879:
Lazarades which held their ground until sunset. The commander of the cavalry brigade ordered his unit to encamp at
Loudani, refusing to advance further because of the resistance offered by the Ottomans at Lazarades. Fearing that they would be encircled by the Konstantinopoulos Evzone detachment, the Ottomans began to withdraw at 7 p.m., towards their second defensive line at Hani 739, under the cover of the night. Before retreating they fired a 20-minute artillery barrage on Greek positions along the entire frontline. Unaware of the Ottoman retreat the Greeks failed to use the opportunity and cut their access to the bridge across the Haliacmon. Upon reaching their second defensive line, the Ottomans became aware of the 4th Divisions' seizure of Porta Pass and panic spread in their ranks and many soldiers fled, abandoning their equipment. On the morning of 10 October, the 4th Division charged down the northern slope of the Rahovo Mountain, surprising the Ottoman infantry and artillerymen who abandoned over twenty
1551:
842:. Elassona was defended by three infantry battalions, two artillery batteries and half a squadron of cavalry. The battle for Elassona lasted for three hours, with the Ottomans retreating to avoid encirclement, thus giving the troops manning the main defensive line at Sarantaporo additional time to reinforce their positions. The Greeks went on to advance 20 kilometres (12 mi) into the Elassona plateau without encountering any resistance. Between 7 and 8 October, Greek troops regrouped in front of Sarantaporo and dispatched cavalry reconnaissance patrols towards the Ottoman positions, locating the headquarters of the Ottoman VIII Corps at Hania Viglas and those of a reserve division at Glikovo.
201:
188:
156:
168:
875:, planning to block the bridge across the Haliacmon. Attacking from the east of the pass the Konstantinopoulos Evzone detachment overcame stiff resistance at Vlacholeivado and captured the village, but failed to advance further due to heavy fog. At 2 p.m., the main bulk of the Greek artillery was brought to the main line, joining the engagement. Despite suffering heavy casualties, the three divisions had halted some 500–700 metres (500–800 yd) from the Ottoman trenches intending to launch a final assault the following morning.
315:
850:, the Ottomans had been methodically reinforcing their positions around Sarantaporo in anticipation of a future war. The Ottomans had organized their defenses under the guidance of German military advisors, placing their artillery batteries and infantry in sheltered, camouflaged trenches on the ravine's steep slopes, allowing them to accurately fire along its entire length. Considered to be nearly impenetrable it was dubbed "the graveyard of the Greek Army" by the Prussian Field Marshal
46:
896:
villages with the intention of massacring them, a plan that was thwarted by
Ottoman officer Omer Bey. However, upon realizing the imminent defeat of the Ottoman troops at Sarantaporo, the town's Muslim population massacred 117 local Christians. By 11 October, the entirety of the Army of Thessaly had reached the banks of the Haliacmon, while the Greek cavalry entered Kozani unopposed, opening the way for the Greeks to advance towards the Greek majority city of
322:
750:; the Balkan League responded in kind. On 30 September, the League presented the Ottomans with a list of demands regarding the rights of its Christian population. The Ottoman Empire rebuffed the demands, recalled its ambassadors in Sofia, Belgrade and Athens and expelled the League's negotiators on 4 October. The League declared
895:
At 4 p.m. on 10 October, the 4th
Division entered Servia, witnessing 75 to 90 severed human heads belonging to local Christians lined up on either side of one of its streets. Following the declaration of war local authorities had detained all the Christian dignitaries from Servia and the surrounding
862:
At 7 a.m. on 9 October, the Greek infantry began its assault on
Sarantaporo. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd Divisions attacked the Ottoman main line frontally, their advance hampered by accurate Ottoman rifle and artillery fire and the ruggedness of the terrain. In the meantime, the 4th Division conducted a
837:
The Army of
Thessaly crossed into Ottoman territory in the early morning hours of 5 October, finding most border posts to be abandoned, with the garrisons at Melouna Pass, Profitis Ilias and Tsouka resisting for several hours before retreating. The first major clashes took place the following day
878:
The 4th
Division fought its way through the villages of Metaxas and Rachovo. Upon reaching the Porta Pass it engaged in a bloody clash with the defenders, securing its objective at 5 p.m. The 5th Division and the Gennadis Evzone detachment were confronted by four Ottoman reserve battalions at
617:
Despite being perceived as impregnable by its defenders, the main body of the Greek forces managed to advance deep inside the pass, while auxiliary units broke through the
Ottoman flanks. The Ottomans abandoned their defensive line during the night, fearing encirclement. The Greek victory at
642:(Great Idea) ideology came to dominate Greek foreign policy. The ultimate goal of the Megali Idea was the incorporation of all areas traditionally populated by Greeks into an independent Greek state. The disastrous Greek defeat in the short
1526:
Oikonomou, Nikolaos (1977). "Ο Α′ Βαλκανικός Πόλεμος: Οι επιχειρήσεις του ελληνικού στρατού και στόλου" [The First Balkan War: Operations of the Greek Army and Fleet]. In
Christopoulos, Georgios A. & Bastias, Ioannis K. (eds.).
