Battle of Gettysburg, first day

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division, from occupying it and using it as an artillery platform against him. General Schurz claimed afterward that Barlow had misunderstood his orders by taking this position. (In Schurz's official report, however, although he also states that Barlow misunderstood his order, he further states that Barlow "had been directing the movements of his troops with the most praiseworthy coolness and intrepidity, unmindful of the shower of bullets around," and "was severely wounded, and had to be carried off the battle-field.") By taking the knoll, Barlow was following Howard's directive to obstruct the advance of Early's division, and in doing so, deprive him of an artillery platform, as von Steinwehr fortified the position on Cemetery Hill. The position on the knoll turned out to be unfortunate, as it created a

957: 1230:, stated that "while it is possible a handful of Spencer repeating rifles were present at Gettysburg" it is safe to conclude that Buford's troopers did not have them. He cited the fact that "only 64 percent of the companies in Gamble's and Devin's brigades filed their quarterly returns on June 30, 1863" in support of the possibility that some had repeaters but gave reasons for his rejection of that possibility. He dismissed Shelby Foote's statement as "mythology" because the Spencer carbines were not in mass production until September 1863, stated that Longacre credits Spencer repeating rifles to different regiments than the ordnance returns for the Army of the Potomac do, and discounted Shue's statement because he used "an unreliable source". pp. 209-210. 1000:

conducted an organized fighting retreat, such as Coster's stand in the brickyard. The private citizens of Gettysburg panicked amidst the turmoil, and artillery shells bursting overhead and fleeing refugees added to the congestion. Some soldiers sought to avoid capture by hiding in basements and in fenced backyards. Gen. Alexander Schimmelfennig was one such person who climbed a fence and hid behind a woodpile in the kitchen garden of the Garlach family for the rest of the three-day battle. The only advantage that the XI Corps soldiers had was that they were familiar with the route to Cemetery Hill, having passed through that way in the morning; many in the I Corps, including senior officers, did not know where the cemetery was.

368:, Burnside, and others. (A small minority of historians have written that some troopers had Spencer repeating carbines or Spencer repeating rifles but most sources disagree.) The breech-loading design of the carbines and rifles meant that Union troops did not have to stand to reload and could do so safely behind cover. This was a great advantage over the Confederates, who still had to stand to reload, thus providing an easier target. But this was so far a relatively bloodless affair. By 10:20 a.m., the Confederates had reached Herr Ridge and had pushed the Federal cavalrymen east to McPherson Ridge, when the vanguard of the I Corps finally arrived, the division of Maj. Gen. 353: 972: 1041:

In the face of this discretionary, and possibly contradictory, order, Ewell chose not to attempt the assault. One reason posited was the battle fatigue of his men in the late afternoon, although "Allegheny" Johnson's division of Ewell's Corps was within an hour of arriving on the battlefield. Another was the difficulty of assaulting the hill through the narrow corridors afforded by the streets of Gettysburg immediately to the north. Ewell requested assistance from A.P. Hill, but that general felt his corps was too depleted from the day's battle and General Lee did not want to bring up Maj. Gen.

798:

for over 24 hours and had no further command involvement in the three-day battle. He was also unable to urge Pender's division to move forward and supplement his struggling assault. Pender was oddly passive during this phase of the battle; the typically more aggressive tendencies of a young general in Lee's army would have seen him move forward on his own accord. Hill shared the blame for failing to order him forward as well, but he claimed illness. History cannot know Pender's motivations; he was mortally wounded the next day and left no report.

948: 33: 827:. Howard recalled that he selected this line as a logical continuation of the I Corps line formed on his left. This decision has been criticized by historians, such as Edwin B. Coddington, as being too far forward, with a right flank vulnerable to envelopment by the enemy. (Coddington suggests that a more defensible line would have been along Stevens Run, about 600 feet north of the railroad, a shorter line to defend, with better fields of fire, and with a more secure right flank.) 980: 763: 3221: 887: 684: 556: 492: 442: 381: 240: 923:

Biddle's left-hand regiment, the 121st Pennsylvania, and Gamble's cavalrymen, attempting to guard the flank. They broke through, enveloping the Union line and rolling it up to the north as Scales's men continued to pin down the right flank. By 4:30 p.m., the Union position was untenable, and the men could see the XI Corps retreating from the northern battle, pursued by masses of Confederates. Doubleday ordered a withdrawal east to Cemetery Hill.

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both Barlow's line and the Seminary defense collapsed at about the same time. The third is that Robinson's division in the center gave way and that spread both left and right. Gen. Howard told Gen. Meade that his corps was forced to retreat only because the I Corps collapsed first on his flank, which may have reduced his embarrassment but was unappreciated by Doubleday and his men. (Doubleday's career was effectively ruined by Howard's story.)

1236:, p. 67 specifically mentioned that the Union cavalry had breech-loading carbines enabling the troopers to fire slightly faster than soldiers with muzzle-loading rifles and made no mention of repeaters. Similar statements to that of Pfanz are found at Keegan, p. 191; Sears, p. 163; Eicher, p. 510; Symonds, p. 71, Hoptak, p. 53, Trudeau, p. 164. Others such as McPherson and Guelzo do not mention the weapons used by Buford's division. 1028:

control of the Union troops arriving on the hill and directed them to defensive positions with his "imperious and defiant" (and profane) persona. As to the choice of Gettysburg as the battlefield, Hancock told Howard "I think this the strongest position by nature upon which to fight a battle that I ever saw." When Howard agreed, Hancock concluded the discussion: "Very well, sir, I select this as the battle-field." Brig. Gen.

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as a rear guard against the enemy pursuit. The regiment, commanded by Col. Charles Tilden, returned to the stone wall on the Mummasburg Road, and their fierce fire gave sufficient time for the rest of the brigade to escape, which they did, in considerably more disarray than those from the Seminary. The 16th Maine started the day with 298 men, but at the end of this holding action there were only 35 survivors.

3231: 515:, along the pike. The three regiments charged to the railroad cut, where Davis's men were seeking cover. The majority of the 600-foot (180 m) cut (shown on the map as the center cut of three) was too deep to be an effective firing position—as deep as 15 feet (4.6 m). Making the situation more difficult was the absence of their overall commander, General Davis, whose location was unknown. 992:

ordered his gun crews to withdraw at a walk, not wishing to panic the infantry and start a rout. As pressure eventually increased, Wainwright ordered his 17 remaining guns to gallop down Chambersburg Street, three abreast. A.P. Hill failed to commit any of his reserves to the pursuit of the Seminary defenders, a great missed opportunity.

1045:'s division from the reserve. Ewell did consider taking Culp's Hill, which would have made the Union position on Cemetery Hill untenable. However, Jubal Early opposed the idea when it was reported that Union troops (probably Slocum's XII Corps) were approaching on the York Pike, and he sent the brigades of John B. Gordon and Brig. Gen. 720:

creating over 800 casualties among the 1,350 North Carolinians. Stories are told about groups of dead bodies lying in almost parade-ground formations, heels of their boots perfectly aligned. (The bodies were later buried on the scene, and this area is today known as "Iverson's Pits", source of many local tales of

1148:

brigade, had repeating carbines or repeating rifles. It is a minority view and most historians present creditable arguments against it. In support of the minority view, Stephen D. Starr wrote that most of the troopers in flanking companies had Spencer carbines, which had arrived a few days before the

1134:

Martin asserts that Buford was primarily concerned with the defense of the town itself, and while he had an innate understanding of the value of high ground, there is no evidence that he visited Cemetery Hill, Culp's Hill, or the Round Tops, or formally considered them as defensive ground for Meade's

1055:

Responsibility for the failure of the Confederates to make an all-out assault on Cemetery Hill on July 1 must rest with Lee. If Ewell had been a Jackson he might have been able to regroup his forces quickly enough to attack within an hour after the Yankees had started to retreat through the town. The

1049:

to block that perceived threat; Early urged waiting for Johnson's division to take the hill. After Johnson's division arrived via the Chambersburg Pike, it maneuvered toward the east of town in preparation to take the hill, but a small reconnaissance party sent in advance encountered a picket line of

894:

Rodes's original faulty attack at 2:00 had stalled, but he launched his reserve brigade, under Ramseur, against Paul's Brigade in the salient on the Mummasburg Road, with Doles's Brigade against the left flank of the XI Corps. Daniel's Brigade resumed its attack, now to the east against Baxter on Oak

754:

Gen. Lee arrived on the battlefield at about 2:30 p.m., as Rodes's men were in mid-attack. Seeing that a major assault was underway, he lifted his restriction on a general engagement and gave permission to Hill to resume his attacks from the morning. First in line was Heth's division again, with

