Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic

110: 94: 826: 199: 3221: 3210: 801: 787: 773: 745: 759: 2132: 7361: 3453: 3360: 2877: 7484: 2998: 7496: 2387: 2547: 7305: 2490: 1090: 7472: 1035: 3712: 2926: 2370:. On the eve of Germany's occupation of Minsk, some members of the disbanded Belarusian National Council emerged from hiding and formed a provisional government, hoping to achieve German recognition. However, the Germans did not recognise it as another assembly in Vilna was created under their auspices. The Minsk and Vilna organisations issued a joint proclamation on 25 March establishing the 2773: 4648:Закон Республики Беларусь № 1085-XII от 19 сентября 1991 года № 1085-XII «О названии Белорусской Советской Социалистической Республики и внесении изменений в Декларацию Верховного Совета Белорусской Советской Социалистической Республики о государственном суверенитете Белорусской Советской Социалистической Республики и Конституцию (Основной Закон) Белорусской ССР» 2378:

government less jurisdiction compared to the one in Ukraine. An increase in repression by the Germans also led to an agrarian revolt, although not as violent as the one in Ukraine, which benefitted the communists. The communist underground were directed by the party's Northwestern Regional Committee in Smolensk, which aimed for an alliance with the peasantry.

2917:. On 24 November the Polish units left the town, and for nearly a month the Slutsk partisans resisted Soviet attempts to re-gain control of the area. Eventually the Red Army had to mobilise two divisions to overcome the resistance, when the last units of Slutsk militia crossed the Moroch River and interned by the Polish border guards. 2412:. After Germany was defeated in the First World War, it announced its evacuation from the occupied territories. The Germans began to depart in November 1918; however, there was no nationalist organisation in Belarus that was capable of assuming political authority, unlike in Ukraine. On 13 November, Moscow annulled the 2374:(BDR) with German approval. The new government also sought material aid from Germany. The more radical nationalists who disapproved of collaboration with the Germans went to the communists and fled to Russia. The communists who did not escape to the east during the German occupation were driven underground. 2318:

government in Belarus was established at the end of December by communist organs in Minsk with the support of Russian troops of the Western Front. However, its authority only extended to the regions occupied by pro-communist forces and the major cities, where the local soviets followed Bolshevik leadership.

2989:, Russia returned most of territories that made up the Vitebsk and Mogilev Governorates, as well as parts of Smolensk. The passing of land that largely survived the destruction of war not only doubled the SSRB's area to 110,600 square kilometres, but also raised the population to 4.2 million people. 2945:

An interesting paradox arose in the status of SSRB within the future Bolshevik state. On one hand its small geographic, population and almost negligent economic indicators did not warrant it much political weight on Soviet affairs. In fact the leader of the Communist Party of Byelorussia (Bolshevik),

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Republic of Byelorussia (SSRB). This was conferred by the First Congress of deputies, composed of workers, soldiers and Red Army soldiers, which met on 2–3 February 1919, to adopt a new socialist constitution. The Red Army continued its westward advance, capturing the city of Grodno on New Year's Day

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governorates that were not occupied by the German army, to administer the Belarusian lands in the frontal zone. On 26 November (6 December), the Executive Committee of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies for the Western Oblast was merged with the Western front's executive committee, creating a

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Economically the republic remained largely self-centred, and most of the effort was put into restoring and repairing the war-damaged industry (if in 1923 there was only 226 different fabrics and factories, then by 1926 the number climbed to 246. However, the employed manpower jumped from 14 thousand

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as a military formation, rather than governmental. As a result, on 7 (20) December, when the first All-Belarusian Congress convened, the Minsk Bolsheviks commanded the pro-Soviet troops to disbanded it. Following this, they proclaimed the rule of soviets dominated by the Bolsheviks. The first Soviet

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The stalemate and the occasional, though fruitless, negotiations gave Russia a much needed pause to concentrate on other regions. During the latter half of 1919, the Red Army successfully defeated Denikin in the south, taking over the Don, North Caucasus and eastern Ukraine, and pushed Kolchak from

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offered the Belarusians federal ties instead; however, the Polish occupation authorities disregarded the social radicalism of the masses and nationalist sentiments among parts of the Belarusian intelligentsia, with the Poles ordering for the lands confiscated by the communists to be returned to the

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numbering approximately 2,000 soldiers under General Wejtko, began to fight against the local communist and advancing Bolshevik forces. Each side was trying to secure the territories for its own government. The newly formed Polish Army began sending its organised units to reinforce the militias. On

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on 17 November. The Belarusian National Republic barely resisted, evacuating Minsk on 3 December. The Soviets maintained a distance of about 10–15 kilometres (6.2–9.3 mi) between the two armies, and took Minsk on 10 December. As the Red Army re-occupied Belarus, the soviets in the country were

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rivers. However, the region to the east of those lines was historically mixed among a population of Belarusians, Poles and Lithuanians, with a sizeable Jewish minority. The local communities of each respective group wanted to be part of the respective states that were establishing themselves.

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In the spring of 1918, the Germans disapproved of the socialist inclinations of the nationalists in the Belarusian government and forced a change in leadership of the puppet government; however, the Germans were also displeased with him and removed him. As a result, the Germans permitted the

2894:, the Soviet side saw the armistice as only a temporary setback in its western advance. Seeing the failure of overcoming the Polish nationalist rhetoric with Communist propaganda, the Soviet government chose a different tactic, by appealing to the minorities of the Polish state, creating a 3232:. According to incomplete calculations, about 600,000 people fell victim to Soviet repressions in Belarus between 1917 and 1953. Other estimates put the number at higher than 1.4 million persons., of which 250,000 were sentenced by judicial or executed by extrajudicial bodies ( 2812:

In June, the RSFSR was finally ready to open its major Western advance. To preserve the neutrality of Lithuania (though the peace treaty was still being negotiated), on 6 June the exiled government of Litbel was disbanded. Within a few days, the 3rd Cavalry Corps under command of

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Lenin feared that a Polish offensive was incoming, and offered to accept the current frontline as a permanent border between Poland and Russia, which would include nearly all of Belarus going to Poland. However, Piłsudski had greater ambitions, and he also made an agreement with

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it states, "Laws, decrees and other acts which were applied in the territory of the Republic of Belarus prior to the entry into force of the present Constitution shall apply in the particular parts thereof that are not contrary to the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus."

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putting an end of hostilities in Europe, and Belarus in particular. Six years of war had left the land neglected and looted, and the endless change of occupying regimes, each worse than the previous, left their mark on the Belarusian people, who were now divided. Almost half

2428:

Encouraged by their success, in Smolensk on 30–31 December 1918, the Sixth Western Oblast Party conference met and announced its split from the Russian Communist Party, proclaiming itself as the first congress of the Communist Party of Byelorussia (KP(b)B). The next day, the

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By late summer of 1919, the Polish advance was also exhausted. The defeat of the Red Army allowed the outbreak of another historic disagreement over territory between Poland and Lithuania; their competition to control the city of Vilna soon erupted into a

3119:, which made up 82% of the rural population, but less than half of the urban one (40.1%). The Belarusian national sentiment was a lot weaker than that of neighbouring Ukraine, this was greatly exploited by the Bolshevik-Polish power struggle in the 2942:) now belonged to Poland. Eastern Belarus (Gomel, Vitebsk and parts of Smolensk guberniyas) were administered by the RSFSR. The rest was the SSRB, a republic with 52,400 square kilometres and a population of a mere 1.544 million people. 2211:

in Russia in February 1917, activated a rather dormant political life in Belarus. As central authority waned, different political and ethnic groups strived for greater self-determination and even secession from the increasingly ineffective

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on Kiev, which although was initially successful, ended in a Polish defeat. The Soviet Red Army was much more organised than it was a year earlier, and though Polish troops managed to make several gains in Ukraine, notably the capture of

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concept, and as said above, viewed the Treaty of Riga as only a temporary setback to the process, and a future advance would require a prepared bridgehead. This justified giving the SSRB the status of a full union republic within the

2906:. During the negotiations, RSFSR offered all of BSSR to Poland in return for concessions in Ukraine, which were rejected by the Polish side. Eventually a compromising armistice line was agreed, which would see the Belarusian city of 2251:

hit Russia; that same day, on 25 October (7 November) 1917, the Minsk Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies took over the administration of the city. The Bolshevik All-Russian Council of Soviets declared the creation of the

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renamed the Soviet republic to the Republic of Belarus, with the short form "Belarus". Conservative forces in the newly independent Belarus did not support the name change and opposed its inclusion in the 1991 draft of the

4615:Постановление Верховного Совета Республики Беларусь от 18 сентября 1991 г. № 1078-XII «О делегировании народных депутатов БССР и народных депутатов СССР в состав Совета Республик Верховного Совета СССР от Белорусской ССР» 3100:– to allocate land to Jewish families, in 1926 a total of 32,700 hectares were given for 6,860 Jewish families. Jews would continue to play a major role in Byelorussian politics, society and economy right up to the 3432:. Belarus received independence on 25 December 1991. A day later the Soviet Union ceased to exist. However, the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Republic of Belarus of 1978, was retained after independence. 4647: 1984: 591: 2985:. In accordance with which, expansionist and irredentist claims were removed from Soviet ideology, which instead would focus on making regions economically viable. Thus in March 1924, by decree of the 186: 2913:

News of Belarus' upcoming permanent division angered the population, and using the town's Polish occupation, the local population began self-organising into a militia and associating itself with the

2326:

The Russo-German front in Belarus remained static since 1915 and formal negotiations began only on 19 November (2 December N.S.), when the Soviet delegation traveled to the German-occupied city of

7807: 4626:Постановление Верховного Совета Республики Беларусь от 19 сентября 1991 г. № 1087-XII «О делегировании народных депутатов СССР в состав Совета Союза Верховного Совета СССР от Республики Беларусь» 3344:. At least 5,295 Belarusian settlements were destroyed by the Germans and some or all their inhabitants killed (out of 9,200 settlements that were burned or otherwise destroyed in Belarus during 2852:(as chairmen of the Central Committee of the Belarusian Communist Party). The SSRB sought to join further territories, as the Red Army crossed into Poland, but the decisive Polish victory at the 2333:

However, the German party soon went back on its word and took full advantage of the situation, and the Bolsheviks' demand of a treaty "without annexations or indemnities" was unacceptable to the

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or kulak family members to regions outside the Belarusian Soviet Republic. The scale of Soviet terror in Belarus was higher than in Russia or Ukraine which resulted in a much stronger extent of

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in early April, but the Western Army was too thinly spread to fight both the Polish and Lithuanian troops, and the German units assisting them. The Polish offensive quickly gained momentum, and

2232:, formed a Belarusian Central Council. However, the national parties in Belarus were unable to secure mass support, and the nationalist movement was confined to a small, divided and ineffective 2817:

broke the Polish front, causing a collapse and a retreat. On 11 July Minsk was re-taken, and on 31 July 1920 once again the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belorussia was re-established in Minsk.

3416:, the republic proclaimed its political and economic independence from the Soviet Union, however, continued to consider herself part of the USSR. On 19 September the republic was renamed the 7030: 2184:

being occupied by Germany. The resulting front, passing at 100 kilometres to the west of Minsk, remained static towards the end of the conflict, despite Russian attempts to break it at the

1328: 2695:, with Poland winning. Facing Denikin and Kolchak, Soviet Russia could not spare men for the western front. A stalemate with localised skirmishes developed between Poland and Lithuania. 5356: 3475:(CPSU/KPSS). Like all other Soviet republics, it was one of the 15 constituent republics composing the Soviet Union from its entry into the union in 1922 until its dissolution in 1991. 2341:

was of immediate success, and within 11 days, they were able to make a serious advance eastward, taking over Ukraine, the Baltic region, and occupying eastern Belarus. This forced the

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together with the Soviet Union and Ukrainian SSR, becoming one of the founding members of the UN. This was part of a deal with the United States to ensure a degree of balance in the

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breads are consumed in Belarus, but rye is more plentiful because conditions are too harsh for growing wheat. Many of the cuisines within Byelorussia also shared its cuisine with

2729: 961: 2360:, which was signed on 3 March 1918. For the German Empire, Operation Faustschlag achieved one of their strategic plans for World War I, to create a German-centered hegemony of 109: 7283: 3178:

that was held at the same time reported a population of 4,982,623. Of the latter 83% was rural, and Belarusians made up 80.6% (though only 39.2% of urban, yet 89% of rural).