845:
Situated between the Vigla and
Amorves mountains, Sarantaporo was a narrow mountain pass, the only one connecting Thessaly with central Macedonia; it spanned some 7–8 km (4–5 mi). Having ceded Thessaly to Greece in the
919:
By May 1913, the numerically inferior
Ottomans had suffered a series of serious defeats to the League's armies on all fronts. The League had captured most of the Ottoman Empire's European territories and was rapidly approaching
2155:
738:. The treaty was signed on 15 July 1912, with the two countries agreeing to assist each other in case of a defensive war and to safeguard the rights of Christian populations in Ottoman-held Macedonia, thus joining the loose
654:
became the first postwar Greek prime minister to focus his attention on strengthening the army. He established the National Defense Fund which financed the purchase of large quantities of ammunition. In addition a new
684:
675:
to rule the country. Venizelos followed in Theotokis' footsteps by rearming and retraining the military, enacting extensive fortification and infrastructure works, purchasing new weapons, and recalling the
912:. Greek casualties in the battle of Sarantaporo numbered 182 killed and over 1,000 wounded, while the Ottomans lost approximately 500 killed, 1,000 wounded, 701 personnel taken prisoner, around 22 to 25
827:
259:
663:
and army, the latter being augmented by numerous artillery batteries. Theotokis' resignation in January 1909 and the perceived neglect of the armed forces by his successor resulted in the
219:
871:
River, with the intention of protecting the left flank of the Greek forces emerging from the Sarantaporo pass. The cavalry brigade moved on the extreme west along the road towards
867:, and striking the rear of the Ottoman positions. The 5th Division advanced further to the west towards the village of Zampourda which was situated on the other bank of the
949:
2140:
372:
1575:
Svolopoulos, Konstantinos (1977). "Η Συνθήκη του Λονδίνου" [The Treaty of London]. In Christopoulos, Georgios A. & Bastias, Ioannis K. (eds.).
700:
730:
to prepare a Greco-Bulgarian defense agreement by 14 April 1912. This was due to fears that should Greece fail to participate in a future war against the
1481:
688:
2150:
1717:
2463:
2165:
746:
and Bulgaria. Fearing a new war in the Balkans, the Ottomans mobilized their armed forces on 14 September and began transferring units to
883:
and engaged in a disorganized retreat. The Greek cavalry's indecision once again enabled the fleeing Ottomans to safely reach Servia and
712:
365:
2145:
2098:
1664:
2453:
2032:
1503:"Between the Hammer and the Anvil. The Cyprus Question and the Greek Foreign Policy from the Treaty of Lausanne to the 1931 Revolt"
1378:
803:
2088:
1741:
1641:
1588:
1540:
1470:
1428:
358:
90:
2488:
2478:
2063:
1838:
847:
834:) Nasliç and Aydın Divisions which, combined with the Ottoman garrisons in western Macedonia, totaled 35,000–40,000 men.
