39:
696:
figures of over 200 Portuguese killed and wounded and nearly 700 taken prisoner; other writers state around 25 Portuguese killed along with 162 Askari, with almost 500 captured. The prisoners of war were used by the
Germans as porters for the 250,000 rounds of ammunition, six machine guns and several hundred rifles that were also captured. With this equipment, the Germans managed to completely resupply their force. Von Lettow-Vorbeck abandoned and destroyed the majority of his force's German weaponry for which he had no ammunition and armed his troops with Portuguese and British weapons. Portuguese uniforms seized from the captured prisoners were used to replace the ragged old German ones that the force had previously worn.
196:
133:
593:
146:
210:
161:
683:
to ensure his ammunition would not be wasted. The inexperience of the
Portuguese proved to be their downfall; despite their firing over 30,000 rounds, German casualties were extremely light, including only one casualty among their officers. Taking heavy casualties, having lost their commanding officer, and finding themselves hopelessly outnumbered, the Portuguese finally surrendered despite the fact that they had enough military supplies to continue the action.
174:
637:. With his reduced force, von Lettow-Vorbeck made plans to attack the Portuguese garrison across the river at Ngomano. The Portuguese force was a native contingent led by European officers under João Teixeira Pinto, a veteran with experience fighting in Africa. Rather than prepare defensive positions, the Portuguese had begun building a large
733:
Paice states that following the battle, a
British intelligence officer inspected the scene of the fighting and is reported to have stated that far from having adequate supplies as indicated by the garrison commander, the Portuguese had actually been short of food and were "on the brink of starvation"
662:
rounds. While the artillery attacked the camp, the
Germans moved their forces upstream and crossed the Rovuma safely out of sight of Pinto and his men. The Portuguese did not resist von Lettow-Vorbeck's forces when they crossed the river and remained encamped at Ngomano. The Germans were easily able
657:
At 07:00 on the morning of 25 November, the
Portuguese garrison at Ngomano received word from a British intelligence officer that an attack was about to commence. Nevertheless, when the attack came they were unprepared. In order to distract Pinto and his men, the Germans shelled the camp from across
695:
and one
European killed. The Portuguese, on the other hand, had suffered a massive defeat and by failing to prevent von Lettow-Vorbeck's force from crossing the Rovuma allowed him to continue his campaign until the end of the war. Estimates of Portuguese casualties vary, with some sources providing
682:
The
Germans had very little in the way of heavy weapons, as they had discarded most of their artillery and machine guns due to lack of ammunition. Despite the chronic ammunition shortage von Lettow-Vorbeck was able to move four machine guns up close to the rifle pits, using them only at close range
577:
was sent to stop von Lettow-Vorbeck from crossing the border. The
Portuguese were flanked by the Germans, while encamped at Ngomano on 25 November 1917. The battle saw the Portuguese force nearly destroyed, with many troops killed and captured. The capitulation of the Portuguese enabled the Germans
613:
he had lost a large number of troops and expended virtually his entire supply of modern ammunition. With only antiquated weapons and no means of resupply, von Lettow-Vorbeck decided to invade
Portuguese East Africa in hopes of acquiring sufficient supplies to continue the war. There was no legal
670:
Having been forewarned about the attack, the
Portuguese commander had been able to begin preparations for the assault; however, he had planned on receiving a frontal assault and when the force came under attack from the rear he was completely surprised. The Portuguese attempted to
743:
Von Lettow-Vorbeck is said to have estimated about 200 dead, with 150 Europeans being released on parole and several hundred Askaris being taken prisoner. Heinrich Schnee provided the lesser figures mentioned above. (Paice 2008, p.
600:
By late November 1917, the Germans in East Africa were left with few options if they wanted to continue the war. They were outnumbered drastically and were split up into several different columns. The two largest of these, under
707:
in case the British decided to follow him into Portuguese East Africa. His force won several more victories while seizing even more supplies and ammunition before moving back into German East Africa in 1918.
645:
and a large supply cache but his inexperienced force was no match for von Lettow-Vorbeck's force, which crossed the river with between 1,500 and 2,000 veterans as well as a large number of
614:
impediment to this attack; acting at Britain's request, Portugal had seized 36 German and Austro-Hungarian merchant ships anchored in front of Lisbon on 24 February 1916 and Germany had
2593:
282:
2608:
2792:
724:
Paice states that the garrison commander was a Major Quaresma, who was in command by virtue of his seniority over Pinto, but who lacked any combat experience (2008, p. 340).
