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feared punishment from
Botaneiates), Alexios at first resolved to attempt an all-or-nothing attack on Bryennios himself to decapitate the enemy army, but was dissuaded by his servant. With only six of his men around him, he then managed to break through the surrounding enemy soldiers. Confusion reigned behind their lines as a result of the Pecheneg attack on the rebel camp, and in this tumult Alexios saw Bryennios's imperial parade horse, with his two swords of state, being driven away to safety. Alexios and his men charged the escort, seized the horse, and rode away with it from the battlefield.
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611:) and tasked with observing and countering the Pechenegs. Conversely, on the extreme left Alexios formed his own flanking detachment (apparently drawn from among the Immortals), concealed from enemy view inside a hollow. Given his inferiority, Alexios was forced to remain on the defensive. His only chance at success was that his out-flankers, concealed by the broken terrain, would surprise and create enough confusion among Bryennios's men for him and his strong left wing to break through their lines.
644:
reinforcements began arriving at the scene, lifting his men's morale. All the while, on the battlefield, Bryennios's army had closed around
Alexios's Franks, who dismounted and offered to surrender. In the process the rebel army had become totally disordered, with units mixed and their formations disordered. Bryennios's reserves had been thrown into confusion by the Pecheneg attack, while his front lines relaxed, thinking that the battle was over.
255:. Alexios Komnenos, whose army was considerably smaller and far less experienced, tried to ambush Bryennios's army. The ambush failed, and the wings of his own army were driven back by the rebels. Alexios barely managed to break through with his personal retinue, but succeeded in regrouping his scattered men. At the same time, and despite having seemingly won the battle, Bryennios's army fell into disorder after its own
528:). Curiously, and against established practice, he did not fortify his camp, perhaps so as not to fatigue or dishearten his men with an implicit admission of weakness. He then sent his Turkish allies to scout out Bryennios's disposition, strength, and intentions. Alexios's spies easily accomplished their tasks, but on the eve of the battle some were captured and Bryennios too was informed of Alexios's strength.
1310:
632:, his brother John, who commanded the right wing) rallied his men and led forth the second line. This counter-attack broke Alexios's flankers; as they retreated in panic, they fell upon the Immortals, who also panicked and fled, abandoning their posts. Although they suffered some casualties from Bryennios's pursuing men, most managed to escape well to the rear of Alexios's army.
636:
Alexios's
Turkish flank-guards. The Chomatenoi too broke and fled, and Alexios's fate seemed sealed. At this point the Pechenegs failed to follow up their success, and instead turned back and began looting Bryennios's own camp. After gathering what plunder they could, they left the battle and made for their homes.
660:
Having restored his surviving forces to order, and aware of the confusion in
Bryennios's forces, Alexios decided to counter-attack. The plan he laid out made far greater use of the particular skills of his Turkish horse-archers. He divided his force into three commands, of which two were left behind
596:
Alexios deployed his smaller army in waiting near
Bryennios's camp, and divided it into two commands. The left, which confronted Bryennios's strongest division, was commanded by himself and contained the Frankish knights to the right and the Immortals to the Franks' left. The right command was under
435:
and his nomination as heir to the throne. Bryennios agreed in principle, but added a few conditions of his own, and sent the ambassadors back to
Constantinople for confirmation. Botaneiates, who likely had initiated negotiations only to gain time, rejected Bryennios's conditions, and ordered Alexios
639:
Nevertheless, Bryennios's victory seemed certain, for his wings began to envelop
Alexios's Franks in the centre. Realizing his position and despairing in the face of defeat (and, as Bryennios the Younger records, because he had disobeyed imperial orders to wait for more Turkish reinforcements and
676:
to a "swarm of wasps", attacked the rebel army on the flanks firing arrows and shouting loudly, spreading panic and confusion among
Bryennios's men. Despite the attempts of Bryennios and his brother John to rally them, their army broke and fled, and other units, which were following behind, did
635:
Alexios, who was fighting with his retinue alongside the Franks, did not immediately realize that his left wing had collapsed. In the meantime, on his right wing, the
Chomatenoi, engaged with Tarchaneiotes's men, were outflanked and attacked in the rear by the Pechenegs, who had somehow evaded
504:
and was intended to form the nucleus of a new army. Estimates of
Alexios's total force vary from 5,500–6,500 (Haldon) to some 8,000–10,000 (Birkenmeier), but it is clear that he was at a considerable disadvantage against Bryennios; not only was his force considerably smaller, but also far less
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on Botaneiates's orders, but the emperor later took pity on him and restored him his titles and his fortune. After Alexios Komnenos seized the throne himself in 1081, Bryennios was further honoured with high dignities. He even held command during Alexios's campaigns against the Pechenegs, and
668:
The attack of Alexios's division initially caught Bryennios's men off guard, but, being veteran troops, they soon recovered and once again began to push it back. Retreating, Alexios's troops, and especially the Turks, employed skirmishing tactics, attacking the enemy line and then withdrawing
643:
Having reached a hill behind his army's original position, Alexios began to regroup his army from the units that had broken. He sent out messengers to rally his scattered men with news that Bryennios had been killed, showing his parade horse as evidence. At the same time, the promised Turkish
661:
in ambush. The other, formed from the Immortals and the Chomatenoi under Alexios's own command, was not arrayed in one continuous line, but broken up in small groups, intermingled with other groups of Turkish horse-archers. This command would advance on the rebels, attack them, then
397:, the rebel forces soon retired. This failure led the capital's nobility to turn to Botaneiates instead: in March 1078 Michael VII was forced to abdicate and retire as a monk, and Nikephoros Botaneiates was accepted into the city as emperor.
