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Diagenetic modifications of the shells are complex. Radiating calcitic crystals are thin, or very large, with a shape indicative of a strong alteration. In other samples, the aragonite - calcite boundary is not dependent on growth lines. In a given fossil sites, some specimens are calcite, others are
509:
The guard, phragmocone and pro-ostracum were all internal to the living creature, forming a skeleton which was enclosed entirely by soft muscular tissue. The original living creature would have been larger than the fossilized shell, with a long streamlined body and prominent eyes. The guard would
412:
Belemnoids were effectively neutrally buoyant, and swam in near-shore to mid-shelf oceans. Their fins could be used to their advantage in all water speeds; in a gentle current they could be flapped for propulsion; in a stronger current they could be held erect to generate lift; and when swimming
368:
guard whose main role appears to have been to counterbalance the front (towards the head) of the organism; it positions the centre of mass below the centre of buoyancy, increasing the stability of the swimming organism. The guard would account for between a third and a fifth of the length of the
530:
Very exceptional belemnoid specimens have been found showing the preserved soft parts of the animal. Elsewhere in the fossil record, bullet-shaped belemnite guards are locally found in such profusion that such deposits are referred to semi-formally as "belemnite battlefields" (cf.
555:" or "thunderstone" has also been traditionally applied to the fossilised rostra of belemnoids. The origin of these bullet-shaped stones was not understood, and thus a mythological explanation of stones created where lightning struck has arisen.
461:) is found. The guard is usually elongated and bullet-shaped (though in some subgroups the rostrum may only exist as a thin layer coating the phragmocone). The hollow region at the front of the guard is termed the
1187:
Barskov I.S., Kiyashko S.I.; Dauphin Y., Denis A. (1997). "Microstructures des zones calcitiques et aragonitiques des rostres de
Goniocamax (Cephalopoda, Belemnitida) du Turonien de Sibérie du Nord".
1168:
Dauphin, Y. (1988). "Microstructure versus mineralogical and chemical data to estimate the state of preservation of fossil shells : a belemnitid example (Cephalopoda - Coleoidea)".
1149:
Dauphin, Y. (1984). "Etude de la variabilite microstructurale des rostres de belemnites a partir de specimens provenant d'un sondage D.S.D.P. (leg 36 site 330) de l'Atlantique sud".
1115:
Dauphin, Y. (1988). "Diagenèse aragonite-calcite chez les Céphalopodes
Coleoides : exemples des rostres d'Aulacoceras (Trias de Turquie) et Belopterina (Eocène de France)".
746:
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471:). The phragmocone is usually only found with the better preserved specimens. Projecting forwards from one side of the phragmocone is the thin
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215:
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510:
have been in place toward the rear of the creature, with the phragmocone behind the head and the pointed end of the guard facing backward.
644:
1130:
Dauphin Y., Williams C.T. Barskov I.S. (2007). "Aragonitic rostra of the
Turonian belemnitid Goniocamax: arguments from diagenesis".
320:. The belemnoids become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period along with the ammonites. The belemnoids' origin lies within the
527:, can measure up to 46 centimetres (18 in) in length, giving the living animal an estimated length of 3 metres (10 ft).
1811:
498:, thus tending to preserve well. Broken guards show a structure of radiating calcite fibers and may also display concentric
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535:). It remains unclear whether these deposits represent post-mating mass death events, as are common among modern
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1826:
1801:
1831:
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1244:
125:
575:, southeast USA) has long been used as a global standard (Peedee Belemnite, "PDB") against which other
1207:
1306:
1300:
1016:
Fuchs, Dirk; Iba, Yasuhiro; Tischlinger, Helmut; Keupp, Helmut; Klug, Christian (October 2016).
1773:
1721:
1768:
1759:
1072:
Monks, H. J. D.; Hardwick, J. D.; Gale, A. S. (1996). "The function of the belemnite guard".
1018:"The locomotion system of Mesozoic Coleoidea (Cephalopoda) and its phylogenetic significance"
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Doyle, P.; Shakides, E. V. (2004). "The
Jurassic Belemnite Suborder Belemnotheutina".
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Like some modern squid, belemnoid arms carried a series of small hooks for grabbing
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rapidly by jet propulsion they could be tucked in to the body for streamlining.
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Normally with fossil belemnoids only the back part of the shell (called the
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period; well-formed belemnoid guards can be found in rocks dating from the
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388:. In turn, belemnites appear to have formed part of the diet of marine
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292:). Belemnoidea has been suggested to be paraphyletic by some authors.
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and with negative buoyancy. To the rear of the creature was a heavy
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651:. The central fold along the axis is characteristic of some genera.
449:) show that it spent considerable time on the seafloor after death.
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from the
Jurassic near Moneva Teruel, Spain. The barnacle borings (
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and other marine animals with their arms and ate them with their
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247:
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490:, belemnoid guards are evolutionarily novel and are composed of
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147:
1208:"The Cephalopoda: Squids, octopuses, nautilus, and ammonites"
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243:
258:. The name "belemnoid" comes from the Greek word βÎλεμνον,
1232:
TONMO.com
Cephalopod Fossils articles and discussion forums
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524:
381:
373:
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1186:
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Belemnoids possessed a central rostrom/guard made of
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meaning "a dart or arrow" and the Greek word είδος,
316:marine rocks, often accompanying their cousins the
1071:
639:Belemnoid from the very top bedding plane of the
1788:
1004:Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary.
