634:
550:
42:
616:, did not take this defeat lightly. After executing that fortress, he made his way eastwards to confront Jalal al-Din, using his powers of organisation to send detachments out to prevent the disparate Khwarazmid factions from uniting, one of whom al-Din managed to isolate and defeat. Al-Din knew he had no chance of winning against Genghis in a pitched battle with his diminished army and after attempts to win back Ighrak and his men failed, he marched towards India. The Khan's army managed to surround al-Din's army on the banks of the
903:
888:
701:
438:, killing most of the force including two brothers of Toghachar, son in law of Genghis Khan. The Mongols pursued, past Nishapur and Herat, but lost the trail before Ghazni, where al-Din found 50,000 loyalists waiting for him. After a few days, he was joined by his maternal uncle Temur Malik, who brought an additional 30,000 veterans – al-Din now had a sizeable force with which to strike back at the Mongols. Meanwhile, back in Khwarazm,
684:. The Mongol army managed to breach the wall but the city was defended successfully by the Khwarezmians; due to the hot weather, the Mongols were forced to retreat after 42 days. Peter Jackson suggests that Doqshin, having been instructed not to return unsuccessfully, eventually converted to Islam and joined al-Din. The rest of al-Din's three years in exile in India were spent in taking large parts of
426:, a city reportedly housing 90,000 soldiers, and found the city in turmoil. The city's nobility, like Terken Khatun, were not prepared to accept Jalal ad-Din as Shah, preferring the more malleable Uzlaq, and planned a coup against al-Din. Al-Din left the capital after being warned of the coup, accompanied by
592:
was fought on a rock-strewn, narrow valley which was unsuitable for the Mongol cavalry, and the
Muslims fought dismounted until the final charge led by Jalal ad-Din, who personally commanded the center, resulting in the repulsion of the Mongols. This battle made Jalal al-Din's reputation; however, he
363:
still wielded substantial power in the realm – one historian termed the relationship between the Shah and his mother as 'an uneasy diarchy', which often acted to
Muhammad's disadvantage. The Shah also distrusted most of his commanders, with the only exception being Jalal al-Din. If he had sought open
798:
in this battle, unable to exploit their victory as they had no power left to advance. The same year, his brother
Ghiyath al-Din rebelled but was defeated. Ghiyath al-Din fled to Kerman where he and his mother were killed. The revived Khwarazmshah by this time controlled Kerman, Tabriz, Isfahan and
624:
in
November 1221. The Shah escaped the battle by jumping into the river fully armed, and reaching the other shore. This act of desperation is said to have drawn the admiration of Genghis Khan, who forbade Mongols to pursue the Shah or shoot him with arrows. The Shah's surviving troops were however
954:
Though considered a successful warrior and a general, Jalal al-Din is considered a poor ruler and the loss of his re-established empire to
Mongols has been attributed to his poor diplomacy and rulership; he was seen as untrustworthy and warmongering. His enmity with many neighbors resulted in his
858:
Jalal al-Din's kingdom swiftly collapsed after his death; his nobles squabbled over territory and would be overcome easily by the
Mongols. Several thousand, however, took up service with the princes of Anatolia and Syria to escape the Mongols. They continued to be a force in Syrian politics until
777:. His dominance in the region required year-after-year campaigning. In 1226, Burak Hadjib, the governor of Kerman and al-Din's father-in-law, rebelled against him, but after al-Din marched against him he was subdued. Jalal ad-Din then had a brief victory over the Seljuqs and captured the town of
258:, after 1225. Jalal al-Din did not have the political ability needed to underpin his martial exploits, and he was forced to combat several large revolts and increasing pressure from Mongol forces. Eventually, he was killed in August 1231. The army he had gathered would continue to terrorize the
940:
was seen as unbelievable. Modern historians are also positive concerning his military talent. Carl
Sverdrup described Jalal al-Din as "brave and energetic"; while Timothy May describes him as the most stalwart enemy of the Mongols in West Asia until the time of the Mamluk Sultanate. Due to his
959:
believed that Jalal al-Din executed more cruel and irrational brutality than
Genghis Khan did. Even al-Nasawi was unable to justify the negative impact Jalal al-Din's rule and conduct of his soldiers had on his subjects. Jalal al-Din is represented as a hero valianty fighting for "Persian
312:
refused to support him as heir to the throne, and instead favored his half-brother Uzlagh-Shah, whose mother was also a
Qipchaq. Jalal al-Din first appears in historical records in 1215, when Muhammad II divided his empire among his sons, giving the southwestern part (part of the former
650:
After the battle of Indus, Jalal al-Din crossed the Indus and settled in India. A local prince, who had six thousand men attacked Jalal al-Din's makeshift forces of no more than four thousand, but al-Din still triumphed, greatly enhancing his Indian appeal. He then sought asylum in the
1023:
As with the Mongol army, there is also debate as to the size and composition of the Shah's forces. Juvaini states that 50,000 were sent to aid Otrar, and gives a total of around 400,000. Most modern historians, however, prefer figures of between 50,000 and 150,000 effective
925:. As for his courage, I have mentioned it many times when describing the battles he took part in. He was a lion among lions and the most fearless among his valiant horsemen. He was mild in his temper though, did not get easily provoked and never used bad language.