441:
395:
335:
2290:
2027:
1924:
1721:
1447:
314:
2468:
695:, who placed an emphasis on gunnery practice and fleet maneuvers, while his assistants introduced a new fuse for the
606:. The battle began when the Greek army attacked the Ottoman defensive line at the Sarantaporo pass, which connected
1823:
478:
2406:
2042:
2414:
2107:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
1934:
2001:
1966:
851:
22:
2493:
2093:
1484:[The Reorganization of the Armed Forces and the Efforts of the French Military Mission of Eydoux]
815:
253:
1908:
446:
2458:
2037:
1996:
904:. On 13 October, the Greek army transferred its general headquarters to Kozani; the following day King
1858:
426:
2483:
2386:
2376:
2268:
2238:
1863:
1634:
708:
635:
421:
2327:
2285:
2231:
1707:
643:
2473:
2248:
2186:
1971:
1939:
1888:
1803:
1761:
925:
811:
591:
545:
520:
505:
193:
778:
respectively. The latter numbered 100,000 men, and was divided into seven divisions: namely the
2364:
2191:
2011:
1991:
1818:
677:
525:
406:
1981:
754:
against the Ottomans, while Montenegro had already began military operations on 25 September.
715:
shifting its focus from artillery and engineer training towards that of infantry and cavalry.
2280:
2253:
2006:
1898:
1848:
1828:
1731:
1674:
1482:"Η αναδιοργάνωση των ενόπλων δυνάμεων και το έργο της γαλλικής στρατιωτικής αποστολής Eydoux"
743:
672:
656:
515:
436:
411:
2322:
2432:
2263:
1976:
1627:
704:
692:
1559:
8:
2181:
1986:
1929:
1798:
1726:
1702:
945:
723:
401:
2401:
2369:
2359:
2354:
2337:
2258:
2243:
1883:
1868:
1853:
1813:
1808:
1691:
905:
819:
735:
651:
611:
599:
540:
510:
473:
458:
416:
206:
2160:
2381:
2347:
2226:
1951:
1873:
1833:
1756:
1746:
1607:
1584:
1536:
1466:
1443:
1424:
1407:
719:
696:
587:
530:
500:
490:
160:
2332:
1577:Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΔ΄: Νεώτερος Ελληνισμός από το 1881 έως το 1913
1529:Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΔ΄: Νεώτερος Ελληνισμός από το 1881 έως το 1913
703:
focused its attention on improving discipline and training senior officers in large
667:
seven months later. Rather than taking power for themselves, the putschists invited
463:
2273:
2122:
2117:
2047:
1903:
1893:
1843:
1778:
767:
751:
603:
550:
468:
431:
382:
75:
37:
2396:
2295:
838:
when the 1st and 2nd Greek Divisions attacked hastily organized defenses north of
586:), took place on 9–10 October, 1912. It was the first major battle fought between
2221:
2211:
2112:
1697:
1669:
1502:
913:
937:
650:'s organization, training and logistics. Upon his appointment in December 1905,
2391:
2302:
1878:
1736:
1684:
921:
872:
763:
731:
619:
595:
575:
535:
200:
173:
131:
79:
2447:
2418:
2216:
1766:
1611:
739:
105:
92:
1411:
2201:
2196:
1712:
1581:
History of the Greek Nation, Volume XIV: Modern Hellenism from 1881 to 1913
1533:
History of the Greek Nation, Volume XIV: Modern Hellenism from 1881 to 1913
929:
897:
1552:"Ottoman Prisoners of War and Their repatriation challenge in Balkan Wars"
2342:
2312:
2206:
2102:
1679:
1650:
908:
arrived in the city, ordering the army to march towards Thessaloniki and
639:
71:
2317:
1751:
933:
664:
660:
647:
974:
941:
880:
868:
863:
flanking maneuver from the west with the intention of occupying the
2307:
1598:
Veremis, Thanos (1976). "The Officer Corps in Greece (1912–1936)".
