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retreat following the Battle of New Bern. Federal siege artillery followed, and Parke set up four batteries that would bear on the fort: four 8-inch (20.3 cm) mortars at a range of 1200 yards (1100 meters); four 10-inch (25.4 cm) mortars at a range of 1600 yards (1460 meters); three 30-pounder (13.6 kg) rifled
Parrotts at a range of 1300 yards (1190 meters); and a 12-pounder (5.4 kg) boat howitzer at a range of 1200 yards (1100 meters). The batteries were moved up at night and remained hidden behind sand dunes until they were ready to open fire. The defenders were aware of these activities, but could not waste ammunition by firing at unseen targets. Patrols sent out from the fort to harass the Union soldiers were driven back, usually without loss. On April 17, General Burnside could state in his report to the War Department, "I hope to reduce the fort within ten days." His prediction proved to be remarkably accurate.
50:
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could consult with
Burnside. Burnside reasoned that White could hold out at least one more day, and further action would only cause more casualties and greater damage to the fort. He therefore agreed to adhere to his first terms. The men in the fort were allowed to give their paroles, meaning that they would not take up arms against the United States until properly exchanged. They then were permitted to return to their homes, taking with them their personal property. Shortly after dawn on April 26, the Confederate flag was lowered, the defenders marched out, and Union soldiers of the 5th Rhode Island marched in.
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525:, acting on his own responsibility, was able to deliver messages to the battery commanders telling them how to adjust their range. After noon, virtually all shots were on target. Nineteen guns were dismounted. The walls of the fort began to crumble under the continued pounding, and in mid-afternoon Colonel White began to fear that the magazine would be breached. At 4:30 p.m., he decided that the fort could no longer hold out, so he ordered that a white flag be raised. Firing on both sides then ceased.
452:, commander of his Third Brigade, to reduce the fort. Parke began by seizing the towns along the inner shore: Carolina City on March 21, Morehead City on March 22, Newport on March 23, and finally Beaufort on March 25. Communications between the garrison and other Confederate forces were thereby severed. Parke also had to repair a railroad bridge at Newport, burned by the retreating Confederates following the loss of New Bern; the railroad was needed for the transport of his siege artillery.
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380:. Begun in 1826, it was completed and received its first garrison in 1834. As it was intended for defense against attacking enemy naval forces, it was built of masonry. Gunfire from a rolling ship's deck was not accurate enough at that time to be able to break down brick and stone walls. Although the advent of rifled artillery would soon make its walls vulnerable, no alterations were made in the fort. It was a generation out of date when the Civil War came.
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sergeant. When the fort was taken over by North
Carolina troops under Captain Josiah Solomon Pender on April 14 (before the state had seceded from the Union), only four guns were mounted. The local military authorities immediately set about improving the armament. A total of 56 pieces (5 8-inch and 2 10-inch columbiads, 19 24-pounders, 32 32-pounders, and 6 field guns) were mounted, but they had ammunition for only three days of action.
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391:. Sickness reduced this number by about a third. Despite the poor diet and other living conditions that they suffered, only one man died. Morale among the men was generally not good, as they were cut off from their families, and White was unpopular, both with his men and with the people of Beaufort. A few men deserted during the siege.
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bombardment as soon as possible. Parke waited until nightfall to open the embrasures for his guns behind the dunes. The bombardment began at dawn on April 25. At first, the gunners in the fort manned their pieces and replied vigorously, but they were unable to inflict damage on the
Federal guns protected by the dunes.
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supplied a pair of floating batteries to the attack, but again the waves interfered, and only one of them got into action. It is not certain whether the fort sustained any hits from the ships. The
Confederate return fire was accurate enough to hit two vessels, doing little damage and slightly wounding only one man.