535:

The officer replied not a word, but promptly handed me his sword, and his men, who still held them, threw down their muskets. The coolness, self possession, and discipline which held back our men from pouring a general volley saved a hundred lives of the enemy, and as my mind goes back to the fearful

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were still out of the area, on a wide-ranging raid to the northeast. Gen. Lee sorely felt the loss of the "eyes and ears of the Army"; Stuart's absence had contributed to the accidental start of the battle that morning and left Lee unsure about enemy dispositions through most of July 2. On the Union

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ordered his South Carolina brigade (four regiments of 1,500 men) to advance rapidly without pausing to fire. Perrin was prominently on horseback leading his men but miraculously was untouched. He directed his men to a weak point in the breastworks on the Union left, a 50-yard (46 m) gap between

898:

In the west, the Union troops had fallen back to the Seminary and built hasty breastworks running 600 yards (550 m) north-south before the western face of Schmucker Hall, bolstered by 20 guns of Wainwright's battalion. Dorsey Pender's division of Hill's Corps stepped through the exhausted lines

806:

Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard of the XI Corps had a difficult defensive problem. He had only two divisions (four brigades) to cover the wide expanse of featureless farmland north of town. He and Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz, temporarily in command of the corps while Howard was in overall command on the field,

1040:

General Lee also understood the defensive potential to the Union army if they held the high ground of Cemetery Hill. He sent orders to Ewell to "carry the hill occupied by the enemy, if he found it practicable, but to avoid a general engagement until the arrival of the other divisions of the army."

995:

Near the railroad cut, Daniel's Brigade renewed their assault, and almost 500 Union soldiers surrendered and were taken prisoner. Paul's Brigade, under attack by Ramseur, became seriously isolated and Gen. Robinson ordered it to withdraw. He ordered the 16th Maine to hold its position "at any cost"

987:

The sequence of retreating units remains unclear. Each of the two corps cast blame on the other. There are three main versions of events extant. The first, most prevalent, version is that the fiasco on Barlow's Knoll triggered a collapse that ran counterclockwise around the line. The second is that

861:

at Chancellorsville. The men of the 54th and 68th New York held out as long as they could, but they were overwhelmed. Then the 153rd Pennsylvania succumbed. Barlow, attempting to rally his troops, was shot in the side and captured. Barlow's second brigade, under Ames, came under attack by Doles and

830:

Making the Federal defense more difficult, Barlow advanced farther north than Schimmelfennig's division, occupying a 50-foot (15 m) elevation above Rock Creek named Blocher's Knoll (known today as Barlow's Knoll). Barlow's justification was that he wanted to prevent Doles's Brigade, of Rodes's

797:

The highest ranking casualty of this engagement was Gen. Heth, who was struck by a bullet in the head. He was apparently saved because he had stuffed wads of paper into a new hat, which was otherwise too large for his head. But there were two consequences to this glancing blow. Heth was unconscious

627:

was surveying the area from the roof of the Fahnestock Brothers' dry-goods store downtown at about 11:30 when he heard that Reynolds had been killed and that he was now in command of all Union forces on the field. He recalled: "My heart was heavy and the situation was grave indeed, but surely I did

546:

Despite this surrender, leaving Dawes standing awkwardly holding seven swords, the fighting continued for minutes more and numerous Confederates were able to escape back to Herr Ridge. The three Union regiments lost 390–440 of 1,184 engaged, but they had blunted Davis's attack, prevented them

427:

On the right of the Union line, three regiments of Cutler's brigade were fired on by Davis's brigade before they could get into position on the ridge. Davis's line overlapped the right of Cutler's, making the Union position untenable, and Wadsworth ordered Cutler's regiments back to Seminary Ridge.

1027:

When Hancock arrived on Cemetery Hill, he met with Howard and they had a brief disagreement about Meade's command order. As the senior officer, Howard yielded only grudgingly to Hancock's direction. Although Hancock arrived after 4:00 p.m. and commanded no units on the field that day, he took

835:

in the line that could be assaulted from multiple sides. Schurz ordered Krzyżanowski's brigade, which had heretofore been sitting en masse at the north end of town (without further order to position from Schurz) forward to assist Barlow's two brigades on the knoll, but they arrived too late and in

770:

Pettigrew's Brigade was deployed in a line that extended south beyond the ground defended by the Iron Brigade. Enveloping the left flank of the 19th Indiana, Pettigrew's North Carolinians, the largest brigade in the army, drove back the Iron Brigade in some of the fiercest fighting of the war. The

1186:

wrote that in Gamble's brigade "a few squadrons of Federal troopers used repeating rifles" (rather than carbines) but most had single-shot breech-loading carbines. Longacre p. 60. Order of battle at Coddington, p. 585. Coddington, pp. 258-259, wrote that men in the 5th Michigan and at least two

865:

The left flank of the XI Corps was held by Gen. Schimmelfennig's division. They were subjected to a deadly artillery crossfire from Rodes' and Early's batteries, and as they deployed they were attacked by Doles' infantry. Doles' and Early's troops were able to employ a flanking attack and roll up

839:

Richard Ewell's second division, under Jubal Early, swept down the Harrisburg Road, deployed in a battle line three brigades wide, almost a mile across (1,600 m) and almost half a mile (800 m) wider than the Union defensive line. Early started with a large-scale artillery bombardment. The Georgia

719:

Iverson failed to perform even a rudimentary reconnaissance and sent his men forward blindly while he stayed in the rear (as had O'Neal, minutes earlier). More of Baxter's men were concealed in woods behind a stone wall and rose to fire withering volleys from less than 100 yards (91 m) away,

432:

Francis C. Miller, was shot before he could inform his troops of the withdrawal, and they remained to fight under heavy pressure until a second order came. In under 30 minutes, 45% of Gen. Cutler's 1,007 men became casualties, with the 147th losing 207 of its 380 officers and men. Some of Davis's

1077:

would have acted on this order if he had lived to command this wing of Lee's army, and how differently the second day of battle would have proceeded with Confederate artillery on Cemetery Hill, commanding the length of Cemetery Ridge and the Federal lines of communications on the Baltimore Pike.

739:. Ramseur attacked first, but Paul's brigade held its crucial position. Paul had a bullet go in one temple and out the other, blinding him permanently (he survived the wound and lived 20 more years after the battle). Before the end of the day, three other commanders of that brigade were wounded. 691:

In the afternoon, there was fighting both west (Hill's Corps renewing their attacks on the I Corps) and north (Ewell's Corps attacking the I and XI Corps) of Gettysburg. Ewell, on Oak Hill with Rodes, saw Howard's troops deploying before him, and he interpreted this as the start of an attack and

522:

went down at least three times during the charge. At one point Dawes took up the fallen flag before it was seized from him by a corporal of the color guard. As the Union line neared the Confederates, its flanks became folded back and it took on the appearance of an inverted V. When the Union men

991:

Union troops retreated in different states of order. The brigades on Seminary Ridge were said to move deliberately and slowly, keeping in control, although Col. Wainwright's artillery was not informed of the order to retreat and found themselves alone. When Wainwright realized his situation, he

873:

Gen. Howard, witnessing this disaster, sent forward an artillery battery and an infantry brigade from von Steinwehr's reserve force, under Col. Charles Coster. Coster's battle line just north of the town in Kuhn's brickyard was overwhelmed by Hays and Avery. He provided valuable cover for the

419:

James A. Hall where Calef's had stood earlier. While the general rode his horse along the east end of Herbst Woods, shouting "Forward men! Forward for God's sake, and drive those fellows out of the woods," he fell from his horse, killed instantly by a bullet striking him behind the ear. (Some

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For the XI Corps, it was a sad reminder of their retreat at Chancellorsville in May. Under heavy pursuit by Hays and Avery, they clogged the streets of the town; no one in the corps had planned routes for this contingency. Hand-to-hand fighting broke out in various places. Parts of the corps

563:

By 11:30 a.m., the battlefield was temporarily quiet. On the Confederate side, Henry Heth faced an embarrassing situation. He had been under orders from General Lee to avoid a general engagement until the full Army of Northern Virginia had concentrated in the area. But his excursion to

287:(proceeding west to east toward the town). These were appropriate terrain for a delaying action by his small division against superior Confederate infantry forces, meant to buy time awaiting the arrival of Union infantrymen who could occupy the strong defensive positions south of town, 278:

General Buford recognized the importance of the high ground directly to the south of Gettysburg. He knew that if the Confederates could gain control of the heights, Meade's army would have a hard time dislodging them. He decided to utilize three ridges west of Gettysburg: Herr Ridge,

663:, was placed on Cemetery Hill along with two batteries of artillery to hold the hill as a rallying point if the Union troops could not hold their positions; this placement on the hill corresponded with orders sent earlier in the day to Howard by Reynolds just before he was killed. 1213:

stated that all of Buford's men had single-shot breech-loading carbines which could be fired 5 to 8 times per minute, and fired from a prone position, as opposed to 2 to 3 rounds per minute with muzzle-loaders, "an advantage but not a spectacular one." p. 82. Cavalry historian

503:, north in the direction of Davis's disorganized brigade. The Wisconsin men paused at the fence along the pike and fired, which halted Davis's attack on Cutler's men and caused many of them to seek cover in the unfinished railroad cut. The 6th joined the 95th New York and the 174:

and waited for additional attacks. Despite discretionary orders from Robert E. Lee to take the heights "if practicable," Richard Ewell chose not to attack. Historians have debated ever since how the battle might have ended differently if he had found it practicable to do so.

