1240:
815:
439:
267:
257:
247:
173:
37:
1279:
638:
853:
446:
827:
the square. Cyrus then gave the order to attack, and his flank units smashed into
Croesus' disorganized wings. Soon, the Lydian cavalry lost many soldiers and was forced to retreat. With most of Cyrus' army intact and the loss of most of the Lydian cavalry, Cyrus ordered all cavalry and infantry to attack what remained of Croesus' forces. Most of the infantry soon surrendered, but
826:
As Cyrus had expected, the wings of the Lydian army wheeled inward to envelop this novel formation. As the Lydian flanks swung in, gaps appeared at the hinges of the wheeling wings. The disorder was increased by the effective overhead fire of the
Persian archers and mobile towers, stationed within
822:
Cyrus deployed his troops with flanks withdrawn in a square formation. The flanks were covered by chariots, cavalry, and infantry. Cyrus also used baggage camels to create a barrier around his archers. The smell of the camels disrupted the Lydian horses and scattered their cavalry charge as the
883:
That development brought Greece and Persia into conflict and culminated in the celebrated
Persian wars of Cyrus' successors. Along with acquiring Ionia and Aeolis, Cyrus also had the Egyptian soldiers, who fought on behalf of the Lydians, voluntarily surrender and join his army.
872:, reportedly by the Lydians' failure to garrison a part of the wall that they had thought to be unsusceptible to attack because of the steepness of the adjacent declivity of the ground. Croesus was captured, and his territory, including the Greek cities of
806:, plus 300 chariots, which may have been at least 500 men. The numbers of the battle given by Xenophon, even if untrue, are considered within the realm of possibility, but less than half may have engaged in the actual battle.
731:, Croesus had more than twice as many men as Cyrus. The Lydians marched out to meet Cyrus and quickly armed all the reserves there before their allies could arrive, which they never did. According to
779:
cavalry, 300 chariots, and 5-6 siege towers, which were known to hold 20 men each. It all amounted to more than 1,000 men, partly because there was one citizen, and one soldier on each chariot.
620:
in
December 547 BC. Croesus' army was about twice as large and had been reinforced with many new men, but Cyrus still utterly defeated it. That proved to be decisive, and after the 14-day
489:
727:
Cyrus conquered the
Kingdom of Media in 550 BC, which created conflict with the neighboring Lydian Kingdom. Cyrus planned to catch the Lydian king unprepared for battle, but at
517:
541:
482:
841:
gives an account of the battle but does not give any numbers. His account of the battle's progress and outcome, however, confirms what
Xenophon gives later.
1206:
475:
82:
1010:
1978:
1228:
438:
200:
227:
1181:
218:
896:
apparently contradicts that by reporting that Cyrus defeated and killed the king, but the identity of the Lydian king is unclear.
1539:
648:
706:
1268:
678:
1236:
2009:
1695:
685:
454:
1852:
1847:
1544:
2019:
1263:
1200:
1099:
1083:
1040:
1020:
2024:
1609:
1461:
692:
1221:
1293:
1175:
957:
763:. All except the archers and slingers are known to have carried small to large shields. The others were 42,000
663:
856:
The Battle of
Thymbra took place below the citadel of Sardis (center), and the Lydians then retreated for the
674:
1549:
735:, Cyrus had 196,000 men in total, which was composed of 31,000 to 70,000 Persians. That consisted of 20,000
1500:
887:
According to the Greek author
Herodotus, Cyrus treated Croesus well and with respect after the battle. The
536:
1700:
1638:
1755:
1397:
1214:
1643:
1690:
1526:
1372:
905:
869:
857:
621:
563:
2029:
1741:
1649:
1567:
1336:
1094:
Grant, R.G. (2005). Battle: a Visual
Journey Through 5000 Years of Combat, DK Publishing London,
1078:
Grant, R.G. (2005). Battle: a Visual
Journey Through 5000 Years of Combat, DK Publishing London,
1035:
Grant, R.G. (2005). Battle: a Visual Journey Through 5000 Years of Combat, DK Publishing London,
28:
1962:
1734:
1720:
1706:
1258:
699:
1926:
1595:
1446:
1142:
925:
888:
157:
1988:
1602:
1456:
1392:
659:
814:
8:
1906:
1784:
1748:
1357:
892:
802:. This amounted to 300,000 men which included 60,000 cavalries. There were also 120,000
782:
Xenophon tells us that Croesus had an army of 420,000 men, which was composed of 60,000
1954:
1920:
1896:
1839:
1588:
1554:
1303:
616:, met the remains of Croesus' partially-disbanded army in battle on the plain north of
1912:
1901:
1663:
1657:
1623:
1616:
1244:
1239:
1196:
1171:
1095:
1079:
1036:
1016:
609:
366:
348:
117:
1983:
1934:
1779:
1713:
1682:
1671:
1630:
1581:
1512:
1441:
1402:
752:
613:
553:
1818:
985:
16:
6th-century BC battle between the Lydian Kingdom and the Achaemenid Persian Empire
2014:
1948:
1774:
1727:
1493:
1415:
768:
605:
580:
531:
500:
250:
71:
831:
and a small part of the infantry retreated and headed for the Lydian capital of
624:, the city and possibly its king fell, and Lydia was conquered by the Persians.