472:
On March 23, General Parke sent a message from his headquarters at
Carolina City to Colonel White, demanding the surrender of the fort. He offered to release the men on parole if the fort was turned over intact. White replied tersely, "I have the honor to decline evacuating Fort Macon." The siege can
528:
Colonel White met with
General Parke to discuss terms, and Parke at first demanded unconditional surrender. White asked him for more favorable conditions, and referred to the terms that General Burnside had offered on March 23. Parke did not concede, but agreed not to renew the bombardment until he
476:
The investment of the fort was not yet complete, but that was accomplished on March 29, when a company from Parke's brigade crossed the sound and landed unopposed on Bogue Banks. The
Confederate infantry that would have defended against the landing, the 26th North Carolina, had been included in the
549:
Although the
Burnside Expedition had gained notable success at little cost in North Carolina, little was done to exploit it. Wilmington, for example, would seem to have been vulnerable, but it was not attacked until the final days of the war. Burnside was recalled shortly after the victory at Fort
383:
After the first spate of enthusiasm, the fort was allowed to deteriorate. The woodwork rotted, the ironwork rusted, and gun carriages were allowed to decay. The garrison was steadily reduced in size, until by the time of the beginning of the Civil War the care of the fort was entrusted to a single
545:
The battle had been relatively bloodless, at least by standards that soon would be common in the Civil War. On the Union side, only one man was killed, and two soldiers and one seaman were wounded. On the
Confederate side, seven were killed outright, two died of wounds, and sixteen were wounded.
517:
responded to the sound of gunfire and brought his section of the fleet into action. The weather was not good for a naval bombardment, however; a strong wind created waves that caused the vessels to rock badly enough to disrupt their aim, and after about an hour, the fleet withdrew. The Navy also
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Preparations were completed by April 23, and on that day General Burnside communicated directly with Colonel White and repeated his demand for surrender, again offering to release the prisoners on parole. Colonel White once more refused, so Burnside on April 24 ordered General Parke to begin the
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in Virginia. No further major offensive actions took place, and North Carolina became a secondary theater until late in the war. The flag was returned to the State of North Carolina in 1906, in a Senate Chamber ceremony attended by veterans of the siege. The battle site is now
447:
So long as Fort Macon remained in Confederate possession, Burnside (recently promoted to rank of major general) could not use the ports at Beaufort and Morehead City, so immediately following the capture of New Bern on March 14, he ordered Brigadier General
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When battle came, the fort was outdated, inadequately armed, poorly supplied, and intended for a different form of combat than that it faced. These deficiencies are adequate to explain why the fort succumbed so readily at the first blow.
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to take control of the North Carolina Sounds and their adjacent cities. The expedition that came to be known by his name got under way in January 1862, and in early February had made its first conquest,
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commander, Colonel Moses J. White, ordered the raising of a white flag. Burnside's terms of surrender were accepted, and the Federal troops took possession of the fort the next morning.
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344:. The Union force invested the fort with siege works and on April 25 opened an accurate fire on the fort, soon breaching the masonry walls. Within a few hours the fort's
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and the War Department. He was given authority to recruit and organize a division, to be known as the Coast Division, which would work with the Navy's
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developed a plan to expand Federal control of eastern North Carolina by a joint Army-Navy expedition. His plan was approved by General-in-Chief
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Series I: 53 volumes. Series II: 8 volumes. Series III: 5 volumes. Series IV: 4 volumes. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1886–1901.
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Coastal North Carolina in the vicinity of Fort Macon, showing how it dominated the seaward approaches to Morehead City and Beaufort.
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440:(often spelled New Berne at the time). Most of the Confederate Army were forced away from the coast as far inland as
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p. 35, says that only 43 guns were mounted. Burnside says in his report that 54 were taken. ORA I, vol. 9, p. 275.
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The initial fire from the mortars on shore was inaccurate, but a Signal Corps officer in Beaufort, Lieutenant
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At the time of the siege, the garrison of the fort numbered about 430 officers and men, commanded by Colonel
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War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate Armies.
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coastal forts that were built around the borders of the still-young United States following the
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Series I: 27 volumes. Series II: 3 volumes. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1894–1922.
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From Cape Charles to Cape Fear: the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron during the Civil War.
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1021:. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.Retrieved 2016-07-20.
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ORA I, v. 9, pp. 288, 290. White in his report says that 15 were disabled, p. 294.
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Official records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion.
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Official records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion.
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Storm over Carolina: the Confederate Navy's struggle for eastern North Carolina.
513:. Until this time, the Navy had not been involved with the siege, but Commander
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The defenders were also distracted by the appearance of four vessels from the
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of North Carolina, and was intended to defend the entrance to the ports of
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Hawkins, Rush C., "Early coast operations in North Carolina," pp. 652–654.
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In late March, Major General Burnside’s army advanced on Fort Macon, a
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by these battles. The major exception was the garrison of Fort Macon.
944:
Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War
333:
432:. Following that, the joint forces went on to other victories at
315:
244:
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Military operations of the American Civil War in North Carolina
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Burnside, Ambrose E., "The Burnside Expedition," pp. 660–669.
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403:
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Map of Fort Macon Battlefield core and study areas by the
946:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019.