336:) onward through the Cretaceous. Other fossil
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960:
567:composition of a belemnoid rostrum from the
250:, but, unlike the squid, they possessed ten
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1065:
1063:
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242:, very similar in many ways to the modern
115:, showing arm hooks and outline of mantle
100:
1532:First appearance of long-lasting lineages
949:The Ammonites: Their life and their world
425:A belemnoid fossil with preserved guard,
246:. Like them, the belemnoids possessed an
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687:, with belemnites in the stomach region
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951:. London: Cambridge University Press.
666:illumination, from Cairn Hill mine,
404:hooks from the arms of cephalopods.
300:Belemnoids were numerous during the
16:Extinct group of squid-like animals
13:
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369:complete organism, arms included.
14:
1863:
1225:
1117:Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris
617:
602:, particularly in the Cretaceous
478:While belemnoid phragmocones are
1505:Earliest unambiguous cephalopods
983:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00395.x
546:
324:nautiloids, which date from the
254:of roughly equal length, and no
124:
32:
1199:
1180:
579:samples are measured, for both
416:
238:are an extinct group of marine
1601:the earliest cephalopod group
1287:The belemnite-cuttlefish-like
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1142:
1123:
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486:and are similarly composed of
1:
1812:Cephalopods by classification
1660:Probable misidentified genera
1631:Earliest coiled cephalopods:
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295:
1272:(listed by first occurrence)
1074:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
376:. Belemnoids were efficient
7:
912:
513:The guard of the belemnoid
10:
1868:
1847:Devonian first appearances
1545:Probable coleoid ancestor
1119:. 4è série, 10 C: 107–135.
623:Note: all families extinct
407:
355:
288:), and diplobelids (order
284:), phragmoteuthids (order
109:Well preserved diplobelid
1852:Maastrichtian extinctions
1822:Carboniferous cephalopods
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1500:
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614:in which they are found.
590:Some belemnoids (such as
482:with the shells of other
201:
196:
121:Scientific classification
119:
108:
99:
23:
662:belemnite rostrum under
112:Clarkeiteuthis conocauda
558:
429:remnants, and arm hooks
280:), aulacocerids (order
229:Artist's reconstruction
1817:Cretaceous cephalopods
1304:
1206:Vendetti, Jan (2006).
1170:Revue de Paléobiologie
1151:Revue de Paléobiologie
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1807:Paleozoic cephalopods
1769:Paleobiology Database
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273:(which belong to the
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1842:Triassic cephalopods
1837:Jurassic cephalopods
1827:Devonian cephalopods
1802:Mesozoic cephalopods
1132:Acta Palaeontol. Pol
747:Palaeobelemnopseidae
610:to date the age the
606:of Europe, enabling
577:isotope geochemistry
519:, which is found in
516:Megateuthis gigantea
1832:Permian cephalopods
1086:1996PalZ...70..425M
1034:2016Letha..49..433F
975:2004Palgy..47..983D
400:frequently contain
396:, whose fossilized
308:periods, and their
269:Belemnoids include
30:Devonian–Cretaceous
1305:
1094:10.1007/BF02988082
947:Lehmann, U. 1981.
929:List of belemnites
689:
675:
653:
633:
533:"orthocone orgies"
451:
440:Hibolites hastatus
431:
380:that caught small
233:
1784:
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1722:Taxon identifiers
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1712:
1649:
1648:
1487:
1486:
1395:Paleocirroteuthis
1042:10.1111/let.12155
903:Rhiphaeoteuthidae
797:Salpingoteuthidae
773:Cylindroteuthidae
693:Clade Belemnoidea
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897:Phragmoteuthidae
877:Chondroteuthidae
849:Belemnotheutidae
791:Passaloteuthidae
643:(Jurassic) near
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569:Peedee Formation
312:are abundant in
266:meaning "form".