38:
494:
2690:
2327:
2151:
1491:
2769:
2797:
1304:
314:
2985:
2712:
2404:
1362:
3092:
275:
3000:
2755:
319:
3232:
2995:
2685:
2636:
2551:
3237:
2839:
2680:
2038:
602:
268:
80:
1469:
3227:
1531:
2740:
2670:
2309:
1521:
1432:
699:
Von Lettow-Vorbeck did not stay at Ngomano for long and soon marched his force south to attack more Portuguese positions, leaving only one
2764:
1655:
1109:
1332:
507:
1662:
1314:
2990:
2922:
2760:
2747:
2704:
2613:
2339:
2141:
2048:
1950:
1708:
1355:
3114:
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2972:
2886:
2820:
2657:
2536:
2209:
1228:
1084:
1028:
3061:
2481:
1266:
609:, were completely cut off from each other. Although von Lettow-Vorbeck's column had defeated a large British force at the
2832:
2156:
1784:
1289:
587:
535:
292:
30:
3046:
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1998:
1536:
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2013:
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2541:
2399:
2351:
2116:
1667:
1541:
1454:
1449:
1218:
1206:
1201:
679:, but they became disoriented after Pinto and several other officers were slain early in the engagement.
676:
1728:
971:
3217:
3099:
3056:
2333:
2091:
2076:
1978:
1847:
1415:
1327:
1284:
578:
to seize a large quantity of supplies and continue operations in East Africa until the end of the war.
361:
3041:
2809:
2393:
2381:
2136:
2121:
1842:
1733:
1427:
1405:
1154:
1144:
1077:
629:. Facing supply shortages, the German general then reduced his force by dismissing a large number of
209:
165:
160:
1988:
3016:
2503:
2493:
2422:
2375:
2363:
2303:
2111:
2106:
2028:
1437:
1410:
1114:
622:
3222:
3087:
3079:
3021:
2781:
2476:
2239:
2066:
2061:
1993:
1852:
1837:
1832:
1812:
1693:
1570:
700:
664:
400:
200:
2033:
791:
2854:
2578:
2513:
2369:
2096:
2023:
1973:
1958:
1940:
1913:
1827:
1794:
1459:
1420:
1400:
1211:
1104:
559:
373:
329:
998:
574:
214:
2844:
2498:
2387:
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2126:
2056:
2003:
1925:
1893:
1867:
1817:
1748:
1650:
1603:
1387:
1256:
1139:
615:
570:
334:
178:
74:
641:
upon their arrival at Ngomano on 20 November. Pinto had at his disposal 900 troops with six
3194:
3109:
1789:
1763:
1713:
1070:
457:
378:
1738:
8:
3176:
2315:
2179:
2131:
2008:
1968:
1963:
1908:
1591:
1585:
1486:
484:
405:
3129:
3136:
3051:
2410:
2274:
2256:
2221:
2185:
2018:
1983:
1935:
1920:
1807:
1758:
1597:
1556:
1236:
502:
447:
442:
324:
150:
3169:
3163:
3124:
3026:
2859:
2442:
2297:
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1903:
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1718:
1703:
1633:
1621:
1322:
1299:
1246:
1048:
1024:
1002:
991:
977:
958:
939:
558:
and ran very short of food and other supplies. As a consequence, the Germans invaded
467:
625:
before reaching the border, von Lettow-Vorbeck and his column was able to reach the
2227:
2197:
2191:
2101:
1930:
1898:
1888:
1627:
1551:
1546:
1474:
1294:
1194:
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551:
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388:
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356:
351:
218:
3036:
2876:
2215:
1768:
1743:
1442:
1350:
1189:
592:
573:
and a belligerent, employing troops in France and Africa; so a force under Major
489:
452:
415:
339:
2869:
2849:
2520:
2233:
2071:
1862:
1753:
1609:
1513:
1496:
692:
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659:
512:
395:
3211:
2980:
2268:
2262:
1698:
1615:
1526:
929:
638:
634:
195:
137:
132:
95:
82:
981:
943:
596:
Map showing the border between the Portuguese and German territories in 1917
2430:
1857:
1038:
962:
667:
of German infantry attacking the camp from the south, south-east and west.
