290:
4971:
4614:]. Paris F.G. Levrault. pp.
4388:
3394:
3356:"The function of the belemnite guard"
3024:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
587:Reconstruction of a typical belemnite
5159:10.1046/j.1365-2451.1998.014004142.x
4492:
4411:
3649:
3636:
3590:
3334:
450:the weight of the soft parts in the
5180:Ragueh, Cherine (1 December 2014).
4913:Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base
4844:. Springer Science. pp. 1–16.
3556:Doyle, P.; Shakides, E. V. (2004).
3482:
3420:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 73.
1183:, and Belemnitida. Also, the order
1008:De Animalibus Quæ Dicuntur Invidere
977:
696:. IC indicates the initial chamber.
446:The dense guard probably served to
13:
5003:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1993.tb01513.x
964:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
591:
327:, a group that includes squid and
304:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
14:
5477:
5268:
1121:from the early Cretaceous at the
5274:
3583:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00395.x
3475:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.01027.x
2956:of the time, occupying the same
656:Cephalopod embryonic shells. A)
489:
478:
141:
49:
5237:
5214:
5108:
5009:
4901:
4874:
4826:
4783:
4750:
4693:
4473:
4334:
4299:
4272:
4217:
4190:
4164:
4081:
4025:Weis, R.; Mariotti, N. (2007).
4018:
3839:
2812:
994:guard from the Early Cretaceous
521:– the "tongue" embedded in the
505:(above) and the Early Jurassic
469:
407:The phragmocone was divided by
5182:"'Min' Guardian of the Desert"
4397:(11th ed.). McGraw Hill.
4149:10.1080/00288306.1971.10426336
3309:
3262:
3232:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
3215:
2262:"Belemnoid root-stock theory"
1187:is sometimes believed to be a
942:. However, there is a dubious
766:of a deformed Late Cretaceous
647:
338:
1:
5456:Prehistoric cephalopod orders
4945:Geological Society of America
4850:10.1007/978-94-007-6727-0_8-1
3168:
3050:
2994:
1088:Karl Alfred Ritter von Zittel
934:, alongside the octopus-like
4909:"Taxon Tree at Family Level"
4835:"Systematics of Cephalopods"
4763:Journal of Molluscan Studies
4634:"Observations on Belemnites"
4528:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.05.029
4448:10.1371/journal.pone.0095632
4320:10.1016/j.pgeola.2018.10.007
3860:10.1016/j.pgeola.2018.02.008
3805:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
3730:10.1080/00288306.2010.526548
3360:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
3143:of Delaware on 2 July 1996.
2933:shark, and a fragment in an
2879:
1413:), so belemnites would be a
1150:
1060:In 1823, English naturalist
850:
754:
290:, and the pointy guard. The
7:
4482:Acta Palaeontologica Sinica
3146:
845:
537:and function much like the
10:
5482:
5250:Delaware Geological Survey
5201:10.21608/jaauth.2014.57113
5129:10.1127/njgpa/164/1982/156
4203:: Controlled by the moon?"
3245:10.1186/s13358-024-00320-x
3058:
2874:Cretaceous Thermal Maximum
2817:
1097:and included the families
1057:, or some internal shell.
716:cosmopolitan distributions
18:
5466:Carnian first appearances
5451:Maastrichtian extinctions
5299:
4094:British Geological Survey
3825:10.1007/s12542-010-0092-7
3079:The symbol of the god Min
2207:
2191:
2184:
2168:
2143:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2098:
2091:
2075:
2059:
2052:
1969:
1944:
1920:
1887:
1872:
1865:
1841:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1788:
1770:
1763:
1681:
1666:
1651:
1636:
1621:
1614:
1595:
1579:
1563:
1548:
1541:
1525:
1518:
1502:
1495:
1476:
1469:
1454:
1447:
1349:
1334:
1327:
1311:
1304:
1270:
1254:
1247:
1231:
1224:
1217:
228:
223:
138:Scientific classification
136:
125:
116:
30:
5094:10.1144/gsjgs.154.2.0265
4650:10.1144/transgslb.2.1.45
4171:Wierzbowski, H. (2013).