547:

from striking the rear of the Iron Brigade, and so overwhelmed the Confederate brigade that it was unable to participate significantly in combat for the rest of the day. The Confederate losses were about 500 killed and wounded and over 200 prisoners out of 1,707 engaged.

852:

swung around their exposed flank. At the same time the Georgians under Doles launched a synchronized assault with Gordon. The defenders of Barlow's Knoll targeted by Gordon were 900 men of von Gilsa's brigade; in May, two of his regiments had been the initial target of

564:

Gettysburg, ostensibly to find shoes, was essentially a reconnaissance in force conducted by a full infantry division. This indeed had started a general engagement and Heth was on the losing side so far. By 12:30 p.m., his remaining two brigades, under Brig. Gen.

915:, and double canister rounds into the approaching brigade, which emerged from the fight with only 500 men standing and a single lieutenant in command. Scales wrote afterwards that he found "only a squad here and there marked the place where regiments had rested." 877:

The collapse of the XI Corps was completed by 4 p.m., after a fight of less than an hour. They suffered 3,200 casualties (1,400 of them prisoners), about half the number sent forward from Cemetery Hill. The losses in Gordon's and Doles's brigades were under 750.

1117:

and third days—ranks as the 23rd-largest battle of the war by number of troops engaged. About one quarter of Meade's army (22,000 men) and one third of Lee's army (27,000) were engaged. Union casualties were almost 9,000; Confederate slightly over 6,000.

671:, whose two brigades had been sent forward by Doubleday when he heard about Ewell's arrival. Howard's defensive line was not a particularly strong one in the north. He was soon outnumbered (his XI Corps, still suffering the effects of their defeat at the 170:) and on Oak Ridge finally caused the Union line to collapse. Some of the Federals conducted a fighting withdrawal through the town, suffering heavy casualties and losing many prisoners; others simply retreated. They took up good defensive positions on 1078:

Stephen W. Sears has suggested that Gen. Meade would have invoked his original plan for a defensive line on Pipe Creek and withdrawn the Army of the Potomac, although that movement would have been a dangerous operation under pressure from Lee.

675:, had only 8,700 effectives), and the terrain his men occupied in the north was poorly selected for defense. He held out some hope that reinforcements from Slocum's XII Corps would arrive up the Baltimore Pike in time to make a difference. 790:, was fatally wounded by a bullet through his chest. By the end of the three-day battle, they had about 152 men standing, the highest casualty percentage for one battle of any regiment, North or South. One of the Union regiments, the 666:

However, Rodes beat Schurz to Oak Hill, so the XI Corps division was forced to take up positions in the broad plain north of the town, below and to the east of Oak Hill. They linked up with the I Corps reserve division of Brig. Gen.

716:, manning a line in a shallow inverted V, facing north on the ridge behind the Mummasburg Road. O'Neal's men were sent forward without coordinating with Iverson on their flank and fell back under heavy fire from the I Corps troops. 1015:

and his most trusted subordinate, to the scene with orders to take command of the field and to determine whether Gettysburg was an appropriate place for a major battle. (Meade's original plan had been to man a defensive line on

474:

for his exploit. When Archer was taken to the rear, he encountered his former Army colleague Gen. Doubleday, who greeted him good-naturedly, "Good morning, Archer! How are you? I am glad to see you!" Archer replied, "Well, I am

349:, fired at an unidentified man on a gray horse over a half-mile away; the act was merely symbolic. Buford's 2,748 troopers would soon be faced with 7,600 Confederate infantrymen, deploying from columns into line of battle. 779:, defending open ground on McPherson Ridge, but they were outflanked and decimated. To the right, Stone's Bucktails, facing both west and north along the Chambersburg Pike, were attacked by both Brockenbrough and Daniel. 364:. While none of the troopers were armed with multi-shot repeating carbines, they were able to fire two or three times faster than a muzzle-loaded carbine or rifle with their breechloading carbines manufactured by 599:

marched down the Carlisle Road but left it before reaching town to advance down the wooded crest of Oak Ridge, where they could link up with the left flank of Hill's Corps. The four brigades under Maj. Gen.

712:. Doles's Georgia brigade stood guarding the flank, awaiting the arrival of Early's division. Both O'Neal's and Iverson's attacks fared poorly against the six veteran regiments in the brigade of Brig. Gen. 469:

Patrick Moloney of Company G., 2nd Wisconsin, "a brave patriotic and fervent young Irishman." Archer resisted capture, but Moloney overpowered him. Moloney was killed later that day, but he received the

464:

Brig. Gen. Archer was captured in the fighting, the first general officer in Robert E. Lee's army to suffer that fate. Archer was most likely positioned around the 14th Tennessee when he was captured by

1232:

In their books on the battle or on the war as a whole, many historians have not commented directly on whether any Federal troopers had repeating carbines or rifle. Some of them, such as Harry Pfanz,

1169:, p. 465, also stated that some Union troopers had Spencer carbines. Richard S. Shue also claimed that a limited distribution of Spencer rifles had been made to some of Buford's troopers in his book 794:, lost 399 of 496. It had nine color bearers shot down, and its commander, Col. Henry A. Morrow, was wounded in the head and captured. The 151st Pennsylvania of Biddle's brigade lost 337 of 467. 1050:

the 7th Indiana Infantry, which opened fire and captured a Confederate officer and soldier. The remainder of the Confederates fled and attempts to seize Culp's Hill on July 1 came to an end.

766:

North Carolinians drove back federal troops in the first day at Gettysburg. At far left background is the Railroad Cut; at right is the Lutheran Seminary. In the background is Gettysburg.

527:

fire from both ends of the cut, and many Confederates considered surrender. Colonel Dawes took the initiative by shouting "Where is the colonel of this regiment?" Major John Blair of the

420:

historians believe Reynolds was felled by a sharpshooter, but it is more likely that he was killed by random shot in a volley of rifle fire directed at the 2nd Wisconsin.) Maj. Gen.

433:

victorious men turned toward the Union positions south of the railroad bed while others drove east toward Seminary Ridge. This defocused the Confederate effort north of the pike.

330:, proceeding easterly in columns along the Chambersburg Pike. Three miles (4.8 km) west of town, about 7:30 a.m., Heth's two brigades met light resistance from cavalry 162:

The third phase of the battle came as Rodes renewed his assault from the north and Heth returned with his entire division from the west, accompanied by the division of Maj. Gen.

2594: 700:

Rodes initially sent three brigades south against Union troops that represented the right flank of the I Corps and the left flank of the XI Corps: from east to west, Brig. Gen.

3099: 903:

attacked first, on the northern flank. His five regiments of 1,400 North Carolinians were virtually annihilated in one of the fiercest artillery barrages of the war, rivaling

3250: 742:

Daniel's North Carolina brigade then attempted to break the I Corps line to the southwest along the Chambersburg Pike. They ran into stiff resistance from Col.

457:, formed from regiments in the Western states of Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin, had a reputation as fierce, tenacious fighters. As the Confederates crossed 727:

Baxter's brigade was worn down and out of ammunition. At 3:00 p.m. he withdrew his brigade, and Gen. Robinson replaced it with the brigade of Brig. Gen.

95:

The first-day battle proceeded in three phases as combatants continued to arrive at the battlefield. In the morning, two brigades of Confederate Maj. Gen.

