3042:
3005:
3030:
2994:
1171:
110:
926:
1796:
Mietto, Paolo; Manfrin, Stefano; Preto, Nereo; Rigo, Manuel; Roghi, Guido; Furin, Stefano; Gianolla, Piero; Posenato, Renato; Muttoni, Giovanni; Nicora, Alda; Buratti, Nicoletta; Cirilli, Simonetta; Spötl, Christoph; Ramezani, Jahandar; Bowring, Samuel (September 2012).
916:
characterized by substantial rainfall) occurred during the
Carnian and seems to be associated with important extinctions or biotic radiations. Another extinction occurred at the Carnian-Norian boundary, ending the Carnian age.
1213:
As for most of the
Mesozoic, there were no ice caps. Climate was mostly arid in the tropics, but an episode of wet tropical climate is documented at least in the Paleo-Tethys. This putative climatic event is called the
2084:
Broglio Loriga, C.; Cirilli, S.; De Zanche, V.; Di Bari, D.; Gianolla, P.; Laghi, G.; Manfrin, S.; Mastandrea, A.; Mietto, P.; Muttoni, G.; Neri, C.; Posenato, R.; Rechichi, M.C.; Rettori R. & Roghi,
1881:
Dal Corso, Jacopo; Bernardi, Massimo; Sun, Yadong; Song, Haijun; Seyfullah, Leyla J.; Preto, Nereo; Gianolla, Piero; Ruffell, Alastair; Kustatscher, Evelyn; Roghi, Guido; Merico, Agostino (2020).
2175:
Mietto, P.; Manfrin, S.; Preto, N.; Rigo, M.; Roghi, G.; Furin, S.; Gianolla, P.; Posenato, R.; Muttoni, G.; Nicora, A.; Buratti, N.; Cirilli, S.; Spoetl, C.; Ramezani, J. & Bowring, S.A.
2074:
The Global boundary
Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale
1513:
1369:
appeared at the base of the
Carnian Stage, and is considered a characteristic species. A partial list of Carnian vertebrates is given below. Many Carnian vertebrates are found in
2111:
High-precision U-Pb zircon age from the
Triassic of Italy: Implications for the Triassic time scale and the Carnian origin of calcareous nannoplankton and dinosaurs
1799:"The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Carnian Stage (Late Triassic) at Prati Di Stuores/Stuores Wiesen Section (Southern Alps, NE Italy)"
1345:) also appeared in this stage, and though at the time they were small and insignificant, they diversified rapidly and would dominate the fauna for the rest of the
2183:
The Global
Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Carnian stage (Late Triassic) at Prati di Stuores/Stuores Wiesen section (Southern Alps, NE Italy)
2374:
981:
741:
1067:
There is no established, standard usage for the
Carnian subdivisions, thus, while in some regional stratigraphies a two-substage subdivision is common:
961:
845:
752:
1944:
1938:
Onoue, Tetsuji; Zonneveld, John-Paul; Orchard, Michael J.; Yamashita, Misa; Yamashita, Katsuyuki; Sato, Honami; Kusaka, Soichiro (1 January 2016).
1365:
858:
2093:
The Prati di
Stuores/Stuores Wiesen section (Dolomites, Italy): a candidate Global Stratotype section and Point for the base of the Carnian stage
1039:
819:
1178:
The paleogeography of the
Carnian was basically the same as for the rest of the Triassic. Most continents were merged into the supercontinent
1033:
1413:, and a variety of less common fossils. A collection of this fauna is exposed in the "Museo delle Regole", a museum in Cortina d'Ampezzo.
2199:
1123:
1115:
2367:
2252:
1232:
In the marine realm, the
Carnian saw the first abundant occurrences of calcareous nanoplankton, a morphological group including the
681:
623:
2225:
1252:
is exclusive to the lower Carnian (i.e., Julian of the two-substages subdivision, see above). The family Tropitidae and the genus
2221:
2218:
1405:, after which the formation was named. This fauna is extremely diverse, including ammonoids, gastropods, bivalves, echinoderms,
1397:) has been studied since the 19th century. Fossiliferous localities are many, and are distributed mostly in the surroundings of
590:
2215:
1998:
1780:
480:
2360:
1570:
1940:"Paleoenvironmental changes across the Carnian/Norian boundary in the Black Bear Ridge section, British Columbia, Canada"
1424:
in northwestern Argentina yielded a very important vertebrate association, including the oldest dinosaurian assemblage.
