Grand Canal (China)

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of the Grand Canal. It was protected by the Government from reclamation and any use of the lake water without proper taxation was deemed illegal. It was supposed to be protected from profitable exploitation, but because the government changed over the years, lake Lianhu had been reclaimed many times and it started to become more shallow. The government changed the lake to become more profitable farmland which led to reclamations and agricultural irrigation using the lake. This began to lead to Lake Lianhu not being able to properly feed water to the Grand Canal. Loss of depth due to reclamation and maintenance costs became too high for the lake to become practical to use. Even though it was a man made lake it was still a beautiful sight. Many different people praised its beauty and various poems have been written about the lake. In recent years recreational uses for the lake have become more popular and may lead to the lake being restored.

2655: 7868: 3577: 3509: 2323: 6825: 2250: 234: 2375:. Here the land lying to the west of the canal is higher than its bed while the land to the east is lower. Historically the Shanghe region west of the canal has been prone to frequent flooding, while the Xiahe region to its east has been hit by less frequent but immensely damaging inundations caused by the failure of the Grand Canal levees. Recent works have allowed floodwaters from Shanghe to be diverted safely out to sea. Like the Jiangnan Canal, the Inner Canal is heavily utilized by barge traffic bringing coal, construction materials and increasingly 1209: 1691:(1271–1368) the capital of China was moved to Beijing, eliminating the need for the canal arm flowing west to Kaifeng or Luoyang. A summit section was dug across the foothills of the Shandong massif during the 1280s, shortening the overall length by as much as 700 km (430 mi), making the total length about 1,800 km (1,100 mi) and linking Hangzhou and Beijing with a direct north–south waterway for the first time. As in the Song and Jin era, the canal fell into disuse and dilapidation during the Yuan dynasty's decline. 2139:. As the north shore of the Yangtze gradually silted up to create the sandbank island of Guazhou, it became necessary for boats crossing to and from the Jiangnan Canal to sail the long way around the eastern edge of that island. After a particularly rough crossing of the Yangtze from Zhenjiang, the local prefect realized that a canal dug directly across Guazhou would reduce the journey time and thus make the crossing safer. The Yilou Canal was opened in 738 and still exists, though not as part of the modern Grand Canal route. 1833: 1603:, respectively—and maritime foreign trade brought merchants great fortune, it was the Grand Canal within China that spurred the greatest amount of economic activity and commercial profit. During the Song and earlier periods, barge ships occasionally crashed and wrecked along the Shanyang Yundao section of the Grand Canal while passing the double slipways, and more often than not those were then robbed of the tax grain by local bandits. This prompted Qiao Weiyue, an Assistant Commissioner of Transport for 1231: 6767: 6734: 6715: 6684: 6080: 6021: 5944: 5603: 1222: 3407: 2153: 1972: 1680: 40: 6095: 1715: 5956: 5615: 1576: 2284: 52: 2472: 2388: 2032: 1798:(1454–1504)—while traveling for five months throughout China in 1488—acknowledged that Hangzhou served not as a competitor but as an economic feeder into the greater Suzhou market. Therefore, the Grand Canal served to make or break the economic fortunes of certain cities along its route and served as the economic lifeline of indigenous trade within China. 2072:

Liucheng (in the vicinity of modern Gaolou Village, Weishan County, Shandong) north of Xuzhou City. This change in effect moved the Grand Canal from the low-lying and flood-prone land west of Weishan Lake onto the marginally higher land to its east. It was fed by rivers flowing from east to west from the borders of the Shandong massif.

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fed by streams flowing downhill from the mountains to the west. The water flows from Beijing toward Tianjin, from Nanwang north toward Tianjin, and from Nanwang south toward Yangzhou. The water level in the Jiangnan Canal remains scarcely above sea level (the Zhenjiang ridge is 12 meters higher than that of the Yangtze River).

1895:—the canal languished and for decades the northern and southern parts remained separate. Many of the canal sections fell into disrepair, and some parts were returned to flat fields. Even today, the Grand Canal has not fully recovered its importance prior to the floods of the mid-19th century. After the founding of the 1564:(755–763), the economy of North China was greatly damaged and never recovered due to wars and to constant flooding of the Yellow River. Such a case occurred in the year 858 when an enormous flood along the Grand Canal inundated thousands of acres of farmland and killed tens of thousands of people in the 3516:

From the Tang to Qing dynasties, the Grand Canal served as the main artery between northern and southern China and was essential for the transport of grain to Beijing. Although it was mainly used for shipping grain, it also transported other commodities and the corridor along the canal developed into

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By the year 735, it was recorded that about 149,685,400 kilograms (165,000 short tons) of grain were shipped annually along the canal. The Tang government oversaw canal lock efficiency and built granaries along the route in case a flood or other disaster impeded the path of shipment. To ensure smooth

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In November 2008, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was added to the Grand Canal's UNESCO nomination and, in May 2013, was officially included as part of the Grand Canal and listed among the 7th group of Major Historical and Cultural Sites Protected at the National Level by the Chinese government. In 2014,

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Training Lake "Lianhu" was used to feed water to the Grand Canal section near Jiangnan. Since the canal was man-made there was not enough naturally flowing water to keep the canal at proper depth so that boats could travel through it. So a man-made lake was used to feed water to the Jiangnan section

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near Yangzhou using a 400 m/s (14,000 cu ft/s) pumping station. and repumped through 23 stations until it reaches the watershed at Nanwang. Afterwards the water flows by gravity, one secondary canal going to the Shandong peninsula, and the main canal bypasses the Yellow River through

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Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the canal has been used primarily to transport vast amounts of bulk goods such as bricks, gravel, sand, diesel, and coal. The Jianbi ship locks on the Yangtze are currently handling some 75,000,000 metric tons each year, and the Li Canal

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Though the canal nominally crosses the watersheds of five river systems, in reality, the variation between these is so low that it has only a single summit section. The elevation of the canal bed varies from 1 m below sea level at Hangzhou to 38.5 m above at its summit. At Beijing, it reaches 27 m,

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At this point, the Grand Canal continued to use noncontiguous artificial channels and both canalized and natural waterways rather than presenting a single continuous manmade canal. However, running alongside and parallel to the course of the canals was an imperial roadway with stables maintained at

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in the far north. His unsuccessful and unpopular wars and the massive amounts of conscripted labor involved in creating the canal were among the chief factors in the rapid fall of the Sui, but the connection of China's major watersheds and population centers proved enormously beneficial. Additional

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connected the shallow river valleys of the Huai and the Yellow. He achieved this by joining two of these rivers' tributaries, the Si and the Ji respectively, at their closest point, across a low watershed of the Shandong massif. Huan Wen's primitive summit canal became a model for the engineers of

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This, the Grand Canal's first true summit section, was engineered by the Mongol Oqruqči in 1238 to connect Jining to the southern end of the Huitong Canal. It rose to a height of 42 meters (138 ft) above the Yangtze, but environmental and technical factors left it with chronic water shortages

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In 12 BC, in order to solve the problem of the Grand Canal having to use 160 kilometers (100 mi) of the perilous course of the Yellow River in Northern Jiangsu, a man named Li Hualong created the Jia Canal. Named after the Jia River whose course it followed, it ran 140 kilometers (87 mi)

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As well as its present-day course, fourteen centuries of canal-building have left the Grand Canal with a number of historical sections. Some of these have disappeared, others are still partially extant, and others form the basis for the modern canal. The following are the most important but do not

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and construction materials to the booming delta. It is generally a minimum of 100 meters wide in the congested city centers, and often two or three times this width in the neighboring countryside. In recent years, broad bypass canals have been dug around the major cities to reduce 'traffic jams'.

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In 1566, to escape the problems caused by flooding of the Yellow River around Yutai (now on the western shore of Weishan Lake), the Nanyang New Canal was opened. It ran for 75 kilometers (47 mi) from Nanyang (now Nanyang Town, located in the center of Weishan Lake) to the small settlement of

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in Shandong objected to the introduction of water from the Yangtze as part of the South-North Water Diversion Project when they saw it noticeably killing fish and affecting their catch. During the 21st century, increasing efforts have been made to improve environmental conditions along the canal.

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and the largest pre-modern industrial production center of the empire, Yangzhou was also the geographical midpoint along the north–south trade axis, and so became the major center for southern goods shipped north. One of the greatest benefits of the canal system in the Tang dynasty—and subsequent

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North of the Jizhou Canal summit section, the Huitong Canal ran downhill, fed principally by the River Wen, to join the Wei River in the city of Linqing. In 1289, a geological survey preceded its one-year construction. The Huitong Canal, built by an engineer called Ma Zhizhen, ran across sharply

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dynasties, however, the water level in the Tonghui River dropped and ships could not travel from Tongzhou to Beijing. Tongzhou then became the northern shipping terminus of the canal. Cargo was unloaded at Tongzhou and transported to Beijing by land. The Tonghui river still exists as a wide,

2435:, the canal is called the Lu or 'Shandong' Canal. It crosses a series of lakes—Zhaoyang, Dushan, and Nanyang—which nominally form a continuous body of water. At present, diversions of water mean that the lakes are often largely dry land. North of the northernmost Nanyang Lake is the city of 1867:, severing the course of the canal in Shandong. This was foreseen by a Chinese official in 1447, who remarked that the flood-prone Yellow River made the Grand Canal like a throat that could be easily strangled (leading some officials to request restarting the grain shipments through the 1458:). After this network's completion in 609, Emperor Yang was said to have led a flotilla of boats 105 km (65 mi) long from the north down to his southern capital at Yangzhou. This process again involved massive levies of conscripted labor and was detailed at length in the 1314:

on the bottom of the Hong Canal, obstructing river barges whose drafts were too deep for its waters. The chief engineer of the Sui dynasty, Yuwen Kai, advised the digging of a new canal that would run parallel to the existing canal, diverging from it at Chenliu

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threatened the safety and functioning of the canal while, during wartime, the rivers' high dikes were sometimes deliberately broken to delay or sweep away advancing enemy troops. Even so, restoration and improvement of the canal and its associated

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to Suqian in Jiangsu. The construction of the Jia Canal left only 100 kilometers (62 mi) of Yellow River navigation on the Grand Canal, from Suqian to Huai'an, which by 1688 had been removed by the construction of the Middle Canal by Jin Fu.

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is currently navigable. Its course is today divided into seven sections. From south to north these are the Jiangnan Canal, the Li Canal, the Inner Canal, the Middle Canal, the Lu Canal, the South Canal, the North Canal, and the Tonghui River.

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route as well. In the Ming dynasty, official courier stations were placed at intervals of 35 to 45 km (22 to 28 mi). Each courier station was assigned a different name, all of which were popularized in travel songs of the period.