368:. It was built on the eastern end of Bogue Banks, in the
1406:
Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War
411:
Shortly after the Union forces had taken possession of
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The farmer and mechanic.(Raleigh, N.C.), 06 March 1906
925:
Johnson, Robert Underwood, and Clarence Clough Buel,
303:took place from March 23 to April 26, 1862, on the
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929:Century, 1887, 1888; reprint ed., Castle, n.d.
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1049:Battle of Fort Macon - Civil-War-Journeys.org
348:began to collapse, and in late afternoon the
230:
473:be regarded as starting with this exchange.
336:masonry fort that commanded the channel to
161:3rd Division, Department of North Carolina
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237:
223:
1411:Union victories of the American Civil War
1085:North Carolina in the American Civil War
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459:
402:
1416:Naval battles of the American Civil War
611:
609:
607:
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466:American Battlefield Protection Program
14:
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415:on the Outer Banks, Brigadier General
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927:Battles and leaders of the Civil War.
832:ORA I, vol. 9, pp. 291–292. Trotter,
340:, 35 miles (56 km) southeast of
218:
1401:Burnside's North Carolina Expedition
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1007:National Park Service Battle Summary
989:of the Union and Confederate Armies.
959:Ironclads and columbiads: the coast.
761:ORA I, v. 9, pp. 277, 278. Trotter,
602:
248:Burnside's North Carolina Expedition
583:Abbreviations used in these notes:
24:
1099:Battle of Hatteras Inlet Batteries
425:North Atlantic Blockading Squadron
164:North Atlantic Blockading Squadron
25:
1462:
1025:
1421:Sieges of the American Civil War
1340:
1331:
1330:
867:ORA I, vol. 9, p. 275. Hawkins,
713:ORA I, vol. 9, p. 293. Trotter,
593:ORN (Official records, navies):
587:ORA (Official records, armies):
48:
27:Action of the American Civil War
1426:Carteret County, North Carolina
1037:Fort Macon State Park Home Page
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702:From Cape Charles to Cape Fear,
685:From Cape Charles to Cape Fear,
648:ORA I, v. 9, pp. 272, 281, 295.
309:Carteret County, North Carolina
91:Carteret County, North Carolina
1436:1862 in the American Civil War
707:
690:
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13:
1:
1261:Battle of Monroe's Crossroads
1155:Battle of Goldsborough Bridge
891:
355:
1246:Second Battle of Fort Fisher
1001:Ser. I, vol. 9, pp. 270–294.
532:
7:
1230:First Battle of Fort Fisher
979:Ser. I, vol. 7, pp.277–283.
700:pp. 10, 135–136. Browning,
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541:Fort Macon after the battle
10:
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360:Fort Macon was one of the
74:– April 26, 1862
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1310:
1289:
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1207:Battle of Albemarle Sound
1189:
1163:
1140:Battle of Tranter's Creek
1107:
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897:Browning, Robert M. Jr.,
882:Ironclads and columbiads,
834:Ironclads and columbiads,
814:ORA I, v. 9, pp. 273–274.
776:Ironclads and columbiads,
763:Ironclads and columbiads,
715:Ironclads and columbiads,
698:Ironclads and columbiads,
681:Ironclads and columbiads,
668:Ironclads and columbiads,
637:Ironclads and columbiads,
550:Macon, to assist General
323:North Carolina Expedition
256:
192:
175:
155:
134:
112:
58:
47:
39:
34:
1225:Rainbow Bluff Expedition
1120:Battle of Elizabeth City
1115:Battle of Roanoke Island
994:The War of the Rebellion
915:Cumberland House, 2005.
901:Univ. of Alabama, 1993.
856:Ironclads and columbiads
578:
455:
66:March 23, 1862
1266:Battle of Averasborough
1171:Battle of Fort Anderson
961:Joseph F. Blair, 1989.
183:2,649 present for duty
1431:1862 in North Carolina
823:ORN I, vol. 7, p. 279.
805:ORA I, vol. 9, p. 275.
796:ORA I, vol. 9, p. 270.
787:ORA I, vol. 9, p. 273,
752:ORA I, vol. 9, p. 277.
542:
469:
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135:Commanders and leaders
1377:34.69611°N 76.67889°W
1276:Battle of Morrisville
1271:Battle of Bentonville
1135:Battle of South Mills
1032:Beaufort Harbor, 1862
985:A Compilation of the
957:Trotter, William R.,
911:Campbell, R. Thomas,
561:Fort Macon State Park
540:
463:
406:
193:Casualties and losses
1251:Battle of Wilmington
1176:Battle of Washington
1150:Battle of White Hall
743:vol. 1, pp. 652–653.