1421:
1274:
coral reefs, i.e., reefs with corals of the modern type, became relatively common for the first time in the Carnian.
912:. Its boundaries are not characterized by major extinctions or biotic turnovers, but a climatic event (known as the
3077:
1357:, decreased in both size and diversity, and would remain relatively small until the extinction of the dinosaurs.
2033:"Late Triassic microvertebrates from the lower Chinle Group (Otischalkian-Adamanian: Carnian), southwestern USA"
1696:
766:
2245:
2204:
2032:
608:
1939:
1673:"Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants"
2383:
670:
3020:
2132:
1244:
There are a few invertebrates which are typical and characteristic of the Carnian. Among molluscs, the
980:
historical region in northeastern Italy. The name, however, was first used referring to a part of the
498:
1672:
1560:/ Zhuganpo Member of the Falang Formation (late Ladinian - early Carnian) (Guizhou and Yunnan, China)
1218:", its age being between latest early Carnian (Julian) and the beginning of late Carnian (Tuvalian).
3072:
2238:
1537:
2656:
2651:
1465:
1446:
1417:
945:
913:
516:
1632:
McElwain, J. C.; Punyasena, S. W. (2007). "Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record".
3067:
1495:
1386:
933:
897:
733:
1717:
1519:
1483:
1477:
1370:
1299:
1227:
1215:
889:
118:
1716:
Payne, J. L.; Lehrmann, D. J.; Wei, J.; Orchard, M. J.; Schrag, D. P.; Knoll, A. H. (2004).
1593:"Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery"
1440:
994:
The base of the Carnian Stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where the
1953:
1894:
1729:
1684:
1604:
1398:
882:
715:
2103:
Furin, S.; Preto, N.; Rigo, M.; Roghi, G.; Gianolla, P.; Crowley, J.L. & Bowring, S.A.
1817:
925:
8:
3046:
2987:
1718:"Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction"
1525:
1507:
1957:
1898:
1733:
1688:
1608:
1565:* Tentatively assigned to the Carnian; age estimated primarily via terrestrial tetrapod
1915:
1882:
1753:
1557:
1187:
1009:
2785:
2749:
1994:
1920:
1776:
1745:
1649:
1501:
1489:
1428:
1406:
1131:
969:
1757:
3062:
2879:
2754:
2723:
2520:
1961:
1910:
1902:
1813:
1798:
1737:
1692:
1641:
1612:
1543:
849:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2848:
2744:
2682:
2577:
2546:
2515:
2279:
1965:
1566:
1233:
1206:. The extreme land-sea distribution led to "mega-monsoons", i.e., an atmospheric
1055:
1049:
831:
825:
337:
37:
3004:
1715:
1027:
The top of the Carnian (the base of the Norian) is at the bases of the ammonite
3034:
2998:
2817:
2687:
2582:
2551:
2274:
1645:
1531:
1342:
1304:
358:
326:
114:
2352:
2207:, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
1431:
in Kyrgyzstan has provided over 20,000 fossil insects, vertebrates and flora.
3056:
2718:
2708:
2677:
2640:
2572:
2541:
2284:
1617:
1592:
1288:
893:
781:
768:
705:
369:
348:
68:
1741:
3009:
2940:
2790:
2713:
1924:
1906:
1749:
1668:
1653:
1452:
1402:
1271:
1098:
1004:
first appears. The global reference profile for the base is located at the
953:
569:
1471:
1325:
became the dominant faunas in the world, evolving into groups such as the
2935:
2804:
2780:
2625:
2420:
1330:
1310:
1195:
1183:
1139:
1107:
1017:
965:
43:
20:
1883:"Extinction and dawn of the modern world in the Carnian (Late Triassic)"
2930:
2890:
2833:
2733:
2630:
2504:
2404:
1410:
1338:
1159:
1151:
441:
88:
53:
3029:
2993:
2165:
Adelobasileus from the upper Triassic of west Texas: the oldest mammal
1867:
1666:
2945:
2895:
2869:
2828:
2775:
2620:
2596:
2477:
2467:
2456:
2299:
1771:
Ogg, James G.; Ogg, Gabi M.; Gradstein, Felix M. (2016). "Triassic".