839:
775:
607:
350:
1556:
First Balkan War 1912/1913: The Social and Civilizational Meaning
807:
1252:
1250:
1248:
948:
and the Ottoman-held Aegean islands was to be determined by the
1404:
The First Balkan War Through the Pages of Review L'Illustration
909:
901:
884:
810:
battalions. The Army of Thessaly was commanded by Crown Prince
771:
747:
623:
187:
155:
135:
83:
1619:
1583:] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. pp. 330–334.
1535:] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. pp. 289–326.
1354:
1330:
1267:
1265:
1233:
1209:
45:
1318:
1245:
1166:
928:
which granted the League's members all Ottoman lands west of
727:
668:
1421:
Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912-1913
1089:
1019:
1017:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1262:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1120:
1118:
1116:
864:
734:
it would be unable to capture the Greek majority areas of
683:
The climax of this effort was the invitation in 1911 of a
1440:
Prelude to the First World War: The Balkan Wars 1912-1913
1306:
1277:
1130:
1014:
990:
1289:
1178:
1113:
1077:
1065:
1041:
1002:
1101:
916:
pieces captured and other significant material losses.
1221:
1197:
1154:
1142:
1053:
1342:
806:, as well as a cavalry brigade and four independent
1029:
1459:Η Ελλάς κατά τους Βαλκανικούς Πολέμους (1912-1913)
1406:. Athens: Hellenic Committee of Military History.
1380:Ο νικηφόρος ελληνοτουρκικός πόλεμος του 1912-1913
691:. The British mission was headed by Rear Admiral
2445:
814:. Facing the Greeks in Thessaly was the Ottoman
1401:
1324:
1256:
1172:
726:alliance, Venizelos ordered his ambassador in
618:Sarantaporo opened the way for the capture of
1635:
1488:(in Greek). Hellenic Army History Directorate
1385:The Victorious Greco-Turkish War of 1912-1913
822:which included three divisions: the regular (
699:. The French mission under Brigadier General
366:
1387:] (in Greek). Vol. I. Athens: Estia
340:Location of the battle in present day Greece
1574:
1479:
1376:
1360:
1336:
1239:
1215:
1047:
1023:
1642:
1628:
373:
359:
21:For the 1943 ambush of German forces, see
1525:
1300:
1191:
1124:
1095:
2033:Provisional Government of Western Thrace
1456:
1418:
1312:
1283:
1271:
1227:
1203:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1107:
1083:
1071:
1008:
1597:
1500:
1465:] (in Greek). Athens: Peritechnon.
1059:
996:
2446:
1437:
1035:
924:. On 30 May, the two sides signed the
1623:
1549:
1463:Greece in the Balkan Wars (1912-1913)
1348:
713:École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr
354:
16:Battle fought in the First Balkan War
2464:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire
1402:Dimitracopoulos, Anastasios (1992).
380:
2161:Initial phase of the Greek genocide
2064:1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak
973:All dates used in this article are
848:Convention of Constantinople (1881)
566:, also variously transliterated as
321:
13:
1600:Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
977:which is 13 days before New Style.
14:
2505:
1665:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
659:was introduced for the country's
944:, as well as Crete. The fate of
634:Following the conclusion of the
320:
313:
199:
186:
166:
154:
44:
2454:Battles of the First Balkan War
1649:
1480:Katsikostas, Dimitrios (2014).
1377:Apostolidis, Dimitrios (1913).
2151:Bulgarians deportation program
1722:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
967:
1:
2002:Romanian landings in Bulgaria
1507:Modern Greek Studies Yearbook
1369:
852:Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz
629:
453:Serbian and Montenegrin front
23:Battle of Sarantaporos (1943)
2094:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914
890:
304:22–25 field artillery pieces
7:
2089:Autonomy of Northern Epirus
1457:Kargakos, Sarandos (2012).