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to 21.3 thousand workers). The majority was food industry followed by metal and wood working combines. A lot more was centred in local and private sector, as allowed by the

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was widely implemented. Belarusian language, folklore and culture was put at front of everything else. This went on par with the Soviet policy of liquidation of illiteracy (

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made up only around 2% of the total population (most of the latter lived next to the state border in the Minsk and Borisov districts). The most important minority was the

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in August ended these ambitions. Once again, the Red Army found itself on the defensive in Belorussia. The Poles were able to successfully break the Russian lines at the

2072:. This asserted that the territories are all Russian and all the peoples are also Russian; in the case of the Belarusians, that they were variants of the Russian people. 2229: 5106: 2954:. Moreover, the weak national sentiment of the Belarusian people would easily have allowed SSRB to be disbanded and annexed to the RSFSR, unlike for example Ukraine. 2820:

As the front moved west, and more Belarusian lands were adjoined to the new republic, the first administrative decrees were issued. The entity was divided into seven

1393: 940: 2667:'s decree put all of Litbel's armed forces under the command of the Red Army. On 17 July, the Defence Soviet was liquidated, and its function was passed to Minsk's 373: 3009:, in 1925 SSRB was a largely rural country. Out of the 4,342,800 people that inhabited it, only 14.5% lived in urban areas. Administratively it was split into ten 1620: 1952:

with Lithuania, the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia was re-founded on 31 July 1920 and later became known as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.

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too. However early autumn rains halted the Polish advance, which exhausted itself by October. A cease-fire agreed on 12 October, came into effect on 18 October.

2628:. However, the Belarusian nationalists disapproved that the republic was being expanded, and Zhylunovich resigned shortly after, followed by other nationalists. 4593:ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ВЕРХОВНОГО СОВЕТА БЕЛОРУССКОЙ ССР от 25 августа 1991 г. № 1019-XII «Об обеспечении политической и экономической самостоятельности Белорусской ССР» 7827: 7782: 6667: 4014:

28 July 1990 from Art. 6 of the Constitution of the Byelorussian SSR, the provision on the monopoly of the Communist Party of Byelorussia on power was excluded

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The Polish Sejm had also declared that the territories of Belarus were an inalienable part of the Polish Commonwealth. As the Sejm was voting for annexation,

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Wexler, Paul (1985). "Belorussification, Russification and Polonization Trends in the Belorussian Language 1890–1982". In Kreindler, Isabelle T. (ed.).

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was passed to the Western Oblast. At the end of February, the Germans entered Minsk, which the Soviet authorities had already cleared a few days prior.

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of the USSR, in 1925 these number 38.5 thousand who employed almost 50 thousand people. Most being textile workshops and lumber yards and blacksmiths.

99: 4818: 2577:, and the German units that had withdrawn there began to assist the Lithuanian forces to defeat the Soviets; they repelled the Red offensive against 565: 3517:

joined the UN when the organization was founded with the other 50 states on 24 October 1945. In effect, this provided the Soviet Union (a permanent

7020: 3388: 3092:, which had a long history of targeted oppression under the Tsars, and in 1925 made up almost 44% of the urban population and began to be aided by 7787: 7213: 7128: 1684: 3001:

Minsk Railway Station (1926), with the city's name given in Belarusian, Russian, Polish and Yiddish (or interwar Belarus's 4 official languages)

6856: 4714:

Baranova, Olga (2008). "Nationalism, anti-Bolshevism or the will to survive? Collaboration in Belarus under the Nazi occupation of 1941–1944".

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during the summer. Representatives of Belarusian regions and of different (mostly left-wing) newly established political powers, including the

2107:(its names in other languages such as English being based on the Russian form) was only used officially. In 1936, with the proclamation of the 1844: 7269: 3557: 7599: 7581: 7372: 6905: 6469: 5861: 5843: 5483: 1960: 1166: 1063: 4455: 7722: 7521: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7118: 6798: 5984: 5783: 5336: 4807: 4604:ЗАКОН БЕЛОРУССКОЙ ССР от 25 августа 1991 г. N 1018-XII «О внесении изменений и дополнений в Конституцию (Основной Закон) Белорусской ССР» 1434: 1258: 7812: 5655: 3529: 3368: 3251: 3175: 2551: 2504: 2421: 7314: 7050: 6785: 6325: 6130: 3309: 3159: 1211: 2974:

that was signed on 30 December 1922. SSR Byelorussia became a founding member of the Soviet Union in 1922 and became known as BSSR.

7681: 7638: 7349: 7188: 7153: 7102: 6887: 6168: 6072: 5943: 5900: 5546: 5280: 5216: 3561: 2430: 2395: 1929: 1334: 991: 528: 31: 7817: 6535: 5710: 5471: 5307: 3810:

In interwar Soviet Belarus, between 1924 and 1938, four languages were official, namely, Belarusian, Polish, Russian and Yiddish.

2986: 2664: 3730:. Typically, Byelorussians eat a light breakfast and two hearty meals, with dinner being the largest meal of the day. Wheat and 7514: 7176: 6810: 6703: 6540: 6272: 6024: 5776: 5581: 5456: 5419: 4637:Постановление Верховного Совета Республики Беларусь от 20 сентября 1991 г. № 1101-XII «О таможенной службе Республики Беларусь» 2288: 2115: 1980: 1545: 595: 348: 4659:Закон Белорусской ССР от 28 июля 1990 г. №212-XII "Об изменениях и дополнениях Конституции (Основного Закона Белорусской ССР)" 4505: 4107: 2776:

After the decisive Polish victory in Warsaw, the Red Army was forced to retreat from Polish territories, but attempts to hold

7704: 7148: 6351: 6238: 5966: 4697: 4198: 4144: 4117: 3958:

the term "SSRB" was suppressed, but there is documentary evidence of the usage of the term SSRB rather than BSSR, see, e.g.,

3553: 715: 3413: 7710: 7656: 7566: 7025: 7000: 6547: 6210: 5972: 5918: 5828: 5488: 4884: 3840: 3581: 2752:, gave way for a peace treaty with the former on 2 February 1920 and a cease-fire agreement with the latter a day earlier. 1562: 1379: 1263: 1156: 1121: 4215: 2493:

Planned border (blue line) for the Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic superimposed on state borders in 1922

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was exercised by the Byelorussian Communist Party authorities, at its top sits the Chairman of the Council of Ministers.

3472: 1968: 1181: 1161: 578: 415: 7261: 6805: 6099: 4997: 1664: 7646: 7576: 7561: 7193: 6882: 6820: 6331: 6087: 5908: 5838: 5823: 5743: 5503: 5275: 5054: 4986: 4854: 4764:

Guthier, Steven L. (1977). "The Belorussians: National identification and assimilation, 1897–1970: Part 1, 1897–1939".

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Towards the autumn, political stability continued to shake, and countering the rising nationalist tendencies, were the

1949: 1837: 1582: 1453: 1288: 1206: 1136: 1131: 1116: 967: 552: 459: 3387:, which, the USSR opined, was unbalanced in favor of the Western Bloc. A Byelorussian, G.G. Chernushchenko, served as 2950:

would represent Byelorussian communists at seven party congresses in Moscow, but not once be elected into the party's

7651: 7622: 7612: 7168: 6995: 6975: 6900: 6815: 6780: 6738: 6336: 5913: 5884: 5874: 5361: 5341: 5120: 5095: 4946: 4915: 4905: 4894: 4873: 4389: 4332: 4225: 4171: 4161: 4073: 3537: 3533: 1273: 1238: 1176: 1151: 1146: 4134: 7617: 7319: 7055: 6866: 6462: 6321: 6202: 6138: 5879: 3577: 2584:

Eager to win support, the Bolshevik government decided to merge the Lithuanian and Byelorussian republics into the

2570: 2280: 1606: 1374: 1227: 1141: 1056: 4547: 7627: 7607: 7324: 7060: 6409: 6292: 6143: 6082: 5889: 5869: 5126: 4819:"Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia Under Soviet Occupation: The Development of Socialist Farming, 1939–1941" 4188: 3585: 3522: 3518: 3384: 3372: 3318:

In the summer of 1941, Belarus was occupied by Nazi Germany. A large part of the territory of Belarus became the

2620:, which was created on 26 April. The two parties of the republics were also combined. The republic was headed by 1992: 1801: 1508: 1462: 1248: 1186: 1171: 999: 644: 3158:

On 6 December 1926, the SSRB was once again enlarged, in order to make the republic prosperous and continue the

7360: 7334: 7082: 6980: 6932: 6765: 6693: 6153: 5736: 5292: 5229: 4956:

Smilovitsky, Leonid (1997). "Righteous Gentiles, the Partisans, and Jewish Survival in Belorussia, 1941–1944".

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Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts

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consisted mainly of vegetables, meat (particularly pork), and bread. Foods are usually either slowly cooked or

3468: 3337: 3136: 3105: 3089: 2914: 2401: 2371: 2253: 2225: 2213: 2173: 1987:

in 1990. On 25 August 1991, the Byelorussian SSR declared independence, and on 19 September it was renamed the

1925: 1902: 1726: 1283: 1268: 1217: 6775: 2621: 2573:

between regular armies took place and a front emerged. The operations in Lithuania brought the front close to

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were totally annihilated. Altogether, over 2,000,000 people were killed in Belarus during the three years of

3229: 2958: 2531: 2221: 1898: 1890: 1830: 1816: 1550: 1304: 1222: 1100: 227: 2663:(19 May). As the Litbel lost territory, its powers were quickly stripped by Moscow. For example, on 1 June, 7136: 6835: 6825: 6594: 6399: 6263: 6253: 6092: 5426: 5314: 5209: 4998:"West Ukraine and west Belorussia: Historical tradition, social communication, and linguistic assimilation" 3504: 3441: 2151: 1811: 1766: 1721: 1530: 1525: 1520: 153: 7339: 7181: 7087: 6861: 6455: 6384: 6158: 5700: 5600: 3691: 3273: 3123:. (In fact to avoid being annexed to Poland, at the census of 1920, many chose to be label themselves as 2616:. The Vitebsk and Mogilev governorates were transferred to the Russian SFSR, and were soon joined by the 1901:

of the USSR from 1922 to 1991, with its own legislation from 1990 to 1991. The republic was ruled by the

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In February 1921, the delegations of the Second Polish Republic and the Russian SFSR finally signed the

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The head of government (chairman of the Soviet of People's Commissars) was by now then newly appointed

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Countering this, the Belarusian Central Council reorganised itself as the Belarusian National Council (

1781: 1592: 1309: 806: 778: 82: 2433:

was proclaimed in Smolensk, terminating the Western Commune, and on 7 January, it was moved to Minsk.

