415:
realized a general uprising had begun, according to Firro. Prior to these events, Sultan's principal goal was the release of the arrested al-Atrash sheikhs from French prison, while the French still considered Sultan's activities as "disturbances". Sultan's victory at al-Kafr swayed the Druze sheikhs of Jabal al-Druze, including those who cultivated friendly ties with the French
Mandatory authorities, to join him. By the end of July, Sultan's forces swelled with thousands of Druze volunteers from throughout the area, transforming his small rebel band into an 8,000- to 10,000-strong force. At that time, Sultan's Druze forces, in alliance with the Muslim Sardiyah and Sulut tribes, were in control of all of Jabal al-Druze and were moving onto the
941:
573:
545:
559:
517:
531:
503:
170:
150:
125:
88:
346:, had refused the invitation, and upon learning of the arrest of his kinsmen, Sultan began a recruitment campaign in the mountain's villages for volunteers to join his militia. While the French sought to arrest the al-Atrash sheikhs to prevent a potential revolt by the Druze, the arrests and the deception that was used to lure in the sheikhs provided Sultan with a justification to revolt against the French.
414:
Later on 22 July, the same day of the Battle of al-Kafr, Sultan and his forces marched to al-Suwayda and forced the French garrison into the town's citadel, which was subsequently besieged. The Battle of al-Kafr and the siege of al-Suwayda marked the point where both Sultan and the French authorities
382:
in Jabal al-Druze, on their way to
Salkhad. At that time, emissaries of Sultan met with Normand to start negotiations regarding the release of the imprisoned Druze sheikhs, and the withdrawal of Normand's column to al-Suwayda in exchange for concessions from Sultan. Normand refused to negotiate, and
394:
horsemen from the
Sardiyah and Sulut tribes. Sultan's forces emerged from their positions in the surrounding hills and a nearby valley, and broke the French column's defensive square formation. In the fighting, they managed to kill most of Normand's soldiers. Historian
308:. The battle was a rout for the French, who were ambushed by Sultan's forces. Sultan's victory prompted an upswing of support for him by the Druze and by the end of July, his forces controlled Jabal al-Druze. The battle precipitated the countrywide
399:
states that over half of
Normand's soldiers were killed, while historians Kais Firro and Daniel Neep state that only a few soldiers survived and managed to inform their superiors of the ambush. The battle lasted around thirty minutes.
349:
On 18 July, Sultan al-Atrash's fighters downed a French reconnaissance plane that was circling Jabal al-Druze and captured the two men operating the plane around the village of Mitin. Two days later Sultan
338:, Captain Carbillet. The invitation was a ruse by the authorities to capture the heads of the al-Atrash clan, who the French viewed as the main agitators of anti-French activity in the
263:
378:
and Syrian Legion troops to rescue the two French airmen who had been captured at Mitin. On the evening of 21 July, Normand's column encamped outside the village of
204:
248:
870:
130:
197:
1239:
334:, Abd al-Ghaffar, Nasib and Hamad, after inviting the sheikhs for negotiations over complaints about the French military governor of
940:
386:
On 22 July, at mid-dawn, Sultan and his forces ambushed
Normand's troops. Estimates of Sultan's forces vary from Syrian journalist
190:
92:
383:
decided to carry out his assignment, which was the retrieval of the pilots and the restoration of order in the Jabal al-Druze.
863:
838:
817:
796:
775:
1057:
1195:
786:
741:
879:
467:
1234:
856:
1167:
893:
751:
1051:
807:
1244:
1024:
1019:
970:
390:'s figure of 150 to the French estimate of "thousands". They consisted of Druze from al-Kafr and local
253:
572:
1249:
1045:
1151:
1116:
522:
457:
544:
1177:
1007:
472:
243:
59:
516:
987:
955:
925:
135:
765:
828:
1126:
335:
8:
1136:
1101:
1002:
982:
437:
409:
309:
238:
214:
28:
502:
1012:
992:
965:
908:
396:
371:
321:
285:
258:
228:
98:
558:
530:
1172:
1106:
960:
915:
903:
834:
813:
792:
771:
747:
452:
351:
268:
1131:
1121:
1096:
761:
578:
550:
508:
492:
462:
447:
343:
297:
930:
898:
387:
1091:
788:
Occupying Syria Under the French
Mandate: Insurgency, Space and State Formation
564:
487:
339:
305:
55:
1228:
1210:
1197:
1146:
1111:
1081:
1029:
977:
920:
536:
482:
442:
424:
1141:
1086:
848:
767:
Syria and the French
Mandate: The Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920–1945
420:
367:
300:
on 22 July 1925. It occurred at
Normand's encampment at the village of
182:
327:
391:
379:
355:
331:
301:
293:
109:
51:
16:
Battle in 1925 during the Great Syrian Revolt against French rule
416:
169:
149:
124:
87:
477:
289:
105:
288:
column commanded by
Captain Gabriel Normand and the local
809:
The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab
Nationalism
366:French Captain Gabriel Normand was dispatched from
1226:
864:
326:On 12 July, the French arrested three of the
198:
704:
702:
700:
698:
878:
646:
644:
642:
354:the second largest town in Jabal al-Druze,
871:
857:
720:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
607:
605:
603:
205:
191:
695:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
632:
630:
628:
626:
805:
639:
370:, the capital of Jabal al-Druze, with a
653:
600:
212:
1227:
760:
677:
623:
374:consisting of 166 Algerian and Syrian
852:
826:
739:
186:
1058:Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence
784:
342:. The other two sheikhs, Mit'ib and
284:was a military engagement between a
419:plain, in a position to attack the
304:, in the southern Syrian region of
13:
1240:Battles of the Great Syrian Revolt
14:
1261:
468:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
939:
571:
557:
543:
529:
515:
501:
168:
148:
123:
86:
732:
791:. Cambridge University Press.