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section of the Jiangnan Canal flows through the western part of the city. It includes ten city gates and over 20 stone bridges of traditional design and historic areas that have been well preserved as well as temples and pavilions.

2443:. In the 1950s a new canal was dug to the south of the old summit section. The old summit section is now dry, while the new canal holds too little water to be navigable. About 50 km (31 mi) further north, passing close by 4981: 1770:

to regulate water levels, which allowed them to avoid pumping water from local sources and water tables. Between 1411 and 1415 a total of 165,000 laborers dredged the canal bed in Shandong and built new channels, embankments, and

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sent a delegation to the Jurchen to wish their ruler well for the New Year. A scholar-official named Lou Yue, secretary to the delegation, recorded the journey, much of which was made upon the Grand Canal, and submitted his

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The canal became greatly polluted during China's industrialization. By the 1990s, canal barge crews could tell when they neared Hangzhou by the stench of the visibly black water they passed through. Similarly, fishermen on

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official He Xun in the late 3rd century AD. The canal was an important artery of transport and supply for the region during periods of disunity in medieval China and was particularly prosperous and vital during the

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Around Hangzhou, for instance, a $ 250 million restoration project begun in 2001 improved water quality to the point where it no longer produces a noticeable odor and is once again capable of supporting some fauna.

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in the year 984. This allowed ships to wait within a gated space while the water could be drained to appropriate levels; the Chinese also built roofed hangars over the space to add further protection for the ships.

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is forecast to reach 100,000,000 metric tons in the next few years. When first constructed, the canal served as a major source of transportation, linking northern and southern China. With the introduction of

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7.9 km tunnels and flows through a modified route into reservoirs in Tianjin. The extra waterflow has allowed the start of several projects to reestablish shipping in the northern half of the Grand Canal.

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The Grand Canal also enabled cultural exchange and political integration to occur between the north and south of China. The canal even made a distinct impression on some of China's early European visitors.

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over Nanjing since the former was in a better position on the main artery of the Grand Canal, and so it became Ming China's greatest economic center. The only other viable contender with Suzhou in the

3564:. The section from Jining to Beijing is not available for transport due to the silt deposit buildup from the Yellow River and lack of water sources. There are plans for restoring transportation up to 1698:

in North America is designed and draws inspiration from the Chinese architecture. Many saw the canal as an economic advantage that could bring economic prosperity, like the canal and its benefits.

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travel of grain shipments, Transport Commissioner Liu Yan (in office from 763 to 779) had special river barge ships designed and constructed to fit the depths of each section of the entire canal.

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system in order to maintain the entire canal system. It is known that 121,500 soldiers and officers were needed simply to operate the 11,775 government grain barges in the mid-15th century.

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works was assumed as a duty by each successive dynasty. The canal played a major role in periodically reuniting northern and southern China, and officials in charge of the canal and nearby

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in the 19th and 20th century. Renovation of the canal for use by modern barges began in 2002, was completed except for areas around Ningbo by 2009, and was fully completed in late 2013.

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and the canal is all but dry where it passes through the surrounding countryside. At its terminus, the canal joins the Hai River in the center of Tianjin City before turning north-west.

1335:. With the recorded labor of five million people under the supervision of Ma Shumou, the first major section of the Grand Canal was completed in the year 605 and was called the Bian Qu. 2089:, i.e. 'the river of locks'. Its great number of feeder springs (between two and four hundred, depending on the counting method and season of the year) also led to it being called the 3147: 2860: 3333: 8204: 7867: 1264:

systems as well as the construction of new canals. The primary consideration of the Sui canals was the need to tap into the expanding economic and agricultural resources of the

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undertook dredging intended to increase shipping capacity by 40 percent by 2012. The central government has also made the main route of the Grand Canal the eastern path of the

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rivers and became the model for the shape of the Grand Canal in the north. The exact date of the Hong Canal's construction is uncertain; it is first mentioned by the diplomat

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Because of various factors—the difficulty of crossing the Yellow River, the increased development of an alternative sea route for grain-ships, and the opening of the

1059:. He ordered a canal to be constructed for trading purposes, as well as a means to ship ample supplies north in case his forces should engage the northern states of 4596: 3272: 3097: 2852: 2752: 4743: 3537:

recounted the Grand Canal's arched bridges as well as the warehouses and prosperous trade of its cities in the 13th century. The famous Roman Catholic missionary

8125: 7752: 5721: 5406: 2856: 2697: 6657: 3337: 3156: 2961: 2793: 2693: 3521:(240,000–360,000 metric tons) of grain. The convenience of transport also enabled rulers to lead inspection tours to southern China. In the Qing dynasty, the 4926: 3254: 3164: 2727: 2106:. Song Li's improvements, recommended by a local man named Bai Ying, included damming the rivers Wen and Guang and drawing lateral canals from them to feed 1819:

Besides its function as a grain shipment route and major vein of river-borne indigenous trade in China, the Grand Canal had long been a government-operated

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region was Hangzhou, but it was located 200 km (120 mi) further down the Grand Canal and away from the main delta. Even the shipwrecked Korean

2609:. Despite the difficulty of connecting the route's various watersheds, the present route was completed with the construction of the Xixing Canal by the 7085: 6099: 6034: 5217: 3276: 2654: 2423:. This latter course is less used today. Canal is utilized by barge traffic bringing coal and construction materials around northern Jiangsu Province. 1583:

in the 10th century was done in response to the necessity of greater safety for the travel of barge ships along the rougher waters of the Grand Canal.

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to regulate water levels for the canal. Double slipways were installed to haul boats over when the difference in water levels was too great for the

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while drought and industrial water extraction have left it too low to be navigable. The canal, now in Hebei province, passes through the cities of

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The Grand Canal nominally runs between Beijing and Hangzhou over a total length of 1,794 km (1,115 mi); however, only the section from

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traveled extensively through China and his trips included time on the Grand Canal, then a major artery for shipping silk, porcelain, and wine.

3292: 1702:'s Journals describes the canal in great detail documenting the economic prosperity. The pound lock is one of the more notable features of the 1068: 8189: 5436: 4708: 3127: 2886: 2864: 987: 4409: 7502: 5994: 5814: 5781: 2848: 2836: 2295:

in Jiangsu, where it meets the Yangtze. After leaving Hangzhou heading north toward Beijing, the canal passes around the eastern border of

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regular intervals to support a rapid courier system. Enormous lines of trees were also planted along parts of the canal as windbreaks.

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of the Ming dynasty with the help of Wang Zhongde, the Director of the Board of Rites in the central government of China at the time.

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in 1403. This move deprived Nanjing of its status as chief political center of China. The reopening of the Grand Canal also benefited

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to the southwest in order to feed 60% of its water north into the Grand Canal, with the remainder going south. They dug four large

2491:. Though one of the northernmost sections, its name derives from its position relative to Tianjin. The Wei River at this point is 6759: 6634: 6603: 6482: 6254: 6239: 6157: 6049: 4905: 3742: 3576: 1876: 5108:. Shanghai: Journal of the North China Branch RAS, Vol. 31, pp. 102–115, 1896-1897 volume, but actually published in 1900. 4478: 3471: 2217: 1568:. Such an unfortunate event could reduce the legitimacy of a ruling dynasty by causing others to perceive it as having lost the 8313: 7738: 6652: 6613: 6054: 4823: 3581: 3517:

an important economic belt. Records show that, at its height, every year more than 8,000 boats transported four to six million

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City on the north bank where, intermittently flowing through a renovated stone channel, it reaches the city of Linqing on the

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The Chinese invention of the pound lock system allows for water levels to be raised or lowered to improve travel in the canal.

1536:—in proximity to the Grand Canal—that was the economic hub of the Tang era. Besides being the headquarters for the government 7761: 6903: 6747: 6629: 6593: 6587: 4508: 3747: 903: 2291:

This southernmost section of the canal runs from Hangzhou in Zhejiang, where the canal connects with the Qiantang River, to

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and Jining (this course is the remnant of the New Nanyang Canal of 1566 – see below). A southerly course passes close by

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to the northeast. The institution of the Grand Canal also obviated the need for army garrisons to become self-sufficient

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The Taiping Rebellion: A Military Assessment of Revolution and Counterrevolution, printed in A Military History of China

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1141) decided to break the dykes and dams holding back the waters of the Yellow River in order to decimate the oncoming

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reached in the foothills of Shandong. Ships in Chinese canals did not have trouble reaching higher elevations after the

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that is directly connected to the infrastructure of the Grand Canal as it is used in other similar bodies of water.

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Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics

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it was included with the Beijing–Hangzhou and Sui and Tang canals as part of UNESCO's listing for the Grand Canal.

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In Tianjin, the canal heads northwest, for a short time following the course of the Yongding, a tributary of the

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traveled China and journeyed through the Abe Hayat river (Grand Canal) up to the capital Khanbalik (Beijing).

3439: 2185: 1809:(1644–1912) estimated that the previous Ming dynasty had to employ 47,004 full-time laborers recruited by the 1196:(145–90 BC) knew of no historical date for it, placing his discussion of it just after the legendary works of 6942: 6806: 6281: 6014: 5713: 5276: 2107: 1896: 1672:

continually battled with the Song in this region. The warfare led to the dilapidation of the canal until the

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Vermeer, E.B. (2008). "The Rise and Fall of a Man-Made Lake: Training in Jiangnan, China, 300-2000 A.D.".

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and following more than one course, the result of the impact of centuries of Yellow River flooding. After

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The Grand Canal World Heritage site is composed of 31 sections and a number of accessory heritage sites.

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once the Ming capital at Beijing had fallen into the hands of a rebel army. The Manchus established the

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in the 10th century. The canal has been admired by many visitors throughout its history, including the

782: 676: 543: 348: 4794: 4371: 7970: 7927: 7829: 6737: 6579: 6515: 6301: 5909: 5874: 5809: 5619: 5085: 4548: 3944:, 114: " the Grand Canal, dug between 605 and 609 by means of enormous levies of conscripted labour." 3752: 701:, is thought to extend for 1,776 km (1,104 mi) and is divided into 6 main subsections. The 8283: 7890: 6799: 6727: 6224: 6217: 6167: 5960: 5558: 5269: 4632: 3626: 3554: 2606: 2492: 2330:

The Jiangnan (or 'South of the Yangtze') Canal is heavily utilized by barge traffic bringing coal,

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in 1949, the need for economic development led the authorities to order heavy reconstruction work.