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from a rebel attack in 1095. His son or (more likely) grandson, Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger, was married to Alexios's daughter Anna Komnene. He became a prominent general of Alexios's reign, eventually raised to the rank of
284:, on which Anna's own account relies to a large degree. It is one of the few Byzantine battles described in detail, and hence a valuable source for studying the tactics of the Byzantine army of the late 11th century.
623:
The second phase of the battle: Alexios's right flank collapses and he himself barely manages to escape encirclement. Bryennios's Pechenegs break off pursuit and attack their own camp, throwing Bryennios's rear into
389:, winning widespread support along the way and the loyalty of most of the Empire's Balkan field army. He preferred to negotiate at first, but his offers were rebuffed by Michael VII. Bryennios then sent his brother
689:
gathered up much of Bryennios's defeated army and attempted to claim the throne for himself. He too was defeated by Alexios Komnenos, who then proceeded to expel the Pechenegs from Thrace. The elder Bryennios was
669:
swiftly, thus keeping their opponents at bay and weakening the coherence of their line. Some among Alexios's men chose to attack Bryennios, and the rebel general had to defend against several attacks himself.
361:) failed to deal with the situation effectively, and rapidly lost support among the military aristocracy. In late 1077, two of the Empire's leading generals, Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder, the
579:, and the centre, under Bryennios himself, comprised 3,000–4,000 men from Thessaly, Thrace, and Macedonia. Again, according to standard doctrine, on his far left, about half a kilometre ("two
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As the rebel forces advanced towards his enemy's line, Alexios's flankers sprung their ambush. Their attack did indeed cause some initial confusion, but Bryennios (or, according to the
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The final phase of the battle: Alexios regroups his army, attacks Bryennios's forces, and lures them into a new ambush. The rebel army collapses, and Bryennios himself is captured.
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experienced a decade of near-continuous internal turmoil and rebellions. The constant warfare depleted the Empire's armies, devastated
244:. After failed negotiations, Botaneiates sent the young general Alexios Komnenos with whatever forces he could gather to confront him.
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Alexios's forces set forth from Constantinople and camped on the shore of the River Halmyros—a small stream between Herakleia (modern
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At first, Botaneiates lacked enough troops to oppose Bryennios, who in the meantime had consolidated his control over his native
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in central Asia Minor, were proclaimed emperors by their troops. Bryennios set out from Dyrrhachium towards the imperial capital
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allies attacked its camp. Reinforced by Turkish mercenaries, Alexios lured the troops of Bryennios into another ambush through a
404:, effectively isolating the capital from the remaining imperial territory in the Balkans. Botaneiates sent an embassy under the
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1233:] (in French). Louvain-la-Neuve and Louvain: Bureau du Recueil Collège Érasme and Éditions Nauwelaerts.
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on the road to Constantinople. His army comprised 12,000 mostly seasoned men from the standing regiments (
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likewise. The two brothers tried to put up a rear-guard defence, but they were overcome and captured.
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Bryennios arranged his army in the typical three divisions, each in two lines, as prescribed by the
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The initial dispositions and opening phase of the battle, showing Alexios's failed ambush
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1202:(1990). "Der Historiker Nikephoros Bryennios: Enkel und nicht Sohn des Usurpators".
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The Byzantine Personalities of the Alexiad: Prosopographical Analysis and Synthesis
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When the battle reached the place of the ambush, Alexios's wings, likened in the
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and Italy). His left wing, 3,000 men from Thrace and Macedonia, was placed under
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and left it defenceless against the increasing encroachment of the Turks. In the
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1248:"The Tactics and Strategy of Alexius Comnenus at Calavrytae, 1078"
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Miniature of Alexios Komnenos, the victor of Kalavrye, as emperor
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488:. Alexios's forces included 2,000 Turkish horse-archers, 2,000
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Kazhdan, A. (1991). "Bryennios, Nikephoros the Younger". In
425:(commander-in-chief), and sought aid from the Seljuk Sultan
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The battle marked the end of Bryennios's revolt, although
500:, which had been created by Michael VII's chief minister
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Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
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Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Band 12: Ostthrakien (Eurōpē)
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to lay siege to Constantinople. Unable to overcome its
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from Asia Minor, a few hundred Frankish knights from
266:The battle is known through two detailed accounts,
263:. The rebel army broke and Bryennios was captured.