878:
claimed he was Jalal al-Din. After he was defeated, the
Mongols verified that his claim was false, and he was executed. In the year 1254, a leader of a merchant group claimed he was Jalal al-Din; detained and tortured, he asserted he was truthful until his death.
364:
battle, as many of his commanders wished, he would certainly have been greatly outmatched in quantity of troops, let alone quality. The Shah thus made the decision to distribute his forces as garrison troops inside his most important towns, such as Samarkand,
839:, proposing joint operation against Jalal al-Din. Ögedei Khan sent a new army of 30,000 – 50,000 men under the command of Chormagan and the remaining Khwarazmians, whose numbers were in hundreds, were swept away by the new Mongol army, which occupied
278:
personal name are obscure. Early scholarship spelled it as Manguburti (or similar variants), whilst the most common variant today is Mangburni ("with a birthmark on the nose") or Mingirini ("valiant fighter worth one thousand men"; cf. Persian
394:
specifically to pursue the Shah; although Muhammad, accompanied by Jalal-al Din and two other sons, managed to escape, he was prevented from gathering any forces as his empire collapsed around him. Fleeing to the loyal region of
596:
Jalal al-Din had won several victories against the Mongols in 1221, and after the Battle of Parwan, independent insurgency groups emerged in multiple cities inspired by his deeds. Kushteghin Pahlawan launched a revolt in
359:, but most agree on around 75,000 to 200,000 soldiers. The Khwarazmshah, meanwhile, faced many problems. His empire was vast and newly formed, with a still-developing administration. In addition, his mother
793:
and defeated. In August 1228, a new Mongol army under the leadership of Taymas Noyan invaded the re-established kingdom. Jalal al-Din met them near Isfahan and the two armies battled. The Mongols scored a
356:
483:
1743:
718:
584:; the numerically inferior Mongols lost 1,000 and retreated across the river, destroying the bridge. Genghis sent an army numbering between thirty and forty-five thousand under
673:, who was so infuriated Doqshin was sent out at once on the same task. Meanwhile, al-Din was quarrelling with local princes, but was mostly victorious when it came to battle.
633:
726:
Having gathered an army and entered Persia, Jalal ad-Din sought to re-establish the Khwarazm kingdom, but he never fully consolidated his power. In 1224, he confirmed
2070:
476:
347:
and the Shah, in which Jalal al-Din's military acumen had saved the Shah from a humiliating defeat. However, he could not ignore the seizure of a trade caravan in
207:; however, since he was the son of a concubine, he was challenged as successor by a younger brother, whose cause was supported by the powerful Queen Mother,
1716:
738:, and received the submission of his brother Ghiyath, who had established himself in Hamadan and Isfahan, and the province of Fars, and clashed with the
469:
1591:
593:
soon lost half of his army through infighting: the sources report a dispute over booty between Temur Malik and Ighrak, commander of the right flank.
549:
403:. Jalal al-Din would later claim that his father had appointed him as his successor on his deathbed. Meanwhile, the Mongols had occupied all of
2138:
669:
to pursue al-Din, whom he still regarded as a threat, in early 1222; one account has Doqshin fail to secure al-Din, and return to the Khan in
375:
However, through a combination of excellent manoeuvering and planning, the Mongols managed to carve a path of destruction through Khwarazmia.