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The Han Canal is known as the second oldest section of the later Grand Canal since the Hong Canal (

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invaded China in the mid-17th century, allowed through the northern passes by the Chinese general

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The Grand Canal as infrastructure has had influence on other architectural works in the west. The

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on the edge of the municipality of Beijing. It is here that the modern canal stops and that a

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while stopover towns along the main course became the economic hubs of the empire. Periodic

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The fifth section of the canal extends for a distance of 524 kilometers (326 mi) from

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traveled to Beijing from Nanjing via the Grand Canal waterway to gain the support of the

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as it provided an efficient way to transport grain. It was further refurbished following

1595:(960–1279). Although the Tang and Song dynasty international seaports—the greatest being 1561: 1339: 1243: 1172:, "Canal of the Wild Geese" or "Far-Flung Canal") most likely preceded it. It linked the 899: 849: 146: 4898:"Drifting Across the Sea: A Record of Ming China | For UNESCO World Heritage Travellers" 1615:

Much of the Grand Canal was ruined for several years after 1128 when Kaifeng's governor

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The Grand Canal was renovated almost in its entirety between 1411 and 1415 during the

1327:, to avoid connecting with the Si River and instead make a direct connection with the 588: 424: 8194: 7917: 7604: 7139: 6644: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6469: 6425: 6358: 6348: 6059: 5607: 5487: 5424: 5315: 5190: 5156:

Report by Mr. J.W. Garnett of a Journey through the Provinces of Shantung and Kiangsu

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emperors made twelve trips to the south, on all occasions but one reaching Hangzhou.

2635: 2634:, the canal diminished in importance but was kept navigable until the development of 2567: 1892: 1872: 1841: 1645: 1569: 1565: 1401: 1299: 1280: 1021: 998: 949: 937: 825:

along the former Tongji and Yongji Canals as official components of the Grand Canal.

758: 527: 519: 332: 324: 4819: 1750:, and then transferred back onto deep barges once the shipment of grain reached the 1246:, who completed the first stage of the project (right). Both paintings by Yan Liben. 8102: 8092: 7905: 7885: 7778: 7584: 7524: 6935: 6775: 6564: 6405: 6395: 6383: 5948: 5804: 5685: 5578: 5529: 5469: 5366: 5126: 4434:

Tourism and Local Development in China: Case Studies of Guilin, Suzhou and Beidaihe

4353: 4159: 3737: 3526: 2610: 2460: 2436: 2262: 2037: 1832: 1731: 484: 289: 233: 3787:

Suqian is in Anhui, not Shangdong, but this is the order in the UNESCO application

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The greatest height on the canal is an elevation of 42 m (138 ft) above

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traveled from Nanjing to Beijing along the canal at the end of the 16th century.

3354: 3324: 3296: 3283: 3261: 3243: 3238: 3204: 3186: 3171: 3116: 3076: 3071: 3056: 3038: 3033: 3008: 2993: 2968: 2946: 2931: 2926: 2893: 2843: 2825: 2782: 2775: 2770: 2763: 2741: 2736: 2718: 2682: 2408: 1396:). He then proceeded to connect Yangzhou southeast to Suzhou and Hangzhou by the 1265: 895: 857: 7730: 2135:

The Shanyang Canal originally opened onto the Yangtze a short distance south of

1162: 1144: 8072: 7824: 7719: 7714: 7676: 7619: 7589: 7487: 7417: 7367: 7210: 6861: 6528: 6459: 6454: 6415: 6400: 6378: 6353: 5899: 5771: 5761: 5736: 5563: 5500: 5495: 5474: 5381: 5182: 5151:. Shanghai: Imprimerie de la Mission Catholique. Variétés Sinologiques No. 4. 3700: 3614: 3585: 3522: 3300: 2639: 2583: 2571: 2563: 2412: 1871:). In 1855 the dikes of the canal were opened to flood advancing troops of the 1868: 1735: 1719: 1665: 1653: 1641: 941: 922: 829: 828:

The oldest sections of what is now the Grand Canal were completed in the early

706: 687: 661: 653: 505: 310: 134: 5137:(2006). Cambridge: MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 2649: 8272: 8254: 8241: 8130: 8087: 8008: 7814: 7666: 7549: 7397: 7362: 7328: 7289: 7259: 7190: 7054: 7044: 6972: 6913: 6908: 6876: 6388: 6212: 5889: 5837: 5746: 5741: 5542: 5454: 5130: 5037: 4647: 4357: 4171: 3682: 3622: 3219: 2444: 1939: 1911: 1849: 1546: 969: 930: 911: 891: 714: 238:"Grand Canal" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters 8184: 7788: 7671: 7594: 7544: 7456: 7284: 7220: 7215: 7112: 7105: 7071: 7059: 7049: 7014: 6871: 6866: 6373: 6152: 5919: 5852: 5588: 5583: 5537: 5507: 5446: 5396: 5356: 5333: 5323: 4705:"Diversion project's eastern route transfers 2.5 bln cubic meters of water" 3722: 3678: 3538: 3131: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2559: 2536: 2396: 2103: 2059: 1857: 1806: 1751: 1727: 1699: 1688: 1592: 1525: 1197: 1173: 1060: 1048: 1027: 995: 980: 933: 926: 914: 878: 738: 578: 491: 414: 296: 122: 737:, which for centuries was also its junction with the former course of the 8153: 8077: 8047: 8039: 8018: 7965: 7895: 7661: 7634: 7569: 7554: 7509: 7497: 7477: 7441: 7387: 7372: 7299: 7294: 7274: 7154: 7149: 7090: 7019: 6977: 6363: 5904: 5829: 5756: 5703: 5693: 5573: 5568: 5481: 5361: 4470:

State Administration of Cultural Heritage of People's Republic of China.

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sloping ground and the high concentration of locks gave it the nicknames

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was the most thriving metropolis of China in its day, it was the city of

1529: 1332: 1253: 948:

has worked to improve the navigability of the canal since the end of the

870: 853: 845: 642: 83: 1242:, who launched the project of the Grand Canal (left), alongside his son 8215: 8209: 8003: 7990: 7980: 7955: 7932: 7804: 7769: 7654: 7519: 7514: 7482: 7427: 7377: 7333: 7323: 7309: 7205: 7127: 7009: 6982: 6967: 6947: 6886: 6846: 5929: 5766: 5731: 5512: 5459: 5052:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 168. 4179: 3653: 3596:

The Grand Canal has been upgraded to serve as the Eastern Route of the

3557:

in modern China, passenger travel on the canal became far less common.

3534: 3431: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2400: 2368: 2352: 2177: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1903: 1772: 1747: 1703: 1695: 1608: 1580: 1328: 1307: 1114: 1106: 1064: 1056: 991: 964:

and particularly the use of the Grand Canal as the eastern path of the

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to Beijing (and on to Korea) and left a detailed account of his trip.

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to operate. Similarly, by the year 600, there were major buildups of

1193: 1005: 976: 907: 770: 718: 683: 665: 557: 362: 118: 4163: 3696:'s embassy returned south to the Yangtze delta via the Grand Canal. 3406: 2558:

runs 239 kilometers (149 mi) across the coastal plain south of

2431:

At Weishan Lake, both courses enter Shandong province. From here to

2152: 1971: 1813: 1679: 1648:. Over a series of floods, this entirely shifted the river south of 1338:

The Grand Canal was fully completed from the years 604 to 609 under

7911: 7857: 7793: 7609: 7412: 7185: 7004: 6997: 6992: 6957: 5751: 5464: 5302: 5292: 5158:. British Parliamentary Papers, China No.1, CD3500. London: HMSO. 3704: 3671: 3642: 2594: 2593:

This Hangzhou–Ningbo canal began as the Shanyin Canal excavated in

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concrete-lined storm-channel and drain for the suburbs of Beijing.

2500: 2452: 2372: 2296: 2258: 2253:

Barges on the modern Grand Canal ("Li Canal" section) near Yangzhou

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protesting the current inefficient means of transporting 4,000,000

1657: 1649: 1600: 1533: 1405: 1397: 1343: 1288: 1200:; modern scholars now consider it to belong to the 6th century BC. 1181: 1118: 1109:

in Jiangsu, and within three years the Han Canal had connected the

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reservoir lakes at the very summit, at a small town called Nanwang

1714: 1230: 952:

and the portion south of the Yellow River remains in heavy use by

8163: 8097: 8082: 8014: 7900: 7847: 6837: 6742: 5672: 5662: 5631: 4927:"The missionaries traveled along The Grand Canal – MildChina.com" 3849: 3847: 3689: 3667: 3646: 3601: 2484: 2480: 2440: 2432: 2420: 2300: 1820: 1795: 1783: 1779: 1673: 1604: 1588: 1316: 1284: 1269: 1221: 1177: 1110: 1017: 918: 861: 798: 774: 762: 692: 585: 421: 130: 98: 3600:. Additional water is pumped into the canal from the Yangtze at 2527:

has been built. During the Yuan dynasty, a further canal on the

7699: 7579: 7559: 7539: 7279: 6851: 6449: 5857: 4091: 3638: 3561: 3215: 3152: 2908: 2602: 2587: 2532: 2496: 2416: 2404: 2339: 2304: 2041: 1947: 1787: 1324: 1320: 1189: 1052: 1013: 822: 814: 754: 624: 5091:

The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China

4845:

The Emperor's River: Travels to the Heart of a Resurgent China

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traveled the entire length of the Grand Canal on his way from

3512:

The Grand Canal at its northern terminus at Houhai in Beijing.

2367:

lakes of central Jiangsu. This section connects the cities of

2283: 51: 7937: 6824: 6662: 6094: 5208:

An Authentic Account of an Embassy ...to the Emperor of China

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East Asia: A cultural, social, and political history (third)

785:

on the outskirts of Beijing. As such, it passes through the

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Registered Sections and Sites of the World Heritage complex

2387: 2308: 1311: 1122: 3883: 3874: 3856: 3801: 2690:

Tonghui Canal's Beijing Old City section (Old Yuhe Canal)

1591:

grew to be a major hub, later becoming the capital of the

1192:

in 330 BC when discussing state boundaries. The historian

6147: 5240:, Jing Fang and Du Jiaju eds, Jinling Book Society, 1997. 3688:

In 1793, after a largely fruitless diplomatic mission to

2463:

is the northern terminus of the canal for barge traffic.

2058:

from Xiazhen (modern Weishan) on the shore of Shandong's

1755: 1676:

invaded in the 13th century and began necessary repairs.

