911:
402:, Druze fighters attacked the arresting authorities, killing a lieutenant. After the French appointed army officer Captain Carillet as governor of Jabal al-Druze in violation of the 1921 French-Druze Agreement which stipulated that a Druze be in charge, tensions between al-Atrash and the authorities increased, particularly after October 1924. General tensions relating to the success of French taxation and attempts to instill the values of French society through the building of secular schools, courts and roads led to resentment by the Druze inhabitants.
457:, slowing the advance of Michaud's troops. In the town of Izra' the French garrison mobilized a force consisting of roughly 1,000 French soldiers plus 2,000 Syrian and French-African colonial troops. This force was made up of three and a half infantry battalions with three squadrons of cavalry on the flanks, backed by armored vehicles and artillery at the rear. On 31 July the French column began its march through the midsummer heat, first entering the town of
497:
140:
131:
94:
36:
468:
at the base of Jabal al-Druze after a march of 25 kilometers on 2 August. The terrain consisted of largely flat open areas with little vegetation. Movement in al-Mazraa could be easily detected from the slopes of Jabal al-Druze and al-Atrash was able to plainly view the French force when they stopped
532:
News of the victory of Sultan al-Atrash reached
Damascus shortly after the battle's end, inspiring Syrian nationalists in the country's capital and the countryside to join the Druze in revolt. During the next few months, most of the regions under French rule in Syria rose in rebellion. Al-Atrash was
524:
French authority over most of Jabal al-Druze was lost as a result of the battle, although a French garrison remained in control of al-Suwayda for over a month. Short of supplies, the French withdrew from al-Suwayda by 24 September, leaving much of the town destroyed. Following his defeat, which had
476:
Afterward, in the early hours of 3 August, al-Atrash's men launched a second attack on a supporting ammunition convoy, forcing it to retreat to Izra'. Consequently, and because of the hot and dry weather conditions, General
Michaud also decided to withdraw to Izra'. Seeing the French column in full
512:
and the right to bury their dead left on the battlefields of both Kafr and Mazraa. The Druze demanded the release of ten of their own people captured from the citadel of al-Suwayda on 3 July and the Druze sheikhs who were imprisoned in
Palmyra. On 14 August the prisoner exchange took place in the
487:
Survivors of the
Malagasy rearguard fled while Major Aujac committed suicide on the battlefield by shooting himself. At the end of the battle, 1,029 French, Senegalese and Malagasy soldiers and their Syrian auxiliaries had been killed or wounded, while much of the remainder of the French-led force
389:
family were satisfied with the idea of autonomous rule, but disagreements with the authorities arose relating to the extent of Druze independence, the powers of the al-Atrash over Jabal al-Druze and the overriding power of the mandate authorities. Conflicts between the French authorities and the
437:, General Michaud prepared a punitive expedition from his Damascus headquarters to move against the Druze. The total number of French troops has been estimated at 3,500. By 29 July, al-Atrash's rebels had destroyed railroad tracks at
508:. Negotiations between the mandatory authorities, led by delegation head Captain Raynaud, and the Druze sheikhs, led by delegation head Hamad al-Atrash, began on 11 August. The French demanded the release of all
477:
retreat, al-Atrash's forces assaulted
Michaud's troops, completely routing the French advance on al-Suwayda. The French force's second-in-command Major Jean Aujac and his 42nd Battalion of
533:
regarded as a hero by the people of Jabal al-Druze and nationalists throughout the country. His forces were thereafter seen by the nationalist leadership of
Damascus, particularly
504:
The battle at al-Mazraa ended in a victory for Sultan al-Atrash, and his men were able to capture 2,000 rifles with ammunition and supplies, several machine guns and an
258:
382:
with the
Maronites of Lebanon who maintained close ties with the French before World War I, the Druze leadership worried about faring poorly under French authority.