2014:
1082:
246:, and fled across the river. Now essentially a warlord, Jalal al-Din managed to establish a succession of short-lived states: first in the
987:
1549:
360:
331:
309:
212:
208:
2242:
692:; he returned to Persia at the behest of his brother Ghiyath al-Din Pirshah, who still controlled parts of Persia, in late 1223.
2252:
742:
in Khuzestan, from whom he captured parts of Western Iran. The next year, he dethroned the Uzbek Muzaffar al-Din, ruler of the
355:. War between the two new neighbours was inevitable. The Khan commanded a skilled and disciplined army: the precise size of it
2002:
1983:
1960:
1830:
1791:
1688:
1274:
1194:
1126:
41:
17:
964:(died 1283), who, however, was in reality aware that Jalal al-Din was fighting for his own survival and selfish motives.
763:
572:
which was under siege by a Mongol army and defeated them after a two-day battle. In autumn 1221, he then moved north to
2131:
2071:"Juvaini's Account of Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah and the Crossing of the Indus: Historiographical and Pictorial Aspects"
941:
reputation for resisting the Mongols, Jalal al-Din is commonly depicted on artwork resembling that of the Persian epic
2052:
1930:
1896:
1874:
1855:
1477:
1452:
1385:
1226:
1118:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia
1913:
914:
203:, the wealthy capital of the Khwarazmid homeland. An able general, he served as second-in-command to his father in
222:
The new Shah Jalal al-Din moved to Gurganj, but departed eastwards after Terken Khatun moved against him; evading
973:
372:. Meanwhile, the Shah raised taxes to raise a field army, with whom he would harass the besieging Mongol forces.
663:; he did however give one of his daughters to al-Din as a peace offering. The Khan sent Dorbei Doqshin with two
304:
origin, whose name was Ay-Chichek. Due to the low status of Jalal al-Din's mother, his powerful grandmother and
2108:
609:
also rebelled. These revolts would be crushed by the Mongols, and many atrocities perpetuated as retribution.
2124:
1744:"Hormatly Prezidentimiz Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow Türkmen bedewiniň baýramyna bagyşlanan dabaralara gatnaşdy"
874:
to the name of Jalal al-Din arose after his death. In 1236, the founder and the leader of an insurgency in
340:
2262:
769:
Jalal ad-Din spent the rest of his days struggling against the Mongols, pretenders to the throne and the
1944:
1575:
Irwin, Robert (1999). "Islam and the Mediterranean: The rise of the Mamluks". In Abulafia, David (ed.).
1045:
507:
1651:
Shikhab an-Nasawi. Sirat as-sultan Jalal al-Din Mankburni (Biography of sultan Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu)
994:. A sculpture of him by Saragt Babaýew won a national competition in 2015, receiving a prize from the
1884:
1502:
999:
995:
937:
812:
921:
He was swarthy (dark-skinned), small in stature, Turkic in "behavior" and speech, but he also spoke
913:
Jalal al-Din was considered by many to be a fearless commander and a great warrior. His biographer,
1940:
1841:
238:, but soon lost a good portion of his army in a dispute over spoils. He was defeated by a vengeful
936:
notes that Jalal al-Din was known as a bellicose warrior and Jalal al-Din's passiveness after the
2198:
2190:
192:
136:
1050:
2158:
2091:
1721:
932:
described al-Din as "endowed with great heroism, valour and high talents and accomplishments".
929:
895:
613:
493:
290:
76:
1116:
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from one of the lieutenants of Jalal ad-Din, sacked it, then proceeded to besiege the larger
435:
204:
1426:
1402:
1146:
991:
844:
568:
Jalal al-Din, who had just married Temur Malik's daughter to solidify ties, marched towards
102:
2247:
2237:
1342:
978:
537:
443:
8:
875:
553:
522:
301:
243:
2147:
2098:
1902:
1845:
1526:
1422:
1236:
1232:
1216:
832:
751:
709:
652:
196:
188:
126:
2182:
2048:
2031:
2023:
1998:
1979:
1956:
1926:
1892:
1870:
1851:
1826:
1809:
1787:
1684:
1638:(in Turkish). Ankara: Publications of the Ministry of Culture. pp. 81–83, 85–91.