746:'s Pennsylvania "Bucktail Brigade" in the same area around the railroad cut as the morning's battle. Fierce fighting eventually ground to a standstill. 299:. Early that morning, Reynolds, who was commanding the Left Wing of the Army of the Potomac, ordered his corps to march to Buford's location, with the 461:

and climbed the slope into Herbst Woods, they were enveloped on their right by the longer Union line, the reverse of the situation north of the pike.

531:

stood up and responded, "Who are you?" Dawes replied, "I command this regiment. Surrender or I will fire." Dawes later described what happened next:

1195:'s brigade of one Pennsylvania and three New York regiments "were equipped with new Spencer repeating carbines," without reference to Gamble's men. 3189: 651:, was sent north to take a position on Oak Ridge and link up with the right of the I Corps. (The division was commanded temporarily by Brig. Gen. 404:'s Union brigade opposed Davis's brigade; three of Cutler's regiments were north of the Pike, two to the south. To the left of Cutler, Brig. Gen. 2766: 17: 2306:

Mackowski, Chris, and Kristopher D. White. "Second Guessing Dick Ewell: Why Didn't the Confederate General Take Cemetery Hill on July 1, 1863?"

775:. Gen. Meredith was downed with a head wound, made all the worse when his horse fell on him. To the left of the Iron Brigade was the brigade of 2640: 1073:

movement (most prominently Jubal Early, despite his own reluctance to support an attack at the time) have speculated how the more aggressive

88:. It soon escalated into a major battle which culminated in the outnumbered and defeated Union forces retreating to the high ground south of 771:

Iron Brigade was pushed out of the woods, made three temporary stands in the open ground to the east, but then had to fall back toward the

604:

approached on the Harrisburg Road. Union cavalry outposts north of the town detected both movements. Ewell's remaining division (Maj. Gen.

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insufficient numbers to help. Historian Harry W. Pfanz judges Barlow's decision to be a "blunder" that "ensured the defeat of the corps."

786:(the largest regiment of the army with 839 men) lost heavily, leaving the first day's fight with around 212 men. Their commander, Colonel 611:

On the Union side, Doubleday reorganized his lines as more units of the I Corps arrived. First on hand was the Corps Artillery under Col.

360:

Gamble's men mounted determined resistance and delaying tactics from behind fence posts with rapid fire, mostly from their breech-loading

772: 167: 155:'s division attacking across the open fields north of town. The Union lines generally held under extremely heavy pressure, although the 867: 318:'s Third Corps, advanced towards Gettysburg. Heth deployed no cavalry and led, unconventionally, with the artillery battalion of Major 2591: 449:

South of the pike, Archer's men were expecting an easy fight against dismounted cavalrymen and were astonished to recognize the black

3154: 2276:

The Cavalry at Gettysburg: A Tactical Study of Mounted Operations during the Civil War's Pivotal Campaign, 9 June–14 July, 1863

908: 3204: 3138: 2608: 844:

was then directed for a frontal attack against Barlow's Knoll, pinning down the defenders, while the brigades of Brigadier-General

3179: 3128: 874:

retreating soldiers, but at a high price: of Coster's 800 men, 313 were captured, as were two of the four guns from the battery.

372:. The troops were led personally by Gen. Reynolds, who conferred briefly with Buford and hurried back to bring more men forward. 346: 137: 267:

had briefly clashed with Union forces the day before but believed they were Pennsylvania militia of little consequence, not the

3133: 3123: 3114: 3094: 2552: 927: 504: 224: 107: 1081:

Most of the rest of both armies arrived that evening or early the next morning. Johnson's division joined Ewell and Maj. Gen.

2567: 2507: 2424: 2337: 2300: 2283: 2168: 1227: 1178: 1166: 866:

three brigade of the corps from the right, and they fell back in confusion toward the town. A desperate counterattack by the

388:

The morning infantry fighting occurred on either side of the Chambersburg Pike, mostly on McPherson Ridge. To the north, an

3234: 1955: 499:

At around 11 a.m., Doubleday sent his reserve regiment, the 6th Wisconsin, an Iron Brigade regiment, commanded by Lt. Col.

965:

Union dead at Gettysburg printed as "A harvest of Death" (left) and printed as "Field Where General Reynolds Fell" (right)

956: 934:'s Georgia Brigade was in reserve well to the rear, not summoned by Pender or Hill to assist or exploit the breakthrough. 2490: 2081:

Mackowski and White, pp. 36–41; Bearss, pp. 171–72; Coddington, pp. 317–21; Gottfried, p. 549; Pfanz,

1840:, pp. 230–31; Coddington, p. 301; Martin, pp. 276–77; Adkins, p. 379; Petruzzi and Stanley, pp. 46–47. 1069:

Lee's order has been criticized because it left too much discretion to Ewell. Numerous historians and proponents of the

583:

Considerably more Confederate forces were on the way, however. Two divisions of the Second Corps, commanded by Lt. Gen.

3184: 3174: 2609:"No Man Can Take Those Colors and Live: The Epic Battle Between the 24th Michigan and 26th North Carolina at Gettysburg 1046: 429: 365: 2347:. National Park Service Civil War series. Fort Washington, PA: U.S. National Park Service and Eastern National, 1994. 2633: 2537: 2522: 2483: 2466: 2442: 2402: 2384: 2367: 2352: 2322: 2266: 2232: 2215: 2200: 2185: 930:

contributed little to the assault; he was kept busy by a clash with Union cavalry on the Hagerstown Road. Brig. Gen.

832: 528: 156: 111: 518:

The men of the three regiments nevertheless faced daunting fire as they charged toward the cut. The 6th Wisconsin's

3089: 3040: 2741: 1114: 791: 628:

not hesitate a moment. God helping us, we will stay here till the Army comes. I assumed the command of the field."

213: 2736: 2248: 3291: 3199: 3167: 3162: 2845: 2574: 1082: 1070: 1042: 816: 577: 82: 3224: 2761: 2626: 1144:

Historians who address the matter disagree on whether any troopers in Buford's division, and especially in

268: 263:

forces from the direction of Cashtown, to the northwest. Confederate forces from the brigade of Brig. Gen.

136:, had arrived, and the Union position was in a semicircle from west to north of the town. The Confederate 2674: 389: 2592:

Flags of the First Day: An Online Exhibit of Iron Brigade and Confederate battle flags from July 1, 1863

125:, the Confederate assaults down the Chambersburg Pike were repulsed, although Gen. Reynolds was killed. 2453: 1254:

Historian W. Frassanito finds that these are photographs of the same group taken from different angles.

672: 523:

reached the railroad cut, vicious hand-to-hand and bayonet fighting broke out. They were able to pour

352: 3109: 2694: 899:

of Heth's men at about 4:00 p.m. to finish off the I Corps survivors. The brigade of Brig. Gen.

895:

Ridge. This time Rodes was more successful, mostly because Early coordinated an attack on his flank.

870:

from von Amsberg's brigade was surrounded on three sides, causing it to suffer 307 casualties (75%).

61: 1056:

likelihood of success decreased rapidly after that time unless Lee were willing to risk everything.

907:

to come, but on a more concentrated scale. Twenty guns spaced only 5 yards (4.6 m) apart fired

2875: 2669: 1145: 1110:

was a significant distance from the battlefield, marching rapidly to join the Army of the Potomac.

1011:, when he heard that Reynolds had been killed. He immediately dispatched Hancock, commander of the 652: 605: 100: 89: 2824: 2778: 416: 65: 415:

General Reynolds directed both brigades into position and placed guns from the Maine battery of

3194: 3079: 3059: 2806: 2791: 2786: 1095: 1004: 736: 640: 632: 588: 197: 1032:, chief engineer of the Army of the Potomac, inspected the ground and concurred with Hancock. 971: 3074: 3069: 3054: 2895: 2890: 2709: 1188: 1107: 1012: 756: 620: 612: 573: 569: 565: 300: 264: 163: 129: 1187:

companies of the 6th Michigan regiment had Spencer repeating rifles (rather than carbines).

983:

Gettysburg in 1863, north of town, viewed from the area of the Lutheran Theological Seminary

659:

was placed on Schurz's right to support him. The third division to arrive, under Brig. Gen.

623:

arrived from the south before noon, moving up the Taneytown and Emmitsburg Roads. Maj. Gen.

3064: 3049: 3025: 2728: 2689: 2684: 1103: 1029: 692:

implicit permission to set aside Gen. Lee's order not to bring about a general engagement.

660: 335: 193: 122: 400:(sometimes called McPherson Woods, but they were the property of John Herbst). Brig. Gen. 8: 3035: 3015: 2980: 2840: 2801: 2796: 2756: 2714: 2657: 2649: 1008: 904: 783: 743: 709: 705: 512: 272: 252: 189: 75: 807:

deployed the division of Brig. Gen. Alexander Schimmelfennig on the left and Brig. Gen.