7198: 7070: 5498: 5368: 4407: 3545: 3484: 3281: 3006: 2692: 2523: 1694: 7141: 7065: 6698: 6599: 5541: 5285: 5270: 4477: 3761: 3305: 3068:

is clearly evidenced in the national policies. The republic initially had four official languages:

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As the negotiations between the Polish Republic and the Russian Bolshevik government took place in

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However the politics in Moscow took a different course of events, and eventually the accession of

7005: 6510: 6379: 6305: 6109: 5612: 5478: 5436: 5409: 5260: 5202: 3922: 3491: 3182: 3139:

from having any influence on the population (i.e. to avoid another Slutsk uprising), a policy of

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did not break out and the Soviet High Command's 12 January directive was to cease advance on the

2413: 2357: 2169: 2120: 1917: 1776: 916: 6258: 3984:"Языки и графические системы Беларуси в период от Октябрьской революции до Второй мировой войны" 3409:, the Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian SSR declared sovereignty on 27 July 1990 over Soviet laws. 1503: 7223: 7218: 7158: 6609: 6552: 6498: 6493: 6346: 5536: 5440: 4452: 3541: 3065: 2527: 1635: 1535: 764: 363: 6248: 2632: 2079:

in 1917, the term "White Russia" caused some confusion as it became the name of the so-called

1515: 7797: 6733: 6604: 6429: 6341: 6300: 6114: 6010: 5695: 5680: 5670: 5627: 5431: 5404: 5265: 3955: 3120: 2885: 2793: 2564:("borderland") areas of Lithuania, Belarus and western Ukraine, self-organized militias, the 2417: 2338: 2216:. The momentum picked up after the incompetent actions of the 10th Army during the ill-fated 2185: 1945: 1806: 1791: 1669: 1424: 1405: 921: 448: 7506: 7304: 5768: 4936: 4059: 7252: 6985: 6895: 6718: 6646: 6614: 6564: 6559: 6277: 5675: 5622: 5586: 5493: 5414: 5324: 3597: 3254:). Excluding those sentenced in the 1920s–1930s, over 250,000 Belarusians were deported as 2947: 2845: 2699: 2511:, as the newly created Soviet republic had hoped to include Lithuania. On 16 December, the 2434: 2408:

which were stationed there. Simultaneously the Council reorganised the Western Oblast as a

2350: 2297: 2276: 2165: 2076: 1897:(USSR). It existed between 1920 and 1922 as an independent state, and afterwards as one of 1736: 1731: 1711: 1477: 973: 686: 478: 435: 7228: 2131: 8: 7488: 7291: 7015: 6723: 6574: 6527: 6515: 6394: 6373: 6367: 5637: 5632: 5571: 5466: 5387: 5080:

Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Soviet National Languages: Their Past, Present and Future

4377: 4320: 3865: 3784: 3447: 3417: 3380: 3152: 3069: 2625: 2609: 2438: 2261: 2257: 2208: 2103:. Upon the establishment of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1920, the term 1988: 1964: 1870: 1771: 1022: 819: 260: 136: 54: 4689:

The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923, Revised Edition

1572: 7010: 6589: 6579: 6404: 6287: 5729: 5665: 5647: 5524: 5399: 5346: 5302: 5237: 5151: 4731: 3723: 3706: 3687: 3285: 3220: 3214: 3209: 3093: 2728:'s army was pushed into the Arctic. On the diplomatic front, on 11 September 1919, the 2601: 2248: 2217: 2197: 2177: 2140: 2088: 1761: 1467: 1414: 878: 288: 4658: 4636: 4625: 4614: 4603: 4592: 3452: 2880:

A Belarusian caricature showing the division of their country by Poles and Bolsheviks.

2844:. (Vitebsk, Gomel and Mogilev remained part of the RSFSR.) This time the leaders were 2639:(2 March) and crossed the Neman, whilst Lithuanian advances forced the Soviets out of 6917: 6683: 6584: 6389: 5690: 5566: 5373: 5155: 5116: 5091: 5050: 4982: 4942: 4929: 4911: 4890: 4869: 4850: 4735: 4693: 4385: 4328: 4221: 4194: 4167: 4140: 4113: 4069: 3480: 3425: 3406: 3163: 2951: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2597: 2265: 2181: 2083:

that opposed the Red Bolsheviks. During the period of the Byelorussian SSR, the term

1689: 1615: 1472: 631: 490: 7163: 2313:), and started working on establishing governmental institutions, and discarded the 2284: 7500: 6708: 6067: 5752: 5685: 5553: 5143: 5083: 5033: 5012: 4965: 4837: 4833: 4798: 4794: 4773: 4723: 3995: 3828: 3824: 3792: 3101: 2966: 2861: 2733: 2717: 2330:. A cease-fire was quickly agreed and proper peace negotiations began in December. 2240: 1878: 1482: 792: 342: 293: 265: 68: 4785:

Horak, Stephan M. (1974). "Belorussia: Modernization, Human Rights, Nationalism".

3359: 2860:

in September 1920. As a result, the Soviets were not only forced to abandon their

2025:

An ethno-religious theory suggests that the name used to describe the part of old

1928:(BDR) was proclaimed under German occupation; however, as German troops left, the 6750: 6282: 6243: 6104: 5660: 5134:

Zejmis, Jakub (1997). "Belarus in the 1920s: Ambiguities of National Formation".

5047:

An Algebra of Soviet Power: Elite Circulation in the Belorussian Republic 1966-86

4687: 4459: 4439: 4025: 3820: 3751: 3735: 3509:

On the international stage, Byelorussia (along with Ukraine) was one of only two

3476: 3464: 3461: 3313: 3194: 3185:, bringing its laws in tie with those of the USSR and changing the name from the 3132: 3077: 3014: 2939: 2876: 2865: 2814: 2777: 2672: 2652: 2275:. During the autumn of 1917 and winter of 1918, the Western Oblast was headed by 2157: 1674: 1577: 351: 345: 283: 147: 4513: 4453:Рэпрэсіі супраць беларускай iнтэлiгенцыi і сялянства ў 1930—1940 гады. Лекцыя 2. 4000: 3983: 3379:

After World War II, the Byelorussian SSR was given a seat in the United Nations

3064:

Trotsky's plan for the SSRB to act as a future magnet for the minorities in the

2507:

was not limited to Byelorussia; Soviet forces similarly moved to the north into

2404:

ordered the creation of the Western Defence region in the Western Oblast out of

2356:

Faced with the German demands, the Bolsheviks accepted their terms at the final

7476: 7123: 6688: 6424: 6419: 5757: 5255: 5175: 5112: 4472: 4384:(in Lithuanian). Vol. II. Chicago: Dr. Griniaus fondas. pp. 355–359. 4065: 3756: 3739: 3715: 3702: 3650: 3364: 3296:. The annexation was internationally recognized after the end of World War II. 3198: 3109: 2934: 2849: 2757: 2644: 2640: 2481:

on 21 January, and Baranovichi on 6 February 1919, thereby enlarging the SSRB.

2405: 2334: 2233: 2161: 2080: 2069: 2049: 2038: 1786: 1597: 1039: 911: 404: 392: 5147: 5037: 5016: 4777: 4727: 3959: 2997: 7776: 7758: 7745: 7203: 6957: 6713: 6624: 6503: 6434: 6268: 4979:

The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999

4109:

Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism

3613: 3341: 3259: 3140: 3085: 2978: 2725: 2361: 2327: 2065: 2017: 1796: 1659: 1587: 1540: 1324: 704: 360: 339: 322: 306: 5181: 3456:

The Supreme Soviet of Byelorussia met for its legislative sessions in Minsk.

3288:

were incorporated into the Belarusian SSR, with an exception of the city of

2052:, and the Russian Tsar was usually styled "the Tsar of All the Russias", as 7433: 7376: 7329: 7208: 7097: 7077: 6619: 6148: 6045: 6033: 4969: 4744:

Struggle over Identity: The Official and the Alternative "Belarussianness"

4442:: з І. Кузьняцовым гутарыць Руслан Равяка // Наша Ніва, 3 кастрычніка 1999. 3836: 3514: 3345: 3329: 3277: 2962: 2957:

On the other hand, the region's strategic role decided its fate, as a full

2895: 2785: 2737: 2574: 2469: 2366: 2189: 2061: 2044:

The latter part similar but spelled and stressed differently from Росси́я (

1976: 1972: 1894: 1253: 1079: 1016: 926: 204: 5087: 4327:(in Lithuanian). Vol. II. Chicago: Dr. Griniaus fondas. p. 315. 3832: 2526:

and continuing conquest of Byelorussia were threatened by the rise of the

2111:, the republic was renamed to the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. 2096: 7438: 6937: 6922: 6569: 6197: 5617: 5510: 4864:

Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas C.J. (1994).

4758:

The Minsk Ghetto 1941–1943: Jewish Resistance and Soviet Internationalism

3619: 3607: 3569: 3401: 3238: 3128: 3116: 2899: 2546: 2535: 2445: 2386: 2271: 2204: 2193: 1921: 1716: 1706: 1356: 1315: 1293: 895: 318: 2437:

emerged as head of the All-Byelorussian Central Executive Committee and

1944:, which ceased to exist as a result of the Polish occupation during the 6447: 5250: 3625: 2903: 2764:

in return for a promise to force out communists in right-bank Ukraine.

2425:

dominated by Russian and Jewish parties sympathetic to the communists.

2244: 1933: 1679: 1557: 2631:

In March 1919, Polish units opened an offensive: forces under General

7293: 6478: 6187: 6050: 4847:'Our Glorious Past': Lukashenka's Belarus and the Great Patriotic War 3513:

to be separate members of the United Nations. Both republics and the

3293: 3058: 2721: 2668: 2539: 2508: 2489: 1567: 1369: 848: 4568: 4190:

Understanding Belarus and How Western Foreign Policy Misses the Mark

2965:

and his supporters within the Soviet leadership still supported its

175:

Dzyarzhawny himn Byelaruskay Savyetskay Satsyyalistychnay Respubliki

6639: 5194: 4217:

Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, Volume 4

3675: 3634: 3171: 3124: 3081: 3061:. Only 25 towns and cities and an additional 49 urban settlements. 2825: 2684: 2676: 2660: 2465: 2346: 2026: 1741: 1439: 4432: 3711: 3490:

Belarus is the legal successor of the Byelorussian SSR and in its

7443: 6952: 6233: 6192: 5225: 3839:, were annexed in 1939 from Poland to Byelorussia, but passed to 3670: 3665: 3573: 3421: 3289: 3073: 3046: 3034: 3022: 3018: 2925: 2829: 2802: 2745: 2713: 2703:

landowners, and Polish being introduced as an official language.

2680: 2516: 2461: 2449: 1419: 1363: 1320: 844: 618: 313: 4423:Гісторыя Беларусі (у кантэксьце сусьветных цывілізацыяў) p. 370. 2554:, Soviet forces faced Poland as a competing power in the region. 2468:. On 30 January, the republic announced its separation from the 2444:

The new Soviet republic initially consisted of seven districts:

7808:

Countries and territories where Russian is an official language

6728: 6520: 6002: 3727: 3660: 3549: 3420:. On 8 December 1991 it was a signatory, along with Russia and 3349: 3340:(about 90 percent of the Jewish population) were killed during 3336:, and killing hundreds of thousands of civilians more. 800,000 3174:. This increased the area to 126,300 square kilometres and the 3144: 3050: 3010: 2961:

within the negotiations upon forming the future state. For one

2907: 2841: 2833: 2749: 2744:

recognition of the Lithuanian state. Similar negotiations with

2656: 2648: 2636: 2578: 2552:

1918–1919 winter conquest of Byelorussia, Ukraine and Lithuania

2457: 2100: 1979:. Towards the final years of the Soviet Union's existence, the 856: 852: 2655:

in April 1919, forced Litbel to evacuate the capital first to

1971:. Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by 7536: 6942: 6912: 5798: 5245: 4934: 3655: 3645: 3367:(right) served as Soviet foreign minister (1957–1985) and as 3255: 3167: 3104:; in fact, between 1928 and 1930, the first secretary of the 3054: 3042: 3038: 3030: 2837: 2821: 2806: 2593: 2560: 2478: 2453: 2034: 1232: 247: 5024:

Szporluk, Roman (1967). "The press in Belorussia, 1955–65".

4866:

Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires

3528:

Apart from the UN, the Byelorussian SSR was a member of the

2390:

The initial and provisional borders of the SSRB (dark green)

168:Дзяржаўны гімн Беларускай Савецкай Сацыялiстычнай Рэспублiкi 6927: 6851: 6793: 4044:

Webster's Encyclopedia of Dictionaries New American Edition

3332:

imposed a brutal regime, deporting some 380,000 people for

3247: 3243: 2891: 2798: 2683:(the last Lithuanian town held by Litbel) and the same day 2416:. Two days later, it transformed the Defence region into a 2135:

A 2019 stamp dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the BSSR

1278: 1243: 1106: 4094:

About the Origins of the Names of White and Black Ruthenia

3600:, the population of the republic were made up as follows: 3135:

and also to prevent the nationalist element of the exiled

3731: 3096:

programmes. In 1924 the government created a committee –

2160:, the territories of modern-day Belarus were part of the 4301: 4193:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 41. 3879: 2772: 4751:

Becoming Soviet Jews: The Bolshevik Experiment in Minsk

4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4239: 4237: 4926:

The Rise and Fall of Belarusian Nationalism, 1906–1931

3927:

Belorusskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika

3912:

Byelaruskaya Savyetskaya Satsyyalistychnaya Respublika

2337:, and on 18 February, hostilities resumed. The German 2033:

that had been populated mostly by early Christianized

179:"Anthem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic" 7460: 7292:

Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their

4588: 4586: 4497: 4495: 3894: 3521:

member with veto powers) with another 2 votes in the

3201:

remained the first secretary of the Communist Party.