1390:
1350:
1326:
1322:
1199:
1186:. The global ocean had a western branch at tropical latitudes called
1078:
others prefer a three-substage organization of the stage as follows:
1013:
941:
937:
901:
756:
378:
317:
265:
122:
93:
2905:
2900:
2864:
2764:
2697:
2666:
2561:
2530:
2491:
2441:
2415:
2391:
2336:
2315:
2261:
2150:
1459:
1360:
1346:
1334:
1294:
1283:
1266:
1257:
1245:
1044:
1000:
995:
949:
905:
886:
737:
432:
405:
308:
296:
276:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
2230:
1845:
2919:
2859:
2609:
2446:
2430:
2310:
1547:
1374:
1264:, a bottom-dweller of deep sea environments, differentiated from
1207:
1179:
1028:
988:
984:
396:
286:
98:
73:
2210:
Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy:
1170:
2955:
2838:
2472:
2331:
2294:
1631:
1591:
Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; et al. (2020).
1551:
1354:
1191:
977:
909:
862:
853:
423:
387:
1937:
109:
1394:
1203:
1190:. The sediments of Paleo-Tethys now crop out in southeastern
1021:
760:
126:
1697:
10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2
2139:
Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G., Schmitz, M.D. & Ogg, G.M.
2037:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
1590:
1315:
1880:
1256:
appear at the base of the upper Carnian (Tuvalian). The
1989:
Gradstein FM, Ogg JG, Schmitz MD, Ogg GM, eds. (2012).
1984:
1982:
1988:
1795:
1380:
1286:, such as those from the Ischigualato Formation (e.g.
3018:
1979:
1101:, the Carnian Stage contains six ammonite biozones:
2095:, Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia
140:
2066:Brack, P.; Rieber, H.; Nicora, A. & Mundil, R.
1401:and in the high Badia Valley, near the village of
1945:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1154:corresponds to the early late Carnian, while the
3054:
2013:The GSSP was firstly proposed by Broglio Loriga
2382:
1770:
1462:” (late Ladinian – early Carnian)* (Madagascar)
1846:"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point"
2368:
2246:
1165:
622:Subdivision of the Triassic according to the
2121:Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.
1660:
1314:) originated during the Carnian, around 230
920:
1625:
1363:were present in Triassic marine sediments.
629:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
2375:
2361:
2253:
2239:
1848:. International Commission of Stratigraphy
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
964:. It is unclear if it was named after the
1914:
1616:
1341:. The first dinosaurs (and the pterosaur
1709:
1546:/ Wayao Member of the Falang Formation (
1169:
924:
840:Upper boundary GSSP candidate section(s)
2030:
1831:
1182:, and there was a single global ocean,
3055:
1991:The Geologic Timescale 2012 (volume 1)
619:
2356:
2234:
2212:Stratigraphic charts for the Triassic
1434:
1571:Triassic land vertebrate faunachrons
814:Upper boundary definition candidates
598:
580:
558:
542:
524:
506:
488:
470:
16:First age of the Late Triassic epoch
2974:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
2260:
1874:
1773:A Concise Geologic Time Scale: 2016
1381:Classic localities and Lagerstätten
1210:more intense than the present one.
1162:corresponds to the latest Carnian.
13:
2978:= megaannum (millions years ago);
1492:(Ladinian – Carnian)* (Kyrgyzstan)
1353:, which included the ancestors of
1092:
591:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
14:
3089:
2982:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
2193:
2017:(1999) and established by Mietto
1634:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
960:The Carnian was named in 1869 by
904:. The Carnian is preceded by the
481:Permian-Triassic extinction event
3040:
3028:
3003:
2992:
1239:
968:or after the Austrian region of
499:Smithian–Spathian boundary event
108:
41:
2059:
2024:
2007:
1931:
1818:10.18814/epiiugs/2012/v35i3/003
1422:Ischigualasto-Villa UniĂłn Basin
1385:The lower Carnian fauna of the
1366:Paragondolella polygnathiformis
1221:
1062:
1860:
1789:
1775:. Elsevier. pp. 133–149.