516:), modern Kalivri Dere—near the fort of Kalavrye (
240:), Bryennios continued his revolt, and threatened
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1322:
1159:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1109:The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180
198:imperial forces of general (and future emperor)
1280:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
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1112:. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.
456:Bryennios had camped at the plain of
251:on the Halmyros River in what is now
1361:11th century in the Byzantine Empire
1255:Byzantine Studies/Études Byzantines
1134:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus.
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229:. Even after Doukas's overthrow by
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1346:Civil wars of the Byzantine Empire
1156:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
448:Lead seal of Alexios Komnenos as "
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210:. Bryennios had rebelled against
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1336:1070s in the Byzantine Empire
1106:Birkenmeier, John W. (2002).
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1225:Skoulatos, Basile (1980).
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551:Byzantine military manuals
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411:Constantine Choirosphaktes
247:The two armies clashed at
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160:8,000–10,000 (Birkenmeier)
117:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
1285:Stanford University Press
1205:Byzantinische Zeitschrift
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1283:. Stanford, California:
1174:Külzer, Andreas (2008).
950:, pp. 202–204, 208.
648:Alexios's counter-attack
615:Alexios's army collapses
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300:After the defeat at the
577:Katakalon Tarchaneiotes
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1180:(in German). Vienna:
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140:Nikephoros Bryennios
1246:Tobias, N. (1979).
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1151:Kazhdan, Alexander
1132:The Byzantine Wars
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663:feign retreat
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557:cavalry, the
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1131:
1128:Haldon, John
1108:
1087:Kazhdan 1991
1082:
1075:Reinsch 1990
1070:
1059:Kazhdan 1991
1054:
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306:Seljuk Turks
299:
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268:Anna Komnene
265:
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191:
187:
183:
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110:Belligerents
18:
1261:: 193–211.
1031:Tobias 1979
1027:Haldon 2001
1012:Tobias 1979
1008:Haldon 2001
996:Tobias 1979
992:Haldon 2001
980:Tobias 1979
976:Haldon 2001
964:Tobias 1979
960:Haldon 2001
948:Tobias 1979
944:Haldon 2001
928:Tobias 1979
924:Haldon 2001
908:Tobias 1979
904:Haldon 2001
888:Tobias 1979
884:Haldon 2001
872:Tobias 1979
868:Haldon 2001
856:Külzer 2008
844:Tobias 1979
840:Haldon 2001
824:Tobias 1979
808:Tobias 1979
792:Tobias 1979
760:Tobias 1979
748:Tobias 1979
744:Haldon 2001
720:Haldon 2001
369:Dyrrhachium
339:devastated
204:Dyrrhachium
85: /
1325:Categories
708:References
697:Adrianople
624:confusion.
565:Maniakatoi
563:, and the
555:Thessalian
490:Chomatenoi
343:, and the
325:Asia Minor
288:Background
73:28°05′53″E
70:41°06′40″N
1267:0095-4608
695:defended
681:Aftermath
591:Pechenegs
560:Hetaireia
524:, modern
498:Immortals
485:Hetaireia
472:Macedonia
378:strategos
333:Pechenegs
196:Byzantine
192:Kalavryta
188:Kalavryai
1277:(1997).
1130:(2001).
522:Καλαβρύη
476:Frankish
468:Thessaly
458:Kedoktos
427:Suleyman
415:diplomat
407:proedros
341:Bulgaria
335:and the
257:Pecheneg
249:Kalavrye
153:Strength
57:Kalavrye
52:Location
1239:8468871
1153:(ed.).
1100:Sources
692:blinded
674:Alexiad
630:Alexiad
604:Alexiad
526:Yolçatı
514:Silivri
482:of the
463:tagmata
440:Prelude
421:as his
381:of the
329:Balkans
319:), the
273:Alexiad
227:Balkans
142: (
1291:
1265:
1237:
1188:
1163:
1138:
1116:
702:Caesar
582:stadia
573:Sicily
532:Battle
432:Caesar
402:Thrace
375:, the
337:Cumans
186:(also
163:12,000
98:Result
61:Thrace
1251:(PDF)
1229:[
589:) of
518:Greek
494:Italy
480:tagma
466:) of
176:Heavy
173:Heavy
1289:ISBN
1263:ISSN
1235:OCLC
1186:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1136:ISBN
1114:ISBN
391:John
364:doux
182:The
47:1078
44:Date
1214:doi
367:of
280:'s
270:'s
190:or
145:POW
1327::
1287:.
1257:.
1253:.
1210:83
1184:.
1019:^
593:.
520::
470:,
357:r.
315:r.
236:r.
217:r.
206:,
59:,
1297:.
1269:.
1259:6
1241:.
1220:.
1216::
1194:.
1169:.
1144:.
1122:.
452:"
354:(
312:(
233:(
214:(
148:)
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