2592:) on 28 February 1919. Its capital was proclaimed as 2087:

was embraced as part of a national consciousness. In

2021:. There are several claims to the origin of the name 1942:

Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia

1701:

De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania

751:

Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia

4746:(Budapest: Central European University Press, 2010); 4341: 4280: 4249: 4234: 2530:

after the withdrawal of German forces. However, the

2041:, which was predominantly inhabited by pagan Balts. 1957:

one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union

4421:Грамадска-палітычнае жыццё ў БССР у 1920—1930–я гг. 3783:

1920–1936: Byelorussian Socialist Soviet Republic (

3272:In September 1939, the Soviet Union, following the 3160:

creating of well-defined national territorial units

2291:'s (RSDRP(b)) committee for the Western Oblast and 1920:in March 1918, which ended Russia's involvement in 4583: 4492: 4886:The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine 4863: 3797:Белорусская Социалистическая Советская Республика 3224:The Byelorussian SSR after the invasion of Poland 2801:, in Byelorussia, both of its offensives towards 2736:, sent a note to Lithuania with a proposal for a 2624:and the combined party was headed by nationalist 2499:Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 2176:in August–September 1915 ended with the lands of 2168:more than a century earlier. During the war, the 1959:in December 1922, together with the republics of 1883:Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика 62:Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика 7774: 5065:Belorussia: the making of a nation: a case study 4907:From Da to Yes: Understanding the East Europeans 4163:From Da to Yes: Understanding the East Europeans 4105: 4051: 3389:President of the United Nations Security Council 2586:Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 974:Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 173: 165: 141: 130: 46: 4534: 4403: 4401: 3568:. Byelorussia was excluded separately from the 3356:, almost a quarter of the region's population. 3284:. The former Polish territories referred to as 3181:On 11 April 1927, the republic adopted its new 3292:and its surroundings that were transferred to 2659:(28 April), then to Minsk (28 April), then to 1936:in December, and it was later merged with the 7828:States and territories disestablished in 1941 7783:States and territories disestablished in 1991 7522: 7277: 6463: 6018: 5784: 5210: 5186: 5171:Byelorussia : speeding towards abundance 4935:Silitski, Vitali & Jan Zaprudnik (2010). 4928:(University of Pittsburgh Press; 2014) 436pp 4132: 4040: 3789:Беларуская Сацыялістычная Савецкая Рэспубліка 3558:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 3483:was vested in the unicameral parliament, the 3115:Yet, the titular nation of the SSRB were the 2675:, that same day the capital was evacuated to 1875:Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка 1838: 1057: 60: 48:Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка 4398: 4213: 4023: 4955: 3428:, which replaced the Soviet Union with the 3269:was founded in 1932 and disbanded in 1935. 2091:, under Polish control until World War II, 7833:States and territories established in 1944 7823:States and territories established in 1919 7529: 7515: 7284: 7270: 6470: 6456: 6025: 6011: 5791: 5777: 5217: 5203: 3435: 2712:the Volga, beyond the Ural mountains into 2643:. A final Soviet counter-offensive retook 2192:'s inconclusive thrust around the city of 1845: 1831: 1064: 1050: 197: 5104: 4565:"The tragedy of Khatyn – Genocide policy" 4462:// «Беларускі Калегіюм», 15 чэрвеня 2008. 4057: 3999: 3487:, also dominated by the Communist Party. 3310:Belarusian resistance during World War II 3299: 2724:was checked, whilst in the far north the 541:• Second Soviet republic proclaimed 203:Location of Byelorussia (red) within the 6477: 6169:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 5023: 4995: 4903: 4805: 4713: 4159: 4133:Fishman, Joshua; Garcia, Ofelia (2011). 4090:Аб паходжанні назваў Белая і Чорная Русь 3981: 3710: 3562:World Intellectual Property Organization 3451: 3358: 3219: 3208: 3187:Soviet Socialist Republic of Byelorussia 3053:; all of which contained a total of 100 2996: 2992: 2924: 2875: 2771: 2545: 2488: 2431:Soviet Socialist Republic of Byelorussia 2396:Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia 2385: 2130: 2060:was formed by three parts of Russia—the 1930:Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia 670:207,600 km (80,200 sq mi) 32:Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia 4844: 4816: 4809:Belorussia under Soviet Rule, 1917–1957 4763: 4376: 4370: 4319: 3960:A 1992 cancellation of a 1921 SSRB laws 3191:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. 2987:All-Russian Central Executive Committee 2706: 2679:. On 28 August, Lithuanian forces took 2441:as head of the provisional government. 2287:. Myasnikyan took over as chair of the 2196:in the summer of that year, during the 2095:became commonly used in the regions of 1911:White Russian Soviet Socialist Republic 143:Pralyetaryi wsikh krain, yadnaytsyesya! 14: 7788:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 7775: 6273:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 5298:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 5133: 5077: 4976: 4882: 4410:1st edition, Volume 5, p.378-413, 1927 2289:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 2116:Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR 1981:Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR 1859:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 1009:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 43:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 7510: 7265: 6451: 6239:1949 East German State Railway strike 6211:World Federation of Democratic Youth 6006: 5772: 5198: 5185: 5082:. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 37–56. 5072:A bibliographical guide to Belorussia 5044: 4981:(1 ed.). Yale University Press. 4784: 4685: 4364: 4307: 4295: 4274: 4243: 4186: 4106:Philip G. Roeder (15 December 2011). 3854:Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 3554:International Telecommunication Union 2920: 2730:People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs 2321: 207:(red and white) between 1956 and 1991 6110:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 5224: 4512:. SMC "Khatyn". 2005. Archived from 4166:. Intercultural Press. p. 260. 3582:World Federation of Democratic Youth 3498: 3280:, occupied eastern Poland after the 3166:were added, including the cities of 2792:In April 1920, Poland initiated its 2513:Lithuanian Socialist Soviet Republic 2279:as the head of the Western Oblast's 1938:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic 1932:was established in its place by the 1380:World Federation of Democratic Youth 18:Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic 5108:Belarus: At A Crossroads In History 4977:Snyder, Timothy (1 December 2004). 4187:Ioffe, Grigory (25 February 2008). 4061:Belarus: At A Crossroads In History 3473:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 2200:further south, in western Ukraine. 643:• Internationally recognized ( 24: 6332:Sovietization of the Baltic states 4707: 4567:. SMC Khatyn. 2005. Archived from 4537:"Belarus: A Partisan Reality Show" 4433:600 000 ахвяраў — прыблізная лічба 4413: 3566:International Atomic Energy Agency 3430:Commonwealth of Independent States 3213:The Byelorussian SSR prior to the 3204: 2972:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 2871: 1454:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 25: 7844: 7813:1941 disestablishments in Belarus 6203:World Federation of Trade Unions 5511:Union State of Russia and Belarus 5163: 3982:Кожинова, Алла Андреевна (2017). 3538:International Labour Organization 2671:. When on 8 August Polish forces 2188:in late spring 1916, and General 2048:), first rose in the days of the 132:Пралетарыі ўсіх краін, яднайцеся! 27:Soviet republic from 1920 to 1991 7494: 7482: 7470: 7359: 7303: 6420:January 1991 events in Lithuania 6078:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 6032: 4686:Pipes, Richard (25 April 1997). 3578:World Federation of Trade Unions 2848:(head of Minsk's milrevcom) and 2767: 2281:Military Revolutionary Committee 1991:. The Soviet Union was formally 1985:Declaration of State Sovereignty 1375:World Federation of Trade Unions 1088: 1033: 824: 799: 785: 771: 757: 743: 236:Union Republic with priority of 184: 108: 92: 6144:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 4812:. University Press of Kentucky. 4679: 4663: 4652: 4641: 4630: 4619: 4608: 4597: 4557: 4528: 4465: 4445: 4426: 4382:Naujųjų laikų Lietuvos istorija 4325:Naujųjų laikų Lietuvos istorija 4313: 4207: 4180: 4153: 4126: 4099: 4082: 4034: 4017: 3948: 3931: 3591: 3586:International Olympic Committee 3373:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 3348:). More than 600 villages like 2929:BSSR between the two World Wars 2910:handed over to the Bolsheviks. 645:dissolution of the Soviet Union 504:Congress of Soviets (1920–1938) 7818:1944 establishments in Belarus 6976:Azerbaijan People's Government 5293:Belarusian Democratic Republic 5276:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 5049:. Cambridge University Press. 4958:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4838:10.1080/00085006.1985.11091799 4799:10.1080/00085006.1974.11091370 4760:(U of California Press, 2008). 4112:. Princeton University Press. 4088:Язэп Юхо (Joseph Juho) (1956) 4008: 3975: 3916: 3901: 3859: 3846: 3813: 3804: 3774: 3722:Whilst part of the Union, the 3530:UN Economic and Social Council 3469:Communist Party of Byelorussia 3460:Until 1990, Byelorussia was a 3394: 3162:. This time, parts of RSFSR's 3137:Belarusian Democratic Republic 3106:Communist Party of Byelorussia 3005:According to its entry in the 2915:Belarusian Democratic Republic 2402:Revolutionary Military Council 2372:Belarusian Democratic Republic 2214:Russian Provisional Government 1998: 1926:Belarusian Democratic Republic 1903:Communist Party of Byelorussia 968:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 594:, partial cancellation of the 13: 1: 7538:Republics of the Soviet Union 6425:January 1991 events in Latvia 6415:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 6164:Socialist Republic of Romania 6139:People's Republic of Bulgaria 6131:People's Republic of Albania 6100:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 5800:Republics of the Soviet Union 5472:Presidential Security Service 5308:Annexation of Western Belarus 5070:Vakar, Nicholas Platonovich. 5063:Vakar, Nicholas Platonovich. 4849:. Columbia University Press. 3968: 3511:republics of the Soviet Union 3485:Supreme Soviet of Byelorussia 3414:failure of the coup in Moscow 3412:On 25 August 1991, after the 3242:, special commissions of the 3230:Soviet repressions in Belarus 3228:The 1930s marked the peak of 2283:, who passed this duty on to 2226:Christian democratic movement 2222:Belarusian Socialist Assembly 1899:fifteen constituent republics 1817:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 607:• Independence declared 566:Annexation of Western Belarus 7729:Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR 6410:Collapse of the Soviet Union 6400:Fall of communism in Albania 5991:Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR 5457:Ministry of Internal Affairs 4692:. Harvard University Press. 