1764:
1584:
1277:
1270:at the beginning of this age.
823:ammonoid zone and near FAD of
573:corals & calcified sponges
469:
1:
2421:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
2226:Palaeos Mesozoic: Carnian Age
1577:
1540:(Irohalene Member)* (Morocco)
900:). It lasted from 237 to 227
2147:The Geologic Time Scale 2012
1966:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.10.008
1455:(Carnian - Norian)* (SW USA)
1132:Austrotrachyceras austriacum
535:Full recovery of woody trees
7:
2384:Geological history of Earth
1522:(Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil)
930:Brotheotrachyceras brotheus
620:
260:
10:
3094:
2657:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
2652:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
2416:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
2200:GeoWhen Database – Carnian
2133:Cambridge University Press
2129:A Geologic Time Scale 2004
1646:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003
1597:Frontiers in Earth Science
1225:
1166:Paleogeography and climate
1050:Metapolygnathus communisti
19:For the Carnian Alps, see
18:
2969:
2954:
2941:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
2918:
2878:
2847:
2816:
2803:
2791:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
2763:
2732:
2696:
2665:
2639:
2608:
2595:
2560:
2529:
2503:
2490:
2455:
2429:
2403:
2390:
2268:
1993:. Elsevier. p. 687.
1349:. On the other hand, the
1282:The earliest unequivocal
1056:Metapolygnathus primitius
921:Stratigraphic definitions
839:
826:Metapolygnathus echinatus
813:
806:Upper boundary definition
805:
797:
748:
730:Lower boundary definition
729:
721:
711:
701:
696:
688:
676:
666:
661:
653:
645:
640:
138:
133:
107:
33:
28:
2936:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
2781:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
2626:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
2478:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
2468:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
2205:Upper Triassic timescale
2157:Lucas, S.G.; Luo, Zhe-Xi
1618:10.3389/feart.2020.00196
1538:Timezgadiouine Formation
1373:rocks of the Paleorrota
1034:Klamathites macrolobatus
976:in German) or after the
143:
2931:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
2896:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
2891:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
2834:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
2724:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
2631:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
2442:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
1742:10.1126/science.1097023
1466:Ischigualasto Formation
1449:(Queensland, Australia)
1447:Denmark Hill Insect Bed
1427:The Lagerstätte of the
1418:Ischigualasto Formation
914:Carnian pluvial episode
908:and is followed by the
517:Carnian pluvial episode
256:−200 —
246:−205 —
236:−210 —
226:−215 —
216:−220 —
206:−225 —
196:−230 —
186:−235 —
176:−240 —
166:−245 —
156:−250 —
146:−255 —
3078:Triassic geochronology
2901:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
2870:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
2829:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
2776:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
2621:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
2447:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
2031:Heckert, A.B. (2004).
1907:10.1126/sciadv.aba0099
1671:; Morante, R. (1996).
1496:Lower Maleri Formation
1387:San Cassiano Formation
1175:
957:
934:San Cassiano Formation
902:million years ago (Ma)
2906:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
2865:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
2786:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
2473:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
1520:Santa Maria Formation
1514:Potrerillos Formation
1484:Lossiemouth Sandstone
1478:Los Rastros Formation
1371:Santa Maria Formation
1300:Santa Maria Formation
1298:) and those from the
1228:Category:Carnian life
1216:Carnian Pluvial Event
1173:
956:for the lower Carnian
928:
896:of the Late Triassic
654:Alternate spelling(s)
121:, upper Carnian, the
119:Travenanzes Formation
2946:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
2839:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
2719:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
2709:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
2275:Lower/Early Triassic
2167:, J. Vert. Paleont.
2117:, p. 1009–1012.
1116:Tropites subbullatus
1108:Anatropites spinosus
809:Not formally defined
3001: •
2990: •
2988:Geologic time scale
2750:Middle (458–470 Ma)
2714:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
2683:Middle (383–393 Ma)
2578:Middle (237–247 Ma)
2547:Middle (164–174 Ma)
2285:Upper/Late Triassic
2189:, pp. 414–430.
2171:, pp. 309–334.