646:exposed major flaws in the
10:
2510:
2489:Modern history of Thessaly
2479:1912 in the Ottoman Empire
2108:Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance
1442:. Stroud: Fonthill Media.
757:
718:After being informed of a
590:forces under Crown Prince
20:
2428:
2269:Konstantinos Sapountzakis
2174:
2133:
2081:
2072:
2056:
2020:
1959:
1948:
1917:
1786:
1775:
1708:Greco-Turkish War of 1897
1657:
1606:(1). Routledge: 113–133.
1501:Klapsis, Antonis (2009).
1419:Erickson, Edward (2003).
857:
709:Hellenic Military Academy
644:Greco-Turkish War of 1897
636:Greek War of Independence
579:
392:
308:
287:
270:
212:
179:
147:
54:
43:
35:
30:
2469:Battles involving Greece
2043:Treaty of Constantinople
1935:1913 Ottoman coup d'état
955:
900:and assist the Serbs at
2113:Balkans campaign of WWI
1762:Albanian revolt of 1912
1438:Hooton, Edward (2014).
689:French military mission
2387:Crown Prince Alexander
2365:Crown Prince Ferdinand
2328:Kölemen Abdullah Pasha
2156:Massacres of Civilians
2146:Massacres of Albanians
2099:Sarajevo Assassination
2028:Greek–Serbian Alliance
2021:Diplomacy and politics
1918:Diplomacy and politics
1742:Bulgarian Independence
804:7th Infantry Divisions
762:Greece dispatched the
742:alliance with Serbia,
711:was modeled after the
584:Sarantaporo Muharebesi
583:
260:22nd Infantry Division
180:Commanders and leaders
2413:Other Balkan states:
2254:Eleftherios Venizelos
1930:Albanian Independence
1732:Young Turk Revolution
1423:. Westport: Praeger.
685:British naval mission
673:Eleftherios Venizelos
657:table of organization
598:forces under General
580:Μάχη του Σαρανταπόρου
564:Battle of Sarantaporo
288:Casualties and losses
246:5th Infantry Division
241:4th Infantry Division
236:3rd Infantry Division
231:2nd Infantry Division
226:1st Infantry Division
31:Battle of Sarantaporo
2264:Pavlos Kountouriotis
1550:Özcan, Ugur (2013).
1325:Dimitracopoulos 1992
1257:Dimitracopoulos 1992
1173:Dimitracopoulos 1992
770:to its frontiers in
693:Lionel Grant Tufnell
336:class=notpageimage|
302:701 prisoners of war
130:Greek army captures
2494:October 1912 events
2291:Crown Prince Danilo
2141:Carnegie Commission
2038:Treaty of Bucharest
1727:Macedonian Struggle
1703:Serbo-Bulgarian War
1363:, pp. 330–332.
1339:, pp. 241–243.
1274:, pp. 218–219.
1242:, pp. 203–205.
1218:, pp. 207–209.
1098:, pp. 289–290.
999:, pp. 127–131.
106:40.0400°N 22.0300°E
102: /
2370:Alexandru Averescu
2338:Hasan Tahsin Pasha
2259:Panagiotis Danglis
2166:Places burned down
1692:Congress of Berlin
820:Hasan Tahsin Pasha
701:Joseph Paul Eydoux
652:Georgios Theotokis
600:Hasan Tahsin Pasha
207:Hasan Tahsin Pasha
50:Map of the battle.
2459:Conflicts in 1912
2441:
2440:
2348:Ahmed Izzet Pasha
2227:Stiliyan Kovachev
1952:Second Balkan War
1925:London Conference
1757:Italo-Turkish War
1747:31 March Incident
1590:978-960-213-110-7
1560:University of Niš
1542:978-960-213-110-7
1472:978-960-8411-26-5
1430:978-0-275-97888-4
1315:, pp. 58–59.
1286:, pp. 56–57.
1139:, pp. 44–45.
1086:, pp. 35–38.
1074:, pp. 26–29.
1011:, pp. 19–21.