2985: 2955: 2704: 2472: 2390: 1215: 1113:

The first day at Gettysburg—more significant than simply a prelude to the bloody

812: 592: 369: 342: 133: 68: 57: 2995: 2900: 2699: 2563: 2548: 2533: 2518: 2503: 2479: 2462: 2438: 2420: 2398: 2380: 2363: 2348: 2333: 2318: 2296: 2279: 2262: 2244: 2228: 2211: 2196: 2181: 2164: 1223: 1200: 1174: 1162: 1085:'s joined Hill. Two of the three divisions of the First Corps, commanded by Lt. Gen. 1074: 1017: 1003:

As the Union troops climbed Cemetery Hill, they encountered the determined Maj. Gen.

947: 858: 854: 824: 808: 656: 655:

while Schurz filled in for Howard as XI Corps commander.) The division of Brig. Gen.

636: 319: 60:

took place on July 1, 1863, and began as an engagement between isolated units of the

3000: 2975: 2960: 2915: 2885: 2880: 2855: 2746: 2373: 1151:

The Union Cavalry in the Civil War: From Fort Sumter to Gettysburg, 1861–1863

1086: 931: 900: 787: 668: 624: 616: 584: 405: 331: 304: 141: 118: 615:, followed by two brigades from Doubleday's division, now commanded by Brig. Gen. 392:

opened three shallow cuts in the ridges. To the south, the dominant features were

2965: 2944: 2920: 2905: 2679: 2612: 2602: 2598: 2417:

Receding Tide: Vicksburg and Gettysburg: The Campaigns That Changed the Civil War

2289: 2272: 2221: 1192: 1183: 919: 728: 701: 644: 596: 421: 401: 327: 323: 280: 148: 145: 85: 3010: 2850: 1099: 849: 841: 776: 601: 541:

Col. Rufus R. Dawes, Service with the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers (1890, p. 169)

500: 471: 466: 458: 393: 334:

and deployed into line. Eventually, they reached dismounted troopers from Col.

296: 292: 284: 152: 2500:

The Maps of Gettysburg: An Atlas of the Gettysburg Campaign, June 3 – 13, 1863

3285: 3265: 3252: 3005: 2990: 2940: 2910: 2834: 1090: 912: 845: 820: 732: 572:, had arrived on the scene, as had the division (four brigades) of Maj. Gen. 519: 508: 288: 171: 71: 32: 2161:

The Gettysburg Companion: The Complete Guide to America's Most Famous Battle

811:

on the right. From the left, the brigades were Schimmelfennig's (under Col.

338:'s cavalry brigade. The first shot of the battle was claimed to be fired by 3084: 3020: 2870: 2448: 2430: 1827:

Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz, Gettysburg Campaign, O.R. Series I, Volume XXVII/1 .

1007:. At midday, Gen. Meade was nine miles (14 km) south of Gettysburg in 979: 721: 713: 454: 409: 397: 1204: 762: 2970: 2950: 1220:

The Devil's to Pay: John Buford at Gettysburg: A History and Walking Tour

862:

Gordon. Both Union brigades conducted a disorderly retreat to the south.

648: 256: 114: 2930: 2865: 2860: 1024:. But the serious battle underway was making that a difficult option.) 886: 683: 555: 491: 450: 441: 380: 339: 311: 239: 96: 79: 2618: 2562:. Emerging Civil War Series. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2015. 2174: 631:

Howard immediately sent messengers to summon reinforcements from the

315: 103: 36:

Overview of the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 1863

1021: 524: 260: 27:

First day of the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War

1089:, arrived in the morning. Three cavalry brigades under Maj. Gen. 361: 248: 926:

On the southern flank, the North Carolina brigade of Brig. Gen.

587:, were approaching Gettysburg from the north, from the towns of 2560:

Fight Like the Devil: The First Day at Gettysburg, July 1, 1863

647:). Howard's first XI Corps division to arrive, under Maj. Gen. 576:, also from Hill's Corps. Hill's remaining division (Maj. Gen. 918:

The attack continued in the southern-central area, where Col.

1910:, pp. 305–11; Martin, pp. 394–404; Sears, p. 218. 731:. Rodes then committed his two reserve brigades: Brig. Gens. 2558:

Mackowski, Chris, Kristopher D. White, and Daniel T. Davis.

1948: 755:

two fresh brigades: Pettigrew's North Carolinians and Col.

322:. Two infantry brigades followed, commanded by Brig. Gens. 2072:

Sears, p. 227; Martin, p. 504; Mackowski and White, p. 35.

1157:

Harrisburg, Stackpole Books, 1956, p. 55. Shelby Foote in

453:

worn by the men facing them through the woods: the famous

2362:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. 2317:. rev. ed. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Publishing, 1996. 619:, which Doubleday placed on either end of his line. The 2547:. 3rd ed. Gettysburg, PA: Gettysburg Publishing, 2009. 1379:, pp. 57, 59, 74; Martin, pp. 82–88, 96–97. 1222:. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2014, 2015, 2018. 2225:

The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War

1159:

Fredericksburg to Meridian, The Civil War: a Narrative

2180:. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2006. 1094:

side, Meade arrived after midnight. The II Corps and

117:. As infantry reinforcements arrived under Maj. Gen. 2419:. Washington DC: National Geographic Society, 2010. 110:) were delayed by dismounted Union cavalrymen under 687:

Rodes, Heth, and Early attack, 2:00–4:00 p.m.