2080:, pp. 233–244.
1958:2016PPP...441..721O
1899:2020SciA....6...99D
1734:2004Sci...305..506P
1689:1996GSAB..108..195R
1609:2020FrEaS...8..196W
1526:Stuttgart Formation
1508:Popo Agie Formation
1001:Daxatina canadensis
982:Hallstatt Limestone
881:) is the lowermost
798:Lower GSSP ratified
782:46.5269°N 11.9303°E
778: /
749:Lower boundary GSSP
742:Daxatina canadensis
722:Time span formality
2999:Geology portal
2860:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
2755:Early (470–485 Ma)
2688:Early (393–419 Ma)
2583:Early (247–252 Ma)
2552:Early (174–201 Ma)
2521:Early (100–145 Ma)
2516:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
1667:Retallack, G. J.;
1558:Zhuganpo Formation
1441:Chañares Formation
1435:Notable Formations
1321:In this stage the
1176:
1040:Stikinoceras kerri
958:
820:Stikinoceras kerri
712:Stratigraphic unit
702:Chronological unit
689:Time scale(s) used
609:Manicouagan impact
3016:
3015:
2914:
2913:
2880:Paleoproterozoic
2799:
2798:
2745:Late (444–458 Ma)
2678:Late (359–383 Ma)
2591:
2590:
2573:Late (201–237 Ma)
2542:Late (145–164 Ma)
2486:
2485:
2407:(present–2.58 Ma)
2395:(present–66.0 Ma)
2350:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2099:, pp. 37–78.
2000:978-0-44-459390-0
1782:978-0-444-63771-0
1574:
1502:Molteno Formation
1490:Madygen Formation
1429:Madygen Formation
1407:calcareous sponge
1399:Cortina d'Ampezzo
1016:in the region of
871:
870:
662:Usage information
635:
634:
615:
614:
597:
596:
579:
578:
557:
556:
541:
540:
523:
522:
505:
504:
487:
486:
117:red clays of the
3085:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3032:
3024:
3010:World portal
3008:
3007:
2997:
2996:
2959:
2923:
2883:
2852:
2849:Mesoproterozoic
2821:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2768:
2737:
2701:
2670:
2644:
2613:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2565:
2534:
2508:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2460:
2434:
2408:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2271:
2270:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2176:
2158:
2140:
2122:
2104:
2086:
2067:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2028:
2022:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1918:
1893:(38): eaba0099.
1887:Science Advances
1878:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1842:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1803:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1588:
1564:
1544:Xiaowa Formation
1510:* (Wyoming, USA)
1486:* (Scotland, UK)
1234:coccolithophores
1202:, and up to the
1158:land vertebrate
1150:land vertebrate
1124:Tropites dilleri
877:(less commonly,
850:British Columbia
846:Black Bear Ridge
793:
792:
790:
789:
788:
787:46.5269; 11.9303
783:
779:
776:
775:
774:
771:
753:Prati di Stuores
604:
599:
586:
581:
574:
564:
559:
548:
543:
536:
530:
525:
512:
507:
494:
489:
476:
471:
444:
435:
426:
417:
408:
399:
390:
381:
372:
363:
353:
351:
342:
340:
331:
329:
320:
301:
299:
279:
268:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
141:
112:
103:
40:
26:
25:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3073:Geological ages
3053:
3052:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3027:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3002:
2991:
2983:
2965:
2957:
2950:
2921:
2910:
2881:
2874:
2850:
2843:
2819:
2818:Neoproterozoic
2808:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
2807:
2806:
2805:Proterozoic Eon
2795:
2766:
2759:
2735:
2728:
2699:
2692:
2668:
2661:
2642:
2635:
2611:
2599:
2598:
2587:
2563:
2556:
2532:
2525:
2506:
2494:
2493:
2482:
2458:
2451:
2432:
2425:
2406:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2381:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2320:
2304:
2280:Middle Triassic
2264:
2262:Triassic Period
2259:
2196:
2174:
2156:
2138:
2120:
2102:
2083:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2029:
2025:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1987:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1936:
1932:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1801:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1769:
1765:
1728:(5683): 506–9.
1714:
1710:
1701:
1699:
1665:
1661:
1640:(10): 548–557.