4535:Vitali Silitski (May 2005). 3505:Foreign relations of Belarus 3442:Politics of the Soviet Union 3391:from January–February 1975. 3090:Jewish population of Belarus 3080:, despite the fact that the 2566:Samoobrona Litwy i Białorusi 2145: 1812:Fall of communism in Albania 1767:Polish Round Table Agreement 1722:Cuban intervention in Angola 1000:Belarusian People's Republic 154:Workers of the world, unite! 30:Not to be confused with the 7: 7016:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad 6385:End of communism in Hungary 6154:Hungarian People's Republic 5420:Central Election Commission 4889:. Oxford University Press. 4139:. Oxford University Press. 4001:10.13128/Studi_Slavis-21942 3895: 3880: 3745: 3692:Culture of the Soviet Union 2622:Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas 2381: 2256:, which unified the Vilna, 2164:, which it gained from the 1200:Allied and satellite states 220:Nominally independent state 174: 142: 10: 7849: 7803:Former socialist republics 6149:German Democratic Republic 5045:Urban, Michael E. (1989). 4817:Marples, David R. (1985). 4716:European Review of History 4220:. Routledge. p. 183. 3700: 3696: 3685: 3681: 3502: 3445: 3439: 3324:Reichskommissariat Ostland 3303: 3267:Polish Autonomous District 2981:saw a new policy adopted: 2883: 2858:Battle of the Niemen River 2596:, with five governorates: 2496: 2400:On 11 September 1918, the 2393: 2230:General Jewish Labour Bund 2149: 2138: 2126: 807:Reichskommissariat Ukraine 779:Reichskommissariat Ostland 29: 7697: 7674: 7636: 7595: 7552: 7545: 7429: 7410: 7368: 7357: 7310: 7301: 7250: 7111: 7043: 6968: 6875: 6844: 6758: 6747: 6676: 6655: 6486: 6360: 6337:Information dissemination 6314: 6264:1956 Hungarian Revolution 6254:1953 East German uprising 6222: 6180: 6123: 6060: 6040: 5959: 5936: 5898: 5857: 5814: 5807: 5723: 5646: 5608: 5599: 5532: 5523: 5395: 5386: 5332: 5323: 5236: 5192: 5187:Links to related articles 5148:10.1080/00905999708408501 5038:10.1080/09668136708410553 5017:10.1080/09668137908411225 4778:10.1080/09668137708411105 4728:10.1080/13507480801931044 4408:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 4027:Art of Soviet Byelorussia 3887: 3869: 3796: 3788: 3641:The largest cities were: 3584:. In 1949, it joined the 3546:World Health Organization 3399:In its last years during 3007:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 2809:were thrown back in May. 2716:. In the autumn of 1919, 2515:(LSSR) was proclaimed in 2484: 2114:On 19 September 1991 the 2011:), derives from the term 2008: 1882: 1874: 1737:1984 Los Angeles Olympics 840: 722: 711: 700: 696: 683: 679: 674: 664: 659: 655: 641: 628: 615: 605: 596:Soviet form of government 588: 575: 562: 549: 539: 525: 521: 513: 500: 496: 484: 474:• 1920–1924 (first) 472: 468: 458: 454: 442: 430:• 1920–1937 (first) 428: 424: 414: 410: 398: 388:• 1920–1923 (first) 386: 382: 372: 328: 312: 302: 276:Recognised languages 274: 253: 243: 212: 196: 166: 160: 131: 126: 88: 78: 61: 47: 41: 6322:Emigration and defection 6159:Polish People's Republic 5452:State Security Committee 5400:Administrative divisions 5271:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 4996:Szporluk, Roman (1979). 4826:Canadian Slavonic Papers 4787:Canadian Slavonic Papers 4478:European Jewish Congress 3767: 3762:Russification of Belarus 3320:General District Belarus 3306:The Holocaust in Belarus 2983:Socialism in One Country 2505:western winter offensive 2152:Western Oblast (1917–18) 2109:1936 Soviet Constitution 2031:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1558:Czechoslovakia 1976–1990 932:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 553:Admitted to Soviet Union 486:• 1990–1991 (last) 400:• 1988–1990 (last) 238:Byelorussian legislation 7026:North Korea (1947–1948) 7021:North Korea (1946–1947) 6380:Fall of the Berlin Wall 6306:1981 protests in Kosovo 6244:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 5577:International sanctions 5261:Principality of Polotsk 5105:Zaprudnik, Jan (1993). 4910:. Intercultural Press. 4904:Richmond, Yale (1995). 4883:Plokhy, Serhii (2001). 4845:Marples, David (2014). 4806:Lubachko, Ivan (1972). 4670:Constitution of Belarus 4160:Richmond, Yale (1995). 4058:Zaprudnik, Jan (1993). 3436:Politics and government 3282:1939 invasion of Poland 3274:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2760:in Ukraine to exchange 2414:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2358:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2121:Constitution of Belarus 1918:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1905:. Other names included 1802:End of the Soviet Union 1777:Fall of the Berlin Wall 1337: (until 1948) 1312: (until 1977) 1301: (until 1989) 1235: (until 1961) 1214: (until 1961) 950:Early elective monarchy 917:Principality of Polotsk 254:Official languages 6748:Current and historical 5656:Awards and decorations 4924:Rudling, Pers Anders. 4458:3 October 2011 at the 3724:cuisine of Byelorussia 3719: 3542:Universal Postal Union 3471:, a branch within the 3457: 3376: 3300:Nazi German occupation 3225: 3217: 3066:Second Polish Republic 3002: 2930: 2881: 2789: 2555: 2528:Second Polish Republic 2494: 2420:. It began an initial 2391: 2136: 1491:Protests and uprisings 765:Second Polish Republic 364:parliamentary republic 6430:Breakup of Yugoslavia 5266:Principality of Turov 5088:10.1515/9783110864380 4938:The A to Z of Belarus 4438:11 March 2012 at the 4214:Andrew Ryder (1998). 4024:L. N. Drobaŭ (1971). 3956:Soviet historiography 3714: 3588:as a Union Republic. 3455: 3362: 3223: 3212: 3127:.). To appeal to the 3000: 2993:SSRB in the mid-1920s 2928: 2886:Slutsk Defence Action 2879: 2775: 2635:captured the city of 2549: 2492: 2389: 2339:Operation Faustschlag 2186:Lake Naroch offensive 2134: 1995:on 26 December 1991. 1807:Post-Soviet conflicts 1792:Breakup of Yugoslavia 1695:Albanian–Soviet split 1406:Anti-Soviet partisans 1349:Related organizations 922:Principality of Turov 529:First Soviet republic 449:Stanislav Shushkevich 34:that existed in 1919. 7793:Communism in Belarus 7253:History of socialism 6278:1970 Polish protests 6259:1956 Poznań protests 6124:Soviet-allied states 5711:World Heritage Sites 5136:Nationalities Papers 4970:10.1093/hgs/11.3.301 3603:Ethnicities (1959): 2948:Alexander Chervyakov 2846:Aleksandr Chervyakov 2780:were lost after the 2707:Pawn on a chessboard 2532:conflict with Poland 2524:Lithuanian operation 2472:and renaming as the 2435:Aleksandr Myasnikyan 2351:Smolensk Governorate 2302:as the chair of the 2277:Aleksandr Myasnikyan 2166:Partitions of Poland 2081:White military force 2077:Bolshevik Revolution 1940:in 1919 to form the 1787:Barricades in Latvia 1732:1980 Moscow Olympics 1712:Cuban Missile Crisis 592:Sovereignty declared 479:Alexander Chervyakov 436:Alexander Chervyakov 7759:54.0000°N 29.0000°E 7755: / 7698:Non-union republics 7688:Transcaucasian SFSR 7189:Estonia (1918–1919) 7083:Hungary (1949–1989) 6395:Romanian revolution 6368:Revolutions of 1989 6249:1953 Plzeň uprising 5960:Non-union republics 5950:Transcaucasian SFSR 5315:Republic of Belarus 5074:(Harvard UP, 1956). 5067:(Harvard UP, 1956). 4941:. Scarecrow Press. 4868:. Greenwood Press. 4753:(Indiana UP, 2013). 4571:on 25 February 2020 4553:on 13 October 2006. 4546:: 5. Archived from 4516:on 26 December 2018 4310:, pp. 151–152. 3718:, the national dish 3448:Politics of Belarus 3418:Republic of Belarus 3153:New Economic Policy 2687:fell to the Poles. 2633:Stanisław Szeptycki 2626:Zmicier Zhylunovich 2439:Zmicier Zhylunovich 2209:February Revolution 1989:Republic of Belarus 1772:Revolutions of 1989 1023:Republic of Belarus 820:Republic of Belarus 619:Republic of Belarus 444:• 1991 (last) 7682:Karelo-Finnish SSR 7154:Byelorussia (1919) 6405:Singing Revolution 6288:June 1976 protests 6073:Soviet occupations 5944:Karelo-Finnish SSR 5562:Telecommunications 5357:Biosphere Reserves 5303:Western Belorussia 4756:Epstein, Barbara. 4749:Bemporad, Elissa. 4544:Transitions Online 4041:Webster's (1978). 3819:Some parts, e.g., 3780:Historical names: 3720: 3707:Belarusian cuisine 3688:Culture of Belarus 3598:1959 Soviet Census 3467:, governed by the 3465:socialist republic 3458: 3377: 3226: 3218: 3215:invasion of Poland 3176:1926 Soviet census 3094:affirmative action 3003: 2931: 2921:Early Soviet years 2882: 2790: 2732:of Soviet Russia, 2581:in February 1919. 2556: 2495: 2392: 2322:German involvement 2249:October Revolution 2218:Kerensky offensive 2203:The abdication of 2198:Brusilov offensive 2178:Grodno Governorate 2141:History of Belarus 2137: 1762:Singing Revolution 1536:Novocherkassk 1962 1040:Belarus portal 956:Deluge and decline 460:Head of government 352:socialist republic 7738: 7737: 7670: 7669: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7451: 7259: 7258: 7246: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7039: 7038: 6781:Congo-Brazzaville 6677:Regional variants 6445: 6444: 6390:Velvet Revolution 6352:Telephone tapping 6326:list of defectors 6115:Tito–Stalin split 6000: 5999: 5932: 5931: 5766: 5765: 5719: 5718: 5595: 5594: 5519: 5518: 5489:Political parties 5427:Foreign relations 5382: 5381: 4699:978-0-674-41764-9 4506:"Genocide policy" 4200:978-0-7425-5558-7 4146:978-0-19-983799-1 4119:978-0-691-13467-3 3937:Sometimes called 3893: 3878: 3596:According to the 3499:Foreign relations 3481:Legislative power 3426:Belovezha Accords 3407:Mikhail Gorbachev 3354:German occupation 3262:in the republic. 3164:Gomel Governorate 3121:Polish–Soviet War 2952:Central Committee 2693:military conflict 2618:Gomel Governorate 2569:14 February, the 2293:Moses Kalmanovich 2182:Vilna Governorate 2029:lands within the 1946:Polish–Soviet War 1885:), also known as 1855: 1854: 1690:Sino-Soviet split 1670:Tito–Stalin split 1665:Czechoslovak coup 1643: 1642: 1583:Ukraine 1989–1991 1521:East Germany 1953 1463:Soviet occupation 1074: 1073: 862: 861: 836: 835: 832: 831: 812: 811: 632:Belovezha Accords 624:19 September 1991 491:Vyacheslav Kebich 189: 83:German occupation 16:(Redirected from 7840: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7765: 7764:54.0000; 29.0000 7760: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7751: 7748: 7596:Former parts of 7572:Byelorussian SSR 7550: 7549: 7531: 7524: 7517: 7508: 7507: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7487: 7486: 7485: 7475: 7474: 7473: 7466: 7363: 7307: 7286: 7279: 7272: 7263: 7262: 7109: 7108: 6966: 6965: 6756: 6755: 6751:socialist states 6630:African-American 6472: 6465: 6458: 6449: 6448: 6234:Goryani Movement 6214: 6206: 6172: 6134: 6068:Yalta Conference 6027: 6020: 6013: 6004: 6003: 5858:Former parts of 5834:Byelorussian SSR 5812: 5811: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5770: 5769: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5701:National symbols 5661:Belarusian names 5606: 5605: 5557: 5530: 5529: 5393: 5392: 5330: 5329: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5196: 5195: 5183: 5182: 5159: 5130: 5125:. Archived from 5101: 5060: 5041: 5020: 5002: 4992: 4973: 4952: 4921: 4900: 4879: 4860: 4841: 4823: 4813: 4802: 4781: 4739: 4703: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4656: 4650: 4645: 4639: 4634: 4628: 4623: 4617: 4612: 4606: 4601: 4595: 4590: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4541: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4503: 4499: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4469: 4463: 4451:Ігар Кузьняцоў. 