199:
354:
on 24 July 1920. The French authorities divided the territory of Syria into separate autonomous entities based on the different sects in the country, including the
243:
421:. After shooting down a French military aircraft, al-Atrash's forces destroyed a French Army reinforcement column, killing 111 soldiers out of 174, in the
840:
346:; from which France gained the territory of modern-day Syria. French authority over the area was finalized after their decisive victory over
192:
1177:
525:
caused great embarrassment to the
Mandate government, General Michaud was recalled to France in disgrace. He was replaced by General
910:
185:
98:
833:
1027:
789:
395:
755:
734:
849:
776:
1172:
826:
1137:
863:
484:(colonial infantry from French Madagascar) covered Michaud's withdrawal, resulting in this unit's destruction.
1021:
766:
1187:
745:
473:
fighters, subsequently assaulted the French column, inflicting moderate casualties before being routed.
1182:
994:
989:
940:
248:
1015:
378:
during the early years of the
Mandate, they feared the consequences of French rule. Because of their
1121:
1086:
534:
379:
1147:
977:
331:
292:
238:
957:
925:
895:
304:
147:
335:
1096:
8:
1106:
1071:
952:
418:
390:
Druze of Hauran arose in July 1922 after the latter agreed to protect the
Lebanese rebel
288:
209:
27:
982:
962:
935:
878:
375:
351:
308:
253:
223:
104:
1142:
1076:
967:
930:
885:
873:
772:
751:
730:
661:
Charles Lavauzelle, page 322 "Les Troupes de Marine 1622-1984" I.S,B.N. 2-7025-0142-7
608:
Charles Lavauzelle, page 320 "Les Troupes de Marine 1622-1984" I.S,B.N. 2-7025-0142-7
505:
500:
Sheikh Hilal al-Atrash, leading his armies against the French Mandate, 24 August 1925
422:
263:
228:
1101:
1091:
1066:
509:
900:
868:
724:
526:
478:
417:
on 11 July 1925, Sultan al-Atrash launched a rebellion which became known as the
406:
280:
1061:
458:
367:
355:
339:
65:
1166:
1116:
1081:
1051:
999:
947:
890:
804:
791:
518:
391:
159:
3,500 French and colonial troops (infantry, cavalry, armored cars, artillery)
1111:
1056:
469:
in the town. Al-Atrash's cavalry, which consisted of roughly 500 Druze and
371:
818:
538:
481:
438:
343:
454:
399:
316:
177:
514:
465:
398:. When Khanjar was apprehended near Sultan Pasha al-Atrash's home in
386:
312:
61:
496:
450:
442:
347:
521:
attended the exchange to celebrate the release of their comrades.
470:
434:
414:
300:
115:
35:
410:
359:
327:
139:
130:
93:
385:
In the beginning years, the Druze under the leadership of the
315:, around 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) northwest of the city of
446:
363:
296:
111:
542:
394:
who allegedly attempted to assassinate High Commissioner
291:, that led to the spread of the rebellion throughout the
768:
The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism
517:, the site of the negotiations. Over 2,000 Druze
1164:
40:Sultan Pasha al-Atrash's return from exile, 1937
541:of the nationalist movement for an independent
366:majority of 90%. While the Druze, unlike their
834:
696:
694:
193:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
464:The French reached the agricultural town of
848:
295:. It was fought on 2–3 August 1925 between
841:
827:
691:
559:
557:
200:
186:
34:
633:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
764:
495:
374:counterparts, were not as active in the
307:and a heavily armed French force of the
743:
554:
461:which had been experiencing a drought.
207:
1165:
611:
287:) was one of the major battles of the
822:
747:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z
722:
405:After the high commissioner, General
181:
1028:Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence
449:and parts of the paved road between
284:
13:
1178:Battles of the Great Syrian Revolt
409:arrested and banished three Druze
14:
1199:
909:
488:had been captured or deserted .
138:
129:
92:
715:
703:
682:
673:
664:
433:Following the French defeat at
750:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
723:Betts, Robert Brenton (2010).
655:
602:
593:
584:
575:
566:
1:
771:. University of Texas Press.
548:
491:
7:
376:Syrian nationalist movement
172:601 fatalities, 428 wounded
10:
1204:
765:Provence, Michael (2005).
670:Provence, 2005, pp. 63-64.
322:
1130:
1044:
1037:
1022:Paulet–Newcombe Agreement
1008:
918:
907:
856:
729:. Yale University Press.