569: 402: 388: 374: 4346:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

2869:

Nanwang Water Diversion Point's Dragon King Temple Ruins

1722:(r. 1402–1424) restored the Grand Canal in the Ming era. 548: 353: 6658:

China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition

3347:

Zhedong Canal's Shangyu-Yuyao section (old Yuyu Canal)

2901:

Zhongyun Canal's Tai'erzhuang section (old Moon Canal)

4820:"《大运河文化保护传承利用规划纲要》出台明确不搞大开发_垂直频道文旅中心旅游频道_北京商报_财经传媒集团" 3936: 3934: 3902: 3900: 3898: 5058:

China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty

4285:. David A. Graff & Robin Higham eds. p. 138. 3571: 2939:

Yongji Canal's Huaxian-Xunxian section (Weihe canal)

2102:

until it was re-engineered in 1411 by Song Li of the

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Hangzhou Section of The Grand Canal – EN.GOTOHZ.COM

5149:

Le Canal Imperial: Etude Historique et Descriptive

4298:"On an Ancient Canal, Grunge Gives Way to Grandeur" 3947: 3931: 3895: 2510: 1545:that had been collected in taxes (caoyun) from the 1268:in the southeast to enrich the main Sui capital at 1256:(581–618) ended three centuries of chaos since the 5080:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture 2833:Nanwang Water Control Complex & Xiaowen Canal 2749:Southern Canal's Cangzhou-Hengshui-Dezhou section 2535:or "rear sea" in central Beijing. In the Ming and 2040:'s Southern Inspection Tour, Scroll Six: Entering 757:and the present course of the Yellow River to the 7760: 2395:This 'Middle Canal' section runs from Huai'an to 836:to provide supplies and transport routes for the 8270: 4602:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 3707:by the Grand Canal in his quest for tea plants. 3625:dynasty in the south, the Southern Song Emperor 1287:while guarding the dry frontiers between China, 4402:"Suzhou Grand Canal – Golden Waterway in China" 1778:The Yongle Emperor moved the Ming capital from 8214:Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of 7803:Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of 4573:. people.com.cn. Dazhong Ribao. Archived from 1607:, to invent a double-gate system known as the 1212:The Grand Canal, under Sui and Tang dynasties. 8190:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 7746: 6807: 5988: 5647: 5437:List of universities and colleges in Zhejiang 5277: 5231: 5163:The Grain Tribute System of China (1845-1911) 5135:China: A New History; Second Enlarged Edition 4869: 4521:Tsao, R. (2016). "THE GRAND CANAL of CHINA". 3637:In 1170, the poet, politician, and historian 3318:Ruins of Xixing Wharf and Distribution Center 2411:to enter Weishan Lake at Hanzhuang bound for 2351:The Inner Canal runs between the Yangtze and 1621: 1492: 1469: 1440: 1419: 1378: 1357: 1160: 1142: 1091: 1078: 894:grew enormously wealthy. Despite damage from 466: 452: 263: 249: 5815:Nanjing University of Science and Technology 5094:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 4736: 3981:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2920:Temporary Palace at the Dragon King's Temple 2475:The junction of the Lu Canal and South Canal 44:The canal in Beijing, by the Wanning Bridge. 5203:. Hong Kong: South China Morning Post Ltd. 4258: 4256: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4230: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4205: 3966: 2605:in the early 5th century BC during China's 2531:connected Tongzhou with a wharf called the 2000:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1902:The Grand Canal played a major role during 1709: 1579:The invention of the water-level-adjusting 7753: 7739: 6814: 6800: 6719:Transport by province or autonomous region 5995: 5981: 5654: 5640: 5284: 5270: 5113:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 3994: 3992: 3314:Zhedong Canal's Xiaoshan-Shaoxing section 1541:dynasties—was that it reduced the cost of 1400:Canal and to connect Luoyang northeast to 50: 5115:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3971:. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 76. 3832:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 308 & 313. 3491:Learn how and when to remove this message 3269:Jiangnan Canal's Jiaxing-Hanzhou section 2543: 2237:Learn how and when to remove this message 2020:Learn how and when to remove this message 1519: 5036: 4251: 4239: 4214: 3666:In 1488, the shipwrecked Korean scholar 3613:In 1169, with China divided between the 3575: 3507: 3179:Jiangnan Canal's Changzhou City section 2976:Hanjia Number 160 Granary Ruins section 2653: 2622:within present-day Hangzhou. During the 2470: 2386: 2321: 2282: 2248: 2031: 1831: 1713: 1678: 1574: 1342:, first by linking his southern capital 1207: 27:System of interconnected canals in China 6483:China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation 5165:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 4795:"意不意外？千年大运河也许还有"第二春"，因为浙江干了这件事 - 拱墅新闻网" 4430: 4343: 3989: 3560:Currently, ships can only travel up to 3016:Tongji Canal's Shanqiu Nanguan section 2562:in northern Zhejiang. It begins at the 1734:sent a memorandum to the throne of the 1101:). Work began in 486 BC, from south of 14: 8271: 6653:Aviation Industry Corporation of China 6002: 5082:. New York: Columbia University Press. 4145: 3955:Cambridge Illustrated History of China 3942:Cambridge Illustrated History of China 3908:Cambridge Illustrated History of China 3212:江南运河苏州段 Jiangnan Canal Suzhou section 3108:Minister of Water Transport Hall Ruins 2113: 1961: 526: 404: 331: 7734: 6795: 5976: 5635: 5265: 5252:The Reinvigoration of the Grand Canal 4963: 4412:from the original on 26 November 2018 4382:from the original on 26 November 2018 4295: 3748:Economic history of China before 1912 3649:, recording his progress in a diary. 3026:Tongji Canal's Shanqiu Xiayi section 2681: 1252:The reunification of China under the 809:, Tianjin, and Beijing. In 2014, the 6488:China State Shipbuilding Corporation 5955: 5614: 5172:. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. 4872:"Marco Polo's Descriptions of China" 4520: 4007: 3641:traveled along the Grand Canal from 3608: 3429:adding citations to reliable sources 3400: 2757:Hujiakou Rammed Earth Critical Levee 2726:Tianjin Northern and Southern Canal 2407:, a northerly course passes through 2175:adding citations to reliable sources 2146: 2066: 1998:adding citations to reliable sources 1965: 7705:North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal 5291: 4770:"耗资136亿，山东新增一条超级入海通道 - OFweek智慧城市网" 4702: 4097:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 350–351. 4010:"caoyun 漕運 (www.chinaknowledge.de)" 3871:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 269–270. 3853:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 271–272. 3743:Economic history of China (1912–49) 3194:Jiangnan Canal's Wuxi City section 2618:, who established their capital at 1932:South-North Water Diversion Project 1660:and emptying the Yellow River into 966:South-North Water Diversion Project 766: 702: 24: 8149:Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor 6230:Harbin-Beijing–Guangzhou–Hong Kong 5661: 4952:The Collision of Two Civilisations 4746:. The Economist. 9 February 2013. 4280: 3823:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 350–352 3598:South-North Water Transfer Project 3582:South–North Water Transfer Project 3572:South-North Water Transfer Project 3366:Zhedongyun Canal's Ningbo section 3198:Qingming Bridge Historical Quarter 3124:Huaiyang Canal's Yangzhou section 2487:along the course of the canalized 1920:provincial governments of Shandong 1460:Record of the Opening of the Canal 1067:. This became known as the Han or 1051:(whose capital was in present-day 25: 8325: 5245: 5232: 4529:(2): 31–34 – via EBSCOhost. 3967:Ebrey, P.B., Walthall, A (2014). 3592:, from which the water is coming. 3588:. Looking "upstream", toward the 3503: 3086:Huaiyang Canal's Huai'an section 3084:Qingkuo Water Management Complex 3001:Tongji Canal's Zhengzhou section 2790:Huitong Canal's Lingqing section 2711:Tonghui Canal's Tongzhou section 2466: 2278: 2044:along the Grand Canal dated 1770. 1319:). The new canal was to pass not 742: 7884:Ancient Building Complex in the 7866: 6823: 6766: 6765: 6733: 6732: 6714: 6713: 6683: 6682: 6093: 6078: 6020: 6019: 5954: 5943: 5942: 5613: 5602: 5601: 5111:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). 4984:from the original on 5 July 2024 4964:Coles, Peter (15 October 2019). 4878:from the original on 17 May 2022 4477:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 3584:central route starting point in 3405: 3251:Jiangnan Canal's Nanxun section 3148:Tianning Temple Temporary Palace 2916:Zhongyun Canal's Suqian section 2883:Huitong Canal's Weishan section 2511:Northern Canal and Tonghui River 2151: 2142: 2075: 1970: 1229: 1220: 1055:), ventured north to attack the 1038: 832:during the conflicts of China's 722: 633:) is a system of interconnected 232: 38: 8025:Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries 5014:from the original on 2019-12-05 4996: 4957: 4944: 4919: 4908:from the original on 2023-11-11 4890: 4870:Jeffrey Hayes (8 August 2013). 4863: 4850: 4837: 4826:from the original on 2024-07-05 4812: 4801:from the original on 2024-07-05 4787: 4776:from the original on 2024-07-05 4762: 4750:from the original on 2013-02-11 4722: 4711:from the original on 2021-01-21 4696: 4685:from the original on 2020-12-30 4679:"南水北调东线北延应急试通水成功首次把长江水输向天津、河北" 4671: 4660:from the original on 2024-07-05 4640: 4620: 4609:from the original on 2021-12-27 4589: 4563: 4533: 4514: 4495: 4484:from the original on 2014-07-25 4463: 4451:from the original on 2023-03-02 4424: 4394: 4364: 4337: 4319: 4308:from the original on 2017-02-02 4289: 4274: 4265: 4194:from the original on 2021-10-26 4139: 4130: 4127:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 227. 4118:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 266. 4112: 4109:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 351. 