4055:Paleontological Research
3450:from north-west Germany"
3228:, the largest belemnite"
3119:("Devil's finger"), and
859:Map of the world in the
533:– which give a sense of
343:
129:Passaloteuthis bisulcata
5227:Calicut Medical Journal
4833:Allcock, A. L. (2015).
4602:de Blainville, H. M. D.
4293:10.1127/njgpa/2018/0720
3699:Stevens, G. R. (2010).
3610:The Depositional Record
3316:Wilkin, J.T.R. (2021).
3269:Wilkin, J.T.R. (2022).
2979:and died shortly after
5034:10.1098/rspb.2016.2818
4804:10.1002/bies.201100001
4632:Miller, J. S. (1826).
4368:10.5194/fr-20-173-2017
3671:10.1098/rstl.1844.0006
3520:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0877
3007:
2972:
2898:
2840:
1125:
1073:. He also erected the
995:
863:
773:
697:
633:
588:
525:, the first part of a
377:
278:that existed from the
5418:Paleobiology Database
4776:10.1093/mollus/eyq032
4251:10.5194/bg-2-133-2005
4201:Megateuthis giganteus
3224:"Anatomy and size of
3032:is reported from the
3002:
2970:
2887:
2825:
1115:
985:
954:waters to the south.
858:
762:
724:Megateuthis elliptica
655:
622:
586:
439:, the remains of the
351:
317:Megateuthis elliptica
132:showing soft anatomy
5283:at Wikimedia Commons
2985:harmful algal blooms
2847:(nearshore) and mid-
2831:with Early Jurassic
2028:transitional species
1010:who described it as
5086:1997JGSoc.154..265M
4995:1993Letha..26...65D
4957:2011Geo....39..483I
4714:2014Letha..47..512S
4571:2013Palgy..56.1081F
4520:2016PPP...457...80D
4439:2014PLoSO...995632I
4359:2017FossR..20..173W
4242:2005BGeo....2..133M
4140:1971NZJGG..14..829S
3817:2011PalZ...85..287L
3775:10.1017/pab.2016.44
3767:2017Pbio...43..304H
3721:2010NZJGG..53..395S
3574:2004Palgy..47..983D
3466:2011Palgy..54..397D
3418:Fossils at a glance
3372:1996PalZ...70..425M
3287:2022GeolT..38..194W
3201:2012Geo....40..911I
3043:gastropods, namely
1425:of Decapodiformes:
948:Palaeobelemnopsidae
629:reconstructed with
126:The Early Jurassic
5028:(1850): 20162818.
4580:10.1111/pala.12036
4389:Doyle, P. (2011).
4180:Volumina Jurassica
3990:Biological Reviews
3915:10.7717/peerj.4219
3622:10.1111/pala.12327
3380:10.1007/BF02988082
3115:("finger stone"),
3014:belemnites by the
3008:
2973:
2899:
2841:
2678:Pseudodicoelitidae
2655:Parapassaloteuthis
2304:Belemnitida genera
2274:monophyletic taxon
2010:of Decapodiformes
1141:isotopic signature
1126:
1062:John Samuel Miller
996:
938:and the belemnoid
924:Panthalassic Ocean
870:, derive from the
866:Belemnites, being
864:
774:
698:
634:
589:
417:center of buoyancy
378:
372:
366:
360:
354:
21:Belemnites (genus)
5433:
5432:
5405:Open Tree of Life
5293:Taxon identifiers
5279:Media related to
4895:10.1111/let.12155
4859:978-94-007-6727-0
4722:10.1111/let.12076
4675:von Zittel, K. A.
4404:978-0-07-179273-8
4067:10.2517/2014pr025
4003:10.1111/brv.12341
3971:10.1111/let.12037
3427:978-1-4443-1123-5
3295:10.1111/gto.12409
3139:was declared the
3131:in their horses.