626:
45:
2641:
2546:
2244:
1672:
1093:
642:
539:
309:
260:
663:
to flank the Portuguese positions and completely envelop them with six
2436:
2203:
704:
2696:
563:
555:
173:
630:
562:
to the south, both to supply themselves with captured Portuguese
543:
70:
633:, who could not be adequately equipped, as well as a number of
1062:
2864:
550:
had recently won a costly victory against the British at the
1021:
Tip & Run: The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa
935:
The Encyclopædia Britannica, The Twelfth Edition, Volume 2
621:
Although Tafel's force was intercepted by the Allies and
954:
British Campaigns in Africa and the Pacific, 1914–1918
938:. New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company, Ltd.
534:was fought between Germany and Portugal during the
990:
691:The German casualties were light, with only a few
566:and escape superior British forces to the north.
997:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p.
3209:
2039:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
16:1917 battle in the East African Campaign of WWI
1078:
276:
2529:
1085:
1071:
283:
269:
3233:Battles of World War I involving Portugal
290:
3238:Battles of World War I involving Germany
2328:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
1037:
973:With the Nigerians in German East Africa
928:
591:
2705:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
3210:
988:
969:
2658:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
1994:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
1066:
1018:
264:
3228:Battles of the East African Campaign
3062:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
950:
2991:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
1785:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
1047:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
588:East African Campaign (World War I)
13:
1724:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
14:
3259:
2087:Second Battle of the Piave River
1709:Russian invasion of East Prussia
957:. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
208:
194:
172:
159:
144:
131:
37:
3158:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
2358:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
1092:
909:
900:
891:
882:
873:
864:
855:
846:
737:
727:
2981:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
2840:Deportations from East Prussia
2637:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
837:
828:
819:
810:
784:
775:
766:
757:
718:
1:
2892:Ukrainian Canadian internment
1044:The First World War in Africa
921:
618:on Portugal on 9 March 1916.
581:
3047:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
2346:Estonian War of Independence
2014:Southern Palestine offensive
976:. London: Methuen & Co.
798:. Washington. March 10, 1916
751:
686:
607:Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck
548:Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck
7:
3001:USA against Austria-Hungary
2400:Turkish War of Independence
2352:Latvian War of Independence
2077:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
1668:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
10:
3264:
3084:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
2632:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
2092:Second Battle of the Marne
1979:Second battle of the Aisne
1848:Second Battle of Champagne
1689:German invasion of Belgium
585:
3190:
3149:
3070:
3009:
2971:
2915:
2904:
2865:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
2808:
2780:
2728:
2650:
2624:
2576:
2469:
2462:
2394:Irish War of Independence
2290:
2172:
2137:Armistice of Villa Giusti
2122:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
2047:
1949:
1876:
1777:
1734:First Battle of the Marne
1681:
1643:
1578:
1569:
1512:
1386:
1375:
1341:
1313:
1275:
1227:
1180:
1173:
1100:
652:
569:Portugal was part of the
542:. A force of Germans and
302:
242:
229:
186:
123:
53:
36:
28:
23:
3017:Constantinople Agreement
2310:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
2173:Co-belligerent conflicts
2142:Second Romanian campaign
2112:Third Transjordan attack
1823:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
1729:Battle of Grand Couronné
711:
3080:Modus vivendi of Acroma
3032:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
2340:Greater Poland Uprising
2240:National Protection War
2117:Meuse–Argonne offensive
2067:German spring offensive
2062:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1838:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
1813:Second Battle of Artois
1694:Battle of the Frontiers
1019:Paice, Edward (2008) .
993:A History of Mozambique
970:Downes, Walter (1919).
201:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck
3105:Paris Peace Conference
3093:Ukraine–Central Powers
2887:Massacres of Albanians
2855:Late Ottoman genocides
2662:Bulgarian occupations
2370:Third Anglo-Afghan War
2334:Hungarian–Romanian War
2152:Naval Victory Bulletin
2147:Armistice with Germany
2097:Hundred Days Offensive
2024:Battle of La Malmaison
1974:Second battle of Arras
1941:Battle of Transylvania
1795:Second Battle of Ypres
1663:Sarajevo assassination
1552:South African Republic
989:Newitt, Malyn (1995).