4082: 4073: 4070:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 311. 4058:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 310. 4046:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 309. 4040: 4031: 4020:from the original on 2021-12-21 4001: 3960: 3928:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 308. 3892:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 270. 3880:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 269. 3862:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 271. 3814:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 307. 3781: 3632:Diary of a Journey to the North 3416:needs additional citations for 2861:Upper Wenyun Canal Zhuanqi Dike 2803:Huitong Canal's Yanggu section 2382: 2162:needs additional citations for 2096: 1882: 1827: 1258:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians 860:in the south to his capital at 856:in AD 609, linking the fertile 848:. The network was completed by 671:. It is the longest artificial 594: 570: 549: 430: 403: 389: 375: 354: 6760:special administrative regions 4648:"动画丨1分钟，全面了解南水北调东线之水_工程_环境_江苏" 3835: 3826: 3817: 3634:to the emperor on his return. 3334:Bazi Bridge Historical Quarter 3064:Tongji Canal's Sixian section 2519:, before branching off toward 2346: 2326:Grand Canal tour boats, Suzhou 2299:, through the major cities of 2130: 1865:flooded and changed its course 1272:to the west and to supply the 1203: 877:) even further west under the 629: 620: 525: 511: 497: 467: 453: 330: 316: 302: 264: 250: 13: 1: 8314:World Heritage Sites in China 7762:World Heritage Sites in China 5004:"The Great British Tea Heist" 4502:China at War: An Encyclopedia 4296:Lague, David (24 July 2007). 3769: 3387: 2986:Huiluo Granary Ruins section 2958:Liyang Granary Ruins section 2419:and enters Weishan Lake near 1730:(1368–1644). A magistrate of 750: 7901:Kaiping Diaolou and Villages 5895:Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge 5227:National Geographic magazine 5199:New China News Ltd. (1984). 5189:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. 5170:The Grand Canal: An Odyssey 4744:"Desalination: Costly drops" 3794: 3733:Dujiangyan irrigation system 3228:Pingjiang Historical Quarter 3046:Liuzi Canal's Ruins section 2658:Grand Canal Beiyunhe section 2052: 1954:listed the Grand Canal as a 1952:Conference on World Heritage 1754:. Chinese engineers built a 1346:northwest to Luoyang by the 936:. Despite the importance of 883:flooding of the Yellow River 442:Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal 18:Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal 7: 7784:Classical Gardens of Suzhou 5233:中国运河, 竞放、杜家驹主编, 金陵书社 1997年 5060:. Oxford University Press. 5008:The Great British Tea Heist 3710: 3659:In 1345, Maghrebi traveler 3224:Shantang Historical Quarter 2426: 1668:for centuries. The Jurchen 70:1,776 km (1,104 miles) 10: 8330: 5161:Hinton, Harold C. (1956). 5147:Gandar, Dominique (1903). 5029: 4148:"China and the Erie Canal" 3718:History of canals in China 3237: 2677:Subsidiary Heritage sites 2547: 1897:People's Republic of China 1863:In 1855, the Yellow River 1033: 960:. Increasing concern over 946:People's Republic of China 677:UNESCO World Heritage Site 649:, serving as an important 147:UNESCO World Heritage Site 56:Courses of the Grand Canal 8299:Economic history of China 8172: 8139: 8116: 8038: 7971:Honghe Hani Rice Terraces 7946: 7928:Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art 7875: 7864: 7768: 7685: 7470: 7426: 7352: 7308: 7249: 7165: 7070: 6836: 6756: 6706: 6675: 6643: 6578: 6514: 6505: 6468: 6435: 6339: 6332: 6176: 6110: 6033: 6025:Proposed public transport 6010: 5938: 5910:Grand Buddha at Ling Shan 5867: 5828: 5810:Nanjing Normal University 5780: 5712: 5684: 5670: 5597: 5551: 5528: 5445: 5405: 5342: 5314: 5300: 5206:Staunton, George (1797). 4902:www.worldheritagesite.org 4847:Eye Books, February 2010. 4545:Ministry of Water Sources 4437:. Routledge. p. 47. 4146:Hanyan, Craig R. (1961). 3753:Economic history of China 3353: 3346: 3343: 3323: 3313: 3310: 3305:Qiaoxi Historical Quarter 3289:Fengshan Water Gate Ruins 3282: 3268: 3265: 3075: 3070: 3032: 3007: 2967: 2945: 2938: 2935: 2925: 2842: 2832: 2829: 2781: 2769: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2735: 2717: 2673: 2525:Grand Canal Cultural Park 2379:around Jiangsu Province. 2049:form an exhaustive list. 1622: 1493: 1470: 1441: 1420: 1379: 1358: 1285:part-time militia-farmers 1161: 1143: 1092: 1079: 605: 584: 577: 563: 556: 542: 535: 518: 504: 490: 483: 478: 474: 460: 446: 441: 420: 413: 396: 382: 368: 361: 347: 340: 323: 309: 295: 288: 283: 279: 271: 257: 243: 231: 227: 222: 214: 210: 202: 192: 177: 169: 161: 153: 144: 140: 114: 104: 94: 89: 79: 74: 66: 61: 49: 37: 32: 8309:Water transport in China 7891:Historic Centre of Macau 7777:Archaeological Ruins of 6743:Chinese New Year Transit 6218:China Railway High-speed 5215:China's Ancient Lifeline 5201:The Grand Canal of China 5106:The Grand Canal of China 5078:Bowman, John S. (2000). 4860:(Frances Lincoln, 2007). 4858:Grand Canal, Great River 4633:South China Morning Post 4358:10.1163/156852008X307438 3774: 3440:"Grand Canal" China 3232:Wujian Canal Old Towpath 2607:Spring and Autumn period 2570:, Hangzhou; crosses the 2391:The canal in Jining City 2186:"Grand Canal" China 1836:Grand Canal. Drawing by 1710:Ming dynasty restoration 1045:Spring and Autumn period 834:Spring and Autumn period 462:Traditional Chinese 259:Traditional Chinese 8083:Ancient City of Pingyao 8053:Chengde Mountain Resort 6535:China Southern Airlines 6123:China National Highways 5885:Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum 5175:Martin, W.A.P. (1897). 5154:Garnett, J.W. (1907). 5075:. Hong Kong: Odyssey. 5056:Benn, Charles. (2002). 5049:Encyclopædia Britannica 4571:"京杭运河山东泰安段预计2019年初全面复航" 4152:Business History Review 3396: 2093:or 'river of springs'. 658:the north and the south 448:Simplified Chinese 275:"Great Transport River" 245:Simplified Chinese 8294:Naval history of China 8255:30.26139°N 120.22389°E 8059:Putuo Zongcheng Temple 7956:Chengjiang Fossil Site 7910:Historic Monuments of 7710:Eastern Zhejiang Canal 6758:* in / related to the 6540:China Eastern Airlines 5925:Tianning Temple Pagoda 5168:Liao Pin, ed. (1987). 5071:Bishop, Kevin (1997). 4523:Chinese American Forum 4431:Gang Xu (2013-10-11). 3593: 3513: 3098:Hongze Lake Stone Dyke 2853:Xujiankou Doumen Ruins 2753:Xiejia Dam of Lianzhen 2659: 2578:; and connects to the 2556:Eastern Zhejiang Canal 2550:Eastern Zhejiang Canal 2544:Eastern Zhejiang Canal 2476: 2392: 2327: 2288: 2254: 2045: 1893:Beijing-Hankou Railway 1845: 1723: 1684: 1584: 1520:Tang to Yuan dynasties 1213: 1010:Rashid al-Din Hamadani 819:Eastern Zhejiang Canal 637:linking various major 8030:Three Parallel Rivers 7834:Cemetery of Confucius 6830:Major rivers of China 6319:Rapid transit systems 6045:Ministry of Transport 5880:Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum 5104:Carles, W.R. (1900). 4874:. Facts and Details. 4014:www.chinaknowledge.de 3758:Hydraulic engineering 3621:in the north and the 3590:Danjiangkou Reservoir 3579: 3511: 2857:Xingtong Doumen Ruins 2698:Chengqing Middle Lock 2657: 2474: 2390: 2355:rivers, skirting the 2325: 2286: 2252: 2035: 1916:Reform and Opening Up 1889:Tianjin-Pukou Railway 1840:, draughtsman of the 1835: 1717: 1682: 1578: 1528:(618–907) capital at 1211: 1020:(1454–1504), and the 944:in modern China, the 571:Ging Hong Daai Wan Ho 8108:Beijing Central Axis 7922:Gaocheng Observatory 5800:Southeast University 5727:Grand Canal of China 5589:Tomb of Yu the Great 5430:China Academy of Art 5073:China's Imperial Way 4843:D'Arcy Brown, Liam, 4281:Yu, Maochun (2002). 3425:improve this article 3338:Shaoxing Old Towpath 3157:Wang Lumen Residence 2962:Liyang Granary Ruins 2794:Linqing Customs Hall 2694:Chengqing Upper Lock 2270:Man-Made Lake Lianhu 2171:improve this article 1994:improve this section 1644:invaders during the 972:along the waterway. 769:from Linqing to the 753:from the lakes past 745:from Huai'an to the 725:from the Yangtze at 651:waterborne transport 512:Ching-Hang Ta Yün-he 33:Grand Canal of China 8279:Grand Canal (China) 8260:30.26139; 120.22389 8251: / 8226:Badain Jaran Desert 8222:of China (Phase II) 7995:Leshan Giant Buddha 7838:Kong Family Mansion 6698:PLA Aerospace Force 6287:Lanzhou–Lianyungang 6163:Automotive industry 5868:Visitor attractions 5820:Yangzhou University 5552:Visitor attractions 5420:Zhejiang University 5372:Yangtze River Delta 5225:published May 2013 5127:Fairbank, John King 3728:Turpan water system 3652:In the late 1200s, 3555:high speed railways 3376:Ningbo Sanjiangkou 3273:Chang'an Lock Ruins 3255:Nanxun Ancient City 3165:Lu Shaoxu Residence 2377:shipping containers 2124:Eastern Jin dynasty 2118:In AD 369, General 2114:Duke Huan's Conduit 1962:Historical sections 1956:World Heritage Site 1877:Northern Expedition 1562:An Lushan rebellion 1244:Emperor Yang of Sui 1117:utilizing existing 864:in the west and to 675:in the world and a 595:Kiaⁿ-hâng-tāi-ūn-hô 8063:Xumi Fushou Temple 7961:Dazu Rock Carvings 7811:of China (Phase I) 7471:Other major rivers 6245:Lianyungang–Ürümqi 6118:Expressways (NTHS) 6004:Transport in China 5795:Jiangsu University 5790:Nanjing University 5415:Double First-Class 5220:2018-01-28 at the 4970:. Reaktion Books. 4950:Peyrefitte, Alan, 4703:段亚英 (2018-03-29). 4360:– via JSTOR. 4331:2016-03-04 at the 4302:The New York Times 4008:Theobald, Ulrich. 3763:History of Beijing 3692:, a large part of 3594: 3514: 3380:Qing'an Guild Hall 3050:Liuzi Bridge Ruins 2819:Jingmen Upper Lock 2815:Jingmen Lower Lock 2660: 2477: 2399:, passing through 2393: 2328: 2289: 2287:The Jiangnan Canal 2255: 2127:the Jizhou Canal. 