2195:. 4th ed. Hightstown, NJ: Longstreet House, 2005. 1939: 151:'s division attacking from Oak Hill and Maj. Gen. 2178:Fields of Honor: Pivotal Battles of the Civil War 881: 3283: 2437:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1952. 2136:Numbers & Losses in the Civil War in America 2107:, pp. 345–46, or Martin, pp. 563–65. 356:Buford's cavalry resists the Confederate advance 2532:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003. 2517:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999. 2295:. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Publishing, 1995. 2278:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986. 975:Confederate POWs after the Battle of Gettysburg 271:cavalry that was screening the approach of the 1717:, pp. 194–213; Martin, pp. 238–47. 695: 243:Cavalry delaying action, 7:00–10:00 a.m. 234: 2634: 2555:. First published in 2009 by Gatehouse Press. 2193:Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg 1923:, pp. 311–17; Martin, pp. 404–26. 1879:, pp. 258–68; Martin, pp. 306–23. 1853:, pp. 229–48; Martin, pp. 277–91. 1704:, pp. 182–84; Martin, pp. 247–55. 1539:, pp. 117–19; Martin, pp. 186–89. 166:. Heavy fighting in Herbst's Woods (near the 144:began a massive assault from the north, with 2163:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2008. 2054:, pp. 337–38; Sears, pp. 223–25. 1956:"Gettysburg Harvest of death Photo location" 1414:, pp. 77–78; Martin, pp. 140–43. 1263:The site was tentatively identified in 2012. 2208:The Gettysburg Campaign; a study in command 2134:Martin, p. 9, citing Thomas L. Livermore's 1339:, pp. 52–56; Martin, pp. 63–64. 1173:Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, 1995, 782:Casualties were severe that afternoon. The 2641: 2627: 2238: 1552:, pp. 148, 228; Martin, pp. 204–206. 1422: 1420: 1286:, pp. 25–28; Martin, pp. 24, 29, 41. 259:were awaiting the approach of Confederate 3155:Eastern Theater of the American Civil War 2293:General John Buford: A Military Biography 1587:, pp. 123, 124, 128, 137; Martin, p. 198. 890:Rodes and Pender break through, 4:00 p.m. 801: 749: 536:excitement of the moment, I marvel at it. 436: 2530:The Stand of the U.S. Army at Gettysburg 2328:Petruzzi, J. David, and Steven Stanley. 2227:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. 978: 970: 885: 761: 682: 608:) did not arrive until late in the day. 580:) did not arrive until late in the day. 554: 495:Fighting at the railroad cut, 11:00 a.m. 490: 440: 384:Davis vs. Cutler, 10:00–10:45 a.m. 379: 351: 238: 31: 2648: 2513:Grimsley, Mark, and Brooks D. Simpson. 1417: 14: 3284: 511:), a "demi-brigade" commanded by Col. 375: 225:Gettysburg Confederate order of battle 2622: 2476:Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command 2191:Busey, John W., and David G. Martin. 1153:. Volume 1, citing Buckeridge, J. O. 428:The commander of the 147th New York, 183: 54:first day of the Battle of Gettysburg 3230: 2478:. 3 vols. New York: Scribner, 1946. 2495:. 4 vols. New York: Scribner, 1934. 2085:, pp. 347–49; Martin, p. 510. 1805:, pp. 218–23; Martin, p. 285. 1743:, pp. 276–93; Martin, p. 342. 1730:, pp. 275–76; Martin, p. 341. 24: 2409: 2379:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003. 1674:Martin, pp. 205–210; Pfanz, 1596:Martin, pp. 198–202; Pfanz, 1106:were nearby to the east. Only the 202: 25: 3303: 2585: 2397:. New York: HarperCollins, 2002. 2261:. New York: Da Capo Press, 2002. 1932:Martin, pp. 426–29; Pfanz, 1687:Martin, pp. 224–38; Pfanz, 1469:Martin, pp. 160–61; Pfanz, 1452:Martin, pp. 149–61; Pfanz, 1199:. New York: Bonanza Books, 1961. 595:. The five brigades of Maj. Gen. 559:Disposition of forces, 12:30 p.m. 3229: 3220: 3219: 2502:. New York: Savas Beatie, 2007. 2461:. New York: Random House, 1958. 2395:Gettysburg: A Testing of Courage 2360:Gettysburg – The First Day 2332:. New York: Savas Beatie, 2009. 955: 946: 937: 424:assumed command of the I Corps. 247:On the morning of July 1, Union 214:Gettysburg Union order of battle 2581:website, accessed July 9, 2013. 2515:Gettysburg: A Battlefield Guide 2141: 2128: 2125:Eicher, p. 520; Martin, p. 537. 2119: 2110: 2097: 2088: 2075: 2066: 2057: 2044: 2035: 2022: 2013: 2000: 1991: 1982: 1973: 1926: 1913: 1900: 1891: 1882: 1869: 1856: 1843: 1830: 1821: 1808: 1795: 1786: 1773: 1764: 1755: 1752:Busey and Martin, pp. 298, 501. 1746: 1733: 1720: 1707: 1694: 1681: 1668: 1655: 1642: 1629: 1616: 1603: 1590: 1577: 1564: 1555: 1542: 1529: 1520: 1511: 1498: 1485: 1476: 1463: 1446: 1433: 1404: 1395: 1382: 1369: 1360: 1257: 1248: 1239: 1138: 486: 445:Archer vs. Meredith, 10:45 a.m. 159:at Barlow's Knoll was overrun. 18:Battle of Gettysburg, First Day 2210:. New York: Scribner's, 1968. 2019:Martin, pp. 379, 389–92. 1997:Sears, p. 220; Martin, p. 446. 1770:Busey and Martin, pp. 27, 386. 1761:Busey and Martin, pp. 22, 386. 1351: 1342: 1329: 1320: 1307: 1298: 1289: 1276: 1128: 882:Rodes and Pender break through 550: 218: 128:By early afternoon, the Union 13: 1: 2330:The Complete Gettysburg Guide 2094:Coddington, pp. 320–21. 1270: 855:Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson 840:brigade of Brigadier-General 773:Lutheran Theological Seminary 178: 168:Lutheran Theological Seminary 132:, commanded by Major General 2241:Gettysburg A Journey in Time 1945:Frassanito pp. 222–229 1102:, and the XII Corps and the 678: 307:) to follow closely behind. 7: 1801:Coddington, p. 301; Pfanz, 1313:Martin, pp. 43, 49; Pfanz, 1161:, Volume 2 New York, 1963, 1047:William "Extra Billy" Smith 696:Rodes attacks from Oak Hill 314:'s division, from Lt. Gen. 235:Defense by Buford's cavalry 10: 3308: 2575:"Barlow's Knoll Revisited" 2459:Fredericksburg to Meridian 2454:The Civil War: A Narrative 2153: 2103:See, for instance, Pfanz, 1456:, pp. 91–98; Pfanz, 1035: 673:Battle of Chancellorsville 606:Edward "Allegheny" Johnson 229: 222: 211: 187: 3215: 3147: 3110:Army of Northern Virginia 3108: 3100:Medal of Honor recipients 3034: 2929: 2823: 2777: 2727: 2723: 2665: 2656: 2545:Gettysburg Campaign Atlas 2138:(Houghton Mifflin, 1900). 2063:Martin, pp. 482–88. 1979:Frassanito pp.70–71 1897:Martin, pp. 386–93. 1171:Morning at Willoughby Run 62:Army of Northern Virginia 2573:Teague, Chaplain Chuck. 2345:The Battle of Gettysburg 2116:Sears, pp. 233–34. 2010:, p. 320; Sears, p. 223. 1392:, p. 60; Martin, p. 103. 1357:Martin, pp. 80–81. 1197:The Civil War: A History 1121: 817:Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski 653:Alexander Schimmelfennig 207: 90:Gettysburg, Pennsylvania 2597:March 16, 2011, at the 2579:Military History Online 2243:. Thomas Publications. 2239:Frassanito, W. (1975). 1862:Martin, p. 302; Pfanz, 1779:Martin, p. 366; Pfanz, 1063:The Gettysburg Campaign 1020:, a few miles south in 390:unfinished railroad bed 3195:Gettysburg Battlefield 2498:Gottfried, Bradley M. 2492:R. E. Lee, A Biography 2259:Brigades of Gettysburg 2257:Gottfried, Bradley M. 1295:Martin pp. 47–48 1245:Pfanz estimates 10:30. 1058: 1005:Winfield Scott Hancock 984: 976: 891: 802:Early attacks XI Corps 767: 750:Heth renews his attack 688: 560: 544: 496: 446: 437:Archer versus Meredith 385: 357: 310:Confederate Maj. Gen. 244: 198:Gettysburg Battlefield 49: 2956:Joshua L. Chamberlain 2896:J. Johnston Pettigrew 2206:Coddington, Edwin B. 1401:Martin, pp. 102, 104. 1098:took up positions on 1061:Edwin B. Coddington, 1053: 982: 974: 889: 765: 757:John M. Brockenbrough 686: 613:Charles S. Wainwright 570:John M. Brockenbrough 566:J. Johnston Pettigrew 558: 533: 494: 444: 383: 355: 265:J. Johnston Pettigrew 255:of Brigadier General 242: 223:Further information: 212:Further information: 188:Further information: 35: 3292:Battle of Gettysburg 3026:Gouverneur K. Warren 2489:Freeman, Douglas S. 1611:Battle of Gettysburg 1600:, pp. 137, 140, 216. 1473:, pp. 100–101. 1458:Battle of Gettysburg 1428:Battle of Gettysburg 1209:David G. Martin, in 1030:Gouverneur K. Warren 911:, explosive shells, 661:Adolph von Steinwehr 347:8th Illinois Cavalry 194:Battle of Gettysburg 3266:39.8180°N 77.2325°W 3262: / 3036:Army of the Potomac 2981:Winfield S. Hancock 2846:Richard H. Anderson 2841:E. Porter Alexander 2650:Gettysburg Campaign 2473:Freeman, Douglas S. 2391:Trudeau, Noah Andre 2290:Longacre, Edward G. 2273:Longacre, Edward G. 2032:, pp. 328–29. 1866:, pp. 254–57. 1691:, pp. 170–78. 1678:, pp. 163–66. 1665:, pp. 161–62. 1495:, pp. 102–14. 