528:
complete control of the Khamra square and
Stanton Street and were firing from positions in the Suq (market) area. They had also appeared in strength in the eastern quarter of the town from Wadi Husimiyah Bridge to Tel Amal. Arab women, children and others were still being evacuated from the Suq area through the port of Haifa and other safe areas. Arabs were by this time suing for a truce and the Jews replied that they were prepared to consider it if the Arabs stopped shooting. At 17:00 general Arab resistance had ceased in the eastern area with the exception of a few isolated spots and the Jews were in possession of the Suq as far as the eastern gate. In the Wadi Nisnas area the battle was still going on. Arab casualties in this area are believed to have been considerable. At 18:00 the Arab leaders met to consider the terms laid down at a joint meeting of Arab and Jews.
510:
by foreign criminals'. The
Haganah broadcasts called on the populace to 'evacuate the women, the children and the old immediately, and send them to a safe haven'... Jewish tactics in the battle were designed to stun and quickly overpower opposition; demoralisation was a primary aim. It was deemed just as important to the outcome as the physical destruction of the Arab units. The mortar barrages and the psychological warfare broadcasts and announcements, and the tactics employed by the infantry companies, advancing from house to house, were all geared to this goal. The orders of Carmeli's 22nd Battalion were 'to kill every Arab encountered' and to set alight with fire-bombs 'all objectives that can be set alight. I am sending you posters in Arabic; disperse on route'.
632:
54:
188:
584:
225:
218:
177:
524:, the Arab Muslim neighborhood of Khalisa came under mortar bombardment. The 3,500â5,000 Arab irregulars could not mount a real defense. The following day the Arab National Committee of Haifa were prepared to ask for a truce via Stockwell. Stockwell agreed to meet with the Israelis, and returned 15 minutes later. However, the terms proposed by the Haganah â complete disarmament, surrender of weapons, and a curfew â were not accepted by the Arab leadership.
207:
131:
143:
162:
1148:, 25 April, Haifa â To stop further looting the Jews last night imposed a curfew on the Arab quarter. To-day Haganah guards, some armed with sten guns but many only with rubber koshes, have been rounding up Arabs to issue them with identity cards valid, however, for a day or two only, as the purpose is merely to ensure that foreign Arabs are no longer in the town.
415:. Through the next month his original force of 450 was depleted by desertion until it was no longer a fighting force. Izz al-Din organised several operations against the Jewish community, including detonating a truck-load of explosives near the flour mills. The fighting in the city intensified with exchanges of fire and mortar attacks in the downtown and
390:(AHC) by surprise. The Palestinian Arab half of Haifa was remote from other major Palestinian Arab centres and contact had been cut off by the Jewish villages along the approach roads to Haifa. Businesses and workshops had closed with no prospect of continued employment. Unemployment was rife and the cost of food had escalated.
579:
who writes that "the
Zionist/Israeli claim that the exodus of Haifaâs civilian population was in response to specific orders to that effect from the Palestinian leadership, is entirely without foundation." He described "the mass exodus of Haifa's Arab population" as "the spontaneous reaction to the
509:
Throughout the
Haganah made effective use of Arabic language broadcasts and loudspeaker vans. Haganah Radio announced that 'the day of judgement had arrived' and called on inhabitants to 'kick out the foreign criminals' and to 'move away from every house and street, from every neighbourhood occupied
362:
writes that: "The early terrorization of the cityâs Arab population the previous
December had prompted many among the Palestinian elite to leave for their residences in Lebanon and Egypt until calm returned to their city. It is hard to estimate how many fell within this category: most historians put
402:
March 1948 Mohammad bin Hammad Al
Huneiti, commander of the town's Arab militia, was killed in an ambush of a convoy bringing 15 tons of arms and explosives. His death left his followers demoralised. According to Jon Kimche the Haganah had a highly placed informer and were able to intercept nine of
531:
On April 22 a meeting was held in the town hall to discuss terms of the truce. The Haifa Arab
Emergency Committee stated that "that they were not in a position to sign a truce, as they had no control over the Arab military elements in the town and that . . . they could not fulfill the terms of the
551:
Thousands of women, children and men hurried to the port district in a state of chaos and terror without precedent in the history of the Arab nation. They fled their houses to the coast, barefoot and naked, to wait for their turn to travel to
Lebanon. They left their homeland, their houses, their
527:
After the release of prisoners from Haifa lock-up, the Arab legion took over the building. By 10:15 Arab casualties had been admitted to the Amin
Hospital. Hospital staff and casualties were then evacuated to the Government Hospital in the city. Towards midday the fighting slackened. The Jews had
430:
as the provisional
Government of Palestine. The original British Government intentions had been to evacuate Palestine gradually from south to north of Palestine, using Haifa as the embarkation port, to be completed by mid May. On 18 April 1948, Major-General
639:
After April 22, there were some 30â45,000 Arabs remaining in Haifa, from the pre conflict population estimate of 65,000. By mid-May there were only ~4,000. In July the remaining Palestinians were displaced from their homes and concentrated primarily in the
698:: "Operation âCleansing the Leavenâ (biâur hametz). The Hebrew term stands for total cleansing and refers to the Jewish religious practice of eliminating all traces of bread or flour from peopleâs homes on the eve of the
1842:
1692:
615:
moved into parts of downtown Haifa. Two days later the Haganah forced them to withdraw in a confrontation that resulted in some Irgun casualties. Some reports speak of looting and attacks on civilians.