2046: 1908:Great Leap Forward 1846: 1724: 1687:During the Mongol 1685: 1656:the course of the 1585: 1240:Emperor Wen of Sui 1214: 962:pollution in China 811:Chinese government 682:The Grand Canal's 498:Jīng-Háng Dà Yùnhé 193:Reference no. 80:Construction began 8234: 8233: 8195:South China Karst 8159:Xinjiang Tianshan 7918:Shaolin Monastery 7728: 7727: 6789: 6788: 6671: 6670: 6635:Shanghai Hongqiao 6604:Chengdu Shuangliu 6560:Shenzhen Airlines 6555:Shanghai Airlines 6550:Shandong Airlines 6501: 6500: 6478:Shipping industry 6282:Beijing–Guangzhou 5970: 5969: 5860:(Yangzhou garden) 5629: 5628: 5425:Ningbo University 5177:A Cycle of Cathay 4509:978-1-598-84415-3 4372:"The Grand Canal" 3609:Notable travelers 3501: 3500: 3493: 3475: 3385: 3384: 2811:Echeng Upper Lock 2807:Echeng Lower Lock 2728:Sanchakou section 2674:Waterway Section 2582:and ports on the 2568:Binjiang District 2247: 2246: 2239: 2221: 2067:Nanyang New Canal 2030: 2029: 2022: 1946:On 22 June 2014, 1873:Taiping Rebellion 1844:to China in 1793. 1842:Macartney Embassy 1838:William Alexander 1570:Mandate of Heaven 1566:North China Plain 1491: 1468: 1439: 1418: 1377: 1356: 1281:Goguryeo-Sui Wars 1155: 1137: 1090: 1077: 1012:(1247–1318), the 950:Chinese Civil War 821:from Hangzhou to 609: 608: 601: 600: 550:Cin On Du Yun Ghu 485:Standard Mandarin 437: 436: 370:Yale Romanization 290:Standard Mandarin 218: 217: 188: 16:(Redirected from 8321: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8261: 8256: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8244: 8173:Multiple regions 8103:Yungang Grottoes 8093:Temple of Heaven 8069: 8021: 7924: 7906:Longmen Grottoes 7886:Wudang Mountains 7870: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7732: 7731: 6892:Qingyi (Sichuan) 6828: 6827: 6816: 6809: 6802: 6793: 6792: 6769: 6768: 6736: 6735: 6717: 6716: 6686: 6685: 6614:Guangzhou Baiyun 6592:Major Airports: 6565:Sichuan Airlines 6512: 6511: 6337: 6336: 6292:Lanzhou–Xinjiang 6272:Beijing–Shanghai 6255:Shanghai–Kunming 6250:Shanghai–Chengdu 6240:Beijing–Shanghai 6103: 6098: 6097: 6088: 6083: 6082: 6023: 6022: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5974: 5973: 5958: 5957: 5946: 5945: 5805:Hohai University 5656: 5649: 5642: 5633: 5632: 5617: 5616: 5605: 5604: 5470:Hangzhou dialect 5367:Tiantai Mountain 5286: 5279: 5272: 5263: 5262: 5235: 5234: 5053: 5045: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4961: 4955: 4954:(Harvill, 1993). 4948: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4929:. 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Emperor 2025: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2005: 1974: 1966: 1732:Jining, Shandong 1639: 1632: 1630: 1629: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1451: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1430: 1414: 1392: 1390: 1389: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1368: 1352: 1304:canal lock gates 1233: 1224: 1168: 1166: 1165: 1158: 1151: 1150: 1148: 1147: 1140: 1133: 1097: 1095: 1094: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1081: 1073: 869:canals supplied 781:from Tianjin to 631: 622: 597: 596: 573: 572: 552: 551: 531: 530: 529: 514: 513: 500: 499: 476: 475: 470: 469: 456: 455: 433: 432: 409: 408: 407: 392: 391: 378: 377: 357: 356: 336: 335: 334: 319: 318: 305: 304: 281: 280: 267: 266: 253: 252: 236: 220: 219: 182: 54: 42: 30: 29: 21: 8329: 8328: 8324: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8319: 8318: 8284:Canals in China 8269: 8268: 8259: 8257: 8253: 8250: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8230: 8168: 8164:Qinghai Hoh Xil 8135: 8112: 8056: 8034: 8012: 8000:Mount Qingcheng 7942: 7915: 7871: 7862: 7764: 7759: 7729: 7724: 7681: 7645:Han (Guangdong) 7625:Jiao 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6158:Zhongshan Road 6155: 6150: 6145: 6143:Licence plates 6140: 6130: 6128:Road numbering 6125: 6120: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6089: 6074: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6041: 6039: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6017: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6000: 5999: 5992: 5985: 5977: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5952: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5900:Hanshan Temple 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5834: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5786: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5772:Qixia Mountain 5769: 5764: 5762:Yangcheng Lake 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5737:East China Sea 5734: 5729: 5724: 5718: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5690: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5659: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5636: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5611: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5564:Guoqing Temple 5561: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5534: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5501:Quzhou dialect 5498: 5496:Jinhua dialect 5493: 5492: 5491: 5488:Rui'an dialect 5479: 5478: 5477: 5475:Ningbo dialect 5472: 5457: 5451: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5411: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5382:Qiantang River 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5348: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5320: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5289: 5288: 5281: 5274: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5247: 5246:External links 5244: 5242: 5241: 5229: 5211: 5204: 5197: 5180: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5124: 5109: 5102: 5086:Brook, Timothy 5083: 5076: 5069: 5054: 5040:, ed. (1911). 5038:Chisholm, Hugh 5033: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5024: 4995: 4976: 4956: 4943: 4918: 4889: 4862: 4849: 4836: 4811: 4786: 4761: 4735: 4730:"中国南水北调集团有限公司" 4721: 4695: 4670: 4639: 4619: 4588: 4562: 4532: 4513: 4494: 4462: 4443: 4423: 4393: 4363: 4352:(2): 209–251. 4336: 4318: 4288: 4273: 4264: 4250: 4238: 4229: 4213: 4204: 4158:(4): 558–566. 4138: 4129: 4120: 4111: 4099: 4090: 4081: 4072: 4060: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4000: 3988: 3959: 3946: 3930: 3912: 3894: 3882: 3873: 3864: 3855: 3843: 3834: 3825: 3816: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3701:Robert Fortune 3694:Lord Macartney 3610: 3607: 3573: 3570: 3505: 3504:Transportation 3502: 3499: 3498: 3413: 3411: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3301:Guangji Bridge 3286: 3280: 3279: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3161:Yanzong Temple 3140:Shaobo Wharves 3125: 3122: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3100: 3094:Qingjiang Lock 3090:Shuangjin Lock 3087: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2876: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2651: 2648: 2584:East China Sea 2564:Qiantang River 2548:Main article: 2545: 2542: 2512: 2509: 2468: 2467:Southern Canal 2465: 2428: 2425: 2384: 2381: 2348: 2345: 2280: 2279:Jiangnan Canal 2277: 2245: 2244: 2159: 2157: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2132: 2129: 2115: 2112: 2098: 2095: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2054: 2051: 2028: 2027: 1978: 1976: 1969: 1963: 1960: 1884: 1881: 1869:East China Sea 1829: 1826: 1758:to divert the 1736:Yongle Emperor 1720:Yongle Emperor 1711: 1708: 1666:East China Sea 1551:northern China 1543:shipping grain 1521: 1518: 1238: 1237: 1228: 1227: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1205: 1202: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 923:Yongle Emperor 830:5th century BC 791:municipalities 779:Northern Canal 767:Southern Canal 707:Qiantang River 705:runs from the 703:Jiangnan Canal 654:infrastructure 607: 606: 603: 602: 599: 598: 591: 582: 581: 575: 574: 567: 561: 560: 558:Yue: Cantonese 554: 553: 546: 540: 539: 533: 532: 522: 516: 515: 508: 502: 501: 494: 488: 487: 481: 480: 479:Transcriptions 472: 471: 464: 458: 457: 450: 444: 443: 439: 438: 435: 434: 427: 418: 417: 411: 410: 400: 394: 393: 386: 380: 379: 376:Daaih Wahn-hòh 372: 366: 365: 363:Yue: Cantonese 359: 358: 351: 345: 344: 338: 337: 327: 321: 320: 313: 307: 306: 299: 293: 292: 286: 285: 284:Transcriptions 277: 276: 273: 269: 268: 261: 255: 254: 247: 241: 240: 237: 229: 228: 225: 224: 216: 215: 212: 211: 208: 207: 204: 200: 199: 194: 190: 189: 179: 175: 174: 173:i, iii, iv, vi 171: 167: 166: 163: 159: 158: 155: 151: 150: 145: 142: 141: 138: 137: 135:Qiantang River 116: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 62:Specifications 59: 58: 55: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8326: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8267: 8264: 8227: 8224: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8171: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8142: 8138: 8132: 8131:Mukden Palace 8129: 8127: 8126:Koguryo sites 8124: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8115: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8088:Summer Palace 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8068: 8067:Puning Temple 8064: 8060: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8037: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8020: 8016: 8010: 8009:Potala Palace 8007: 8005: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7951: 7949: 7945: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7923: 7919: 7913: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7877:South Central 7874: 7869: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7842: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7815:Mount Sanqing 7813: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7779:Liangzhu City 7776: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7756: 7751: 7749: 7744: 7742: 7737: 7736: 7733: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7425: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7351: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7307: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7248: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7164: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7134: 7133:Luo (Shaanxi) 7131: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7086:Yuegu Zonglie 