1473:
1448:
1381:
1354:
1337:
1310:
1270:
1222:
1190:
1122:
961:
713:
581:
532:
512:
255:
251:
1906:
1094:
902:
2257:
2045:
Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander The Great to the Fall of The Taliban
1518:
1414:
1373:
1090:
922:
774:
589:
517:
439:
396:
383:
275:
235:
166:
49:
2019:
1717:"New Turkish series about Sultan Jalaluddin Khwarazmshah to release in Uzbekistan"
983:
1948:
1418:
1377:
933:
887:
795:
782:
755:
660:
621:
527:
461:
1507:"Jalāl Al-Dīn, the Mongols, and the Khwarazmian Conquest of the Panjāb and Sind"
1971:
1653:(in Russian). Vostochnaya Literatura, Russian Academy of Sciences. p. 288.
956:
859:
their destruction in 1246. His daughter, Turkan, would grow up in the court of
770:
431:
1953:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIV/4: Jade III–Jamalzadeh, Mohammad-Ali II. Work
860:
836:
2231:
2035:
1813:
840:
800:
314:
223:
114:
816:
386:, as was Samarkand. Genghis Khan then sent an army under his elite generals
219:, Jalal-al Din gained the loyalty of the majority of Khwarazmian loyalists.
1925:. Translated by Boyle, J.A. (third ed.). Mancherter University Press.
1314:
785:. In 1227, after the death of Genghis Khan, a new Mongol army commanded by
585:
561:
336:
287:
263:
239:
231:
184:
58:
1681:
The Mongol Conquests The Military Operations of Genghis Khan and Sübe'etei
1269:]. Translated by Mustafayev, Shahin; Welsford, Thomas. Moscow: Nauka.
601:
and ousted the Mongol administration; he then made a successful attack on
1801:
864:
731:
727:
617:
557:
427:
416:
408:
404:
400:
216:
154:
1840:
Cahen, Claude (1971). "ʿAbdallaṭīf al-Baghdādī et les Khwārizmiens". In
831:, the Mongols learned that Jalal ad-Din had recently been defeated; the
1530:
1506:
808:
743:
46:
1579:. Vol. 5, c.1198–c.1300. Cambridge University Press. p. 611.
1550:"Mongol Empire: Chormaquan and the Mongol Conquest of the Middle East"
700:
2174:
1955:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 404–405.
943:
871:
851:
who claimed that he was avenging his brother, who had been killed in
786:
705:
670:
656:
1522:
1267:
A History of the Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids, 1097–1231
1823:
A History of The Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids 1097–1231
807:
again in 1229. However, he was defeated in this campaign by Sultan
739:
638:
577:
569:
451:
369:
305:
659:
denied this to him because of al-Din's poor relationship with the
907:
790:
759:
677:
602:
423:
391:
380:
352:
200:
121:
90:
2116:
948:
891:
828:
747:
735:
689:
685:
681:
665:
573:
412:
259:
247:
227:
1889:
The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion
2166:
1920:
852:
804:
778:
606:
447:
376:
348:
344:
1147:"Description of life of Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu. Chapter 38"
848:
764:
were allegedly put to death for not renouncing Christianity
598:
387:
365:
1221:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 58–61.
215:
led to his father's flight and death on an island in the
1847:
Iran and Islam: In Memory of the Late Vladimir Minorsky
947:, where he is associated with the mythological warrior
960:
independence" by the Iranian bureaucrat and historian
789:
was sent to invade al Din's lands; they were met near
637:
Coinage of Jalal al-Din Mangubarni. AR Double Dirham.
1215:
May, Timothy (2018). "The Mongols outside Mongolia".
434:, he attacked the garrison of a Mongol detachment at
1867:
The Empire of The Steppes: A History of Central Asia
1263:
Gosudarstvo Khorezmshakhov-Anushteginidov: 1097–1231
1697:
1187:
Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy
2013:
1995:Genghis Khan His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy
1970:Lane, George E. (2012). "The Mongols in Iran". In
491:
457:
286:Jalal al-Din was reportedly the eldest son of the
1777:(third ed.). Messers. Luzac and Company Ltd.
847:mountains and there in August he was killed by a
676:Under Doqshin's leadership, the Mongol army took
2229:
1850:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 149–166.
955:isolation against the Mongol army of Chormaqan.
625:slaughtered, along with his harem and children.
556:: Jalal al-Din Khwarazm-Shah crossing the rapid
325:
27:Shah of the Khwarazmian Empire from 1220 to 1231
2042:
1820:
1517:. British Institute of Persian Studies: 45–54.