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27:Temporal range:
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891:Phragmoteuthida
843:Belemnotheutina
811:Belemnitellidae
735:Dictyoconitidae
729:Aulacoceratidae
700:and unresolved
672:South Australia
641:Zohar Formation
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604:Chalk Formation
585:oxygen isotopes
581:carbon isotopes
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730:
726:
725:
724:
720:
716:
715:
710:
708:
707:
702:
701:
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696:
695:
694:
691:
690:
686:
685:
679:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:
646:
642:
637:
629:
625:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:index fossils
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
556:
554:
547:Thunderstones
544:
542:
538:
534:
528:
526:
522:
518:
517:
511:
507:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
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470:
469:
464:
460:
456:
448:
447:
442:
441:
435:
428:
423:
414:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
367:
363:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:Carboniferous
331:
330:Mississippian
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
230:
226:
218:
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
195:
192:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
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172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
127:
122:
118:
114:
113:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
1729:
1702:
1697:Shelbyoceras
1695:
1690:Volborthella
1688:
1684:Kirengellida
1675:
1669:
1638:
1633:Tarphycerida
1621:Brevicones:
1617:Actinocerida
1607:Orthocones:
1581:Aulacocerids
1576:
1568:
1564:Gordoniconus
1562:
1556:
1524:Knightoconus
1522:
1521:-like form:
1512:
1504:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1447:
1436:
1402:Vampyronassa
1400:
1393:
1388:Palaeoctopus
1386:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1307:Evolution of
1288:
1212:. Retrieved
1201:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1116:
1110:
1077:
1073:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1003:
999:
966:
962:
956:
948:
943:
883:Diplobelidae
823:Dicoelitidae
785:Oxyteuthidae
723:Aulacocerida
712:
704:
692:
682:
621:
591:
589:
562:
550:
529:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:growth rings
477:
473:pro-ostracum
472:
466:
462:
458:
454:
452:
444:
438:
417:Preservation
411:
394:Ichthyosaurs
371:
359:
299:
282:Aulacocerida
268:
263:
259:
235:
234:
204:Aulacocerida
202:
190:
184:Superorder:
110:
18:
1797:Belemnoidea
1760:Belemnoidea
1754:Wikispecies
1730:Belemnoidea
1637:Spirulid?:
1613:Orthocerida
1598:Early forms
1469:Belemnopsis
1444:Diplobelids
1337:Nautilaceae
1309:cephalopods
1269:cephalopods
919:Nautiloidea
871:Diplobelida
767:Belemnitina
761:Belemnitida
741:Hematitidae
668:Coober Pedy
598:) serve as
596:Belemnitida
553:thunderbolt
543:creatures.
541:semelparous
537:cephalopods
506:aragonite.
484:cephalopods
468:phragmocone
338:cephalopods
290:Diplobelida
278:Belemnitida
216:Diplobelida
212:Belemnitida
191:Belemnoidea
168:Cephalopoda
1791:Categories
1677:Nectocotis
1671:Nectocaris
1640:Shimanskya
1627:Oncocerida
1623:Ascocerida
1609:Endocerida
1577:belemnoids
1547:Bactritida
1493:Palaeozoic
1462:Belemnites
1455:Belemnites
1449:Diplobelus
1437:belemnoids
1330:nautiloids
1290:Belosaepia
1214:2013-06-07
1195:: 669–680.
1157:: 191–203.
935:References
924:Ammonoidea
835:Duvaliidae
779:Hastitidae
681:Fossil of
608:geologists
592:Belemnites
573:Cretaceous
551:The name "
539:and other
480:homologous
402:phosphatic
378:carnivores
350:goniatites
346:nautiloids
332:(or Early
322:bactritoid
306:Cretaceous
296:Occurrence
271:belemnites
240:cephalopod
236:Belemnoids
174:Subclass:
24:Belemnoids
1745:Q14900832
1704:Pohlsepia
1575:Earliest
1558:Jeletzkya
1542:ammonoids
1536:Goniatite
1435:Advanced
1423:Nautilida
1418:ammonoids
1416:Ceratitid
1343:ammonites
1328:Advanced
1102:129722176
1050:0024-1164
991:129794707
841:Suborder
803:Suborder
765:Suborder
706:Jeletzkya
645:Neve Atif
496:aragonite
488:aragonite
446:Rogerella
437:Guard of
362:aragonite
342:baculites
318:ammonites
256:tentacles
178:Coleoidea
144:Kingdom:
138:Eukaryota
1739:Wikidata
1553:coleoids
1540:ceratite
1317:Mesozoic
1280:Cenozoic
1138:: 85–97.
913:See also
660:Opalized
463:alveolus
398:stomachs
392:such as
390:reptiles
340:include
326:Devonian
314:Mesozoic
302:Jurassic
260:belemnon
158:Mollusca
154:Phylum:
148:Animalia
134:Domain:
1381:Keuppia
1176:: 1–10.
1082:Bibcode
1030:Bibcode
1022:Lethaia
971:Bibcode
901:Family
895:Family
881:Family
875:Family
859:Family
853:Family
847:Family
833:Family
827:Family
821:Family
815:Family
809:Family
795:Family
789:Family
783:Family
777:Family
771:Family
751:Family
745:Family
739:Family
733:Family
727:Family
684:Hybodus
492:calcite
459:rostrum
408:Ecology
366:calcite
356:Anatomy
310:fossils
248:ink sac
197:Orders
164:Class:
1551:Early
1100:
1048:
989:
889:Order
869:Order
759:Order
721:Order
711:Genus
703:Genus
647:, the
521:Europe
427:mantle
1774:95403
1421:late
1341:True
1098:S2CID
987:S2CID
698:Basal
649:Golan
612:rocks
455:guard
275:order
264:eidos
244:squid
1538:and
1046:ISSN
583:and
563:The
559:Uses
525:Asia
523:and
382:fish
374:prey
348:and
304:and
252:arms
35:Preęž’
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1090:doi
1038:doi
979:doi
594:of
494:or
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1191:.
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1058:^
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1036:.
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1024:.
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