1630:
1626:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1567:biostratigraphy
1437:
1383:
1280:
1242:
1230:
1224:
1204:island of Timor
1168:
1095:
1093:Biostratigraphy
1065:
923:
786:
784:
780:
777:
772:
769:
767:
765:
764:
763:
636:
631:
630:
628:
611:
602:
593:
584:
575:
572:
568:
562:
553:
546:
537:
534:
528:
519:
510:
501:
492:
483:
474:
467:
466:
462:
461:
457:
456:
452:
451:
447:
446:
442:
438:
437:
433:
429:
428:
424:
420:
419:
415:
411:
410:
406:
402:
401:
397:
393:
392:
388:
384:
383:
379:
375:
374:
370:
366:
365:
361:
359:
355:
354:
349:
347:
344:
343:
338:
336:
333:
332:
327:
325:
322:
321:
316:
313:
312:
304:
303:
297:
295:
291:
290:
282:
281:
275:
271:
270:
264:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
129:
102:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
35:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3091:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3050:
3049:
3037:
3014:
3013:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2811:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2641:Carboniferous
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2603:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2498:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2459:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2433:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2398:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2208:
2202:
2195:
2194:External links
2192:
2191:
2190:
2172:
2154:
2136:
2118:
2100:
2081:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2023:
2006:
1999:
1978:
1930:
1873:
1859:
1830:
1812:(3): 414–430.
1788:
1781:
1763:
1708:
1683:(2): 195–207.
1659:
1624:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1541:
1535:
1532:Tiki Formation
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1504:(South Africa)
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1436:
1433:
1382:
1379:
1343:Carniadactylus
1305:Staurikosaurus
1279:
1276:
1241:
1238:
1223:
1220:
1208:monsoon regime
1167:
1164:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1064:
1061:
1006:Stuores-Wiesen
922:
919:
869:
868:
867:
866:
859:Pizzo Mondello
856:
841:
837:
836:
835:conodont zones
815:
811:
810:
807:
803:
802:
799:
795:
794:
750:
746:
745:
731:
727:
726:
723:
719:
718:
713:
709:
708:
703:
699:
698:
694:
693:
692:ICS Time Scale
690:
686:
685:
678:
677:Regional usage
674:
673:
668:
667:Celestial body
664:
663:
659:
658:
655:
651:
650:
647:
646:Name formality
643:
642:
638:
637:
633:
632:
617:
616:
613:
612:
607:
605:
595:
594:
589:
587:
577:
576:
567:
565:
555:
554:
551:
549:
539:
538:
533:
531:
521:
520:
515:
513:
503:
502:
497:
495:
485:
484:
479:
477:
468:
464:
463:
459:
458:
454:
453:
449:
448:
440:
439:
431:
430:
422:
421:
413:
412:
404:
403:
395:
394:
386:
385:
377:
376:
368:
367:
357:
356:
346:
345:
335:
334:
324:
323:
315:
314:
306:
305:
293:
292:
284:
283:
273:
272:
262:
261:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
136:
135:
131:
130:
115:Alluvial plain
113:
105:
104:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
36:~237 – ~227
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3090:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:Late Triassic
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2917:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
2815:
2812:
2810:
2802:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2597:Paleozoic Era
2594:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:(66.0–145 Ma)
2502:
2499:
2497:
2495:(66.0–252 Ma)
2489:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2063:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1983:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1863:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1289:Herrerasaurus
1285:
1275:
1273:
1272:Scleractinian
1269:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:Invertebrates
1237:
1235:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:Carnian Earth
1172:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:Tethys domain
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
990:
986:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
955:
951:
947:
946:Southern Alps
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
918:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
892:(or earliest
891:
888:
885:of the Upper
884:
880:
876:
864:
860:
857:
855:
851:
847:
844:
843:
842:
838:
834:
833:
832:M. communisti
828:
827:
822:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
762:
758:
754:
751:
747:
744:
743:
739:
735:
732:
728:
724:
720:
717:
714:
710:
707:
704:
700:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
672:
669:
665:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
627:
626:, as of 2021.