1353:] (in Persian). Vol. 1. Translated by
230:. He managed to inflict an excellent defeat on
1864:
1615:
399:, the Shah died destitute on an island in the
2132:
1992:
1683:. West Midlands: Helion&Company Limited.
750:on 25 July 1225. That same year, he attacked
477:
351:and subsequent execution of Mongol envoys in
178:
1800:
1772:
867:, who married her to the governor of Mosul.
722:manuscript created in Shiraz, Iran, in 1438.
1978:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432.
1668:. Translated by Raverty, H. G. p. 285.
1470:Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection
1368:Golden, Peter (2009). "Inner Asia c.1200".
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1151:Vostochnaya Literatura (Eastern Literature)
1114:
226:patrols, he gathered a substantial army at
2139:
2125:
1923:Genghis Khan History of the World Conqurer
1781:
1336:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
762:, after which a hundred thousand citizens
484:
470:
40:
1648:
1629:
1627:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1403:"Sübe'etei Ba'atur, Anonymous Strategist"
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1260:
1210:
1208:
1206:
746:, and set himself up in their capital of
454:had all been taken by the Mongol forces.
332:Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
213:Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire
2068:
1939:
1678:
1442:
1400:
1309:(Second ed.). Gibb Memorial Trust.
1304:
1243:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1140:
1138:
1046:"Jalāl-Al-Din Kwārazmšāh (I) Mengübirni"
901:
886:
882:
699:
632:
548:
1883:
1784:The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5
1589:
1501:
1438:
1436:
1283:
1115:Mikaberidze, Alexander (22 July 2011).
894:of Jalal ad-Din, citing Abbasid caliph
576:and attacked a besieging army north of
300:), while his mother was a concubine of
14:
2230:
1976:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
1921:Juvaini, Ala-ad-Din Ata-Malik (1997).
1633:
1624:
1486:
1367:
1361:
1321:
1203:
1184:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
645:
269:
2120:
1839:
1775:Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion
1636:Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah and his era
1574:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1307:Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion
1165:
1144:
1135:
967:
906:Equestrian statue of Jalal ad-Din in
695:
465:
2011:
1969:
1703:
1433:
1080:
988:Uzbek Ministry of Culture and Sports
972:Jalal al-Din was the subject of the
1663:
1472:. St. Martin's Press. p. 181.
1467:
1370:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
1214:
1065:
815:in 1230, from whence he escaped to
320:
179:
170:
24:
2062:
1806:A Historical Atlas of Central Asia
1672:
1657:
1577:The New Cambridge Medieval History
1537:
843:. Jalal ad-Din took refuge in the
628:
191:. The eldest son and successor of
25:
2274:
2146:
199:, Jalal al-Din was brought up at
2099:Sultan of the Khwarezmian Empire
2022:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
915:Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi
419:during the latter half of 1220.
274:The spelling and meaning of his
266:until its final defeat in 1246.
1766:
1736:
1709:
1642:
1609:
1583:
1568:
1461:
1394:
1095:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_32712
1017:
458:Battles at Parwan and the Indus
295:
52:coin commemorating Jalal al-Din
2243:13th-century murdered monarchs
2030:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1786:. Cambridge University Press.
1618:Sîret-i Celâleddîn-i Mingburnî
1413:(1). Harrassowitz Verlag: 37.
1351:History of the World Conqueror
1108:
1038:
754:, defeating its forces in the
495:Battles involving Jalal ad-Din
430:and 300 cavalry. Crossing the
13:
1:
2253:13th-century monarchs in Asia
1087:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
1005:
803:. Jalal ad-Din moved against
326:Mongol invasion and accession
1869:. Rutgers University Press.
1616:Khorandezî Zeydârî, Nasawî.
1447:. Rutgers University Press.
1427:10.13173/jasiahist.47.1.0033
1419:10.13173/jasiahist.47.1.0033
1378:10.1017/CBO9781139056045.004
1372:. The Chinggisid Age: 9–25.
1031:
917:, described him as follows:
250:, from 1222–24, and then in
7:
2220:usurpers or rival claimants
1592:"Les Mongols et la Papauté"
343:between the Mongol general
10:
2279:
2069:Melville, Charles (2021).
1599:Revue de l'Orient Chrétien
1305:Barthold, Vasily (1968) .