428:
219:
171:
166:
153:
122:
84:
44:
33:
25:
20:
1138:French High Commissioner
1122:Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar
535:Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar
1173:1925 in Mandatory Syria
978:Battle of al-Musayfirah
850:French Mandate of Syria
572:Betts, 2010, pp. 85-86.
293:French Mandate of Syria
28:The Great Syrian Revolt
995:Syria–Lebanon campaign
958:Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa
953:1925–1927 revolt
896:Sanjak of Alexandretta
744:Jacques, Tony (2007).
709:Provence, 2005, p. 64.
700:Provence, 2005, p. 91.
688:Jacques, 2007, p. 980.
679:Provence, 2005, p. 75.
652:Provence, 2005, p. 63.
501:
334:in 1920 following the
305:Sultan Pasha al-Atrash
148:Sultan Pasha al-Atrash
123:Commanders and leaders
1087:Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah
1016:Sykes–Picot Agreement
805:32.78417°N 36.48306°E
499:
167:Casualties and losses
144:Maj. Jean Aujac (KIA)
1097:Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi
563:Betts, 2010, p. 139.
277:Battle of al-Mazra'a
1107:Saadallah al-Jabiri
1072:Mustafa Bey Barmada
990:1936 general strike
973:Battle of al-Mazraa
941:Capture of Damascus
801: /
630:Betts, 2010, p. 88.
590:Betts, 2010, p. 86.
419:Great Syrian Revolt
289:Great Syrian Revolt
211:Great Syrian Revolt
135:Gen. Roger Michaud
21:Battle of al-Mazraa
1188:August 1925 events
983:1925 Hama uprising
963:Capture of Salkhad
936:Battle of Maysalun
879:Al-Jazira Province
810:32.78417; 36.48306
599:Betts, 2010, p. 87
513:Hauran village of
510:military prisoners
502:
352:Battle of Maysalun
309:Army of the Levant
105:Army of the Levant
1183:Conflicts in 1925
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1143:Charles de Gaulle
1077:Shukri al-Quwatli
968:Battle of al-Kafr
931:Franco-Syrian War
886:Jabal Druze State
874:State of Damascus
506:artillery battery
423:Battle of al-Kafr
350:'s forces in the
338:victory over the
311:near the town of
272:
271:
176:
175:
80:
79:
1195:
1102:Sultan al-Atrash
1092:Jamil Mardam Bey
1067:Hashim al-Atassi
1042:
1041:
913:
843:
836:
829:
820:
819:
816:
815:
813:
812:
811:
806:
802:
799:
798:
797:
794:
782:
761:
740:
710:
707:
701:
698:
689:
686:
680:
677:
671:
668:
662:
659:
653:
650:
631:
628:
609:
606:
600:
597:
591:
588:
582:
579:
573:
570:
564:
561:
332:Mandate in Syria
330:established its
286:
214:
212:
202:
195:
188:
179:
178:
143:
142:
134:
133:
97:
96:
46:
45:
38:
18:
17:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1152:
1126:
1033:
1004:
914:
905:
901:Greater Lebanon
869:State of Aleppo
852:
847:
809:
807:
803:
800:
795:
792:
790:
788:
787:
785:
779:
758:
737:
718:
713:
708:
704:
699:
692:
687:
683:
678:
674:
669:
665:
660:
656:
651:
634:
629:
612:
607:
603:
598:
594:
589:
585:
580:
576:
571:
567:
562:
555:
551:
527:Maurice Gamelin
494:
431:
407:Maurice Sarrail
325:
273:
268:
215:
210:
208:
206:
137:
136:
128:
91:
68:
52:2–3 August 1925
39:
12:
11:
5:
1201:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1062:Ibrahim Hananu
1059:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
986:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
950:
945:
944:
943:
938:
928:
922:
920:
916:
915:
908:
906:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
882:
881:
876:
871:
864:State of Syria
860:
858:
854:
853:
846:
845:
838:
831:
823:
784:
783:
777:
762:
757:978-0313335396
756:
741:
736:978-0300048100
735:
719:
717:
714:
712:
711:
702:
690:
681:
672:
663:
654:
632:
610:
601:
592:
583:
574:
565:
552:
550:
547:
493:
490:
459:Busra al-Harir
430:
427:
368:Arab Christian
356:Jabal al-Druze
340:Ottoman Empire
324:
321:
303:rebels led by
270:
269:
267:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
220:
217:
216:
205:
204:
197:
190:
182:
174:
173:
169:
168:
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
151:
150:
145:
125:
124:
120:
119:
109:
108:
107:
87:
86:
82:
81:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
66:Jabal al-Druze
60:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
31:
30:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1200:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1149:
1148:Henri Gouraud
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1117:Ayyash Al-Haj
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1082:Khalid al-Azm
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1052:Yusuf al-Azma
1050:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1001:
1000:Levant Crisis
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
954:
951:
949:
948:Hananu Revolt
946:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
921:
917:
912:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
891:Alawite State
889:
887:
884:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
865:
862:
861:
859:
855:
851:
844:
839:
837:
832:
830:
825:
824:
821:
817:
814:
780:
778:9780292706804
774:
770:
769:
763:
759:
753:
749:
748:
742:
738:
732:
728:
727:
721:
720:
706:
697:
695:
685:
676:
667:
658:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
605:
596:
587:
581:Betts, p. 85.
578:
569:
560:
558:
553:
546:
544:
540:
536:
530:
528:
522:
520:
516:
511:
507:
498:
489:
485:
483:
480:
474:
472:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
396:Henri Gouraud
393:
392:Adham Khanjar
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:معركة المزرعة
282:
278:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
239:al-Musayfirah
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
221:
218:
213:
203:
198:
196:
191:
189:
184:
183:
180:
170:
165:
162:500 (cavalry)
161:
158:
157:
152:
149:
146:
141:
132:
127:
126:
121:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
102:
101:
100:
95:
89:
88:
83:
76:Druze victory
75:
72:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:
55:
51:
48:
47:
43:
37:
32:
29:
24:
19:
16:
1112:Haqqi al-Azm
1057:Saleh al-Ali
972:
786:
767:
746:
725:
716:Bibliography
705:
684:
675:
666:
657:
604:
595:
586:
577:
568:
531:
523:
503:
486:
475:
463:
432:
425:on 22 July.
404:
384:
326:
276:
274:
233:
90:
85:Belligerents
15:
926:1919 revolt
808: /
482:tirailleurs
439:al-Mismiyya
348:Emir Faisal
344:World War I
249:Deir Ez-Zor
1167:Categories
796:36°28′59″E
549:References
537:, as the
455:al-Suwayda
400:al-Qurayya
372:Arab Sunni
317:al-Suwayda
244:al-Suwayda
919:Conflicts
793:32°47′3″N
726:The Druze
515:Umm Walad
492:Aftermath
466:al-Mazraa
387:al-Atrash
362:with its
313:al-Mazraa
234:al-Mazraa
62:al-Mazraa
1009:Treaties
539:vanguard
519:horsemen
479:Malagasy
443:Damascus
441:between
380:conflict
358:area of
259:Damascus
154:Strength
57:Location
26:Part of
545:Syria.
471:Bedouin
435:al-Kafr
415:Palmyra
411:sheikhs
342:during
323:Prelude
301:Bedouin
264:Rashaya
229:al-Kafr
224:Salkhad
116:Bedouin
1131:French
1045:Syrian
1038:People
1030:(1936)
1024:(1920)
1018:(1916)
857:States
775:
754:
733:
429:Battle
360:Hauran
336:Allied
328:France
281:Arabic
118:rebels
99:France
73:Result
451:Izra'
447:Daraa
364:Druze
297:Druze
112:Druze
773:ISBN
752:ISBN
731:ISBN
543:Arab
453:and
445:and
370:and
299:and
275:The
254:Hama
114:and
49:Date
413:to
1169::
693:^
635:^
613:^
556:^
529:.
319:.
283::
64:,
842:e
835:t
828:v
781:.
760:.
739:.
279:(
201:e
194:t
187:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