7084: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7069: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6929: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6826: 6817: 6812: 6810: 6805: 6803: 6798: 6797: 6794: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6693:Space program 6691: 6689: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6642: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6303: 6302:Qinghai–Tibet 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6213:China Railway 6211: 6209: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6101: 6096: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6005: 5998: 5993: 5991: 5986: 5984: 5979: 5978: 5975: 5963: 5962: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5941: 5940: 5937: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5890:Jiming Temple 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5838:Wuyue culture 5836: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5747:Yangtze River 5745: 5743: 5742:Xishan Island 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5657: 5652: 5650: 5645: 5643: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5622: 5621: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5600: 5599: 5596: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5579:Mount Tiantai 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5559:Baoguo Temple 5557: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5543:Shaoxing wine 5541: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5455:Wuyue culture 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5287: 5282: 5280: 5275: 5273: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5239: 5238:China's Canal 5230: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5198: 5196: 5195:0-521-07060-0 5192: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5144: 5143:0-674-01828-1 5140: 5136: 5132: 5131:Merle Goldman 5128: 5125: 5122: 5121:0-521-66991-X 5118: 5114: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5101: 5100:0-520-22154-0 5097: 5093: 5092: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5066:0-19-517665-0 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5044: 5043:"China" 5039: 5035: 5034: 5013: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4983: 4979: 4977:9781789141740 4973: 4969: 4968: 4960: 4953: 4947: 4933:on 2014-02-24 4932: 4928: 4922: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4877: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4853: 4846: 4840: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4731: 4725: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4643: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4623: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4592: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4498: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4450: 4446: 4444:9781136823404 4440: 4436: 4435: 4427: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4322: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4284: 4277: 4271:Brook, 48–49. 4268: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4236:Brook, 74–75. 4233: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4211:Brook, 46–47. 4208: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4133: 4124: 4115: 4106: 4104: 4094: 4088:Fairbank, 89. 4085: 4076: 4067: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4043: 4034: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4004: 3995: 3993: 3984: 3978: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3950: 3943: 3937: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3909: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3877: 3868: 3859: 3850: 3848: 3841:Brook, 40–51. 3838: 3829: 3820: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3800: 3784: 3780: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3708: 3706: 3705:Hang Chow Foo 3702: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3683:Wanli Emperor 3680: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3645:to the river 3644: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3623:Southern Song 3620: 3616: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3510: 3495: 3492: 3484: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3442: – 3441: 3437: 3436:Find sources: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3414:This section 3412: 3408: 3403: 3402: 3394: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3342: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3220:Baodai Bridge 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2873:Siqianpu Lock 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2663: 2656: 2647: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2616:Southern Song 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2529:Tonghui River 2526: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2445:Dongping Lake 2442: 2438: 2434: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2389: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2341: 2336: 2333: 2324: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2251: 2241: 2238: 2230: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2188: – 2187: 2183: 2182:Find sources: 2176: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2160:This section 2158: 2154: 2149: 2148: 2143:Modern course 2140: 2138: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2076:Huitong Canal 2073: 2064: 2061: 2050: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2024: 2021: 2013: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1979:This section 1977: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1940:Dongping Lake 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1912:Deng Xiaoping 1909: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1825: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1805:of the early 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1742:(428,000,000 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1721: 1716: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1646:Jin–Song wars 1643: 1635: 1628: 1625: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1547:Yangtze Delta 1544: 1539: 1538:salt monopoly 1535: 1531: 1527: 1524:Although the 1517: 1513: 1511: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1490: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1467: 1461: 1457: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1438: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1376: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1355: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1331:just west of 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1274:expeditionary 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262:flood control 1259: 1255: 1245: 1241: 1232: 1223: 1210: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1164: 1154: 1146: 1136: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1089: 1076: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1039:Early periods 1031: 1030:(1552–1610). 1029: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1000: 997: 993: 990:invented the 989: 986:and engineer 985: 982: 978: 973: 971: 970:water quality 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 888:flood control 884: 880: 876: 872: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 826: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 715:Yangtze River 712: 708: 704: 700: 698: 694: 689: 685: 680: 678: 674: 670: 667: 663: 659: 655: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 626: 618: 614: 604: 592: 590: 587: 583: 580: 576: 568: 566: 562: 559: 555: 547: 545: 541: 538: 534: 528: 523: 521: 517: 509: 507: 503: 495: 493: 489: 486: 482: 477: 473: 465: 463: 459: 451: 449: 445: 440: 428: 426: 423: 419: 416: 412: 406: 401: 399: 395: 387: 385: 381: 373: 371: 367: 364: 360: 352: 350: 346: 343: 339: 333: 328: 326: 322: 314: 312: 308: 300: 298: 294: 291: 287: 282: 278: 274: 270: 262: 260: 256: 248: 246: 242: 235: 230: 226: 221: 213: 209: 205: 201: 198: 195: 191: 186: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 154:Official name 152: 148: 143: 139: 136: 132: 131:Yangtze River 128: 124: 120: 117: 113: 110: 107: 103: 100: 97: 93: 88: 85: 82: 78: 73: 69: 65: 60: 53: 48: 41: 36: 31: 19: 8236: 8199: 8185:China Danxia 8141:Northwestern 7948:Southwestern 7789:Fujian tulou 7694: 7687:Major canals 7640:Jin (Fujian) 7462:Eastern Liao 7457:Western Liao 7251:Heilongjiang 7231:Li (Guangxi) 7060:Suzhou Creek 7030:Fu (Jiangxi) 6919:Fu (Sichuan) 6707:Other topics 6444: 6201:Narrow-gauge 6191:Eastern-Qing 6153:Gallery road 5959: 5947: 5920:Qixia Temple 5853:Suzhou opera 5618: 5606: 5584:Qiandao Lake 5538:Longjing tea 5508:Southern Min 5397:Hangzhou Bay 5376: 5357:Huangmaojian 5237: 5213: 5207: 5200: 5186: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5134: 5123:(paperback). 5112: 5105: 5089: 5079: 5072: 5057: 5047: 5016:. 