4449: 4443: 4430: 4424: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4396: 4395: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4339: 4338: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4278: 4272: 4247: 4241: 4232: 4231: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4103: 4097: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4021: 4015: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 3988:Studi Slavistici 3979: 3962: 3952: 3946: 3935: 3929: 3920: 3914: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896:Belorusskaya SSR 3892:romanized: 3891: 3889: 3883: 3881:Byelaruskaya SSR 3873: 3871: 3863: 3857: 3850: 3844: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3778: 3523:General Assembly 3519:Security Council 3385:General Assembly 3381:General Assembly 3102:Second World War 2967:World Revolution 2862:World Revolution 2854:Battle of Warsaw 2734:Georgy Chicherin 2718:Nikolai Yudenich 2474:Soviet Socialist 2422:advance westward 2301: 2207:in light of the 2037:, as opposed to 2010: 1955:The BSSR became 1884: 1876: 1867:Byelorussian SSR 1847: 1840: 1833: 1756: 1703: 1654: 1499:Poland 1944–1989 1483:Operation Jungle 1402: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1350: 1201: 1111: 1109: 1103: 1092: 1091: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1066: 1059: 1052: 1038: 1037: 1036: 962:Three partitions 882: 864: 863: 828: 827: 816: 815: 803: 802: 793:Bezirk Bialystok 789: 788: 775: 774: 761: 760: 747: 746: 740: 739: 724: 723: 651:26 December 1991 637:10 December 1991 571:15 November 1939 558:30 December 1922 438: 343:Marxist-Leninist 277: 201: 191: 190: 177: 171: 170: 145: 134: 133: 112: 96: 73: 72: 64: 63: 58: 50: 49: 39: 38: 21: 7848: 7847: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7773: 7772: 7763: 7761: 7757: 7754: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7734: 7693: 7666: 7632: 7597: 7591: 7541: 7535: 7505: 7495: 7493: 7483: 7481: 7471: 7469: 7461: 7459: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7425: 7422: 7406: 7403: 7364: 7355: 7352: 7308: 7297: 7290: 7260: 7255: 7238: 7219:Slovakia (1919) 7119:Alsace-Lorraine 7107: 7035: 6964: 6871: 6840: 6749: 6743: 6672: 6651: 6482: 6476: 6446: 6441: 6356: 6310: 6297:Soviet reaction 6283:Croatian Spring 6227: 6225: 6218: 6212: 6204: 6176: 6170: 6132: 6119: 6105:Berlin Blockade 6056: 6055: 6036: 6031: 6001: 5996: 5955: 5928: 5894: 5859: 5853: 5803: 5797: 5767: 5762: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5728: 5715: 5706:Public holidays 5642: 5591: 5555: 5515: 5462:Internal Troops 5447:Law enforcement 5378: 5352:Protected areas 5319: 5232: 5223: 5188: 5166: 5123: 5098: 5057: 5000: 4989: 4949: 4918: 4897: 4876: 4857: 4821: 4710: 4708:Further reading 4700: 4682: 4677: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4550: 4539: 4533: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4460:Wayback Machine 4450: 4446: 4440:Wayback Machine 4431: 4427: 4418: 4414: 4406: 4399: 4392: 4378:Čepėnas, Pranas 4375: 4371: 4363: 4342: 4335: 4321:Čepėnas, Pranas 4318: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4281: 4273: 4250: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4104: 4100: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4056: 4052: 4039: 4035: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4009: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3965: 3953: 3949: 3936: 3932: 3921: 3917: 3906: 3902: 3888:Белорусская ССР 3885: 3864: 3860: 3851: 3847: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3752:Captive Nations 3748: 3709: 3701:Main articles: 3699: 3694: 3686:Main articles: 3684: 3631:Jews – about 1% 3594: 3507: 3501: 3477:Executive power 3450: 3444: 3438: 3397: 3338:Belarusian Jews 3316: 3314:Khatyn massacre 3302: 3207: 3205:Stalinist years 3195:Nikolay Goloded 3133:Western Belarus 2995: 2940:Western Belarus 2923: 2898:element out of 2888: 2874: 2872:Slutsk uprising 2866:Western Belarus 2815:Hayk Bzhishkyan 2794:major offensive 2778:Western Belarus 2770: 2709: 2700:Józef Piłsudski 2653:Vilna offensive 2501: 2487: 2410:Western Commune 2398: 2384: 2345:to evacuate to 2324: 2295: 2158:First World War 2154: 2148: 2143: 2129: 2089:western Belarus 2001: 1851: 1822: 1821: 1757: 1754: 1747: 1746: 1699: 1675:Berlin Blockade 1655: 1653:Cold War events 1652: 1645: 1644: 1568:Kazakhstan 1986 1399: 1394: 1392: 1385: 1384: 1351: 1348: 1341: 1340: 1202: 1199: 1192: 1191: 1112: 1107: 1101: 1099: 1089: 1080: 1070: 1034: 1032: 1013: 1011: 1004: 1002: 995: 976: 880: 873: 855: 851: 847: 825: 800: 786: 772: 758: 744: 689: 667: 648: 634: 621: 617:• Renamed 608: 598: 584:24 October 1945 581: 568: 555: 542: 532: 505: 487: 475: 445: 434: 431: 401: 389: 374:First Secretary 368: 359: 338: 298: 275: 270: 235: 230: 226: 221: 219: 208: 192: 185: 182: 180: 178: 172: 151: 148:transliteration 140: 122: 121: 120: 118: 113: 105: 104: 102: 97: 80: 74: 66: 59: 52: 45: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7846: 7836: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7726: 7720: 7714: 7708: 7701: 7699: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7691: 7685: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7657:Lithuanian SSR 7654: 7649: 7643: 7641: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7604: 7602: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7567:Azerbaijan SSR 7564: 7558: 7556: 7547: 7543: 7542: 7534: 7533: 7526: 7519: 7511: 7504: 7503: 7491: 7479: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7423: 7417: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7404: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7325:Czechoslovakia 7322: 7317: 7311: 7309: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7289: 7288: 7281: 7274: 7266: 7257: 7256: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7199:Hungary (1919) 7196: 7191: 7186: 7185: 7184: 7179: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7139: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7115: 7113: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7068: 7066:Czech Republic 7061:Czechoslovakia 7058: 7053: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 7001:Inner Mongolia 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6981:East Turkestan 6978: 6972: 6970: 6963: 6962: 6961: 6960: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6890: 6885: 6879: 6877: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6762: 6760: 6753: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6670: 6665: 6663:United Kingdom 6659: 6657: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6622: 6620:United Kingdom 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6530: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6513: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6496: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6483: 6475: 6474: 6467: 6460: 6452: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6370: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6308: 6303: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6230: 6228: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6208: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6070: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6030: 6029: 6022: 6015: 6007: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5976: 5970: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5953: 5947: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5919:Lithuanian SSR 5916: 5911: 5905: 5903: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5866: 5864: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5829:Azerbaijan SSR 5826: 5820: 5818: 5809: 5805: 5804: 5796: 5795: 5788: 5781: 5773: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5748: 5747: 5740: 5733: 5725: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5652: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5582:Stock exchange 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5499:Prime Minister 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5444: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5362:National parks 5359: 5349: 5344: 5342:Extreme points 5339: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5281:Russian Empire 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5222: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5199: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5180: 5179: 5176:Tikhon Kiselev 5165: 5164:External links 5162: 5161: 5160: 5142:(2): 243–254. 5131: 5129:on 2 May 2016. 5121: 5113:Westview Press 5102: 5096: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5056:978-0521372565 5055: 5042: 5032:(4): 482–493. 5026:Soviet Studies 5021: 5005:Soviet Studies 4993: 4988:978-0300105865 4987: 4974: 4964:(3): 301–329. 4953: 4947: 4932: 4922: 4916: 4901: 4895: 4880: 4874: 4861: 4856:978-3838205748 4855: 4842: 4832:(2): 158–177. 4814: 4803: 4793:(3): 403–423. 4782: 4766:Soviet Studies 4761: 4754: 4747: 4742:Bekus, Nelly. 4740: 4722:(2): 113–128. 4709: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4698: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4662: 4651: 4640: 4629: 4618: 4607: 4596: 4582: 4556: 4527: 4491: 4464: 4444: 4425: 4419:В. Ф. Кушнер. 4412: 4397: 4390: 4369: 4367:, p. 153. 4340: 4333: 4312: 4300: 4298:, p. 152. 4279: 4277:, p. 151. 4248: 4246:, p. 150. 4233: 4226: 4206: 4199: 4179: 4172: 4152: 4145: 4125: 4118: 4098: 4081: 4074: 4066:Westview Press 4050: 4033: 4016: 4007: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3947: 3939:Soviet Belarus 3930: 3915: 3900: 3870:Беларуская ССР 3858: 3845: 3812: 3803: 3801: 3800: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3757:Belarusization 3754: 3747: 3744: 3703:Soviet cuisine 3698: 3695: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3639: 3638: 3632: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3593: 3590: 3500: 3497: 3440:Main article: 3437: 3434: 3396: 3393: 3365:Andrei Gromyko 3301: 3298: 3206: 3203: 3199:Vilhelm Knorin 3110:Yakov Gamarnik 2994: 2991: 2959:Union republic 2935:Treaty of Riga 2922: 2919: 2884:Main article: 2873: 2870: 2850:Wilhelm Knorin 2782:Polish victory 2769: 2766: 2758:Symon Petliura 2720:'s advance on 2708: 2705: 2673:captured Minsk 2497:Main article: 2486: 2483: 2406:Curtain forces 2394:Main article: 2383: 2380: 2335:Central Powers 2323: 2320: 2285:Kārlis Landers 2254:Western Oblast 2234:intelligentsia 2162:Russian Empire 2150:Main article: 2147: 2144: 2128: 2125: 2075:Following the 2058:Russian Empire 2050:Russian Empire 2039:Black Ruthenia 2000: 1997: 1950:a peace treaty 1916:Following the 1853: 1852: 1850: 1849: 1842: 1835: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1782:January Events 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1758: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1656: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1593:Lithuania 1991 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1457: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1409: 1408: 1400: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1360: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1332: 1318: 1313: 1307: 1302: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1249:Czechoslovakia 1246: 1241: 1236: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1209: 1203: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1113: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1085: 1084: 1072: 1071: 1069: 1068: 1061: 