816:Strachan 2004, p. 175.
781:Chisholm 1922, p. 884.
772:Chisholm 1922, p. 885.
597:
560:Portuguese East Africa
253:200 killed and wounded
187:Commanders and leaders
3115:Treaty of St. Germain
3088:Russia–Central Powers
3042:Sykes–Picot Agreement
2870:Pontic Greek genocide
2845:Destruction of Kalisz
2821:Eastern Mediterranean
2382:Polish–Lithuanian War
2164:Armistice of Belgrade
2127:Armistice of Salonica
2057:Operation Faustschlag
2004:Third Battle of Oituz
1926:Baranovichi offensive
1894:Lake Naroch offensive
1868:Battle of Robat Karim
1843:Vistula–Bug offensive
1818:Battles of the Isonzo
1749:First Battle of Ypres
951:Dane, Edmund (1919).
595:
536:East African Campaign
294:East African campaign
243:Casualties and losses
96:11.42833°S 38.49361°E
75:Portuguese Mozambique
31:East African Campaign
3248:November 1917 events
3110:Treaty of Versailles
2826:Mount Lebanon famine
2741:in the United States
2709:Russian occupations
2423:Turkish–Armenian War
2364:Polish–Ukrainian War
2304:Ukrainian–Soviet War
2251:Central Asian Revolt
2034:Armistice of Focșani
1764:Battle of Sarikamish
1714:Battle of Tannenberg
1110:Military engagements
915:Downes 1919, p. 281.
879:Downes 1919, p. 280.
870:Downes 1919, p. 179.
834:Newitt 1995, p. 419.
825:Downes 1919, p. 180.
792:"Portugal is in war"
763:Downes 1919, p. 179.
43:Breakthrough of the
3243:1910s in Mozambique
3177:They shall not pass
3100:Treaty of Bucharest
3057:Treaty of Bucharest
2996:USA against Germany
2973:Declarations of war
2677:German occupations
2590:British casualties
2449:Soviet–Georgian War
2376:Egyptian Revolution
2316:Armeno-Georgian War
2180:Somaliland campaign
2132:Armistice of Mudros
2009:Battle of Caporetto
1999:Battle of Mărășești
1969:Zimmermann telegram
1964:February Revolution
1909:Battle of the Somme
1833:Bug-Narew Offensive
1808:Battle of Gallipoli
1800:Sinking of the RMS
1592:Scramble for Africa
1586:Franco-Prussian War
1242:Sinai and Palestine
1023:. London: Phoenix.
897:Paice 2008, p. 340.
861:Paice 2008, p. 339.
843:Paice 2008, p. 339.
796:The Washington Post
575:João Teixeira Pinto
215:João Teixeira Pinto
101:-11.42833; 38.49361
92: /
3137:Treaty of Lausanne
3052:Paris Economy Pact
2986:UK against Germany
2916:Entry into the war
2882:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
2601:Ottoman casualties
2411:Franco-Turkish War
2291:Post-War conflicts
2275:Russian Revolution
2257:Invasion of Darfur
2222:Kelantan rebellion
2210:Kurdish rebellions
2186:Mexican Revolution
2019:October Revolution
1984:Kerensky offensive
1959:Capture of Baghdad
1936:Monastir offensive
1921:Brusilov offensive
1759:Battle of Kolubara
1598:Russo-Japanese War
906:Dane 1919, p. 150.
888:Dane 1919, p. 150.
852:Dane 1919, p. 150.