1083:Richard H. Anderson 1043:Richard H. Anderson 1009:Taneytown, Maryland 784:26th North Carolina 777:Col. Chapman Biddle 578:Richard H. Anderson 507:(also known as the 376:Davis versus Cutler 273:Army of the Potomac 190:Gettysburg Campaign 76:Army of the Potomac 3148:Campaign geography 2986:Oliver Otis Howard 2553:978-0-983-8631-4-4 1443:, pp. 81–90. 1366:Martin, pp. 80–81. 1317:, pp. 41–42. 1216:Eric J. Wittenberg 1184:Edward G. Longacre 985: 977: 892: 813:George von Amsberg 768: 689: 561: 497: 483:by a damn sight!" 447: 386: 370:James S. Wadsworth 358: 343:Marcellus E. Jones 245: 184:Military situation 134:Oliver Otis Howard 58:American Civil War 50: 3271:39.8180; -77.2325 3245: 3244: 3011:Daniel E. Sickles 2996:Alfred Pleasonton 2901:George E. Pickett 2876:Allegheny Johnson 2819: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2762:Artillery barrage 2675:Second Winchester 2568:978-1-61121-227-3 2528:Hall, Jeffrey C. 2508:978-1-932714-30-2 2425:978-1-4262-0510-1 2415:Bearss, Edwin C. 2374:Sears, Stephen W. 2338:978-1-932714-63-0 2315:Gettysburg July 1 2313:Martin, David G. 2301:978-0-938289-46-3 2284:978-0-8032-7941-4 2169:978-0-8117-0439-7 1228:978-1-61121-444-4 1211:Gettysburg July 1 1179:978-0-939631-74-2 1167:978-0-394-74621-0 1155:Lincoln's Choice. 1075:Stonewall Jackson 825:Leopold von Gilsa 809:Francis C. Barlow 708:, and Brig. Gen. 657:Francis C. Barlow 637:Daniel E. Sickles 320:William J. Pegram 41: Confederate 16:(Redirected from 3299: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3233: 3232: 3223: 3222: 3001:John F. Reynolds 2976:George S. Greene 2961:George A. Custer 2916:Isaac R. Trimble 2891:W. Dorsey Pender 2886:Lafayette McLaws 2881:James Longstreet 2856:Richard S. Ewell 2757:Pickett's Charge 2747:Little Round Top 2725: 2724: 2663: 2662: 2643: 2636: 2629: 2620: 2619: 2358:Pfanz, Harry W. 2343:Pfanz, Harry W. 2254: 2222:Eicher, David J. 2175:Bearss, Edwin C. 2148: 2147:Trudeau, p. 272. 2145: 2139: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2108: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2086: 2079: 2073: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2055: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2033: 2026: 2020: 2017: 2011: 2004: 1998: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1960:civilwartalk.com 1952: 1946: 1943: 1937: 1930: 1924: 1917: 1911: 1904: 1898: 1895: 1889: 1886: 1880: 1873: 1867: 1860: 1854: 1847: 1841: 1834: 1828: 1825: 1819: 1812: 1806: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1777: 1771: 1768: 1762: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1744: 1737: 1731: 1724: 1718: 1711: 1705: 1698: 1692: 1685: 1679: 1672: 1666: 1659: 1653: 1646: 1640: 1633: 1627: 1620: 1614: 1607: 1601: 1594: 1588: 1581: 1575: 1568: 1562: 1559: 1553: 1546: 1540: 1533: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1515: 1509: 1502: 1496: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1474: 1467: 1461: 1450: 1444: 1437: 1431: 1424: 1415: 1408: 1402: 1399: 1393: 1386: 1380: 1373: 1367: 1364: 1358: 1355: 1349: 1346: 1340: 1333: 1327: 1324: 1318: 1311: 1305: 1302: 1296: 1293: 1287: 1280: 1264: 1261: 1255: 1252: 1246: 1243: 1237: 1146:William Gamble's 1142: 1136: 1132: 1087:James Longstreet 1065: 959: 950: 932:Edward L. Thomas 905:Pickett's Charge 901:Alfred M. Scales 788:Henry K. Burgwyn 706:Edward A. O'Neal 669:John C. Robinson 625:Oliver O. Howard 617:Thomas A. Rowley 585:Richard S. Ewell 542: 412:opposed Archer. 406:Solomon Meredith 305:Oliver O. Howard 164:W. Dorsey Pender 142:Richard S. Ewell 119:John F. Reynolds 99:'s division (of 46: 40: 21: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3297: 3296: 3282: 3281: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3261: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3241: 3211: 3143: 3115:order of battle 3112: 3104: 3041:order of battle 3038: 3030: 3016:Henry W. Slocum 2966:Abner Doubleday 2945:George G. Meade 2925: 2921:Lewis Armistead 2906:Robert E. Rodes 2811: 2773: 2767:Cavalry battles 2719: 2652: 2647: 2613:Civil War Trust 2603:Civil War Trust 2599:Wayback Machine 2588: 2543:Laino, Philip. 2412: 2410:Further reading 2308:Civil War Times 2251: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2049: 2045: 2041:Martin, p. 333. 2040: 2036: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1964: 1962: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1931: 1927: 1918: 1914: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1874: 1870: 1861: 1857: 1848: 1844: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1813: 1809: 1800: 1796: 1792:Martin, p. 395. 1791: 1787: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1738: 1734: 1725: 1721: 1712: 1708: 1699: 1695: 1686: 1682: 1673: 1669: 1660: 1656: 1647: 1643: 1634: 1630: 1621: 1617: 1608: 1604: 1595: 1591: 1582: 1578: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1547: 1543: 1534: 1530: 1526:Martin, p. 140. 1525: 1521: 1517:Martin, p. 131. 1516: 1512: 1503: 1499: 1490: 1486: 1482:Martin, p. 125. 1481: 1477: 1468: 1464: 1451: 1447: 1438: 1434: 1425: 1418: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1387: 1383: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1348:Eicher, p. 510. 1347: 1343: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1231: 1208: 1193:Thomas C. Devin 1182: 1143: 1139: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1067: 1060: 1038: 969: 968: 967: 966: 962: 961: 960: 952: 951: 940: 920:Abner M. Perrin 884: 859:flanking attack 804: 759:'s Virginians. 752: 729:Gabriel R. Paul 702:George P. Doles 698: 681: 645:Henry W. Slocum 597:Robert E. Rodes 553: 543: 540: 529:2nd Mississippi 489: 439: 422:Abner Doubleday 402:Lysander Cutler 378: 328:Joseph R. Davis 324:James J. Archer 281:McPherson Ridge 237: 232: 227: 221: 216: 210: 205: 203:Opposing forces 200: 186: 181: 149:Robert E. Rodes 140:under Lt. Gen. 86:George G. Meade 48: 44: 42: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3305: 3295: 3294: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3239: 3227: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3202: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3157: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3120: 3118: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3046: 3044: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2936: 2934: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2851:Jubal A. Early 2848: 2843: 2838: 2830: 2828: 2821: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2783: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2771: 2770: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2751: 2750: 2749: 2739: 2733: 2731: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2670:Brandy Station 2666: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2646: 2645: 2638: 2631: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2606: 2587: 2586:External links 2584: 2583: 2582: 2571: 2556: 2541: 2526: 2511: 2496: 2487: 2470: 2446: 2428: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2388: 2371: 2356: 2341: 2326: 2311: 2310:, August 2010. 2304: 2287: 2270: 2255: 2249: 2236: 2219: 2204: 2189: 2172: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2149: 2140: 2127: 2118: 2109: 2096: 2087: 2074: 2065: 2056: 2043: 2034: 2021: 2012: 1999: 1990: 1988:Sears, p. 224. 1981: 1972: 1947: 1938: 1925: 1912: 1899: 1890: 1888:Sears, p. 217. 1881: 1868: 1855: 1842: 1829: 1820: 1807: 1794: 1785: 1772: 1763: 1754: 1745: 1732: 1719: 1706: 1693: 1680: 1667: 1654: 1641: 1628: 1615: 1602: 1589: 1576: 1563: 1561:Martin, p. 198 1554: 1541: 1528: 1519: 1510: 1497: 1484: 1475: 1462: 1445: 1432: 1416: 1403: 1394: 1381: 1368: 1359: 1350: 1341: 1328: 1326:Martin, p. 60. 1319: 1306: 1304:Sears, p. 155. 