1054: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1020: 1014: 1007: 1005: 998: 996: 992:Russian Empire 990: 985: 984: 980: 979: 978: 977: 972: 970: 965: 959: 953: 944: 943: 937: 936: 935: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 906: 905: 901: 900: 899: 898: 890: 889: 885: 884: 875: 874: 867: 860: 859: 842: 838: 837: 834: 833: 830: 829: 822: 813: 810: 809: 804: 796: 795: 790: 782: 781: 776: 768: 767: 762: 754: 753: 748: 736: 735: 730: 720: 719: 718:015/016/017/02 713: 709: 708: 702: 698: 697: 694: 693: 690: 684: 681: 680: 677: 676: 672: 671: 668: 665: 662: 661: 657: 656: 653: 652: 649: 642: 639: 638: 635: 629: 626: 625: 622: 616: 613: 612: 611:25 August 1991 609: 606: 603: 602: 599: 589: 586: 585: 582: 576: 573: 572: 569: 563: 560: 559: 556: 550: 547: 546: 543: 540: 537: 536: 535:1 January 1919 533: 526: 523: 522: 519: 518: 515: 511: 510: 507:Supreme Soviet 502: 498: 497: 494: 493: 488: 485: 482: 481: 476: 473: 470: 469: 466: 465: 462: 456: 455: 452: 451: 446: 443: 440: 439: 432: 429: 426: 425: 422: 421: 418: 412: 411: 408: 407: 405:Yefrem Sokolov 402: 399: 396: 395: 393:Vilgelm Knorin 390: 387: 384: 383: 380: 379: 376: 370: 369: 367: 366: 354: 332: 330: 326: 325: 316: 310: 309: 304: 300: 299: 297: 296: 291: 286: 280: 278: 272: 271: 269: 268: 263: 257: 255: 251: 250: 245: 241: 240: 228:Union Republic 214: 210: 209: 202: 194: 193: 183: 158: 157: 124: 123: 114: 107: 106: 98: 91: 90: 89: 86: 85: 76: 75: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7845: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7771: 7768: 7730: 7727: 7724: 7721: 7718: 7715: 7712: 7709: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7696: 7689: 7686: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7673: 7663: 7662:Moldavian SSR 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7640: 7635: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7594: 7588: 7587:Ukrainian SSR 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7551: 7548: 7544: 7539: 7532: 7527: 7525: 7520: 7518: 7513: 7512: 7509: 7502: 7492: 7490: 7480: 7478: 7468: 7467: 7464: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7409: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7373:Soviet Russia 7371: 7370: 7367: 7362: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7295: 7287: 7282: 7280: 7275: 7273: 7268: 7267: 7264: 7254: 7249: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7169:Crimea (1919) 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7032: 7031:South Vietnam 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6967: 6959: 6958:North Vietnam 6956: 6955: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6874: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6843: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6746: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6668:United States 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6625:United States 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6505: 6504:New Australia 6502: 6501: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6480: 6473: 6468: 6466: 6461: 6459: 6454: 6453: 6450: 6436: 6435:Yugoslav Wars 6433: 6432: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6269:Prague Spring 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6221: 6215: 6209: 6207: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6181:Organizations 6179: 6173: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6083:Baltic states 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6028: 6023: 6021: 6016: 6014: 6009: 6008: 6005: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5925: 5924:Moldavian SSR 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5856: 5850: 5849:Ukrainian SSR 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5801: 5794: 5789: 5787: 5782: 5780: 5775: 5774: 5771: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5734: 5731: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5286:Russification 5284: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5220: 5215: 5213: 5208: 5206: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5122:0-8133-1794-0 5118: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5103: 5099: 5097:9783110864380 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4948:9781461731740 4944: 4940: 4939: 4933: 4931: 4930:online review 4927: 4923: 4919: 4917:1-877864-30-7 4913: 4909: 4908: 4902: 4898: 4896:0-19-924739-0 4892: 4888: 4887: 4881: 4877: 4875:0-313-27497-5 4871: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4711: 4701: 4695: 4691: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4671: 4666: 4660: 4655: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4622: 4616: 4611: 4605: 4600: 4594: 4589: 4587: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4498: 4496: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4468: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4448: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4429: 4422: 4416: 4409: 4404: 4402: 4393: 4391:5-89957-012-1 4387: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4366: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4336: 4334:5-89957-012-1 4330: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4297: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4245: 4240: 4238: 4229: 4227:1-85743-058-1 4223: 4219: 4218: 4210: 4202: 4196: 4192: 4191: 4183: 4175: 4173:1-877864-30-7 4169: 4165: 4164: 4156: 4148: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4129: 4121: 4115: 4111: 4110: 4102: 4095: 4091: 4085: 4077: 4075:0-8133-1794-0 4071: 4068:. p. 2. 4067: 4063: 4062: 4054: 4046: 4045: 4037: 4029: 4028: 4020: 4011: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3974: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3897: 3882: 3876: 3867: 3862: 3855: 3852:Also spelled 3849: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3807: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3693: 3689: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3506: 3496: 3493: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3454: 3449: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3363:Belarus-born 3361: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3342:the Holocaust 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3260:Russification 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3222: 3216: 3211: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3141:Korenizatsiya 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3112:, was a Jew. 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 2999: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2979:Joseph Stalin 2975: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2941: 2936: 2927: 2918: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2878: 2869: 2867: 2864:targets, but 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2768:War continues 2765: 2763: 2759: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2726:Evgeny Miller 2723: 2719: 2715: 2704: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2491: 2482: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2388: 2379: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2362:buffer states 2359: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2328:Brest-Litovsk 2319: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2305: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2174:Western Front 2171: 2170:Great Retreat 2167: 2163: 2159: 2156:Prior to the 2153: 2142: 2133: 2124: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2006: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1965:Transcaucasia 1962: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1825: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1797:Yugoslav Wars 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1751: 1750: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1685:Secret Speech 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1660:Marshall Plan 1658: 1657: 1649: 1648: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1397: 1389: 1388: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1345: 1344: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1325:North Vietnam 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 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691: 688: 682: 678: 673: 669: 663: 658: 654: 650: 646: 640: 636: 633: 627: 623: 620: 614: 610: 604: 600: 597: 593: 587: 583: 580: 579:UN membership 574: 570: 567: 561: 557: 554: 548: 544: 538: 534: 530: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 503: 499: 495: 492: 489: 483: 480: 477: 471: 467: 463: 461: 457: 453: 450: 447: 441: 437: 433: 427: 423: 419: 417: 416:Head of state 413: 409: 406: 403: 397: 394: 391: 385: 381: 377: 375: 371: 365: 362: 358: 355: 353: 350: 347: 344: 341: 337: 334: 333: 331: 327: 324: 320: 317: 315: 311: 308: 307:State atheism 305: 301: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 279: 273: 267: 264: 262: 259: 258: 256: 252: 249: 246: 242: 239: 233: 229: 224: 218: 215: 211: 206: 200: 195: 176: 169: 163: 159: 155: 149: 144: 138: 129: 125: 117: 111: 101: 95: 87: 84: 77: 70: 56: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7798:Eastern Bloc 7740: 7711:Bukharan SSR 7705:SSR Abkhazia 7647:Estonian SSR 7600:Russian SFSR 7582:Russian SFSR 7577:Georgian SSR 7571: 7562:Armenian SSR 7489:Soviet Union 7434:Eastern Bloc 7414: 7377:Soviet Union 7330:East Germany 7129:Baranya–Baja 7098:Soviet Union 7078:East Germany 6776:Burkina Faso 6372: 6046:Soviet Union 6034:Eastern Bloc 5973:Bukharan SSR 5967:SSR Abkhazia 5909:Estonian SSR 5862:Russian SFSR 5844:Russian SFSR 5839:Georgian SSR 5833: 5824:Armenian SSR 5744:Bibliography 5613:Demographics 5547:Central bank 5437:Human rights 5410:Constitution 5297: 5170: 5139: 5135: 5127:the original 5107: 5079: 5071: 5064: 5046: 5029: 5025: 5011:(1): 76–98. 5008: 5004: 4978: 4961: 4957: 4937: 4925: 4906: 4885: 4865: 4846: 4829: 4825: 4808: 4790: 4786: 4772:(1): 37–61. 4769: 4765: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4719: 4715: 4688: 4680:Bibliography 4665: 4654: 4643: 4632: 4621: 4610: 4599: 4573:. Retrieved 4569:the original 4559: 4548:the original 4543: 4530: 4518:. Retrieved 4514:the original 4509: 4502:(in English) 4482:. Retrieved 4476: 4467: 4447: 4428: 4420: 4415: 4381: 4372: 4324: 4315: 4303: 4216: 4209: 4189: 4182: 4162: 4155: 4135: 4128: 4108: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4060: 4053: 4047:. Webster's. 4043: 4036: 4026: 4019: 4010: 3991: 3987: 3977: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3926: 3918: 3911: 3903: 3861: 3853: 3848: 3837:Druskininkai 3815: 3806: 3776: 3721: 3640: 3602: 3595: 3592:Demographics 3527: 3515:Soviet Union 3508: 3492:Constitution 3489: 3459: 3411: 3400: 3398: 3378: 3346:World War II 3334:slave labour 3330:Nazi Germany 3328: 3319: 3317: 3286:West Belarus 3278:Nazi Germany 3271: 3264: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3190: 3186: 3183:Constitution 3180: 3157: 3149: 3114: 3097: 3063: 3004: 2976: 2963:Leon Trotsky 2956: 2944: 2932: 2912: 2896:fifth column 2889: 2819: 2811: 2791: 2786:Nieman River 2754: 2741: 2738:peace treaty 2710: 2697: 2689: 2630: 2589: 2583: 2575:East Prussia 2565: 2559: 2557: 2550:After their 2521: 2502: 2473: 2470:Russian SFSR 2443: 2427: 2418:Western army 2409: 2399: 2376: 2367:Mitteleuropa 2365: 2355: 2342: 2332: 2325: 2314: 2310: 2308: 2303: 2270: 2238: 2202: 2190:Alexei Evert 2180:and most of 2155: 2113: 2104: 2092: 2084: 2074: 2057: 2053: 2045: 2043: 2022: 2016: 2013:Belaya Rus' 2012: 2004: 2002: 1983:adopted the 1977:World War II 1973:Nazi Germany 1954: 1948:. Following 1915: 1910: 1907:White Russia 1906: 1895:Soviet Union 1886: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1856: 1631:to Hong Kong 1626:East Germany 1578:Tbilisi 1989 1563:Romania 1977 1531:Hungary 1956 1526:Georgia 1956 1362: 1355: 1254:East Germany 1126: 1081:Eastern Bloc 1017:West Belarus 1008: 941:Early Modern 927:Golden Horde 733:Succeeded by 732: 727: 712:Calling code 666:• Total 601:27 July 1990 545:31 July 1920 356: 349:Soviet-style 335: 319:Byelorussian 231: 222: 216: 205:Soviet Union 161: 128:Motto: 127: 116:State emblem 36: 7762: / 7731:(1990–1991) 7725:(1990–1991) 7723:Abkhaz ASSR 7719:(1920–1924) 7717:Khorezm SSR 7713:(1920–1924) 7707:(1921–1931) 7690:(1922–1936) 7684:(1940–1956) 7675:Short-lived 7652:Latvian SSR 7637:Annexed in 7623:Kirghiz SSR 7613:Turkmen SSR 7540:(1922–1991) 7439:Warsaw Pact 7415:Byelorussia 7112:Short-lived 6969:Short-lived 6938:South Yemen 6923:North Korea 6883:Afghanistan 6600:New Zealand 6595:Netherlands 6361:Dissolution 6301:Martial law 6224:Revolts and 6198:Warsaw Pact 5993:(1990–1991) 5987:(1990–1991) 5985:Abkhaz ASSR 5981:(1920–1924) 5979:Khorezm SSR 5975:(1920–1924) 5969:(1921–1931) 5952:(1922–1936) 5946:(1940–1956) 5937:Short-lived 5914:Latvian SSR 5899:Annexed in 5885:Kirghiz SSR 5875:Turkmen SSR 5802:(1922–1991) 5618:Belarusians 5537:Agriculture 5256:Kievan Rus' 4672:, Art. 142. 