625:
618:
610:
606:
601:
600:
592:
588:
583:
582:
571:
570:Scleractinian
566:
561:
560:
550:
545:
544:
532:
527:
526:
518:
514:
509:
508:
500:
496:
491:
490:
482:
478:
473:
472:
445:
436:
427:
418:
409:
400:
391:
382:
373:
364:
352:
341:
330:
319:
311:
310:
302:
300:
289:
288:
280:
278:
269:
267:
142:
137:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
106:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
32:
27:
22:
3047:Paleontology
2984:
2920:Archean Eon
2882:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
2767:(485–539 Ma)
2736:(444–485 Ma)
2700:(419–444 Ma)
2669:(359–419 Ma)
2643:(299–359 Ma)
2612:(252–299 Ma)
2600:(252–539 Ma)
2564:(201–252 Ma)
2533:(145–201 Ma)
2492:Mesozoic Era
2392:Cenozoic Era
2326:
2211:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2146:
2142:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2060:Bibliography
2045:. Retrieved
2040:
2036:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2009:
1990:
1969:. Retrieved
1949:
1943:
1933:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1821:. Retrieved
1809:
1805:
1791:
1772:
1766:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1700:. Retrieved
1680:
1677:GSA Bulletin
1676:
1662:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1603:(196): 196.
1600:
1596:
1586:
1563:
1453:Dockum Group
1426:
1415:
1403:San Cassiano
1384:
1364:
1359:
1339:rauisuchians
1331:rhynchosaurs
1320:
1309:
1303:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1231:
1222:Carnian life
1212:
1188:Paleo-Tethys
1177:
1155:
1148:Otischalkian
1147:
1145:
1138:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1096:
1077:
1066:
1063:Subdivisions
1054:
1048:
1047:biozones of
1038:
1032:
1026:
1005:
999:
993:
985:cropping out
973:
959:
954:index fossil
929:
878:
874:
872:
830:
824:
818:
740:
621:
552:Coals return
414:
307:
294:
285:
274:
263:
2956:Hadean Eon
2734:Ordovician
2505:Cretaceous
2405:Quaternary
2185:, Episodes
2076:, Episodes
2047:17 November
1952:: 721–733.
1868:"Ics-chart"
1852:23 December
1823:13 December
1669:Veevers, J.
1516:(Argentina)
1480:(Argentina)
1468:(Argentina)
1443:(Argentina)
1411:brachiopods
1393:, northern
1311:Buriolestes
1278:Vertebrates
1250:Trachyceras
1226:Main page:
1196:Middle East
1184:Panthalassa
1140:Trachyceras
1082:Cordevolian
1018:South Tyrol
966:Carnic Alps
962:Mojsisovics
829:within the
785: /
371:Changhsing.
125:, northern
21:Carnic Alps
3057:Categories
2958:(4–4.6 Ga)
2922:(2.5–4 Ga)
2851:(1–1.6 Ga)
2457:Paleogene
2113:, Geology
1971:24 January
1702:2007-09-29
1578:References
1474:* (Poland)
1409:, corals,
1351:therapsids
1327:phytosaurs
1323:archosaurs
1160:faunachron
1152:faunachron
773:11°55′49″E
770:46°31′37″N
697:Definition
443:Hettangian
134:Chronology
2985:See also:
2765:Cambrian
2698:Silurian
2667:Devonian
2562:Triassic
2531:Jurassic
2300:Olenekian
1534:* (India)
1528:(Germany)
1498:* (India)
1472:KrasiejĂłw
1391:Dolomites
1361:Conodonts
1335:aetosaurs
1284:dinosaurs
1200:Himalayas
1198:, in the
1194:, in the
1156:Adamanian
1014:Val Badia
970:Carinthia
942:Dolomites
938:Val Badia
932:from the
757:Dolomites
641:Etymology
380:Olenekian
318:Lopingian
123:Dolomites
2610:Permian
2431:Neogene
2337:Rhaetian
2316:Ladinian
2151:Elsevier
1925:32938682
1806:Episodes
1758:35498132
1750:15273391
1654:17919771
1554:, China)
1460:Isalo II
1347:Mesozoic
1295:Eoraptor
1267:Daonella
1254:Tropites
1246:ammonoid
1137:zone of
1129:zone of
1121:zone of
1113:zone of
1105:zone of
1088:Tuvalian
1074:Tuvalian
1045:conodont
1043:and the
1029:biozones
998:species
996:ammonite
950:ammonoid
906:Ladinian
887:Triassic
817:Base of
738:Ammonite
680:Global (
434:Rhaetian
407:Ladinian
298:Triassic
277:Mesozoic
3063:Carnian
3035:Geology
3021:Portals
2327:Carnian
2311:Anisian
1954:Bibcode
1916:7494334
1895:Bibcode
1730:Bibcode
1722:Science
1685:Bibcode
1605:Bibcode
1548:Guizhou
1420:of the
1375:geopark
1355:mammals
1262:Halobia
1258:bivalve
1180:Pangaea
1097:In the
1012:in the
989:Austria
974:Kärnten
948:. This
879:Karnian
875:Carnian
865:, Italy
736:of the
657:Karnian
603:←
585:←
563:←
547:←
529:←
511:←
493:←
475:←
416:Carnian
398:Anisian
251:–
241:–
231:–
221:–
211:–
201:–
191:–
181:–
171:–
161:–
151:–
29:Carnian
2964:
2332:Norian
2295:Induan
2021:(2012)
2019:et al.