3100:
3099:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3069:
2809:
2808:
2693:Salpingoteuthidae
2395:Cylindroteuthidae
2272:Belemnitida is a
2266:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2157:
2156:
2014:
2013:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1981:
1958:
1957:
1933:
1932:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1854:
1853:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1399:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1283:
1039:Georgius Agricola
901:million years ago
569:sexual dimorphism
517:Belemnites had a
386:connective tissue
254:
253:
219:
5473:
5426:
5425:
5413:
5412:
5400:
5399:
5387:
5386:
5374:
5373:
5361:
5360:
5348:
5347:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5288:
5287:
5278:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5218:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5186:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5142:
5133:
5132:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5065:
5056:
5055:
5045:
5013:
5007:
5006:
4978:
4969:
4968:
4965:10.1130/G31724.1
4942:
4933:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4839:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4735:
4726:
4725:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4671:
4662:
4661:
4629:
4620:
4619:
4598:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4565:(3): 1081–1106.
4556:
4543:
4532:
4531:
4503:
4490:
4489:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4460:
4450:
4418:
4409:
4408:
4386:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4263:
4255:
4253:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4177:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4151:
4119:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4050:
4039:
4038:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4005:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3956:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3927:
3917:
3893:
3882:
3881:
3871:
3854:(3–4): 326–338.
3843:
3837:
3836:
3796:
3787:
3786:
3746:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3696:
3683:
3682:
3647:
3634:
3633:
3605:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3553:
3542:
3541:
3531:
3499:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3441:
3432:
3431:
3405:
3392:
3391:
3351:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3247:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3209:10.1130/G33402.1
3184:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3020:Early Cretaceous
2708:Sinobelemnitidae
2684:Pseudodicoelites
2621:Passaloteuthidae
2591:Nipponoteuthidae
2562:Mesohibolithidae
2300:
2299:
2187:
2186:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2094:
2093:
2055:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2033:
2032:
1868:
1867:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1766:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1617:
1616:
1544:
1543:
1521:
1520:
1498:
1497:
1472:
1471:
1450:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1428:
1427:
1330:
1329:
1307:
1306:
1250:
1249:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1198:
1197:
1155:Belemnites were
978:Research history
946:occurrence, the
930:in a cephalopod
912:Sinobelemnitidae
686:Pseudorthocerida
493:
482:
433:neutral buoyancy
425:ram's horn squid
323:Belemnites were
247:Sinobelemnitidae
214:
209:
196:
146:
145:
121:
111:
48:
34:Temporal range:
28:
27:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5421:
5416:
5408:
5403:
5395:
5390:
5382:
5377:
5369:
5364:
5356:
5351:
5343:
5338:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5295:
5271:
5266:
5265:
5255:
5253:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5219:
5215:
5205:
5203:
5184:
5178:
5174:
5143:
5136:
5113:
5109:
5066:
5059:
5014:
5010:
4979:
4972:
4940:
4934:
4927:
4917:
4915:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4879:
4875:
4860:
4837:
4831:
4827:
4788:
4784:
4755:
4751:
4736:
4729:
4698:
4694:
4672:
4665:
4630:
4623:
4599:
4588:
4554:
4544:
4535:
4504:
4493:
4478:
4474:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4387:
4376:
4339:
4335:
4304:
4300:
4277:
4273:
4257:
4256:
4222:
4218:
4195:
4191:
4175:
4169:
4165:
4120:
4109:
4099:
4097:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4051:
4042:
4023:
4019:
3982:
3978:
3954:
3948:
3941:
3894:
3885:
3844:
3840:
3797:
3790:
3747:
3738:
3697:
3686:
3648:
3637:
3606:
3591:
3554:
3545:
3514:(1): 20150877.
3508:Biology Letters
3500:
3483:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3406:
3395:
3352:
3335:
3326:
3324:
3314:
3310:
3267:
3263:
3220:
3216:
3195:(10): 911–914.
3185:
3176:
3171:
3163:Orthoceratoidea
3149:
3121:Gespensterkerze
3109:lightning bolts
3080:
3053:
3045:sea butterflies
2997:
2987:(and, thereby,
2919:thylacocephalan
2882:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2798:Winkleriteuthis
2699:Salpingoteuthis
2568:Curtohibolithes
2517:Lissajousibelus
2401:Cylindroteuthis
2344:Belemnitellidae
2305:
2294:Belemnotheutina
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2158:
2147:Phragmoteuthida
2001:
1992:
1983:
1959:
1934:
1910:
1901:
1855:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1567:Phragmoteuthida
1390:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1315:Phragmoteuthida
1294:
1285:
1185:Phragmoteuthida
1153:
1020:Pliny the Elder
980:
940:Phragmoteuthida
853:
848:
836:, and barnacle
757:
650:
594:
592:Limbs and hooks
515:
514:
513:
512:
496:
495:
494:
485:
484:
483:
472:
371:
365:
359:
353:
346:
341:
284:Late Cretaceous
242:Belemnotheutina
213:
207:
194:
140:
112:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
43:
42:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5479:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5414:
5401:
5388:
5375:
5362:
5349:
5336:
5321:
5305:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5285:
5284:
5270:
5269:External links
5267:
5264:
5263:
5236:
5213:
5172:
5153:(4): 142–145.