830:and the reserve (
697:Whitehead torpedo
559:
558:
349:
348:
143:
142:
62:9–10 October 1912
2501:
2484:Manastir vilayet
2407:Božidar Janković
2402:Stepa Stepanović
2274:Viktor Dousmanis
2123:Macedonian front
2118:Serbian campaign
2048:Treaty of Athens
1997:Southern Dobruja
1940:Treaty of London
1779:First Balkan War
1644:
1637:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1594:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1546:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1487:
1476:
1453:
1434:
1415:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1364:
1361:Svolopoulos 1977
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1337:Apostolidis 1913
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1260:
1254:
1243:
1240:Apostolidis 1913
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1216:Apostolidis 1913
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1048:Katsikostas 2014
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1024:Katsikostas 2014
1021:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
978:
971:
926:Treaty of London
768:Army of Thessaly
707:operations. The
604:First Balkan War
581:
387:
385:
384:First Balkan War
375:
368:
361:
352:
351:
324:
323:
317:
220:Army of Thessaly
204:
203:
191:
190:
172:
170:
169:
159:
158:
117:
116:
114:
113:
112:
111:40.0400; 22.0300
107:
103:
100:
99:
98:
95:
76:Manastir Vilayet
56:
55:
48:
38:First Balkan War
28:
27:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2424:
2222:Radko Dimitriev
2212:Vasil Kutinchev
2170:
2129:
2077:
2068:
2052:
2016:
1967:Kilkis–Lachanas
1955:
1944:
1913:
1782:
1771:
1698:Eastern Rumelia
1653:
1648:
1618:
1591:
1565:
1563:
1543:
1516:
1514:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1473:
1450:
1431:
1390:
1388:
1372:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1026:, pp. 5–6.
1022:
1015:
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
982:
981:
972:
968:
958:
914:field artillery
893:
860:
760:
632:
560:
555:
396:Bulgarian Front
388:
383:
381:
379:
345:
344:
343:
342:
341:
338:
332:
331:
330:
329:
325:
303:
301:
299:
294:
264:Nasliç Division
198:
185:
167:
165:
153:
126:Greek victory
110:
108:
104:
101:
96:
93:
91:
89:
88:
87:
49:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2507:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2474:1912 in Greece
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2392:Radomir Putnik
2389:
2384:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2333:Ali Rıza Pasha
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2303:Ottoman Empire
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2232:Georgi Todorov
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2110:
2105:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1909:Second Çatalca
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1737:Bosnian Crisis
1734:
1729:
1724:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1696:Annexation of
1694:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1617:
1616:
1595:
1589:
1572:
1547:
1541:
1523:
1498:
1477:
1471:
1454:
1449:978-1781551806
1448:
1435:
1429:
1416:
1398:
1397:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1353:
1351:, p. 161.
1341:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1303:, p. 292.
1301:Oikonomou 1977
1288:
1276:
1261:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1194:, p. 291.
1192:Oikonomou 1977
1177:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1127:, p. 290.
1125:Oikonomou 1977
1112:
1110:, p. 170.
1100:
1096:Oikonomou 1977
1088:
1076:
1064:
1062:, p. 115.
1052:
1040:
1028:
1013:
1001:
988:
987:
986:
980:
979:
965:
964:
963:
962:
957:
954:
922:Constantinople
892:
889:
859:
856:
818:under General
764:Army of Epirus
759:
756:
680:for training.
631:
628:
557:
556:
554:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
482:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
450:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
393:
390:
389:
378:
377:
370:
363:
355:
347:
346:
339:
334:
333:
327:
326:
319:
318:
312:
311:
310:
309:
306:
305:
296:
290:
289:
285:
284:
279:
273:
272:
268:
267:
266:
265:
262:
250:
249:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
215:
214:
213:Units involved
210:
209:
196:
182:
181:
177:
176:
174:Ottoman Empire
163:
150:
149:
145:
144:
141:
140:
139:
138:
123:
119:
118:
80:Ottoman Empire
70:
68:
64:
63:
60:
52:
51:
41:
40:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2506:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:Petar Bojović
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2296:Janko Vukotić
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2249:Constantine I
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Nikola Ivanov
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1859:First Çatalca
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:Pente Pigadia
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1767:Balkan League
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1327:, p. 46.