676:
PappĂŠ 2006. "From the morning after the UN Partition Resolution was adopted, the 75,000 Palestinians in the city were subjected to a campaign of terror jointly instigated by the Irgun and the Hagana."
702:, since as these are forbidden during the days of the feast. Brutally appropriate, the cleansing of Haifa, in which the Palestinians were the bread and the flour, began on Passoverâs eve, 21 April."
648:". A systematic destruction of Arab housing in certain areas was implemented by Haifa's Technical and Urban Development departments in cooperation with the IDF's city commander Ya'akov Lublini.
439:
to his headquarters. Stockwell relayed his intention to withdraw the British forces from the borders and no-man's-land zones in Haifa and that the evacuation would be completed by 20 April. The
849:
274:, with approximately 15,000 Arab residents being displaced between April 21â22, and with only 4,000 remaining in the city by mid-May from a pre-conflict population of approximately 65,000.
358:
to intervene had been a cause of widespread demoralisation of the Palestinian Arab population. By mid March 25,000 to 30,000 Palestinian Arabs had already evacuated from Haifa. Historian
1314:
422:
The British had previously controlled the city and maintained a buffer between the Jewish and Arab populations. In preparation for the total evacuation of all British forces from the
1136:
Morris, 1987, p. 89: "The British â and the Haganah â generally preferred, with only partial justification, to attribute the excesses (looting, intimidation, beatings) to the IZL."
403:
eleven Palestinian Arab arms convoys into Haifa. The Arab garrison of the Palestinian Arab areas of the city was commanded by Captain Amin Izz al-Din who had been appointed by the
1940:
536:
April 1948, the British were only in control of the Haifa port area. The rest of the city was in the hands of the Carmeli Brigade of the Haganah, commanded by Moshe Carmel.
1355:
426:, the British began an evacuation of troops through the port of Haifa in early April. A volunteer police force had been established in preparation of handing over to the
520:
The first attack was on the Rushmiyya Bridge area cutting the Arab areas off. Prior to the main thrust from the higher ground of the Palestinian Jewish neighbourhood,
1364:
657:
1945:
591:
Approximately 15,000 Arabs fled Haifa during April 21â22. Estimates of the number of Arabs killed vary, with one Jewish source putting the number at 300.
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commanders to re-work the details of the operation (previously a plan called Operation Misparayim or Operation Scissors). The revised plan was named
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was appointed to administer abandoned Arab property in the city. He instituted a policy of collecting anything the army could use and storing it in
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also describes the "psychological blitz on Arab quarters" until "the Arab nerve broke and the flight from the town assumed panic proportions".
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259:
37:
1647:
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543:, a Palestinian Arab municipal leader, described attacks as âprovoking terror among the women and children, who were very influenced by
339:
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endorsed it "ex post facto". Among the evidence he cites are British and American intelligence reports, and an assessment by the
904:
of 21 April 1948 Communication from the United Kingdom Delegation Concerning Directive for General Officer Commanding, Palestine
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truce, even if they were to sign" adding "that the Arab population wished to evacuate Haifa . . . man, woman and child." By 22
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271:
109:
1222:- "In July, Haifa's remaining inhabitants, some 3,500, were packed into a ghetto in the downtown Wadi Nisnas neighborhood."
1064:
342:, some Palestinians began evacuating Haifa. Since the beginning of the war Haifa's Arab population was subject to acts of
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considered it vital for the welfare of the new state. With the capture of the port of Haifa it would be possible for the
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Benny Morris (1988). "Haifaâs Arabs: Displacement and Concentration, July 1948". Middle East Journal, 42(2), 241â259.
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Azoulay, Ariella. âDeclaring the State of Israel: Declaring a State Of.â Critical Inquiry 37, no. 2 (2011): 265â85.