1676:
1574:
1534:
1487:
1471:
1422:
1387:
1382:
929:
744:
575:
524:
467:
195:
266:
256:
246:
172:
2003:
1863:
1560:
1377:
1309:
1298:
393:
378:
317:
163:
97:
84:
655:
36:
406:
1451:
868:
and put to siege by the victorious Cyrus. The city fell after the 14-day
795:
764:
1857:
1804:
1408:
1344:
941:
937:
799:
231:
213:
176:
1466:
838:
803:
783:
270:
1278:
1123:
Campbell, Alexander (1830). The Millennial Harbinger, Vol. I, No. IX
637:
1870:
1811:
736:
732:
399:
387:
355:
339:
326:
302:
289:
260:
209:
1877:
1364:
1350:
933:
852:
828:
791:
760:
756:
748:
740:
728:
612:. Cyrus, after he had pursued Croesus into Lydia after the drawn
597:
372:
359:
320:
308:
204:
191:
62:
1833:
1316:
953:
877:
865:
832:
617:
222:
151:
75:
864:
After the battle, the Lydians were driven within the walls of
1940:
1323:
961:
873:
787:
776:
772:
601:
145:
66:
1825:
775:, which amounted to 126,000 infantry. There were also 300
835:, which resulted in a decisive victory for the Persians.
1168:
100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present,
880:, was incorporated into Cyrus' already-powerful empire.
1012:
100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present
1193:
Battle: a Visual Journey Through 5000 Years of Combat,
41:Defeat of Croesus at the Battle of Thymbra, 546 BC
2001:
497:
1222:
483:
458:Approximate location of the Battle of Thymbra
1979:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire
664:introducing citations to additional sources
596:was the decisive battle in the war between
1229:
1215:
490:
476:
445:
851:
813:
654:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2002:
1015:. Oxford University Press. p. 7.
1210:
1008:
471:
631:
13:
1853:Persepolis Administrative Archives
1170:Santa Barbara, CA, USA:PUBLISHER,
1114:, (Penguin Books, 1983), I., p. 75
823:archers fired upon Lydian forces.
14:
2041:
1277:
1238:
983:
647:relies largely or entirely on a
636:
444:
437:
265:
255:
245:
171:
35:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1104:
1088:
1294:Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton
1072:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1029:
1002:
977:
946:
918:
1:
1550:Scythian campaign of Darius I
1462:Xerxes I's inscription at Van
970:
818:Strategies used in the battle
627:
1540:Conquest of the Indus Valley
1501:Battle of the Persian Border
847:
29:Campaigns of Cyrus the Great
7:
1701:Wars of Alexander the Great
899:
513:Battles against the Satraps
10:
2046:
2010:Battles of Cyrus the Great
1756:Battle of the Persian Gate
1398:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
1160:
1132:Herodotus, Ibid. pp. 76-79
990:World History Encyclopedia
751:, which may have been the
739:, which may have included
130:Anatolia annexed by Persia
1971:
1889:
1793:
1767:
1644:Wars of the Delian League
1480:
1434:
1335:
1286:
1275:
1251:
1186:The Millennial Harbinger,
942:nations of the Hellespont
809:
747:; 10,000 elite infantry/
510:
432:
419:
282:
182:
138:
45:
34:
26:
21:
2020:6th-century BC conflicts
1696:Second conquest of Egypt
1527:Siege of Sardis (547 BC)
1373:Palace of Darius in Susa
1143:"The End of Lydia: 547?"