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Retrieved 4013: 4003: 3968: 3962: 3954: 3949: 3941: 3907: 3876: 3867: 3858: 3837: 3828: 3819: 3783: 3723:Lingqu Canal 3698: 3687: 3679:Matteo Ricci 3676: 3665: 3658: 3651: 3636: 3631: 3612: 3595: 3559: 3543: 3539:Matteo Ricci 3531: 3515: 3487: 3478: 3468: 3461: 3454: 3447: 3435: 3423:Please help 3418:verification 3415: 3391: 3293:Fuyi Granary 3132:Yucheng Post 2661: 2644: 2592: 2560:Hangzhou Bay 2553: 2514: 2478: 2430: 2409:Tai'erzhuang 2397:Weishan Lake 2394: 2383:Middle Canal 2350: 2337: 2329: 2290: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2256: 2233: 2224: 2214: 2207: 2200: 2193: 2181: 2169:Please help 2164:verification 2161: 2134: 2117: 2100: 2097:Jizhou Canal 2090: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2070: 2060:Weishan Lake 2056: 2047: 2016: 2007: 1992:Please help 1980: 1945: 1936: 1901: 1886: 1883:Modern China 1862: 1858:Qing dynasty 1847: 1828:Qing dynasty 1818: 1810: 1807:Qing dynasty 1801:The scholar 1800: 1777: 1752:Yellow River 1739: 1728:Ming dynasty 1725: 1700:Matteo Ricci 1693: 1689:Yuan dynasty 1686: 1633: 1614: 1593:Song dynasty 1587:The city of 1586: 1559: 1555: 1526:Tang dynasty 1523: 1514: 1509: 1459: 1455: 1410:Yongji Canal 1409: 1393: 1348:Tongji Canal 1347: 1340:Emperor Yang 1337: 1297: 1251: 1198:Yu the Great 1174:Yellow River 1169: 1131: 1105:to north of 1098: 1069:Hangou Canal 1049:Fuchai of Wu 1043:In the late 1042: 1028:Matteo Ricci 974: 934:Qing dynasty 927:Ming dynasty 879:Tang dynasty 850:Emperor Yang 827: 743:Middle Canal 739:Yellow River 691: 681: 628: 612: 610: 579:Southern Min 544:Romanization 492:Hanyu Pinyin 415:Southern Min 349:Romanization 297:Hanyu Pinyin 206:Asia-Pacific 123:Yellow River 8304:Ship canals 8289:Sui dynasty 8258: / 8246:120°13′26″E 8200:Grand Canal 8154:Mogao Caves 8078:Zhoukoudian 8048:Mount Wutai 8019:Norbulingka 7966:Fanjingshan 7896:Shennongjia 7695:Grand Canal 7555:Lion Spring 7265:2nd Songhua 7140:Luo (Henan) 6445:Grand Canal 6364:Lianyungang 6309:Locomotives 5905:Huqiu Tower 5757:Hongze Lake 5574:Ruyi Bridge 5569:Mount Putuo 5377:Grand Canal 5362:Mount Mogan 4754:12 February 4455:26 November 4416:26 November 4386:26 November 3661:Ibn Battuta 3619:Jin dynasty 3547:expressways 3481:August 2021 3330:Bazi Bridge 3144:Shouxi Lake 3128:Liubao Lock 2887:Lijian Lock 2865:Liulin Lock 2671:Prefecture 2572:Cao'e River 2566:in Xixing, 2347:Inner Canal 2227:August 2021 2131:Yilou Canal 2010:August 2021 1773:canal locks 1670:Jin dynasty 1662:Hongze Lake 1333:Lake Hongze 1254:Sui dynasty 1204:Sui dynasty 1057:State of Qi 988:Qiao Weiyue 854:Sui dynasty 747:Nansi Lakes 723:Inner Canal 699:Grand Canal 613:Grand Canal 390:Daai Wan-ho 223:Grand Canal 115:Connects to 95:Start point 84:Sui dynasty 8273:Categories 8243:30°15′41″N 8216:Yellow Sea 8210:Tusi Sites 8205:Silk Roads 8180:Great Wall 8057:including 8004:Dujiangyan 7991:Mount Emei 7981:Jiuzhaigou 7933:Wulingyuan 7805:Yellow Sea 6993:Qi (Hunan) 6688:Spaceports 6588:By traffic 6493:Ship lifts 6225:High-speed 6035:Government 5930:Zhouzhuang 5767:Huai River 5732:Yellow Sea 5513:Zhenan Min 5460:Wu Chinese 5185:. (1986). 5088:. (1998). 5018:2019-12-05 4988:25 October 4937:2014-07-24 4912:2023-10-06 4882:7 December 4830:2024-07-05 4805:2024-07-05 4780:2024-07-05 4715:2022-08-20 4689:2019-06-22 4664:2024-07-05 4613:2021-12-27 4488:2014-07-17 4312:2017-02-21 4262:Brook, 48. 4248:Brook, 75. 4227:Brook, 47. 4198:2021-10-26 4136:Brook, 46. 4024:2022-07-27 3770:References 3654:Marco Polo 3535:Marco Polo 3451:newspapers 3388:Elevations 2849:Shili Lock 2837:Daicun Dam 2580:Yong River 2401:Luoma Lake 2332:containers 2197:newspapers 1904:Mao Zedong 1764:reservoirs 1748:Huai River 1704:Erie canal 1696:Erie Canal 1609:pound lock 1581:pound lock 1560:After the 1329:Huai River 1308:flash lock 1277:Sui armies 1115:Huai River 1025:missionary 1008:historian 992:pound lock 958:bulk cargo 910:under the 900:rebellions 892:salt works 866:his armies 777:; and the 731:Huai River 647:East China 506:Wade–Giles 355:Du Yun Ghu 311:Wade–Giles 178:Designated 127:Huai River 8220:Bohai Sea 8118:Northeast 7976:Huanglong 7853:West Lake 7820:Mount Tai 7809:Bohai Sea 7799:Huangshan 7575:Subansiri 7535:Longjiang 7447:Xar Moron 7101:Huangshui 6748:Disasters 6619:Hong Kong 6570:XiamenAir 6524:Air China 6426:Hong Kong 6359:Guangzhou 6349:Chongqing 6085:Hong Kong 5843:Shuochang 5782:Education 5714:Geography 5520:Yue opera 5407:Education 5344:Geography 4188:154748621 4172:2044-768X 3998:Benn, 46. 3977:cite book 3795:Citations 3699:In 1848, 3677:In 1600, 3172:Changzhou 2994:Zhengzhou 2894:Zaozhuang 2783:Liaocheng 2702:Shichahai 2668:Province 2601:official 2517:Hai River 2489:Wei River 2449:Liaocheng 2317:Zhenjiang 2313:Changzhou 2293:Zhenjiang 2053:Jia Canal 1981:does not 1854:Wu Sangui 1760:Wen River 1654:capturing 1597:Guangzhou 1456:Yǒngjì Qú 1394:Tōngjì Qú 1194:Sima Qian 1119:waterways 1113:with the 1016:official 977:sea level 956:carrying 908:Khanbaliq 787:provinces 771:Hai River 759:Wei River 719:Zhenjiang 684:main stem 666:premodern 431:Tāi-ūn-hô 317:Ta Yün-ho 119:Hai River 105:End point 90:Geography 7912:Dengfeng 7858:Kulangsu 7720:Zhengguo 7715:Red Flag 7677:Xiaoqing 7590:Qiantang 7530:Minjiang 7488:Karatash 7368:Yongding 7211:Hongshui 6936:Qingshui 6862:Tongtian 6771:Category 6645:Industry 6580:Airports 6507:Aviation 6470:Industry 6406:Tangshan 6396:Shenzhen 6389:Yangshan 6384:Shanghai 6314:Stations 6055:Aviation 6037:agencies 5949:Category 5752:Lake Tai 5699:Politics 5608:Category 5465:Taihu Wu 5387:Ou River 5329:Politics 5303:Hangzhou 5293:Zhejiang 5218:Archived 5133:(1992). 5012:Archived 4982:Archived 4967:Mulberry 4906:Archived 4876:Archived 4824:Archived 4799:Archived 4774:Archived 4748:Archived 4709:Archived 4683:Archived 4658:Archived 4607:Archived 4479:Archived 4449:Archived 4410:Archived 4380:Archived 4329:Archived 4306:Archived 4192:Archived 4037:Benn, 7. 4018:Archived 3957:, p. 115 3711:See also 3703:reached 3672:Zhejiang 3643:Shaoxing 3627:Xiaozong 3551:railways 3527:Qianlong 3325:Shaoxing 3284:Hangzhou 3239:Zhejiang 3117:Yangzhou 3009:Shangqiu 2771:Shandong 2764:Hengshui 2742:Cangzhou 2636:railways 2595:Shaoxing 2576:Shaoxing 2521:Tongzhou 2501:Cangzhou 2459:border. 2453:Shandong 2427:Lu Canal 2373:Yangzhou 2297:Lake Tai 2259:Hangzhou 2137:Yangzhou 2120:Huan Wen 1928:Zhejiang 1891:and the 1803:Gu Yanwu 1792:Jiangnan 1768:Shandong 1664:and the 1658:Si River 1650:Shandong 1634:Dù Chōng 1617:Du Chong 1601:Quanzhou 1534:Yangzhou 1530:Chang'an 1402:his wars 1398:Jiangnan 1344:Yangzhou 1289:Goguryeo 1103:Yangzhou 996:Japanese 984:official 938:railways 929:and the 871:Chang'an 803:Shandong 795:Zhejiang 783:Tongzhou 751:Lu Canal 727:Yangzhou 711:Hangzhou 673:waterway 662:Medieval 656:between 630:Dà yùnhé 565:Jyutping 384:Jyutping 303:Dà Yùnhé 170:Criteria 165:Cultural 109:Hangzhou 8015:Jokhang 7986:Lijiang 7848:Hongcun 7840:in Qufu 7667:Wanquan 7550:Nujiang 7540:Lancang 7418:Jiyunhe 7398:Sanggan 7363:Chaobai 7329:Shiguan 7290:Kherlen 7260:Songhua 7191:Yujiang 7055:Huangpu 7045:Qinhuai 6973:Chishui 6943:Hanshui 6914:Bailong 6909:Jialing 6877:Baishui 6838:Yangtze 6776:Economy 6738:Tunnels 6728:Bridges 6723:by city 6421:Yingkou 6411:Tianjin 6374:Qingdao 6186:History 6015:History 5961:Commons 5848:Cuisine 5830:Culture 5704:Economy 5694:History 5686:General 5677:capital 5673:Nanjing 5663:Jiangsu 5620:Commons 5530:Cuisine 5447:Culture 5334:Economy 5324:History 5316:General 5307:capital 5030:Sources 4581:5 March 4555:5 March 4180:3111758 3953:Ebrey, 3940:Ebrey, 3906:Ebrey, 3668:Choe Bu 3647:Yangtze 3615:Jurchen 3602:Jiangdu 3586:Nanyang 3465:scholar 3262:Jiaxing 3077:Huai'an 3072:Jiangsu 3039:Huaibei 2969:Luoyang 2719:Tianjin 2683:Beijing 2597:by the 2485:Tianjin 2481:Linqing 2441:Nanwang 2433:Linqing 2421:Peixian 2413:Nanyang 2369:Huai'an 2301:Jiaxing 2211:scholar 2122:of the 2002:removed 1987:sources 1924:Jiangsu 1850:Manchus 1821:courier 1796:Choe Bu 1784:Beijing 1780:Nanjing 1674:Mongols 1642:Jurchen 1605:Huainan 1589:Kaifeng 1510:Kāihéjì 1408:by the 1317:Yanzhou 1293:Göktürk 1279:in the 1270:Luoyang 1180:to the 1178:Kaifeng 1170:Hónggōu 1127:marshes 1111:Yangtze 1107:Huai'an 1047:, King 1034:History 1022:Italian 1018:Choe Bu 1006:Persian 925:of the 919:Beijing 917:and to 862:Luoyang 852:of the 799:Jiangsu 775:Tianjin 763:Linqing 735:Huai'an 729:to the 713:to the 690:as the 688:Chinese 660:during 617:Chinese 586:Hokkien 422:Hokkien 185:session 99:Beijing 75:History 8098:Xanadu 7846:, and 7830:Temple 7794:Lushan 7700:Lingqu 7672:Taping 7595:Puyang 7585:Suifen 7580:Irtysh 7545:Beilun 7452:Xinkai 7430:system 7403:Fuyang 7383:Daqing 7356:system 7312:system 7280:Ussuri 7253:system 7221:Beipan 7216:Nanpan 7169:system 7113:Wuding 7106:Datong 7081:Kariqu 7074:system 7072:Yellow 7050:Xitiao 7015:Lishui 6872:Yalong 6867:Jinsha 6857:Chumar 6852:Dangqu 6847:Tuotuo 6840:system 6450:Lingqu 6437:Canals 6416:Xiamen 6401:Suzhou 6379:Rizhao 6354:Dalian 6324:Maglev 5858:Geyuan 5722:Cities 5665:topics 5352:Cities 5295:topics 5193: 5141: 5119: 5098: 5064: 4974: 4541:"京杭运河" 4511:p. 141 4507: 4441: 4186: 4178: 4170: 3910:, 116. 3639:Lu You 3566:Tai'an 3562:Jining 3523:Kangxi 3467: 3460: 3453: 3446: 3438: 3373:ZD-04 3363:ZD-03 3355:Ningbo 3344:ZD-02 3311:ZD-01 3266:JN-04 3248:JN-05 3244:Huzhou 3216:Panmen 3209:JN-03 3205:Suzhou 3191:JN-02 3176:JN-01 3153:Geyuan 3121:HY-03 3104:HY-02 3081:HY-01 3061:TJ-07 3057:Suzhou 3043:TJ-06 3023:TJ-05 3013:TJ-04 2998:TJ-03 2983:TJ-02 2973:TJ-01 2955:WH-02 2936:WH-01 2932:Anyang 2913:ZH-02 2909:Suqian 2898:ZH-01 2880:HT-04 2844:Jining 2830:HT-03 2800:HT-02 2787:HT-01 2776:Dezhou 2746:NY-01 2723:BY-01 2708:TH-02 2687:TH-01 2630:, and 2620:Lin'an 2603:Fan Li 2588:Ningbo 2533:Houhai 2497:Dezhou 2437:Jining 2417:Xuzhou 2405:Pizhou 2365:Hongze 2363:, and 2361:Gaoyou 2357:Shaobo 2340:Suzhou 2311:, and 2305:Suzhou 2213: 2206: 2199: 2192: 2184: 2091:quanhe 2042:Suzhou 1948:UNESCO 1926:, and 1814:corvée 1788:Suzhou 1744:liters 1638: 1325:Suzhou 1321:Xuzhou 1190:Su Qin 1157: 1139: 1125:, and 1099:Hángōu 1053:Suzhou 1014:Korean 954:barges 931:Manchu 921:under 912:Mongol 902:, and 896:floods 838:states 823:Ningbo 815:UNESCO 765:; the 755:Jining 749:; the 741:; the 721:; the 639:rivers 635:canals 627:: 625:pinyin 619:: 203:Region 183:(38th 67:Length 8040:North 7938:Yinxu 7662:Nandu 7635:Mulan 7620:Cao'e 7570:Nyang 7510:Tumen 7498:Shule 7478:Tarim 7442:Taizi 7388:Wenyu 7373:Hutuo 7300:Huifa 7295:Woken 7285:Argun 7275:Mudan 7176:North 7167:Pearl 7155:Dawen 7150:Muwen 7091:Daxia 7020:Miluo 6978:Xiang 6676:Space 6663:Comac 6341:Ports 6333:Water 6262:Lines 6133:Rules 6100:Macau 6072:Space 4482:(PDF) 4475:(PDF) 4184:S2CID 4176:JSTOR 3775:Notes 3690:Jehol 3617:-led 3472:JSTOR 3458:books 3034:Anhui 2927:Henan 2826:Taian 2737:Hebei 2640:roads 2505:weirs 2457:Hebei 2218:JSTOR 2204:books 2087:zhahe 2083:chahe 1811:lijia 1406:Korea 1404:with 1176:near 1123:lakes 1002:Ennin 942:roads 875:Xi'an 873:(now 807:Hebei 669:China 643:North 468:京杭大運河 454:京杭大运河 181:2014 8065:and 8017:and 8002:and 7993:and 7920:and 7844:Xidi 7836:and 7832:and 7770:East 7655:Ting 7520:Luan 7515:Yalu 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