1261:Buniyatov, Z. M. (2015) .
986:in collaboration with the
898:623–628 AH (1226–1231 AD).
588:to confront the Shah. The
329:
211:. Nevertheless, after the
2218:
2154:
2105:
2096:
2088:
1945:"Jalāl-al-Din Mengübirni"
1891:. Yale University Press.
1782:J. A. Boyle, ed. (1968).
1664:Juzjani, Minhaj-i Siraj.
1445:The Empire of the Steppes
1121:. ABC-CLIO. p. 441.
1000:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
996:president of Turkmenistan
990:, where he was played by
503:
175:Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah
150:
142:
132:
120:
108:
96:
86:
82:
72:
64:
57:
39:
34:
2043:Tanner, Stephen (2002).
2015:"Jalāl al-Dīn Mangburnī"
1842:Clifford Edmund Bosworth
1821:Buniyatov, Z.M. (2015).
1407:Journal of Asian History
1346:
1083:"Jalāl al-Dīn Mangburnī"
1010:
833:Nizari Ismaili Assassins
822:
620:and crushed them in the
1865:Grousset, Rene (2005).
1679:Sverdrup, Carl (2017).
1649:Buniyatov, Z.M (1996).
1620:. Tehran. p. 1344.
1443:Grousset, Rene (1991).
1401:Sverdrup, Carl (2013).
1237:10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.11
560:on horseback, escaping
2028:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1993:Mclynn, Frank (2015).
1722:The News International
1634:Taneri, Aydin (1977).
1185:Mclynn, Frank (2015).
927:
910:
899:
723:
642:
565:
291:Ala ad-Din Muhammad II
193:Ala ad-Din Muhammad II
163:Jalal al-Din Mangburni
35:Jalal al-Din Mangburni
2012:Paul, Jürgen (2017).
1914:registration required
1081:Paul, Jürgen (2017).
919:
905:
890:
883:Legacy and assessment
827:Through the ruler of
703:
636:
552:
422:Jalal ad-Din rode to
339:had chosen to ignore
171:جلال الدین مِنکُبِرنی
18:Battle of Nisa (1221)
1907:10.3366/j.ctt1n2tvq0
1773:Barthold W. (1968).
1590:Pelliot, P. (1923).
1343:Tarikh-i Jahangushay
1051:Encyclopædia Iranica
979:Mendirman Jaloliddin
938:Battle of Yassıçemen
896:Al-Mustansir Bi'llah
813:Battle of Yassıçemen
719:Tarikh-i Jahangushay
564:and the Mongol army.
189:Anushteginid dynasty
180:جلال الدین خوارزمشاه
1941:Bosworth, C. Edmund
1825:. IICAS Samarkand.
1748:turkmenistan.gov.tm
781:in Turkey from the
708:(left) against the
646:Indian subcontinent
554:Battle of the Indus
357:is heavily disputed
317:) to Jalal al-Din.
270:Name and early life
244:Battle of the Indus
205:at least one battle
2263:Anushtegin dynasty
2018:. In Fleet, Kate;
1468:Man, John (2004).
1355:Andrew Boyle, John
1338:Juvaini, Ata-Malik
968:Cultural influence
911:
900:
724:
716:in 1227. From the
696:Persia and Georgia
653:Sultanate of Delhi
643:
612:Genghis Khan, now
566:
407:, and had invaded
197:Khwarazmian Empire
127:Anushtegin dynasty
103:Silvan, Diyarbakır
2225:
2224:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2115:
2114:
2106:Succeeded by
2047:. DA CAPO Press.
2004:978-0-306-82396-1
1997:. Da Capo Press.
1985:978-0-19-987575-7
1962:978-1-934283-04-2
1832:978-9943-357-21-1
1808:. Brill, Boston.
1793:978-0-521-06936-6
1690:978-1-910777-71-8
1276:978-9943-357-21-1
1218:The Mongol Empire
1196:978-0-306-82396-1
1189:. Da Capo Press.
1128:978-1-59884-337-8
962:Ata-Malik Juvayni
835:sent a letter to
714:battle of Bolnisi
582:Battle of Waliyan
546:
545:
262:as the mercenary
173:), also known as
160:
159:
16:(Redirected from
2270:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2141:
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2127:
2118:
2117:
2089:Preceded by
2086:
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2039:
2017:
2008:
1989:
1966:
1949:Yarshater, Ehsan
1936:
1917:
1910:
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1666:Tabakat-i Nasiri
1661:
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1142:
1133:
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1103:
1101:
1089:. Brill Online.