770:. Princeton University Press.
711:
614:
591:
1:
812:. University of Texas Press.
585:
403:
7:
430:
10:
1266:
806:Provence, Michael (2005).
407:
319:
315:
157:150 to thousands of rebels
1160:
1074:
1067:
1052:Paulet–Newcombe Agreement
1038:
948:
937:
886:
717:Provence 2005, pp. 59–60.
361:
224:
161:
141:
116:
78:
34:
26:
21:
1168:French High Commissioner
1152:Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar
830:The A to Z of the Druzes
523:Abd Al-Rahman Shahbandar
458:Abd Al-Rahman Shahbandar
1235:1925 in Mandatory Syria
1008:Battle of al-Musayfirah
880:French Mandate of Syria
743:A History of the Druzes
60:French Mandate of Syria
29:The Great Syrian Revolt
1025:Syria–Lebanon campaign
988:Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa
983:1925–1927 revolt
926:Sanjak of Alexandretta
746:. Vol. 1. BRILL.
330:clan's five principal
136:Sultan Pasha al-Atrash
117:Commanders and leaders
70:Decisive Druze victory
1211:32.62917°N 36.64111°E
1117:Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah
1046:Sykes–Picot Agreement
785:Neep, Daniel (2012).
726:Provence 2005, p. 60.
708:Provence 2005, p. 59.
162:Casualties and losses
1127:Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi
827:Swayd, Sami (2009).
740:Firro, Kais (1992).
650:Khoury 1987, p. 151.
336:Jabal al-Druze State
1207: /
1137:Saadallah al-Jabiri
1102:Mustafa Bey Barmada
1020:1936 general strike
1003:Battle of al-Mazraa
971:Capture of Damascus
833:. Scarecrow Press.
674:Firro 1992, p. 286.
620:Firro 1992, p. 284.
611:Firro 1992, p. 285.
438:Great Syrian Revolt
410:Battle of al-Mazraa
310:Great Syrian Revolt
216:Great Syrian Revolt
1216:32.62917; 36.64111
1013:1925 Hama uprising
993:Capture of Salkhad
966:Battle of Maysalun
909:Al-Jazira Province
692:Neep 2012, p. 114.
636:Neep 2012, p. 113.
597:Swayd 2009, p. 94.
397:Phillipp S. Khoury
322:Capture of Salkhad
99:Army of the Levant
1245:Conflicts in 1925
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1173:Charles de Gaulle
1107:Shukri al-Quwatli
998:Battle of al-Kafr
961:Franco-Syrian War
916:Jabal Druze State
904:State of Damascus
840:978-0-8108-7002-4
819:978-0-292-70680-4
798:978-1-107-00006-3
777:978-1-4008-5839-2
282:Battle of al-Kafr
277:
276:
181:
180:
74:
73:
22:Battle of al-Kafr
1257:
1250:July 1925 events
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1132:Sultan al-Atrash
1122:Jamil Mardam Bey
1097:Hashim al-Atassi
1072:
1071:
943:
873:
866:
859:
850:
849:
844:
823:
802:
781:
757:
727:
724:
718:
715:
709:
706:
693:
690:
675:
672:
651:
648:
637:
634:
621:
618:
612:
609:
598:
595:
579:Hasan al-Kharrat
575:
561:
551:Sultan al-Atrash
547:
533:
519:
509:Fawzi al-Qawuqji
505:
493:Hasan al-Kharrat
463:Sultan al-Atrash
448:Fawzi al-Qawuqji
344:Sultan al-Atrash
298:Sultan al-Atrash
219:
217:
207:
200:
193:
184:
183:
173:
172:
153:
152:
128:
127:
91:
90:
36:
35:
19:
18:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1225:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1182:
1156:
1063:
1034:
944:
935:
931:Greater Lebanon
899:State of Aleppo
882:
877:
847:
841:
820:
799:
778:
754:
735:
730:
725:
721:
716:
712:
707:
696:
691:
678:
673:
654:
649:
640:
635:
624:
619:
615:
610:
601:
596:
592:
588:
581:
576:
567:
562:
553:
548:
539:
534:
525:
520:
511:
506:
497:
433:
423:station of the
412:
406:
388:Munir al-Rayyis
364:
324:
318:
278:
273:
220:
215:
213:
211:
167:
147:
131:Gabriel Normand
122:
85:
62:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1263:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1092:Ibrahim Hananu
1089:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
980:
975:
974:
973:
968:
958:
952:
950:
946:
945:
938:
936:
934:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
912:
911:
906:
901:
894:State of Syria
890:
888:
884:
883:
876:
875:
868:
861:
853:
846:
845:
839:
824:
818:
803:
797:
782:
776:
758:
752:
736:
734:
731:
729:
728:
719:
710:
694:
676:
652:
638:
622:
613:
599:
589:
587:
584:
583:
582:
577:
570:
568:
565:Ibrahim Hananu
563:
556:
554:
549:
542:
540:
535:
528:
526:
521:
514:
512:
507:
500:
496:
495:
490:
488:Ibrahim Hananu
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
453:Yusuf al-'Azma
450:
445:
440:
434:
432:
429:
405:
402:
363:
360:
340:Jabal al-Druze
320:Main article:
317:
314:
306:Jabal al-Druze
275:
274:
272:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
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210:
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144:
143:
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119:
118:
114:
113:
103:
102:
101:
81:
80:
76:
75:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
56:Jabal al-Druze
50:
48:
44:
43:
40:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1262:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1179:
1178:Henri Gouraud
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:Ayyash Al-Haj
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1112:Khalid al-Azm
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1082:Yusuf al-Azma
1080:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1030:Levant Crisis
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
984:
981:
979:
978:Hananu Revolt
976:
972:
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963:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
951:
947:
942:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
921:Alawite State
919:
917:
914:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
896:
895:
892:
891:
889:
885:
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869:
867:
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836:
832:
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815:
811:
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773:
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768:
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759:
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738:
737:
723:
714:
705:
703:
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689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
647:
645:
643:
633:
631:
629:
627:
617:
608:
606:
604:
594:
590:
580:
574:
569:
566:
560:
555:
552:
546:
541:
538:
537:Ayyash Al-Haj
532:
527:
524:
518:
513:
510:
504:
499:
498:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
483:Adham Khanjar
481:
479:
476:
474:
473:Henri Gouraud
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
443:Ayyash Al-Haj
441:
439:
436:
435:
428:
426:
425:Hejaz Railway
422:
418:
411:
401:
398:
393:
389:
384:
381:
377:
373:
369:
359:
357:
353:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
323:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
244:al-Musayfirah
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
223:
218:
208:
203:
201:
196:
194:
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53:
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46:
45:
41:
38:
37:
33:
30:
25:
20:
1192:
1142:Haqqi al-Azm
1087:Saleh al-Ali
997:
829:
808:
787:
766:
742:
733:Bibliography
722:
713:
616:
593:
413:
385:
375:
365:
348:
325:
281:
279:
233:
154:166 soldiers
84:
79:Belligerents
42:22 July 1925
1214: /
956:1919 revolt
421:al-Masmiyah
286:French Army
254:Deir Ez-Zor
1229:Categories
1202:36°38′28″E
1199:32°37′45″N
762:Khoury, P.
753:9004094377
586:References
408:See also:
368:al-Suwayda
296:forces of
249:al-Suwayda
949:Conflicts
404:Aftermath
328:al-Atrash
239:al-Mazraa
1039:Treaties
764:(1987).
431:See also
352:captured
264:Damascus
142:Strength
47:Location
27:Part of
392:Bedouin
380:al-Kafr
356:Salkhad
332:sheikhs
316:Prelude
302:al-Kafr
294:Bedouin
269:Rashaya
234:al-Kafr
229:Salkhad
110:Bedouin
52:al-Kafr
1161:French
1075:Syrian
1068:People
1060:(1936)
1054:(1920)
1048:(1916)
887:States
837:
816:
795:
774:
750:
417:Hauran
376:sipahi
372:column
362:Battle
129:Capt.
112:rebels
93:France
67:Result
478:Syria
290:Druze
174:Heavy
106:Druze
835:ISBN
814:ISBN
793:ISBN
772:ISBN
748:ISBN
292:and
280:The
259:Hama
108:and
39:Date
177:N/A
1231::
697:^
679:^
655:^
641:^
625:^
602:^
427:.
358:.
312:.
58:,
54:,
872:e
865:t
858:v
843:.
822:.
801:.
780:.
756:.
206:e
199:t
192:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