5134:
5107:
5080:(2): 277–288.
5057:
5008:
4970:
4951:(5): 483–486.
4925:
4900:
4889:(4): 433–454.
4873:
4858:
4825:
4798:(8): 602–613.
4782:
4769:(4): 404–406.
4749:
4727:
4708:(4): 512–523.
4692:
4663:
4621:
4586:
4533:
4491:
4472:
4410:
4403:
4374:
4353:(2): 173–199.
4333:
4314:(2): 227–231.
4298:
4287:(3): 335–349.
4271:
4236:(2): 133–140.
4230:Biogeosciences
4216:
4189:
4163:
4134:(4): 829–897.
4107:
4080:
4040:
4017:
3996:(1): 270–283.
3976:
3939:
3883:
3838:
3811:(3): 287–302.
3788:
3761:(2): 304–320.
3736:
3715:(4): 395–412.
3684:
3635:
3589:
3568:(4): 983–998.
3543:
3481:
3460:(2): 397–415.
3433:
3426:
3393:
3366:(3): 425–431.
3333:
3308:
3281:(5): 194–200.
3261:
3214:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3052:
3049:
3041:holoplanktonic
2996:
2993:
2954:filter feeders
2881:
2878:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2722:Incertae sedis
2719:
2718:
2717:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:Pseudohastites
2665:
2662:Passaloteuthis
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:Nipponoteuthis
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:Mesohibolithes
2578:
2571:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2549:
2546:Dactyloteuthis
2542:
2535:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2445:Rhopaloteuthis
2441:
2434:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2373:Belemnopseidae
2369:
2368:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2210:Decapodiformes
2206:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2131:Octopodiformes
2127:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2079:Donovaniconida
2074:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2012:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:Octopodiformes
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:Ommastrephidae
1840:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1795:Decapodiformes
1789:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1611:Decapodiformes
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:Octopodiformes
1547:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1407:Paleocoleoidea
1397:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:Decapodiformes
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1337:Octopodiformes
1333:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1173:Octopodiformes
1165:Decapodiformes
1152:
1149:
1137:segmented worm
1090:organized the
1006:, in his book
979:
976:
897:Early Jurassic
852:
849:
847:
844:
756:
753:
721:The guards of
704:Passaloteuthis
649:
646:
642:spermatophores
613:Chondroteuthis
593:
590:
564:Acanthoteuthis
555:jet propulsion
508:Passaloteuthis
502:Acanthoteuthis
498:
497:
488:
487:
486:
477:
476:
475:
474:
473:
471:
468:
448:counterbalance
421:center of mass
398:belemnitellids
345:
342:
340:
337:
252:
251:
250:
249:
244:
239:
234:
226:
225:
221:
220:
205:
201:
200:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
134:
133:
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5478:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5424:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5337:
5332:
5326:
5322:
5317:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5289:
5282:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5240:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5217:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5147:Geology Today
5141:
5139:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5111:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5064:
5062:
5053:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5012:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4975:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4930:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4877:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4786:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4753:
4745:
4741:
4734:
4732:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4668:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4628:
4626:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4559:Palaeontology
4553:
4551:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4433:(5): e95632.
4432:
4428:
4424:
4417:
4415:
4406:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4391:"Belemnitida"
4385:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4369:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4347:Fossil Record
4344:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4302:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4267:
4261:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4213:(1): 107–117.