1326:
1321:
1314:
1313:Kargakos 2012
1309:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1285:
1284:Kargakos 2012
1280:
1273:
1272:Erickson 2003
1268:
1266:
1259:, p. 44.
1258:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1230:, p. 53.
1229:
1228:Kargakos 2012
1224:
1217:
1212:
1206:, p. 51.
1205:
1204:Kargakos 2012
1200:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1175:, p. 42.
1174:
1169:
1163:, p. 48.
1162:
1161:Kargakos 2012
1157:
1151:, p. 47.
1150:
1149:Kargakos 2012
1145:
1138:
1137:Kargakos 2012
1133:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1108:Erickson 2003
1104:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1084:Kargakos 2012
1080:
1073:
1072:Kargakos 2012
1068:
1061:
1056:
1050:, p. 12.
1049:
1044:
1038:, p. 65.
1037:
1032:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1009:Kargakos 2012
1005:
998:
993:
989:
984:
983:
976:
970:
966:
960:
959:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
936:and north of
935:
931:
927:
923:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
888:
886:
882:
876:
874:
870:
866:
855:
853:
849:
843:
841:
835:
833:
829:
828:22nd Division
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
740:Balkan League
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
627:
625:
621:
615:
613:
610:with central
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
577:
573:
569:
565:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
506:Pente Pigadia
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
491:Lemnos Island
489:
488:
487:
486:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
455:
454:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
398:
397:
391:
386:
376:
371:
369:
364:
362:
357:
356:
353:
337:
316:
307:
300:1,000 wounded
297:
295:1,000 wounded
292:
291:
286:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
269:
263:
261:
258:
257:
256:
255:
251:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
222:
221:
217:
216:
211:
208:
202:
197:
195:
192:Crown Prince
189:
184:
183:
178:
175:
164:
162:
157:
152:
151:
146:
137:
133:
129:
128:
127:
124:
121:
120:
115:
85:
82:(present-day
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
65:
61:
58:
57:
53:
47:
42:
39:
34:
29:
24:
19:
2419:Ismail Kemal
2202:Mihail Savov
2197:Stoyan Danev
2175:Participants
2074:
1992:Kresna Gorge
1950:
1819:Kirk Kilisse
1793:
1777:
1713:Cretan State
1603:
1599:
1580:
1576:
1564:. Retrieved
1555:
1532:
1528:
1515:. Retrieved
1510:
1506:
1490:. Retrieved
1462:
1458:
1439:
1420:
1403:
1389:. Retrieved
1384:
1379:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1279:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1168:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1060:Veremis 1976
1055:
1043:
1031:
1004:
997:Klapsis 2009
992:
969:
950:Great Powers
918:
898:Thessaloniki
894:
877:
861:
844:
836:
831:
823:
761:
717:
682:
633:
616:
572:Sarandaporon
571:
568:Sarantaporon
567:
563:
561:
495:
484:
483:
452:
451:
407:Kirk Kilisse
394:
281:
276:
252:
218:
148:Belligerents
125:
36:Part of the
18:
2313:Nazim Pasha
2207:Ivan Fichev