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Benny Morris (2004) p. 107; Haj Ibrahim had checked and reported that between 35â40,000 Palestinian Arabs remained.
305:
20:
315:
Before the war, Haifa was a mixed city with a population of 135,000, split between Palestinian Jews (70,000) and
1235:- " the ghetto in Wadi Nisnas that had been established for them after they had been expelled from their homes."
1526:
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saw this change of plan as an opportunity and quickly prepared a 3-pronged attack on the Arab neighborhoods of
762:
Morris, Benny. "The birth of the Palestinian refugee problem, 1947â1948". Cambridge University Press. 1987.
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ruthless combination of terror and psychological warfare tactics adopted by the Haganah during the attack."
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coast, was a strategic location in Palestine. Haifa within the area allocated to a Jewish state under the
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possessions, their money, their welfare, and their trades, to surrender their dignity and their souls.
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324:
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1218:
Finkelstein, Norman. âMyths, Old and New.â Journal of Palestine Studies 21, no. 1 (1991): 66â89.
812:
Karsh, Efraim (2001). "Nakbat Haifa: Collapse and Dispersion of a Major Palestinian Community".
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Jon Kimche (1950) "Seven Fallen Pillars: The Middle East 1945â52." Secker and Warburg, London.
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498:. The Arab headquarters were in the center of the city, near the port and the railway depot.
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Commenting on the use of 'psychological warfare broadcasts' and military tactics in Haifa,
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8:
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of 22 April 1948 UN Palestine Commission â Position in Haifa â Letter from United Kingdom
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of 26 April 1948 Communication from United Kingdom Delegation Concerning Haifa Situation.
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asserts that the initial order to evacuate came from local Arab leadership, and that the
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83:
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https://www.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/attachments/jps-articles/haifa.pdf
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operation carried out on 21â22 April 1948 and a major event in the final stages of the
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572:'s impending entry into the war and avoiding the population being used as hostages.
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Jewish forces take control of the city, which would go on to become a part of the
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A Clash of Destinies. The Arab-Jewish War and the Founding of the State of Israel
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A Clash of Destinies. The Arab-Jewish War and the Founding of the State of Israel
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266:. The objective of the operation was the capture of the Arab neighborhoods of
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warehouses, with the rest distributed among Jewish agricultural settlements.
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490:. The Palestinian Jewish forces attacked Wadi Salib and Wadi Nisnas from
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Benny Morris, Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. (2004)
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319:(65,000). The main Palestinian Jewish areas of the city were
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1127:. (1987). pp. 88â89. "one or two IZL members had been shot."
547:.â He described the flight of Haifa's Arab residents thus:
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Arab neighborhoods were attacked with mortars and gunfire.
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Israeli military operations in the 1948 ArabâIsraeli War
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Benny Morris,'Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem'
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List of battles and operations in the 1948 Palestine war
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Villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus
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neighbourhood in a process that has been described as "
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The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited
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Jewish forces inspecting documents of Arab residents.
494:, while the bulk of the attack on Khalisa came from
1941:
Battles and operations of the 1948 ArabâIsraeli War
1826:The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem
1330:, 3 June 2011. The battle and its historiography.
386:to control eastern Galilee â appeared to take the
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394:Preparations and hostilities in March-April 1948
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729:
1162:Moshe Dayan. The soldier, the man, the legend.
917:Carta Jerusalem (2003). Jehuda Wallach (ed.).
885:Situation Report by the Palestine Police Force
628:, who was consulted, agreed with this policy.
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1077:The birth of the Palestinian refugee problem
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611:in the town. On the same day units from the
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478:'s force consisted of 5 companies from the
302:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
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340:1947-1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
284:1947-1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
1946:Haifa in the IsraeliâPalestinian conflict
1628:Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine
1257:Morris, Benny (2004). "The Second Wave".
689:
458:The sudden British deployment caused the
370:in Haganah's April offensive â including
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363:the figure at around 15,000 to 20,000."
38:1947â48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine
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1030:(3rd ed.). Penguin. p. 330.
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335:being predominantly Palestinian Arab.
221:Capt. Amin Bey Izz al-Din (OC Militia)
1936:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
1681:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
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1093:. Frederick A. Praeger. p. 116.
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784:. Frederick A. Praeger. p. 119.
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272:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
802:Spelling Mohammed el-Hamd el-Haniti.
1623:Israeli Declaration of Independence
1261:. Cambridge University Press: 200.
1192:http://www.jstor.org/stable/4327736
1089:Kimche, Jon; Kimche, David (1960).
780:Kimche, Jon; Kimche, David (1960).