598:
503:Chilembwe uprising
3218:Conflicts in 1917
3203:
3202:
3186:
3185:
3170:The Golden Virgin
3164:Mutilated victory
3145:
3144:
3125:Treaty of Trianon
3120:Treaty of Neuilly
3027:Damascus Protocol
2900:
2899:
2860:Armenian genocide
2817:Allied blockades
2789:Belgian refugees
2572:
2571:
2482:Strategic bombing
2458:
2457:
2443:Franco-Syrian War
2417:Greco-Turkish War
2405:Anglo-Turkish War
2388:Polish–Soviet War
2322:German Revolution
2298:Russian Civil War
2281:Finnish Civil War
2107:Battle of Megiddo
2082:Battle of Goychay
2029:Battle of Cambrai
1989:Battle of Mărăști
1904:Battle of Jutland
1884:Erzurum offensive
1739:Siege of Przemyśl
1719:Siege of Tsingtao
1704:Battle of Galicia
1634:Second Balkan War
1622:Italo-Turkish War
1579:Pre-War conflicts
1565:
1564:
1455:Portuguese Empire
1371:
1370:
1333:German New Guinea
1315:Asian and Pacific
1030:978-0-7538-2349-1
554:, in present-day
528:Battle of Ngomano
521:
520:
259:
258:
119:
118:
24:Battle of Ngomano
3255:
3130:Treaty of Sèvres
3022:Treaty of London
2913:
2912:
2691:Northeast France
2622:
2621:
2594:Parliamentarians
2527:
2526:
2489:Chemical weapons
2467:
2466:
2228:Senussi campaign
2198:Muscat rebellion
2192:Maritz rebellion
2160:
2102:Vardar offensive
1931:Battle of Romani
1899:Battle of Asiago
1889:Battle of Verdun
1853:Kosovo offensive
1628:First Balkan War
1576:
1575:
1475:Russian Republic
1384:
1383:
1178:
1177:
1120:Economic history
1087:
1080:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1034:
1015:
996:
985:
966:
947:
916:
913:
907:
904:
898:
895:
889:
886:
880:
877:
871:
868:
862:
859:
853:
850:
844:
841:
835:
832:
826:
823:
817:
814:
808:
807:
805:
803:
788:
782:
779:
773:
770:
764:
761:
745:
741:
735:
731:
725:
722:
703:at Ngomano as a
611:Battle of Mahiwa
552:Battle of Mahiwa
508:Makombe uprising
384:Tabora offensive
297:
295:
285:
278:
271:
262:
261:
225:
223:
213:
212:
203:
199:
198:
177:
176:
164:
163:
149:
148:
147:
136:
135:
107:
106:
104:
103:
102:
97:
93:
90:
89:
88:
85:
61:25 November 1917
55:
54:
41:
21:
20:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3182:
3141:
3073:
3066:
3037:Treaty of Darin
3005:
2967:
2923:Austria-Hungary
2909:
2896:
2877:Rape of Belgium
2804:
2776:
2724:
2718:Western Armenia
2713:Eastern Galicia
2646:
2620:
2584:
2583:Civilian impact
2582:
2568:
2525:
2454:
2286:
2216:Ovambo Uprising
2168:
2154:
2043:
1945:
1872:
1790:Battle of Łomża
1773:
1769:Christmas truce
1744:Race to the Sea
1677:
1639:
1561:
1532:Austria-Hungary
1508:
1443:Empire of Japan
1380:
1378:
1367:
1351:U-boat campaign
1337:
1309:
1271:
1223:
1169:
1150:Popular culture
1096:
1091:
1061:
1055:
1031:
1009:
924:
919:
914:
910:
905:
901:
896:
892:
887:
883:
878:
874:
869:
865:
860:
856:
851:
847:
842:
838:
833:
829:
824:
820:
815:
811:
801:
799:
790:
789:
785:
780:
776:
771:
767:
762:
758:
754:
749:
748:
742:
738:
734:(2008, p. 339).
732:
728:
723:
719:
714:
689:
658:the river with
655:
590:
584:
524:
523:
522:
517:
499:
362:Lake Tanganyika
298:
293:
291:
289:
254:
249:
235:1,500–2,000 men
219:
207:
206:
193:
192:
171:
158:
145:
143:
130:
100:
98:
94:
91:
86:
83:
81:
79:
78:
77:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3261:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3223:1917 in Africa
3220:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3161:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3072:Peace treaties
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2958:United Kingdom
2955:
2950:
2948:Ottoman Empire
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2852:
2850:Sack of Dinant
2847:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2798:United Kingdom
2795:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2758:
2752:POW locations
2750:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2734:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2587:
2585:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2552:United Kingdom
2549:
2547:Ottoman Empire
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2524:
2523:
2521:Trench warfare
2518:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2473:
2471:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2237:
2234:Volta-Bani War
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2072:Zeebrugge Raid
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1863:Battle of Loos
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1754:Black Sea raid
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1656:Historiography
1647:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1610:Bosnian Crisis
1607:
1604:Tangier Crisis
1601:
1595:
1589:
1582:
1580:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1537:Ottoman Empire
1534:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1514:Central Powers
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1497:British Empire
1492:United Kingdom
1489:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1470:Russian Empire
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1388:Entente Powers
1381:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1356:North Atlantic
1347:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1267:Central Arabia
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1229:Middle Eastern
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1186:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1130:Historiography
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1035:
1029:
1016:
1013:rovuma lettow.