1078:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1042:
1025:
1021:
758:, and conquered
740:Caliph An Nasser
590:Battle of Parwan
498:
496:
486:
479:
472:
463:
462:
321:Mongol campaigns
299:
298: 1200–1220
297:
236:Battle of Parwan
183:), was the last
182:
181:
172:
112:qutlubika Khatun
68:1220–August 1231
44:
32:
31:
21:
2278:
2277:
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2269:
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2221:
2214:
2150:
2145:
2111:
2109:Mongol conquest
2102:
2094:
2065:
2063:Further reading
2055:
2024:Rowson, Everett
2005:
1986:
1972:Daryaee, Touraj
1963:
1933:
1911:
1899:
1877:
1858:
1833:
1794:
1769:
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1753:
1751:
1750:. 24 April 2015
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1523:10.2307/4299834
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970:
934:Yaqut al-Hamawi
885:
825:
796:pyrrhic victory
756:battle of Garni
730:, ruler of the
712:(right) in the
698:
661:Abbasid caliphs
648:
631:
629:Later campaigns
547:
542:
499:
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334:
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53:
28:
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2059:
2053:
2040:
2020:Krämer, Gudrun
2009:
2003:
1990:
1984:
1967:
1961:
1937:
1931:
1918:
1897:
1885:Jackson, Peter
1881:
1875:
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1798:
1792:
1779:
1768:
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1762:
1761:
1735:
1708:
1706:, p. 251.
1696:
1689:
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1641:
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1608:
1582:
1567:
1556:. 12 June 2006
1536:
1503:Jackson, Peter
1485:
1478:
1460:
1453:
1432:
1393:
1386:
1360:
1347:تاریخ جهانگشای
1320:
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966:
957:Vasily Bartold
884:
881:
824:
821:
697:
694:
647:
644:
630:
627:
622:ensuing battle
544:
543:
541:
540:
535:
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525:
520:
515:
510:
504:
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489:
488:
481:
474:
466:
459:
456:
432:Karakum desert
330:Main article:
327:
324:
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252:northwest Iran
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2176:
2173:
2170:(1127/8–1156)
2168:
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2157:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:Khwarazmshahs
2142:
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2119:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2087:
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2056:
2054:0-306-81233-9
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2041:
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2025:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1932:0-7190-5144-4
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1908:
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1898:9780300227284
1894:
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1886:
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1876:0-8135-0627-1
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1857:9780852242001
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1454:0-8135-1304-9
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1404:
1397:
1389:
1387:9781139056045
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1228:9780748642373
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1053:
1052:
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1041:
1037:
1020:
1016:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
992:Emre Kıvılcım
989:
985:
984:Mehmet Bozdağ
982:, created by
981:
980:
975:
974:Uzbek-Turkish
965:
963:
958:
952:
950:
946:
945:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
918:
916:
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904:
897:
893:
889:
880:
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:Northern Iran
838:
834:
830:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
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749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
721:
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385:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
362:
361:Terken Khatun
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
318:
316:
315:Ghurid Empire
311:
310:Terken Khatun
307:
303:
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284:
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277:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
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225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
209:Terken Khatun
206:
202:
198:
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168:
164:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
135:
131:
128:
125:
123:
119:
116:
115:Sulafa Khatun
111:
107:
104:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
60:
56:
51:
48:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2206:
2097:
2078:
2074:
2044:
2027:
1994:
1975:
1952:
1922:
1888:
1866:
1846:
1822:
1805:
1802:Bregel, Yuri
1783:
1774:
1767:Bibliography
1754:12 September
1752:. Retrieved
1747:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1720:
1711:
1699:
1680:
1674:
1665:
1659:
1650:
1644:
1635:
1617:
1611:
1602:
1598:
1585:
1576:
1570:
1558:. Retrieved
1553:
1514:
1510:
1469:
1463:
1444:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1369:
1363:
1350:
1341:
1306:
1266:
1262:
1217:
1186:
1155:. Retrieved
1153:(in Russian)
1150:
1117:
1110:
1098:. Retrieved
1086:
1055:. Retrieved
1049:
1040:
1019:
977:
971:
953:
942:
928:
920:
912:
869:
857:
826:
768:
728:Burak Hadjib
725:
717:
710:Khwarezmians
675:
664:
649:
611:
595:
586:Shigi Qutuqu
567:
562:Genghis Khan
421:
374:
337:Genghis Khan
335:
288:Khwarazmshah
285:
280:
273:
264:Khwarazmiyya
240:Genghis Khan
232:Shigi Qutuqu
221:
185:Khwarazmshah
174:
162:
161:
59:Khwarazmshah
29:
2248:1199 births
2238:1231 deaths
2210:(1220–1231)
2202:(1200–1220)
2199:Muhammad II
2194:(1172–1193)
2191:Sultan-Shah
2186:(1172–1200)
2178:(1156–1172)
2162:(1097–1127)
2092:Muhammad II
1340:(c. 1260).