2192:Ivan Geshov
2187:Ferdinand I
2103:World War I
1829:Lule Burgas
1794:Sarantaporo
1651:Balkan Wars
1492:13 November
1391:13 November
1036:Hooton 2014
812:Constantine
671:politician
640:Megali Idea
602:during the
592:Constantine
582:, Turkish:
496:Sarantaporo
485:Greek front
447:2nd Çatalca
427:1st Çatalca
412:Lule Burgas
328:Sarantaporo
282:2 divisions
277:5 divisions
194:Constantine
109: /
72:Sarantaporo
2448:Categories
2323:Esad Pasha
2318:Zeki Pasha
2286:Nicholas I
2281:Montenegro
2134:Atrocities
1977:Bregalnica
1839:Adrianople
1752:Goudi coup
1658:Background
1370:References
1349:Özcan 2013
934:Aegean Sea
881:Krupp guns
865:Porta Pass
816:VIII Corps
744:Montenegro
678:reservists
665:Goudi coup
648:Greek Army
630:Background
442:Adrianople
298:500 killed
293:182 killed
254:VIII Corps
97:22°01′48″E
94:40°02′24″N
2343:Enver Bey
2082:Aftermath
1987:Kalimanci
1982:Knjaževac
1799:Kardzhali
1675:Bulgarian
1612:0307-0131
1566:3 October
1562:: 159–182
1513:: 127–140
985:Citations
975:Old Style
961:Footnotes
942:Black Sea
891:Aftermath
869:Haliacmon
736:Macedonia
724:Bulgarian
705:formation
612:Macedonia
402:Kardzhali
2433:Category
2308:Mehmed V
2244:George I
2182:Bulgaria
1869:Merhamli
1864:Kaliakra
1854:Monastir
1814:Kumanovo
1809:Sorovich
1670:Albanian
1412:37043754
906:George I
902:Monastir
840:Elassona
824:nizamiye
802:and the
776:Thessaly
766:and the
732:Ottomans
608:Thessaly
511:Sorovich
474:Monastir
459:Kumanovo
422:Kaliakra
417:Merhamli
271:Strength
205:General
67:Location
2415:Albania
2382:Peter I
2360:Carol I
2355:Romania
2075:General
1960:Battles
1884:Korytsa
1874:Driskos
1834:Yenidje
1824:Scutari
1787:Battles
1685:Serbian
1517:9 April
946:Albania
940:on the
932:on the
808:Evzones
758:Prelude
596:Ottoman
541:Korytsa
531:Driskos
501:Yenidje
479:Scutari
2377:Serbia
2239:Greece
1972:Doiran
1904:Bizani
1899:Şarköy
1894:Bulair
1889:Lemnos
1849:Himara
1844:Prilep
1720:&
1610:
1587:
1539:
1469:
1446:
1427:
1410:
910:Veroia
885:Kozani
873:Servia
858:Battle
798:, the
794:, the
790:, the
786:, the
782:, the
772:Epirus
748:Thrace
687:and a
669:Cretan
638:, the
624:Kozani
620:Servia
551:Bizani
546:Lemnos
521:Lesbos
516:Himara
469:Prilep
437:Şarköy
432:Bulair
171:
161:Greece
136:Kozani
132:Servia
122:Result
84:Greece
2057:Other
2012:Pirot
2007:Vidin
1680:Greek
1579:[
1558:(1).
1531:[
1486:(PDF)
1461:[
1383:[
956:Notes
938:Midia
832:redif
728:Sofia
720:Serbo
588:Greek
576:Greek
526:Chios
2101:and
1879:Elli
1718:IMRO
1608:ISSN
1585:ISBN
1568:2020
1537:ISBN
1519:2020
1494:2019
1467:ISBN
1444:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1408:OCLC
1393:2019
930:Enos
774:and
661:navy
622:and
594:and
562:The
536:Elli
464:Lumë
134:and
59:Date
800:6th
796:5th
792:4th
788:3rd
784:2nd
780:1st
752:war
570:or
2450::
1602:.
1554:.
1511:24
1509:.
1505:.
1291:^
1264:^
1247:^
1180:^
1115:^
1016:^
952:.
887:.
854:.
826:)
626:.
614:.
578::
78:,
74:,
2421:)
2417:(
1643:e
1636:t
1629:v
1614:.
1604:2
1593:.
1570:.
1545:.
1521:.
1496:.
1475:.
1452:.
1433:.
1414:.
1395:.
722:-
574:(
374:e
367:t
360:v
86:)
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