1007:
986:
967:
948:
930:Chisholm, Hugh
925:
923:
920:
918:
917:
908:
899:
890:
881:
872:
863:
854:
845:
836:
827:
818:
809:
783:
774:
765:
755:
753:
750:
747:
746:
736:
726:
716:
715:
713:
710:
688:
685:
675:themselves in
660:high explosive
654:
651:
635:camp followers
586:Main article:
583:
580:
519:
518:
516:
515:
513:Barue uprising
510:
505:
498:
497:
492:
487:
476:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
434:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
392:
391:
381:
376:
365:
364:
359:
354:
343:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
303:
300:
299:
288:
287:
280:
273:
265:
257:
256:
251:
245:
244:
240:
239:
236:
232:
231:
227:
226:
204:
189:
188:
184:
183:
182:
181:
155:
154:
153:
126:
125:
121:
120:
117:
116:
115:German victory
113:
109:
108:
69:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
34:
33:
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3260:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3206:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2963:United States
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2903:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2580:
2575:
2565:
2564:United States
2562:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2514:Convoy system
2512:
2511:
2510:
2509:Naval warfare
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2269:Kaocen revolt
2267:
2264:
2263:Easter Rising
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1828:Great Retreat
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:Battle of Cer
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1616:Agadir Crisis
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1504:United States
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1421:French Empire
1419:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1374:
1364:
1363:Mediterranean
1361:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1343:Naval warfare
1340:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1219:Italian Front
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:Eastern Front
1205:
1203:
1202:Western Front
1200:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1160:Puppet states
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1056:
1054:0-19-925728-0
1050:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1039:Strachan, Hew
1036:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1008:0-253-34006-3
1004:
1000:
995:
994:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:
949:
945:
941:
937:
936:
931:
927:
926:
912:
903:
894:
885:
876:
867:
858:
849:
840:
831:
822:
813:
797:
793:
787:
778:
769:
760:
756:
740:
730:
721:
717:
709:
706:
702:
697:
694:
684:
680:
678:
674:
668:
666:
661:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
612:
608:
604:
603:Theodor Tafel
594:
589:
579:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
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401:Kondoa Irangi
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49:at the Rovuma
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27:
22:
3205:
3175:
3168:
3156:
2763: /
2695:
2530:Conscription
2494:Cryptography
2431:Iraqi Revolt
1858:Siege of Kut
1801:
1379:participants
1328:German Samoa
1262:South Arabia
1043:
1020:
1012:
992:
972:
953:
934:
911:
902:
893:
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866:
857:
848:
839:
830:
821:
812:
800:. Retrieved
795:
786:
777:
768:
759:
739:
729:
720:
698:
690:
681:
669:
656:
643:machine guns
627:Rovuma River
620:
616:declared war
599:
568:
531:
527:
525:
478:
477:
472:
436:
435:
367:
366:
345:
344:
330:Rufiji Delta
304:
255:700 captured
220:
157:
129:
124:Belligerents
46:Schutztruppe
44:
2793:Netherlands
2770:Switzerland
2651:Occupations
2642:Spanish flu
2419:(1919–1922)
2413:(1918–1921)
2407:(1918–1923)
2396:(1919–1921)
2390:(1919–1921)
2384:(1919–1920)
2360:(1918–1920)
2354:(1918–1920)
2348:(1918–1920)
2330:(1918–1920)
2312:(1918–1920)
2306:(1917–1921)
2300:(1917–1921)
2247:(1916-1918)
2245:Arab Revolt
2236:(1915–1917)
2230:(1915–1917)
2218:(1914-1917)
2212:(1914–1917)
2206:(1914–1921)
2200:(1913–1920)
2188:(1910–1920)
2182:(1900–1920)
2155: [
1673:July Crisis
1594:(1880–1914)
1257:Mesopotamia
1135:Home fronts
1094:World War I
623:capitulated
540:World War I
335:Kilimanjaro
250:Few wounded
151:East Africa
99: /
3212:Categories
3010:Agreements
2810:War crimes
2686:Luxembourg
2579:Casualties
1450:Montenegro
1285:South West
1165:Technology
1155:Propaganda
1145:Opposition
922:References
802:August 10,
677:rifle pits
639:encampment
582:Background
495:Pere Hills
458:Narungombe
379:Latema Nek
315:Lake Nyasa
179:Mozambique
87:38°29′37″E
84:11°25′42″S
2907:Diplomacy
2614:Olympians
2537:Australia
2504:Logistics
2437:Vlora War
2366:(1918–19)
2342:(1918–19)
2336:(1918–19)
2324:(1918–19)
2271:(1916–17)
2253:(1916–17)
2204:Zaian War
2194:(1914–15)
1914:first day
1802:Lusitania
1630:(1912–13)
1624:(1911–12)
1612:(1908–09)
1606:(1905–06)
1588:(1870–71)
1377:Principal
1237:Gallipoli
1140:Memorials
1125:Geography
1115:Aftermath
752:Footnotes
705:rearguard
687:Aftermath
665:companies
485:Namacurra
406:Matamondo
3195:Category
2782:Refugees
2748:Italians
2737:Germans
2697:Ober Ost
2477:Aviation
1571:Timeline
1542:Bulgaria
1323:Tsingtao
1300:Togoland
1247:Caucasus
1182:European
1174:Theatres
1041:(2004).
982:10329057
944:71368873
932:(1922).
673:entrench
564:materiel
556:Tanzania
532:Negomano
448:Nambanje
443:Behobeho
325:Zanzibar
248:4 killed
230:Strength
166:Portugal
66:Location
29:Part of
2933:Germany
2833:Germany
2761:Germany
2681:Belgium
2666:Albania
2625:Disease
2605:Sports
2557:Ireland
2470:Warfare
2463:Aspects
1651:Origins
1644:Prelude
1547:Senussi
1527:Germany
1522:Leaders
1460:Romania
1401:Belgium
1396:Leaders
1295:Kamerun
1277:African
1212:Romania
1190:Balkans
1105:Outline
963:2460289
701:company
693:Askaris
647:porters
631:Askaris
571:Entente
544:Askaris
473:Ngomano
468:Mahenge
374:Salaita
320:Karonga
238:900 men
221:†
138:Germany
71:Ngomano
2953:Russia
2928:France
2756:Canada
2671:Serbia
2542:Canada
2499:Horses
2451:(1921)
2445:(1920)
2439:(1920)
2433:(1920)
2425:(1920)
2378:(1919)
2372:(1919)
2318:(1918)
2283:(1918)
2277:(1917)
2265:(1916)
2259:(1916)
2224:(1915)
1636:(1913)
1618:(1911)
1600:(1905)
1557:Darfur
1482:Serbia
1465:Russia
1428:Greece
1416:France
1406:Brazil
1252:Persia
1195:Serbia
1051:
1027:
1005:
980:
961:
942:
653:Battle
546:under
463:Mahiwa
431:Kibata
426:Kisaki
421:Dutumi
411:Kilosa
389:Tabora
357:Bukoba
352:Jassin
310:Maziua
217:
112:Result
3150:Other
2943:Japan
2938:Italy
2765:camps
2609:Rugby
2159:]
1438:Japan
1433:Italy
1411:China
1305:North
744:340.)
712:Notes
490:Lioma
453:Rumbo
416:Mlali
340:Tanga
2730:POWs
2049:1918
1951:1917
1877:1916
1778:1915
1682:1914
1487:Siam
1290:East
1049:ISBN
1025:ISBN
1003:ISBN
978:OCLC
959:OCLC
940:OCLC
804:2018
605:and
526:The
479:1918
437:1917
396:Kahe
368:1916
346:1915
305:1914
58:Date
999:419
538:of
530:or
3214::
2157:It
1011:.
1001:.
794:.
649:.
73:,
2581:/
1086:e
1079:t
1072:v
1057:.
1033:.
984:.
965:.
946:.
806:.
284:e
277:t
270:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