4212:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4193:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4013:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3944:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3869:10026.1/11642
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3793:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3562:Palaeontology
3559:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3454:Palaeontology
3451:
3449:
3440:
3438:
3429:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3275:Geology Today
3272:
3265:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3174:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3117:Teufelsfinger
3114:
3110:
3105:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3029:Bayanoteuthis
3025:
3021:
3017:
3016:Late Jurassic
3013:
3006:
3001:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2962:baleen whales
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:Dactylioceras
2830:
2829:
2824:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2777:Simpsonibelus
2774:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2728:Aulacoteuthis
2725:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2714:Sichuanobelus
2711:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2648:Clastoteuthis
2645:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2634:Angeloteuthis
2631:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2526:Megateuthidae
2523:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2452:Pseudoduvalia
2449:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2315:Dimitobelidae
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2290:Belemnopseina
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1103:Asteroconites
1100:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1051:sea cucumbers
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:Ancient Greek
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
993:
992:
988:
984:
975:
973:
967:
965:
961:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
936:Prototeuthina
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:Late Triassic
918:stage of the
917:
913:
910:
906:
905:Pliensbachian
902:
898:
895:stage of the
894:
890:
886:
883:
880:
877:
873:
869:
862:
861:Late Triassic
857:
843:
841:
840:
835:
834:
829:
828:
823:
822:trace fossils
818:
816:
813:
809:
808:
803:
799:
798:
793:
792:
791:Neoclavibelus
786:
782:
781:
771:
770:
765:
761:
752:
750:
746:
742:
741:mesohibolitid
738:
737:
732:
731:
726:
725:
719:
717:
713:
708:
706:
705:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
645:
643:
639:
632:
628:
627:
623:The Jurassic
621:
617:
615:
614:
607:
605:
600:
585:
581:
579:
576:
575:
570:
566:
565:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
510:
509:
504:
503:
492:
481:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:mantle cavity
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
375:
369:
363:
358:pro-ostracum,
357:
352:Cone diagram:
350:
336:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
318:
313:
312:littoral zone
309:
305:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:Late Triassic
277:
273:
269:
266:
262:
258:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
237:Belemnopseina
235:
233:
230:
229:
227:
222:
217:
212:
206:
203:
202:
199:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
144:
139:
135:
131:
130:
124:
120:
115:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
41:
40:Maastrichtian
37:
29:
26:
22:
5300:
5254:. Retrieved
5248:
5239:
5230:
5226:
5216:
5206:23 September
5204:. Retrieved
5195:(2): 43–52.
5192:
5188:
5175:
5150:
5146:
5123:(1–2): 158.
5120:
5116:
5110:
5077:
5073:
5025:
5021:
5011:
4989:(1): 65–80.
4986:
4982:
4948:
4944:
4916:. Retrieved
4912:
4903:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4841:
4828:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4766:
4762:
4752:
4743:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4686:
4682:
4644:(1): 45–62.
4641:
4637:
4611:
4606:
4562:
4558:
4549:
4511:
4507:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4430:
4426:
4394:
4350:
4346:
4336:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4260:cite journal
4233:
4229:
4219:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4192:
4183:
4179:
4166:
4131:
4127:
4098:. Retrieved
4092:
4089:"Belemnites"
4083:
4061:(1): 21–25.
4058:
4054:
4034:
4030:
4020:
3993:
3989:
3979:
3965:(1): 49–65.
3962:
3958:
3905:
3901:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3808:
3804:
3758:
3755:Paleobiology
3754:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3662:
3658:
3616:(1): 77–88.