4575:10 February 4520:10 February 4484:17 February 3994:: 133–156. 3829:Dieveniškės 3825:Šalčininkai 3620:Lithuanians 3608:Belarusians 3570:Warsaw Pact 3402:perestroika 3395:Dissolution 3375:(1985–1988) 3322:within the 3129:Belarusians 3117:Belarusians 3072:, Russian, 2900:Belarusians 2740:. It was a 2571:first clash 2446:Baranovichi 2343:Obliskomzap 2315:Obliskomzap 2304:Obliskomzap 2296: [ 2272:Obliskomzap 2205:Nicholas II 2194:Baranovichi 2105:Byelorussia 2093:Byelorussia 2085:Byelorussia 2023:White Rus'. 2009:Белору́ссия 2005:Byelorussia 1999:Terminology 1922:World War I 1887:Byelorussia 1717:Vietnam War 1707:Berlin Wall 1636:North Korea 1573:Brașov 1987 1541:Prague 1968 1504:Poznań 1956 1357:Warsaw Pact 1316:South Yemen 1294:North Korea 1207:Afghanistan 1127:Byelorussia 1025:(from 1991) 1003:(from 1918) 994:(1795–1917) 958:(1648–1764) 952:(1569–1648) 912:Kievan Rus' 904:Middle ages 896:Early Slavs 879:History of 728:Preceded by 707:(Rbl) (SUR) 687:1989 census 509:(1938–1991) 501:Legislature 181:(1955–1991) 119:(1981–1991) 103:(1951–1991) 81:1941–1944: 7777:Categories 7750:29°00′00″E 7747:54°00′00″N 7618:Kazakh SSR 7350:Yugoslavia 7224:Tarnobrzeg 7149:Bessarabia 7103:Yugoslavia 6826:Seychelles 6821:Mozambique 6816:Madagascar 6739:Vietnamese 6734:Venezuelan 6724:Nicaraguan 6719:Melanesian 6636:Venezuela 6548:Kuomintang 6541:since 1978 6511:Bangladesh 6487:By country 6481:by country 6315:Conditions 6293:Solidarity 6226:opposition 5880:Kazakh SSR 5681:Literature 5671:Folk dance 5628:Healthcare 5556:(currency) 5484:Parliament 5432:Government 5405:Censorship 5251:Androphagi 4365:Pipes 1997 4308:Pipes 1997 4296:Pipes 1997 4275:Pipes 1997 4244:Pipes 1997 3969:References 3941:or simply 3866:Belarusian 3821:Švenčionys 3785:Belarusian 3628:– about 1% 3626:Ukrainians 3503:See also: 3446:See also: 3304:See also: 3070:Belarusian 3059:selsoviets 3057:and 1,229 2904:Ukrainians 2245:Bolsheviks 2139:See also: 2018:White Rus' 2007:(Russian: 1934:Bolsheviks 1871:Belarusian 1727:Afghan War 1680:Korean War 1516:Plzeň 1953 1395:Opposition 1335:Yugoslavia 1289:Mozambique 1187:Uzbekistan 1172:Tajikistan 1142:Kazakhstan 1122:Azerbaijan 888:Prehistory 692:10,199,709 675:Population 357:1990–1991: 336:1920–1990: 329:Government 314:Demonym(s) 261:Belarusian 217:1920–1922: 137:Belarusian 55:Belarusian 7628:Uzbek SSR 7608:Tajik SSR 7546:Principal 7501:Communism 7401:1982–1991 7396:1964–1982 7391:1953–1964 7386:1927–1953 7381:1917–1927 7294:Communist 7182:1939–1940 7137:1918–1919 6906:1982–1992 6901:1979–1992 6896:1975–1979 6892:Cambodia 6867:Nicaragua 6799:1987–1991 6794:1974–1987 6790:Ethiopia 6729:Tanzanian 6610:Sri Lanka 6553:Hong Kong 6536:Communist 6499:Australia 6494:Argentina 6479:Socialism 6374:Die Wende 6347:Economies 6188:Cominform 6171:(to 1948) 6133:(to 1961) 6061:Formation 6051:Communism 5890:Uzbek SSR 5870:Tajik SSR 5808:Principal 5676:Languages 5623:Education 5587:Transport 5494:President 5467:Militsiya 5415:Elections 5325:Geography 5156:153635749 4736:144785016 4510:Khatyn.by 4473:"Belarus" 4030:. Avrora. 3923:romanized 3908:romanized 3886:Russian: 3875:romanized 3841:Lithuania 3833:Adutiškis 3462:one-party 3424:, of the 3294:Lithuania 3197:, whilst 3098:Belkomzet 2836:, Minsk, 2722:Petrograd 2669:Milrevcom 2645:Panevėžys 2641:Panevėžys 2509:Lithuania 2364:, called 2247:when the 2146:Beginning 2097:Białystok 2027:Ruthenian 2003:The term 1993:dissolved 1598:Riga 1991 1588:Baku 1990 1478:Lithuania 1370:Cominform 1274:Kampuchea 1177:Turkmenia 1157:Lithuania 1147:Kirghizia 1102:Republics 1019:(1919–39) 1012:(1919–91) 964:(1764–95) 849:Lithuania 531:declared 346:one-party 303:Religion 289:Ukrainian 232:1990–1991 223:1922–1990 79:1920–1991 7554:Founders 7320:Bulgaria 7234:Würzburg 7209:Naissaar 7173:Finland 7133:Bavaria 7071:Slovakia 7056:Bulgaria 6986:Far East 6933:Mongolia 6845:Americas 6709:European 6640:Chavismo 6605:Pakistan 6342:Politics 5816:Founders 5753:Category 5638:Religion 5633:Language 5572:Industry 5479:Military 5388:Politics 5230:articles 4456:Archived 4436:Archived 4380:(1986). 4323:(1986). 3746:See also 3676:Bobruisk 3637:– <1% 3635:Russians 3580:and the 3564:and the 3369:Chairman 3172:Rechytsa 3125:Russians 3084:and the 3082:Russians 3015:Bobruysk 2826:Bobruysk 2742:de facto 2685:Bobruysk 2677:Smolensk 2661:Bobruysk 2466:Smolensk 2382:Creation 2347:Smolensk 2228:and the 2015:, i.e., 1891:republic 1889:, was a 1742:Gulf War 1546:Invasion 1420:Bulgaria 1284:Mongolia 1259:Ethiopia 1228:Bulgaria 1162:Moldavia 870:a series 868:Part of 701:Currency 7477:Belarus 7463:Portals 7444:Comecon 7420:Ukraine 7345:Romania 7335:Hungary 7315:Albania 7204:Ireland 7194:Galicia 7093:Romania 7051:Albania 7006:Jiangxi 6953:Vietnam 6857:Grenada 6831:Somalia 6714:Israeli 6704:Chinese 6699:Burmese 6694:British 6684:African 6656:History 6647:Vietnam 6615:Tunisia 6565:Finland 6560:Estonia 6193:COMECON 6093:Romania 6088:Hungary 5730:Outline 5666:Cuisine 5648:Culture 5601:Society 5542:Banking 5525:Economy 5347:Geology 5238:History 5226:Belarus 3943:Belarus 3877:: 3843:in 1940 3793:Russian 3716:Draniki 3697:Cuisine 3682:Culture 3671:Vitebsk 3666:Mogilev 3574:Comecon 3422:Ukraine 3371:of the 3290:Vilnius 3239:troikas 3234:dvoikas 3189:to the 3074:Yiddish 3047:Polotsk 3035:Mogilev 3027:Kalinin 3023:Vitebsk 3019:Borisov 2830:Borisov 2803:Zhlobin 2784:on the 2762:Galicia 2746:Estonia 2714:Siberia 2681:Zarasai 2610:Suwalki 2558:In the 2517:Vilnius 2462:Mogilev 2450:Vitebsk 2269:single 2262:Mogilev 2258:Vitebsk 2243:led by 2241:soviets 2172:in the 2127:History 2056:or the 1975:during 1969:Ukraine 1893:of the 1879:Russian 1607:Dissent 1509:1980–89 1468:Estonia 1445:Ukraine 1435:Romania 1425:Croatia 1415:Albania 1364:Comecon 1321:Vietnam 1310:Somalia 1305:Romania 1269:Hungary 1264:Grenada 1212:Albania 1182:Ukraine 1137:Georgia 1132:Estonia 1117:Armenia 1105:of the 881:Belarus 845:Belarus 685:• 630:• 590:• 577:• 564:• 551:• 527:• 514:History 361:Unitary 340:Unitary 294:Yiddish 266:Russian 244:Capital 162:Anthem: 69:Russian 7340:Poland 7296:period 7214:Saxony 7159:Bremen 7088:Poland 7044:Europe 7011:Kuwait 6991:Fujian 6806:Guinea 6766:Angola 6759:Africa 6575:Greece 6570:France 6532:China 6528:Canada 6521:Lulism 6516:Brazil 6213:(WFDY) 6205:(WFTU) 5758:Portal 5691:Cinema 5567:Energy 5554:Ruble 5374:Swamps 5369:Rivers 5337:Cities 5228: 5154: 5119: 5094: 5053: 4985: 4945: 4914: 4893: 4872: 4853: 4734: 4696: 4388: 4331: 4224: 4197: 4170: 4143: 4116: 4072: 3740:Poland 3736:Russia 3728:stewed 3661:Grodno 3576:, the 3550:UNESCO 3534:UNICEF 3405:under 3350:Khatyn 3312:, and 3256:kulaks 3145:likbez 3078:Polish 3076:, and 3055:raions 3051:Slutsk 3011:okrugs 2908:Slutsk 2842:Slutsk 2834:Igumen 2822:uyezds 2750:Latvia 2657:Dvinsk 2649:Grodno 2637:Slonim 2602:Grodno 2590:Litbel 2579:Kaunas 2485:Litbel 2477:1919, 2458:Grodno 2349:. The 2224:, the 2101:Grodno 2068:, and 2066:Little 2054:Russia 2046:Russia 1967:, and 1961:Russia 1924:, the 1621:Poland 1616:Soviet 1551:Moscow 1473:Latvia 1440:Serbia 1430:Poland 1299:Poland 1218:Angola 1167:Russia 1152:Latvia 983:Modern 872:on the 857:Russia 853:Poland 517: 464: 420: 378: 323:Soviet 284:Polish 213:Status 164: 65: 51: 7229:Užice 7164:Bihać 7124:Banat 6996:Gilan 6943:Syria 6913:China 6888:Burma 6862:Chile 6836:Sudan 6811:Libya 6786:Egypt 6771:Benin 6590:Italy 6580:India 5737:Index 5696:Media 5686:Music 5246:Neuri 5152:S2CID 5001:(PDF) 4822:(PDF) 4732:S2CID 4551:(PDF) 4540:(PDF) 3768:Notes 3656:Gomel 3651:Brest 3646:Minsk 3616:– 16% 3614:Poles 3610:– 81% 3276:with 3168:Gomel 3086:Poles 3043:Orsha 3039:Mozyr 3031:Minsk 2838:Mozyr 2807:Orsha 2665:Vtsik 2614:Minsk 2606:Kovno 2598:Vilna 2594:Vilna 2561:Kresy 2536:Neman 2479:Pinsk 2454:Gomel 2300:] 2266:Minsk 2070:White 2062:Great 2035:Slavs 1239:Congo 1233:China 1223:Benin 248:Minsk 7639:1940 7598:the 7177:1918 7142:1919 6948:Tuva 6928:Laos 6918:Iraq 6876:Asia 6852:Cuba 6689:Arab 6585:Iran 5901:1940 5860:the 5504:List 5441:LGBT 5117:ISBN 5092:ISBN 5051:ISBN 4983:ISBN 4943:ISBN 4912:ISBN 4891:ISBN 4870:ISBN 4851:ISBN 4694:ISBN 4577:2020 4522:2020 4486:2022 4386:ISBN 4329:ISBN 4222:ISBN 4195:ISBN 4168:ISBN 4141:ISBN 4114:ISBN 4070:ISBN 3738:and 3705:and 3690:and 3622:– 5% 3248:NKVD 3244:OGPU 3170:and 3049:and 2902:and 2892:Riga 2840:and 2805:and 2799:Kiev 2748:and 2647:and 2612:and 2522:The 2503:The 2464:and 2311:Rada 2264:and 2099:and 1863:BSSR 1857:The 1755:Fall 1279:Laos 1244:Cuba 1108:USSR 660:Area 100:Flag 5174:by 5144:doi 5084:doi 5034:doi 5013:doi 4966:doi 4834:doi 4795:doi 4774:doi 4724:doi 3996:doi 3954:In 3732:rye 3252:MGB 3147:). 3131:of 2540:Bug 1909:or 1865:or 1329:PRG 7779:: 7379:: 7375:/ 6299:/ 6295:/ 6271:/ 5150:. 5140:25 5138:. 5115:. 5111:. 5090:. 5030:18 5028:. 5009:31 5007:. 5003:. 4962:11 4960:. 4830:27 4828:. 4824:. 4791:16 4789:. 4770:29 4768:. 4730:. 4720:15 4718:. 4585:^ 4542:. 4508:. 4494:^ 4475:. 4400:^ 4343:^ 4282:^ 4251:^ 4236:^ 4096:). 4064:. 3992:14 3990:. 3986:. 3925:: 3910:: 3890:, 3872:, 3868:: 3835:, 3831:, 3827:, 3823:, 3795:: 3791:; 3787:: 3742:. 3572:, 3560:, 3556:, 3552:, 3548:, 3544:, 3540:, 3536:, 3532:, 3525:. 3326:. 3308:, 3265:A 3250:, 3246:, 3236:, 3108:, 3045:, 3041:, 3037:, 3033:, 3029:, 3025:, 3021:, 3017:, 3013:: 2832:, 2828:, 2824:: 2608:, 2604:, 2600:, 2519:. 2460:, 2456:, 2452:, 2448:, 2306:. 2298:ru 2260:, 2236:. 2123:. 2064:, 1963:, 1913:. 1881:: 1877:; 1873:: 1869:; 1327:, 716:+7 647:) 321:, 7530:e 7523:t 7516:v 7465:: 7285:e 7278:t 7271:v 6471:e 6464:t 6457:v 6328:) 6324:( 6026:e 6019:t 6012:v 5792:e 5785:t 5778:v 5443:) 5439:( 5218:e 5211:t 5204:v 5178:. 5158:. 5146:: 5100:. 5086:: 5059:. 5040:. 5036:: 5019:. 5015:: 4991:. 4972:. 4968:: 4951:. 4920:. 4899:. 4878:. 4859:. 4840:. 4836:: 4801:. 4797:: 4780:. 4776:: 4738:. 4726:: 4702:. 4579:. 4524:. 4488:. 4394:. 4337:. 4230:. 4203:. 4176:. 4149:. 4122:. 4092:( 4078:. 4004:. 3998:: 3945:. 3884:; 3856:. 3799:) 2938:( 2788:. 2588:( 2538:- 1861:( 1846:e 1839:t 1832:v 1331:) 1323:( 1065:e 1058:t 1051:v 234:: 225:: 156:" 152:" 150:) 146:( 139:) 135:( 71:) 67:( 57:) 53:( 20:)

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