1051:Campbell (1830), p. UNK.
911:
906:Siege of Sardis (546 BC)
858:Siege of Sardis (547 BC)
2025:Battles involving Lydia
1848:Districts of the Empire
1650:Battle of the Eurymedon
1568:Siege of Naxos (499 BC)
1545:First conquest of Egypt
1166:Davis, Paul K. (1999).
1009:Davis, Paul K. (2001).
1963:Seven Achaemenid clans
1735:Siege of Tyre (332 BC)
1721:Siege of Halicarnassus
1707:Battle of the Granicus
1195:DK Publishing London,
861:
819:
798:, plus nations of the
183:Commanders and leaders
1691:Great Satraps' Revolt
1610:Destruction of Athens
1596:Battle of Thermopylae
1447:Old Persian cuneiform
1069:Davis (1999), p. UNK.
855:
817:
570:Invasion of Babylonia
420:Casualties and losses
98:38.66667°N 27.83333°E
1989:Cappadocian calendar
1603:Battle of Artemisium
1508:Lydian-Persian Wars
1457:Behistun Inscription
1269:History of democracy
1191:Grant, R.G. (2005).
660:improve this article
548:Invasion of Anatolia
455:class=notpageimage|
1785:Peace of Antalcidas
1749:Battle of Gaugamela
1358:Gate of All Nations
1182:Campbell, Alexander
1060:Grant (2005), p. 19
986:"Battle of Thymbra"
893:Nabonidus Chronicle
675:"Battle of Thymbra"
94: /
1639:Babylonian revolts
1589:Battle of Marathon
1555:Greco-Persian Wars
1304:Achaemenid coinage
862:
820:
103:38.66667; 27.83333
1997:
1996:
1664:Battle of Cyzicus
1658:Peloponnesian War
1624:Battle of Plataea
1617:Battle of Salamis
1520:Battle of Thymbra
1393:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
1245:Achaemenid Empire
753:Persian Immortals
725:
724:
710:
610:Achaemenid Empire
594:Battle of Thymbra
589:
588:
466:
465:
413:Modern Estimates:
367:Persian Immortals
333:Modern Estimates:
177:Achaemenid Empire
134:
133:
22:Battle of Thymbra
2037:
1984:Xanthian Obelisk
1957:
1943:
1929:
1915:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1842:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1780:Peace of Callias
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1714:Siege of Miletus
1709:
1685:
1683:Battle of Cnidus
1672:Battle of Cunaxa
1666:
1652:
1633:
1631:Battle of Mycale
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1582:Siege of Eretria
1577:
1570:
1563:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1513:Battle of Pteria
1503:
1496:
1442:Achaemenid music
1425:
1418:
1411:
1403:Tombs at Xanthos
1367:
1360:
1353:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1281:
1243:
1242:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1092:
1086:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1006:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
984:Mark, Joshua J.
981:
964:
950:
944:
922:
720:
717:
711:
709:
668:
640:
632:
614:Battle of Pteria
505:
503:
492:
485:
478:
469:
468:
448:
447:
441:
297:300,000 soldiers
269:
259:
249:
175:
109:
108:
106:
105:
104:
99:
95:
92:
91:
90:
87:
53:December, 547 BC
47:
46:
39:
19:
18:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1967:
1953:
1939:
1925:
1911:
1885:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1838:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1789:
1775:Earth and water
1763:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1728:Battle of Issus
1726:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1681:
1662:
1648:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1499:
1494:Battle of Hyrba
1492:
1476:
1430:
1421:
1416:Nereid Monument
1414:
1407:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1331:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1282:
1273:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1188:Vol. I, No. IX.