3613:
3609:
3565:
3561:
3511:
3507:
3457:
3453:
3448:Gonioteuthis
3447:
3417:
3408:Milsom, C.;
3363:
3359:
3325:. Retrieved
3321:
3311:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3217:
3192:
3188:
3141:state fossil
3136:Belemnitella
3134:
3133:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3101:
3038:
3027:
3009:
2974:
2943:
2928:
2924:Acrocoelites
2922:
2911:ichthyosaurs
2903:crocodilians
2900:
2889:
2870:Neohibolites
2869:
2866:stenothermic
2842:
2832:
2826:
2813:Paleoecology
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2770:Pachyteuthis
2768:
2761:
2756:Gonioteuthis
2754:
2749:Eobelemnites
2747:
2742:Coeloteuthis
2740:
2733:
2726:
2721:
2712:
2697:
2682:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2610:
2606:Oxyteuthidae
2595:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2551:
2544:
2539:Cuspiteuthis
2537:
2532:Acrocoelites
2530:
2515:
2510:Calabribelus
2508:
2501:
2497:Halcobelidae
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2414:
2410:Dicoelitidae
2399:
2384:
2377:
2362:
2357:Belemnitella
2355:
2348:
2335:Pumiliobelus
2333:
2326:
2319:
2267:
2208:
2192:
2171:
2169:
2144:
2129:
2102:Aulacocerida
2099:
2076:
2060:
2021:
2015:
1970:
1947:
1945:
1921:
1888:
1873:
1842:
1827:
1771:
1682:
1667:
1652:
1637:
1622:
1596:
1582:
1580:
1564:
1549:
1529:Aulacocerida
1526:
1503:
1477:
1455:
1419:paraphyletic
1415:sister group
1409:(containing
1403:Neocoleoidea
1400:
1350:
1335:
1312:
1273:
1271:
1255:
1235:Aulacocerida
1232:
1189:sister group
1177:Aulacocerida
1154:
1145:carbon cycle
1127:
1116:
1107:Xiphoteuthis
1099:Belemnitidae
1084:Richard Owen
1077:
1065:
1059:
1055:coral polyps
1036:mineralogist
1027:
1007:
1000:Theophrastus
997:
989:
968:
956:
885:Aulacocerida
865:
837:
831:
825:
819:
805:
795:
789:
785:Gonioteuthis
784:
780:Gonioteuthis
778:
775:
769:Gonioteuthis
767:
744:
734:
730:Neohibolites
728:
722:
720:
709:
702:
699:
635:
624:
611:
608:
595:
578:flying squid
572:
562:
544:
516:
506:
500:
470:Soft anatomy
445:
406:
392:guards, and
379:
373:
370:phragmocone,
367:
361:
355:
322:
315:
300:
260:
256:
255:
210:
191:Superorder:
127:
44:234–66
25:
5379:iNaturalist
5331:Belemnitida
5325:Wikispecies
5301:Belemnitida
5281:Belemnitida
5256:10 February
4100:10 February
4037:(2–3): 166.
3226:Megateuthis
3158:Belemnoidea
3113:Fingerstein
3083:hieroglyphs
2977:semelparous
2950:pachycormid
2939:sperm whale
2935:Oxford Clay
2907:plesiosaurs
2854:crustaceans
2791:Rhaphibelus
2784:Youngibelus
2627:Acroteuthis
2553:Megateuthis
2488:Bairstowius
2481:Rhabdobelus
2474:Pleurobelus
2438:Pseudobelus
2379:Belemnopsis
2350:Actinocamax
2328:Dimitobelus
2286:Belemnitina
2195:Diplobelida
2172:Belemnitida
2026:could be a
1948:Belemnitida
1829:Loliginidae
1760:Cephalopoda
1599:Diplobelida
1583:Belemnitida
1457:Nautiloidea
1444:Cephalopoda
1432:Cephalopoda
1411:Belemnoidea
1274:Belemnitida
1258:Diplobelida
1181:Diplobelida
1167:(squid and
1157:cephalopods
1134:scolecodont
1095:Belemnoidea
991:Peratobelus
974:an eighth.
972:Diplobelida
817:infection.
749:lunar cycle
745:Megateuthis
736:Belemnopsis
674:Orthocerida
666:Belemnoidea
648:Development
638:hectocotyli
631:hectocotyli
626:Youngibelus
523:buccal mass
388:. They had
382:phragmocone
339:Description
333:Belemnoidea
288:phragmocone
276:cephalopods
257:Belemnitida
232:Belemnitina
211:Belemnitida
198:Belemnoidea
185:Cephalopoda
5446:Belemnites
5440:Categories
4679:"Mollusca"
4550:Longibelus
4488:: 181–190.