1145:An-Nasawi.
865:Hulagu Khan
861:Ögedei Khan
837:Ögedei Khan
732:Qara Khitai
618:River Indus
558:Indus River
428:Timur Malik
417:Gharchistan
409:Tocharistan
405:Transoxania
401:Caspian Sea
217:Caspian Sea
155:Sunni Islam
137:Muhammad II
100:August 1231
77:Muhammad II
73:Predecessor
2232:Categories
2207:Manguberdi
2159:Muhammad I
2103:1220–1231
2075:Iran Namag
1560:5 February
1554:HistoryNet
1157:2 November
1100:8 February
1006:References
976:TV series
876:Mazandaran
872:pretenders
817:Diyarbakır
809:Kayqubad I
744:Eldiguzids
639:Qal 'a Nay
614:at Bamiyan
538:Yasi Cemen
379:fell, and
341:a skirmish
146:Ay-Chichek
2175:Il-Arslan
2036:1873-9830
1814:938109618
1704:Lane 2012
1057:28 August
1032:Citations
1024:soldiers.
944:Shahnameh
863:and then
787:Chormagan
706:Georgians
671:Samarkand
657:Iltutmish
384:was taken
308:princess
281:hazarmard
2026:(eds.).
1943:(2008).
1887:(2017).
1804:(2003).
1505:(1990).
791:Dameghan
783:Ayyubids
688:and the
605:, while
578:Charikar
570:Kandahar
452:Nishapur
397:Khorasan
370:Nishapur
151:Religion
2258:Sultans
1974:(ed.).
1951:(ed.).
1844:(ed.).
1728:7 April
1605:: 3–30.
1531:4299834
1315:4523164
930:Juzjani
923:Persian
908:Urgench
811:at the
771:Seljuqs
760:Tbilisi
752:Georgia
678:Nandana
603:Bukhara
580:in the
533:Bolnisi
513:Waliyan
440:Gurganj
424:Gurganj
392:Subutai
381:Bukhara
353:Gurganj
306:Qipchaq
302:Turkmen
256:Georgia
242:at the
234:at the
201:Gurganj
195:of the
187:of the
167:Persian
122:Dynasty
91:Gurganj
50:25 soʻm
2183:Tekish
2081:(3–4).
2051:
2034:
2001:
1982:
1959:
1929:
1905:
1895:
1873:
1854:
1829:
1812:
1790:
1687:
1529:
1476:
1451:
1425:
1384:
1313:
1273:
1235:
1225:
1193:
1125:
949:Rostam
892:Dirham
845:Silvan
829:Alamut
779:Akhlat
748:Tabriz
736:Kerman
690:Punjab
686:Lahore
682:Multan
666:tumens
574:Parwan
518:Parwan
508:Irghiz
450:, and
413:Guzgan
276:Turkic
260:Levant
248:Punjab
228:Ghazni
224:Mongol
143:Mother
133:Father
109:Spouse
2167:Atsiz
1947:. In
1903:JSTOR
1595:(PDF)
1527:JSTOR
1423:JSTOR
1349:[
1265:[
1233:JSTOR
1011:Notes
870:Some
853:Ahlat
823:Death
805:Ahlat
734:, in
607:Herat
528:Garni
523:Indus
448:Balkh
377:Otrar
349:Otrar
345:Jochi
65:Reign
47:Uzbek
2049:ISBN
2032:ISSN
1999:ISBN
1980:ISBN
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