1163:
1158:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1105:
1093:
1089:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1007:
1003:
994:
992:
982:
978:
973:
968:
967:
951:
947:
923:
919:
914:
902:
870:Siege of Sardis
850:
844:
812:
721:
715:
712:
669:
667:
653:
641:
630:
622:Siege of Sardis
606:Cyrus the Great
590:
585:
542:Pasargadae Hill
506:
502:Cyrus the Great
501:
498:
496:
462:
461:
460:
459:
457:
451:
450:
449:
414:
412:
411:
383:
343:
338:196,000 total (
334:
332:
331:
313:
293:
288:420,000 total (
278:
251:Cyrus the Great
239:
126:
102:
100:
96:
93:
88:
85:
83:
81:
80:
79:
69:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2043:
2033:
2032:
2030:6th century BC
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1797:
1795:
1794:Administration
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1677:Corinthian War
1674:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1575:Battle of Lade
1571:
1564:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1535:Battle of Opis
1532:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1488:Persian Revolt
1484:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1472:Cyrus Cylinder
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1423:Tomb of Payava
1419:
1412:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1388:Naqsh-e Rostam
1385:
1383:Persian column
1380:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1189:
1179:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1103:
1087:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1028:
1021:
1001:
975:
974:
972:
969:
966:
965:
945:
916:
915:
913:
910:
909:
908:
901:
898:
849:
846:
811:
808:
723:
722:
658:. Please help
644:
642:
635:
629:
626:
602:Lydian Kingdom
587:
586:
584:
583:
578:
567:
566:
561:
556:
545:
544:
539:
537:Persian Border
534:
525:Persian Revolt
521:
520:
511:
508:
507:
495:
494:
487:
480:
472:
464:
463:
453:
452:
443:
442:
436:
435:
434:
433:
430:
429:
426:
422:
421:
417:
416:
410:
409:
403:
396:
390:
384:
382:
381:
375:
369:
363:
351:
347:31,000–70,000
344:
336:
330:
329:
323:
314:
312:
311:
305:
298:
294:
285:
284:
280:
279:
277:
276:
275:unknown others
273:
263:
253:
242:
240:
238:
237:
236:unknown others
234:
225:
216:
207:
198:
188:
185:
184:
180:
179:
169:
168:
167:
161:
155:
146:Lydian Kingdom
141:
140:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
122:
121:
115:
111:
110:
61:
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2042:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1864:Chapar Khaneh
1861:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1742:Siege of Gaza
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1576:
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1562:
1561:Ionian Revolt
1558:
1557:
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1538:
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1533:
1528:
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1521:
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1514:
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1479:
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1465:
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1378:Tomb of Cyrus
1376:
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1366:
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1348:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1310:Apadana hoard
1307:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1299:Oxus Treasure
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
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1285:
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1267:
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1201:9780756645014
1198:
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1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1144:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1113:
1112:The Histories
1107:
1101:
1100:9780756645014
1097:
1091:
1085:
1084:9780756645014
1081:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1042:
1041:9780756645014
1038:
1032:
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1022:9780195143669
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976:
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805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
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766:
762:
758:
755:; and 20,000
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
719:
708:
705:
701:
698:
694:
691:
687:
684:
680:
677: –
676:
672:
671:Find sources:
665:
661:
657:
651:
650:
649:single source
645:This section
643:
639:
634:
633:
625:
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619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
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595:
582:
579:
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571:
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562:
560:
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552:
551:
550:
549:
543:
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535:
533:
530:
529:
528:
527:
526:
519:
518:Assyrian Camp
516:
515:
514:
509:
504:
499:Campaigns of
493:
488:
486:
481:
479:
474:
473:
470:
456:
440:
431:
427:
424:
423:
418:
415:20,000–50,000
408:
404:
402:(300 engaged)
401:
397:
395:
394:Camel cavalry
391:
389:
385:
380:
376:
374:
370:
368:
364:
361:
357:
353:
352:
350:
346:
345:
341:
337:
328:
324:
322:
319:
315:
310:
306:
304:
300:
299:
296:
295:
291:
287:
286:
281:
274:
272:
268:
264:
262:
258:
254:
252:
248:
244:
243:
241:
235:
233:
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226:
224:
220:
217:
215:
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202:
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187:
186:
181:
178:
174:
170:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
148:
147:
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142:
137:
129:
124:
123:
119:
116:
113:
112:
107:
77:
73:
68:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
1519:
1337:Architecture
1192:
1185:
1167:
1147:. Retrieved
1145:. Livius.org
1137:
1128:
1119:
1111:
1106:
1090:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1031:
1011:
1004:
993:. Retrieved
989:
979:
948:
938:Cappadocians
920:
891:
886:
882:
863:
843:
837:
825:
821:
796:Cappadocians
781:
726:
716:October 2015
713:
703:
696:
689:
682:
670:
646:
593:
591:
569:
568:
558:
547:
546:
523:
522:
512:
407:siege towers
362:and slingers
335:Over 100,000
144:
139:Belligerents
70:(modern-day
27:Part of the
1907:Mithridatic
1452:Old Persian
1259:Family tree
1110:Herodotus,
926:Babylonians
784:Babylonians
759:and 20,000
166:mercenaries
160:mercenaries
154:mercenaries
125:Territorial
101: /
2004:Categories
1927:Cappadocia
1921:Ariarathid
1897:Achaemenid
1858:Royal Road
1805:Pasargadae
1409:Harpy Tomb
1345:Persepolis
1176:1576070751
1149:2019-03-02
995:2023-06-12
971:References
952:Including
924:Including
889:Babylonian
800:Hellespont
686:newspapers
628:Background
232:Hellespont
214:Cappadocia
158:Babylonian
118:Achaemenid
89:27°50′00″E
86:38°40′00″N
1902:Pharnacid
1890:Dynasties
1834:Satrapies
1800:Capitals
1768:Diplomacy
1467:Ganjnameh
958:Armenians
934:Phrygians
848:Aftermath
839:Herodotus
804:Egyptians
792:Phrygians
769:Armenians
656:talk page
271:Abradatas
201:Artacamas
1935:Lygdamid
1871:Angarium
1812:Ecbatana
1264:Timeline
1184:(1830).
954:Arabians
900:See also
765:Arabians
757:peltasts
745:slingers
737:infantry
733:Xenophon
400:chariots
388:Infantry
386:126,000
373:Peltasts
356:Infantry
349:Persians
340:Xenophon
327:chariots
318:Egyptian
316:120,000
303:Infantry
301:240,000
290:Xenophon
283:Strength
261:Harpagus
228:Gabaedus
210:Aribaeus
164:Egyptian
58:Location
1972:Related
1955:Armenia
1949:Orontid
1878:Angarum
1840:Armenia
1819:Babylon
1481:Warfare
1435:Culture
1365:Tachara
1351:Apadana
1252:History
1161:Sources
962:Medians
930:Lydians
829:Croesus
794:, also
788:Lydians
773:Medians
761:pikemen
749:cavalry
741:archers
729:Thymbra
700:scholar
608:of the
600:of the
598:Croesus
581:Babylon
559:Thymbra
379:Pikemen
377:20,000
371:20,000
365:10,000
360:archers
354:20,000
321:Phalanx
309:Cavalry
307:60,000
219:Aragdus
205:Phrygia
192:Croesus
152:Arabian
127:changes
120:victory
63:Thymbra
2015:547 BC
1913:Pontus
1317:Danake
1199:
1178:, URL.
1174:
1098:
1082:
1039:
1019:
960:; and
940:, and
878:Aeolis
866:Sardis
833:Sardis
810:Battle
790:, and
771:; and
702:
695:
688:
681:
673:
618:Sardis
564:Sardis
554:Pteria
223:Arabia
114:Result
76:Turkey
72:Manisa
1941:Caria
1324:Daric
912:Notes
874:Ionia
777:camel
707:JSTOR
693:books
532:Hyrba
428:Light
425:Heavy
196:Lydia
67:Lydia
1826:Susa
1197:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1080:ISBN
1037:ISBN
1017:ISBN
876:and
743:and
679:news
604:and
592:The
576:Opis
405:5-6
398:700
392:300
325:300
50:Date
1287:Art
662:by
230:of
221:of
212:of
203:of
194:of
2006::
988:.
956:;
936:,
932:,
928:,
786:,
767:;
358:,
74:,
65:,
1230:e
1223:t
1216:v
1203:,
1152:.
1025:.
998:.
860:.
718:)
714:(
704:·
697:·
690:·
683:·
666:.
652:.
491:e
484:t
477:v
342:)
292:)
78:)
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