428:United Nations Palestine Commission
312:to receive supplies and armaments.
270:. The operation formed part of the
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13:
919:Battle Sites in the Land of Israel
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1967:
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1290:The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine
1207:The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine
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407:'s (ALA) military committee on 27
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466:(Operation Passover Cleaning).
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1885:The Holocaust and the Nakba
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1050:Morris (2004), pp. 195-200
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949:Benny Morris (2004) p. 189
735:Benny Morris (2004) p. 173
304:and the leadership of the
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1293:. Oneworld Publications.
1010:10 September 2008 at the
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545:the horrors of Dayr Yasin
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338:With the outbreak of the
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58:Jewish militants in Haifa
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1836:Related categories/lists
1267:10.1017/CBO9780511816659
1244:Morris 2004, pp. 209â211
663:
1708:Palestine refugee camps
1664:1947â1949 Palestine war
1164:London: Quartet Books.
108:~15,000 Arab residents
19:For other battles, see
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1674:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
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1874:GazaâIsrael conflict
1754:Deir Yassin massacre
1527:Death to the Invader
1027:The Arabs: A History
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262:, leading up to the
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1800:Benny Morris
1785:Efraim Karsh
1775:Aref al-Aref
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1703:Nakba denial
1459:Bin Nun Alef
1399:Bi'ur Hametz
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122:Belligerents
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36:Part of the
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1795:Nur Masalha
1780:Yoav Gelber
1482:Bin Nun Bet
1285:PappĂŠ, Ilan
1181:Morris 2004
712:Morris 2004
642:Wadi Nisnas
618:Moshe Dayan
609:Martial Law
570:Arab Legion
488:Guard Corps
480:Field Corps
445:Wadi Nisnas
356:Arab League
333:Wadi Nisnas
1956:Plan Dalet
1930:Categories
1820:Avi Shlaim
1805:Ilan PappĂŠ
1643:Plan Dalet
1611:Background
1203:Ilan PappĂŠ
1160:, (1972).
753:PappĂŠ 2006
696:PappĂŠ 2006
684:References
626:Golda Meir
556:Historian
515:Jon Kimche
449:Wadi Salib
382:road, and
368:Plan Dalet
360:Ilan PappĂŠ
288:Plan Dalet
278:Background
254:"), was a
42:Plan Dalet
1810:Tom Segev
1698:Nakba Day
1638:Palestine
1172:. p. 159.
1146:The Times
607:declared
595:Aftermath
411:March in
380:Jerusalem
344:terrorism
1454:Schfifon
1379:Nachshon
1327:Ha'aretz
1287:(2006).
1075:Morris,
1008:Archived
980:Archived
898:Archived
879:Archived
850:Archived
770:. p. 43.
700:Passover
652:See also
413:Damascus
376:Tel-Aviv
110:expelled
98:victory
75:Location
1492:Yitzhak
1487:Pleshet
1449:Kilshon
1444:Ben-Ami
1429:Maccabi
1419:Matateh
1414:Yiftach
1372:Pre-IDF
1107:1348948
1099:60-6996
1063:(2008)
834:4284196
798:1348948
790:60-6996
505:wrote:
484:Palmach
476:Haganah
460:Carmeli
453:Khalisa
441:Haganah
424:mandate
352:Haganah
346:by the
329:Khalisa
327:; with
310:Haganah
256:Haganah
156:Palmach
147:Haganah
96:Haganah
1686:causes
1547:Ha-Har
1532:Shoter
1522:An-Far
1434:Gideon
1409:Yevusi
1404:Hametz
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1209:(2006)
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865:UN Doc
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603:April
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482:, one
470:Battle
409:
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244:Hebrew
136:Yishuv
91:Result
44:, and
40:, the
1693:UNRWA
1604:Nakba
1557:Horev
1552:Assaf
1537:Hiram
1517:Kedem
1512:Danny
1507:Dekel
1502:Brosh
1497:Yoram
1439:Barak
1424:Balak
1389:Harel
927:Carta
830:JSTOR
664:Notes
622:Zahal
613:Irgun
599:On 23
417:Hadar
398:On 17
348:Irgun
294:Haifa
268:Haifa
80:Haifa
46:Nakba
1562:Uvda
1542:Yoav
1477:Erez
1295:ISBN
1271:ISBN
1166:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1103:OCLC
1095:LCCN
1032:ISBN
931:ISBN
794:OCLC
786:LCCN
764:ISBN
474:The
451:and
350:and
331:and
323:and
286:and
234:The
166:Hish
67:Date
1469:IDF
1263:doi
822:doi
1932::
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