741:Battles and leaders,
730:vol. 1, pp. 660–669.
728:Battles and leaders,
657:ORA I, v. 9, p. 294.
18:Battle of Fort Macon
1382:34.69611; -76.67889
1373: /
1256:Battle of Wyse Fork
1220:Capture of Plymouth
1130:Siege of Fort Macon
1012:CWSAC Report Update
869:Battles and leaders
626:ORA I, v. 9, p. 381
616:CWSAC Report Update
552:George B. McClellan
486:Blockading Squadron
421:George B. McClellan
417:Ambrose E. Burnside
319:Ambrose E. Burnside
301:siege of Fort Macon
188:263 ready for duty
35:Siege of Fort Macon
1202:Battle of Plymouth
1197:Battle of New Bern
1125:Battle of New Bern
1042:2010-01-30 at the
683:p. 134. Browning,
556:Peninsula Campaign
543:
523:William J. Andrews
470:
438:Battle of New Bern
409:
327:American Civil War
42:American Civil War
1451:April 1862 events
1446:March 1862 events
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1145:Battle of Kinston
952:978-1-4696-4972-6
942:Silkenat, David.
871:, vol. 1, p. 654.
311:. It was part of
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967:0-89587-088-6
964:
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936:
933:
932:
928:
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922:
921:1-58182-486-6
918:
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907:0-8173-5019-5
904:
900:
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864:
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835:
829:
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811:
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793:
784:
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764:
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749:
742:
736:
729:
723:
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638:
632:
623:
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584:
574:
573:Fortification
571:
570:
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467:
462:
453:
451:
450:John G. Parke
445:
443:
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435:
431:
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418:
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405:
396:
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385:
381:
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378:Morehead City
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209:~400 captured
204:
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185:
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141:John G. Parke
139:
138:
133:
130:
127:
124:
120:
119:United States
117:
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103:
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97:
96:
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88:
85:
84:
65:
62:
61:
57:
51:
46:
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38:
33:
19:
1358:
1346:
1213:
1129:
1017:
993:
984:
971:
958:
943:
926:
912:
898:
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876:
868:
863:
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850:
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833:
828:
819:
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792:
783:
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762:
757:
748:
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735:
727:
722:
714:
709:
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684:
680:
675:
670:pp. 133–134.
667:
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631:
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588:
582:
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410:
393:
386:
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362:Third System
359:
331:
300:
298:
275:
113:Belligerents
40:Part of the
1380: /
1297:Confederate
370:Outer Banks
366:War of 1812
350:Confederate
325:during the
305:Outer Banks
281:South Mills
207:16 wounded
202:8 captured
181:3,259 total
1395:Categories
1368:76°40′44″W
1365:34°41′46″N
1318:Wilmington
892:References
726:Burnside,
356:Background
313:Union Army
276:Fort Macon
200:5 wounded
171:Garrison
169:Fort Macon
78:1862-04-26
70:1862-03-23
1214:Albemarle
880:Trotter,
854:Trotter,
774:Trotter,
739:Hawkins,
696:Trotter,
679:Trotter,
666:Trotter,
635:Trotter,
533:Aftermath
334:casemated
205:8 killed
198:2 killed
186:450 total
1336:Category
1040:Archived
567:See also
504:Chippewa
492:Daylight
374:Beaufort
342:New Bern
338:Beaufort
271:New Bern
176:Strength
86:Location
1347:Commons
884:p. 145.
836:p. 143.
778:p. 135.
765:p. 137.
717:p. 138.
639:p. 141.
554:in the
510:Gemsbok
442:Kinston
399:Prelude
316:General
104:victory
76: (
68: (
1311:Places
965:
950:
919:
905:
687:p. 35.
501:, and
98:Result
1302:Union
1290:Units
579:Notes
456:Siege
346:scarp
123:Union
102:Union
1239:1865
1190:1864
1164:1863
1108:1862
1092:1861
963:ISBN
948:ISBN
917:ISBN
903:ISBN
490:USS
436:and
376:and
299:The
63:Date
321:'s
307:of
1397::
604:^
563:.
495:,
329:.
1077:e
1070:t
1063:v
954:.
468:.
238:e
231:t
224:v
125:)
121:(
80:)
72:)
20:)
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