2015:et al.
1997:
1923:
1913:
1779:
1756:
1748:
1652:
1552:Yunnan
1337:, and
1302:(e.g.
1260:genus
1248:genus
1192:Europe
1085:Julian
1071:Julian
978:Carnia
952:is an
910:Norian
890:Series
863:Sicily
854:Canada
725:Formal
649:Formal
465:
460:
455:
450:
425:Norian
389:Induan
339:Middle
2078:28(4)
1802:(PDF)
1754:S2CID
1569:(see
1395:Italy
1022:Italy
1010:Badia
1008:near
898:Epoch
883:stage
761:Italy
716:Stage
671:Earth
127:Italy
2220:and
2179:2012
2161:1993
2143:2012
2125:2004
2107:2006
2089:1999
2070:2005
2049:2021
1995:ISBN
1973:2023
1921:PMID
1854:2020
1825:2020
1777:ISBN
1746:PMID
1650:PMID
1550:and
1416:The
1308:and
1292:and
1146:The
873:The
801:2008
350:Late
44:Preęž’
2097:105
2043:: 1
1962:doi
1950:441
1911:PMC
1903:doi
1814:doi
1738:doi
1726:305
1693:doi
1681:108
1642:doi
1613:doi
1053:or
1037:or
1031:of
987:in
894:age
734:FAD
706:Age
682:ICS
624:ICS
328:Ear
3059::
2980:Ga
2976:Ma
2972:ka
2217:,
2214:,
2187:35
2181::
2177:;
2169:13
2163::
2159:;
2149:,
2145::
2141:;
2131:,
2127::
2123:;
2115:34
2109::
2105:;
2091::
2087:;
2085:G.
2072::
2068:;
2041:27
2039:.
2035:.
1981:^
1960:.
1948:.
1942:.
1919:.
1909:.
1901:.
1889:.
1885:.
1833:^
1810:35
1808:.
1804:.
1752:.
1744:.
1736:.
1724:.
1720:.
1691:.
1679:.
1675:.
1648:.
1638:22
1636:.
1611:.
1599:.
1595:.
1377:.
1333:,
1329:,
1318:.
1316:Ma
1236:.
1059:.
1024:.
1020:,
991:.
944:,
940:,
936:,
861:,
852:,
848:,
759:,
755:,
266:Pz
94:Pg
38:Ma
3023::
2376:e
2369:t
2362:v
2254:e
2247:t
2240:v
2153:.
2135:.
2051:.
2003:.
1975:.
1964::
1956::
1927:.
1905::
1897::
1891:6
1870:.
1856:.
1827:.
1816::
1785:.
1760:.
1740::
1732::
1705:.
1695::
1687::
1656:.
1644::
1621:.
1615::
1607::
1601:8
1573:)
1458:“
1389:(
1214:"
972:(
684:)
362:J
360:E
309:J
287:P
99:N
89:K
84:J
79:T
74:P
69:C
64:D
59:S
54:O
49:ęž’
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