3414:"Molluscs"
3327:2022-11-02
3169:References
3153:Ammonoidea
3125:rheumatism
3051:In culture
3012:outcompete
2995:Extinction
2960:as modern
2913:; and the
2888:The shark
2862:metabolism
2856:and other
2828:Belemnites
2763:Nannobelus
2735:Belemnella
2641:Brevibelus
2612:Oxyteuthis
2575:Hibolithes
2503:Holcobelus
2461:Hastitidae
2425:Duvaliidae
2416:Dicoelites
2386:Vaunagites
2364:Belemnites
2063:Hematitida
2023:Longibelus
2008:stem-group
1923:Sepiolidae
1875:Spirulidae
1773:Nautilidae
1506:Bactritida
1480:Ammonoidea
1423:stem-group
1193:stem-group
1169:cuttlefish
1079:Belemnites
1071:cuttlefish
1047:sea urchin
960:coevolving
899:201.6–197
893:Hettangian
889:Bactritida
874:(conical)
872:orthoconic
833:Trypanites
812:polychaete
807:Goniocamax
797:Hibolithes
694:Bactritida
682:Oncocerida
658:Ammonoidea
531:statocysts
464:nautiloids
437:protoconch
413:nautiluses
308:open ocean
261:belemnites
224:Suborders
31:Belemnites
5102:129654916
4792:BioEssays
4658:140623418
4514:: 80–97.
4328:133806985
4158:140647091
3908:: e4219.
3878:134157665
3833:140173410
3703:Onychites
3679:186210696
3665:: 65–85.
3410:Rigby, S.
3388:129722176
3303:252847710
3238:(1). 23.
3129:distemper
2946:food webs
2915:coprolite
2880:Mortality
2838:ammonites
2321:Conobelus
2282:suborders
2049:Coleoidea
2037:Coleoidea
1785:Coleoidea
1684:Spirulida
1669:Sepiolida
1624:Oegopsida
1492:Coleoidea
1214:Coleoidea
1202:Coleoidea
1151:Phylogeny
1118:Hibolites
1043:shellfish
1026:βέλεμνον
1012:lyngurium
952:Gondwanan
932:radiation
879:belemnoid
851:Evolution
839:Rogerella
755:Pathology
712:ammonites
690:Oegopsina
678:Nautilida
670:Spirulida
599:chitinous
574:Todarodes
527:gastropod
456:analogous
441:embryonic
429:siphuncle
394:aragonite
364:alveolus,
329:octopuses
296:chitinous
161:Kingdom:
155:Eukaryota
5310:Wikidata
5167:86706625
5052:28250188
4868:86869162
4812:21681989
4677:(1895).
4604:(1827).
4467:24788872
4427:PLOS ONE
4075:55001872
4012:28560755
3934:29333344
3783:89362515
3653:(1844).
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3630:89877678
3538:26740564
3412:(2009).
3255:11139743
3147:See also
3005:Jurassic
2981:spawning
2858:mollusks
2845:littoral
2467:Hastites
2019:spirulid
1890:Sepiidae
1639:Myopsida
1161:subclass
1130:synonyms
1049:spines,
1028:bélemnon
987:Opalized
928:Laurasia
876:Devonian
868:coleoids
846:Taxonomy
815:flatworm
559:currents
551:hyponome
325:coleoids
292:calcitic
263:) is an
175:Mollusca
171:Phylum:
165:Animalia
151:Domain:
5410:5297515
5371:9341894
5358:4780317
5316:Q378085
5233:(1): 4.
5082:Bibcode
5043:5360930
4991:Bibcode
4983:Lethaia
4953:Bibcode
4918:12 June
4883:Lethaia
4820:2767810
4710:Bibcode
4702:Lethaia
4567:Bibcode
4516:Bibcode
4458:4008418
4435:Bibcode
4355:Bibcode
4238:Bibcode
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4136:Bibcode
3959:Lethaia
3925:5765809
3813:Bibcode
3763:Bibcode
3717:Bibcode
3570:Bibcode
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3462:Bibcode
3368:Bibcode
3283:Bibcode
3197:Bibcode
3189:Geology
2930:Hybodus
2891:Hybodus
2818:Habitat
2706:Family
2691:Family
2676:Family
2619:Family
2604:Family
2589:Family
2560:Family
2524:Family
2495:Family
2459:Family
2431:Duvalia
2423:Family
2408:Family
2393:Family
2371:Family
2342:Family
2313:Family
1654:Sepiida
944:Permian
916:Carnian
830:, worm
827:Entobia
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535:balance
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272:squid
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692:(J)
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5353:EoL
5340:CoL
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5030:doi
5026:284
4999:doi
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