1297: 1288: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1256: 1247: 1238: 1137: 1126: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1100:Cemetery Ridge 1052: 1037: 1034: 964: 963: 954: 953: 945: 944: 943: 942: 941: 939: 936: 909:spherical case 883: 880: 868:157th New York 850:Isaac E. Avery 842:John B. Gordon 803: 800: 751: 748: 737:Dodson Ramseur 710:Alfred Iverson 697: 694: 680: 677: 602:Jubal A. Early 552: 549: 538: 501:Rufus R. Dawes 488: 485: 472:Medal of Honor 459:Willoughby Run 438: 435: 394:Willoughby Run 377: 374: 336:William Gamble 293:Cemetery Ridge 285:Seminary Ridge 236: 233: 231: 228: 220: 217: 209: 206: 204: 201: 185: 182: 180: 177: 153:Jubal A. Early 43: 37: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3304: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3238: 3237: 3228: 3226: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3180:West Virginia 3178: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3159:Departments: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3139:Cavalry Corps 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3090:1st Minnesota 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3006:John Sedgwick 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2991:Henry J. Hunt 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2941:Joseph Hooker 2938: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2911:J.E.B. Stuart 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2836: 2835:Robert E. Lee 2832: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2787:Monterey Pass 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2695:Sporting Hill 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2625: 2624: 2621: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2538:0-253-34258-9 2535: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2523:0-8032-7077-1 2520: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2488: 2485: 2484:0-684-85979-3 2481: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2467:0-394-49517-9 2464: 2460: 2456: 2455: 2450: 2449:Foote, Shelby 2447: 2444: 2443:0-385-04167-5 2440: 2436: 2432: 2431:Catton, Bruce 2429: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2404: 2403:0-06-019363-8 2400: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2385:0-395-86761-4 2382: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2368:0-8078-2624-3 2365: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2353:0-915992-63-9 2350: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2324: 2323:0-938289-81-0 2320: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2267:0-306-81175-8 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2233:0-684-84944-5 2230: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2216:0-684-84569-5 2213: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2201:0-944413-67-6 2198: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2186:0-7922-7568-3 2183: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2159:Adkin, Mark. 2158: 2157: 2144: 2137: 2131: 2122: 2113: 2106: 2100: 2091: 2084: 2078: 2069: 2060: 2053: 2047: 2038: 2031: 2025: 2016: 2009: 2003: 1994: 1985: 1976: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1942: 1935: 1929: 1922: 1916: 1909: 1903: 1894: 1885: 1878: 1872: 1865: 1859: 1852: 1846: 1839: 1833: 1824: 1817: 1811: 1804: 1798: 1789: 1782: 1776: 1767: 1758: 1749: 1742: 1736: 1729: 1723: 1716: 1710: 1703: 1697: 1690: 1684: 1677: 1671: 1664: 1658: 1651: 1645: 1638: 1632: 1625: 1619: 1612: 1606: 1599: 1593: 1586: 1580: 1573: 1567: 1558: 1551: 1545: 1538: 1532: 1523: 1514: 1507: 1501: 1494: 1488: 1479: 1472: 1466: 1459: 1455: 1449: 1442: 1436: 1429: 1423: 1421: 1413: 1407: 1398: 1391: 1385: 1378: 1372: 1363: 1354: 1345: 1338: 1332: 1323: 1316: 1310: 1301: 1292: 1285: 1279: 1275: 1260: 1251: 1242: 1235: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1141: 1131: 1127: 1119: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1091:J.E.B. Stuart 1088: 1084: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1066: 1064: 1057: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1033: 1031: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 981: 973: 958: 949: 938:Union retreat 935: 933: 929: 928:James H. Lane 924: 921: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 896: 888: 879: 875: 871: 869: 863: 860: 856: 851: 847: 846:Harry T. Hays 843: 837: 834: 828: 826: 822: 821:Adelbert Ames 819:, Brig. Gen. 818: 814: 810: 799: 795: 793: 792:24th Michigan 789: 785: 780: 778: 774: 764: 760: 758: 747: 745: 740: 738: 734: 733:Junius Daniel 730: 725: 723: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 693: 685: 676: 674: 670: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 629: 626: 622: 618: 614: 609: 607: 603: 598: 594: 590: 586: 581: 579: 575: 574:Dorsey Pender 571: 567: 557: 548: 537: 532: 530: 526: 521: 520:American flag 516: 514: 510: 509:14th Brooklyn 506: 505:84th New York 502: 493: 484: 482: 478: 473: 468: 462: 460: 456: 452: 443: 434: 431: 425: 423: 418: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 382: 373: 371: 367: 363: 354: 350: 348: 344: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 289:Cemetery Hill 286: 282: 276: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 241: 226: 215: 199: 195: 191: 176: 173: 172:Cemetery Hill 169: 165: 160: 158: 154: 150: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 126: 124: 121:of the Union 120: 116: 113: 109: 105: 102: 98: 93: 91: 87: 84: 81: 77: 73: 72:Robert E. Lee 70: 67: 63: 59: 55: 34: 30: 19: 3279: 3247: 3235: 3190:Pennsylvania 3129:Second Corps 3085:Iron Brigade 3021:George Sykes 2939: 2871:John B. Hood 2833: 2807:Manassas Gap 2792:Williamsport 2578: 2559: 2544: 2529: 2514: 2499: 2491: 2475: 2458: 2452: 2434: 2416: 2394: 2376: 2359: 2344: 2329: 2314: 2307: 2292: 2275: 2258: 2240: 2224: 2207: 2192: 2177: 2160: 2143: 2135: 2130: 2121: 2112: 2104: 2099: 2090: 2082: 2077: 2068: 2059: 2051: 2046: 2037: 2029: 2024: 2015: 2007: 2002: 1993: 1984: 1975: 1963:. Retrieved 1959: 1950: 1941: 1933: 1928: 1920: 1915: 1907: 1902: 1893: 1884: 1876: 1871: 1863: 1858: 1850: 1845: 1837: 1832: 1823: 1815: 1810: 1802: 1797: 1788: 1780: 1775: 1766: 1757: 1748: 1740: 1735: 1727: 1722: 1714: 1709: 1701: 1696: 1688: 1683: 1675: 1670: 1662: 1657: 1649: 1644: 1636: 1631: 1623: 1618: 1610: 1605: 1597: 1592: 1584: 1579: 1571: 1566: 1557: 1549: 1544: 1536: 1531: 1522: 1513: 1505: 1500: 1492: 1487: 1478: 1470: 1465: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1440: 1435: 1427: 1411: 1406: 1397: 1389: 1384: 1376: 1371: 1362: 1353: 1344: 1336: 1331: 1322: 1314: 1309: 1300: 1291: 1283: 1278: 1259: 1250: 1241: 1233: 1219: 1210: 1196: 1189:Harry Hansen 1170: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1140: 1130: 1112: 1080: 1068: 1062: 1059: 1054: 1039: 1026: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 925: 917: 897: 893: 876: 872: 864: 848:and Colonel 838: 829: 805: 796: 781: 769: 753: 741: 726: 724:phenomena.) 722:supernatural 718: 714:Henry Baxter 699: 690: 665: 630: 610: 582: 562: 545: 534: 517: 498: 487:Railroad cut 480: 479:glad to see 476: 463: 455:Iron Brigade 448: 426: 414: 410:Iron Brigade 398:Herbst Woods 387: 359: 309: 277: 269:regular army 246: 161: 138:Second Corps 127: 94: 53: 51: 29: 3269: / 3168:Susquehanna 3163:Monongahela 3134:Third Corps 3124:First Corps 2971:John Gibbon 2951:John Buford 2825:Confederate 2710:Hunterstown 2658:Engagements 1191:wrote that 823:, and Col. 649:Carl Schurz 643:(Maj. Gen. 635:(Maj. Gen. 551:Midday lull 513:E.B. Fowler 451:Hardee hats 303:(Maj. Gen. 297:Culp's Hill 257:John Buford 219:Confederate 115:John Buford 108:Third Corps 66:Confederate 56:during the 47: Union 3257:77°13′57″W 3254:39°49′05″N 3095:20th Maine 2933:commanders 2861:Henry Heth 2827:commanders 2729:Gettysburg 2690:Upperville 2685:Middleburg 2457:. Vol. 2, 2435:Glory Road 2377:Gettysburg 2250:0939631970 1271:References 1071:Lost Cause 1018:Pipe Creek 639:) and the 525:enfilading 340:Lieutenant 312:Henry Heth 179:Background 112:Brig. Gen. 97:Henry Heth 3080:XII Corps 3060:III Corps 2866:A.P. Hill 2802:Funkstown 2797:Boonsboro 2715:Fairfield 2105:First Day 2083:First Day 2052:First Day 2030:First Day 2008:First Day 1936:, p. 302. 1934:First Day 1921:First Day 1908:First Day 1877:First Day 1864:First Day 1851:First Day 1838:First Day 1818:, p. 217. 1816:First Day 1803:First Day 1783:, p. 292. 1781:First Day 1741:First Day 1728:First Day 1715:First Day 1702:First Day 1689:First Day 1676:First Day 1663:First Day 1652:, p. 158. 1650:First Day 1639:, p. 238. 1637:First Day 1626:, p. 130. 1624:First Day 1598:First Day 1585:First Day 1572:First Day 1550:First Day 1537:First Day 1508:, p. 112. 1506:First Day 1493:First Day 1471:First Day 1454:First Day 1441:First Day 1412:First Day 1390:First Day 1377:First Day 1337:First Day 1315:First Day 1284:First Day 1234:First Day 1207:, p. 370. 1205:500488542 1096:III Corps 744:Roy Stone 679:Afternoon 641:XII Corps 633:III Corps 568:and Col. 316:A.P. Hill 146:Maj. Gen. 104:A.P. Hill 83:Maj. 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Knowledge

Battle of Gettysburg, first day

Index