43:
3412:
797:
3460:
246:
235:
224:
213:
163:
3403:
3447:
811:
3428:
3352:
3383:
3365:
3342:
594:
3332:
3394:
504:
348:
201:
183:
151:
470:
had led rebellions for autonomy from Lhasa. Because of this, the
Chinese communists viewed them as potential revolutionary allies. In January 1950, the communists officially proposed to aid the Pandatsang brothers' cause in exchange for them to stay on the sidelines during the "liberation of Tibet",
726:
On 21 October, Lhasa instructed its delegation to leave immediately for
Beijing for consultations with the PRC government, and to accept the first provision if the status of the Dalai Lama could be guaranteed, while rejecting the other two conditions. It later rescinded even acceptance of the first
580:
in Delhi on 16 September 1950. Yuan communicated a three-point claimed proposal that Tibet be regarded as part of China, that China be responsible for Tibet's defense, and that China was responsible for Tibet's trade and foreign relations. Refusal would result in conquest by China. The
Tibetans
454:
The Khampa
Tibetans and Lhasa Tibetans held each other in mutual contempt and dislike, with the Khampas in some cases hating Lhasa rule even more than Chinese rule, which was why the Khampas did little to resist Chinese forces as they entered eastern Kham and subsequently took over the whole of
656:
had set up a radio station there. 50 PLA soldiers captured Dengke and destroyed the radio station. Two weeks later (July), 800 Khampa militia (including 300 monks) raided Dengke, claiming to have killed 600 PLA soldiers. In the end, the PLA succeeded in occupying eastern Kham.
585:, on 19 September, recommended cooperation (but with some stipulations about implementation). Chinese troops need not be stationed in Tibet, it was argued, since it was under no threat, and if attacked by India or Nepal could appeal to China for military assistance.
785:, the campaign aimed to capture the Lhasa army occupying Chamdo, demoralize the Lhasa government, and to exert pressure to get Tibetan representatives to agree to negotiations in Beijing and sign terms recognizing China's sovereignty over Tibet.
572:
and aimed to secure assurances that it would respect Tibet's territorial integrity, among other things. The dialogue was delayed by a debate between the
Tibetan, Indian, British and the PRC delegation over the location of the talks.
459:) Tibetans view the Tibetans of Central Tibet (Tibet proper, ruled by the Dalai Lamas from Lhasa) as different from themselves and even take pride in the fact that they were not ruled by Lhasa ever since the collapse of the
688:
claimed that 5,738 enemy troops were "liquidated", over 5,700 were "destroyed", and "more than 3,000" peacefully surrendered. Active hostilities were limited to a border area controlled by Lhasa northeast of the river
1068:, Random House, 2012, Google e-book: "Tibet had never received de jure recognition from any state; in any case such recognition would be disputed not only by Beijing but also by the nationalist regime in Taiwan.
1081:, p. 32: "the Tibetans signed the so-called 'Seventeen Point Agreement', where they officially acknowledged the Chinese intentions to liberate Tibet, which meant the end of Tibet's de-facto independence."
2570:
1343:, Yale University Press, 2013, p. 2009: "So when Ngapo arrived in Chamdo in 1950, he was in a pessimistic mood. Still, he had his orders and reinforcements were arriving from Lhasa. Tibet would fight."
42:
3835:
3777:
2072:
2535:
2530:
3185:
1010:
Shakya 1999, p.45. Shakya also quotes PRC sources reporting 5738 enemy troops "liquidated" and over 5700 "destroyed". Shakya does not provide an estimate of PRC casualties.
3377:
1032:
2560:
756:
was enthroned ahead of plans. In
February 1951, five plenipotentiaries from Tibet were sent to Beijing to negotiate with the PRC government, led by chief representative
617:
and the gateway to
Tibetan areas. The 18th Army of the PLA formed the leading detachment advancing toward Tibet with the 52nd Division as its main force, and arrived at
3845:
771:
After releasing the captured, Chinese broadcasts promised that if Tibet was "peacefully liberated", the
Tibetan elites would not be denied their positions and power.
3773:
2345:
2067:
1735:
868:
824:
743:
331:
132:
30:
665:
After months of failed negotiations, attempts by Lhasa to secure foreign support and assistance, and the troop buildups by the PRC and Tibet, the PLA crossed the
1761:
648:
In June 1950, the PLA and the
Tibetan army fought for the first time in Dengke (also known as Dengo). Dengke is located beside the main road from GarzĂȘ to
680:
by 19 October, by which time 114 PLA soldiers and 180 Tibetan soldiers had been killed or wounded. The Chamdo governor and commander of
Tibetan forces,
1868:
764:
delegation went to Beijing to conclude peace talks, again led by Ngabo, who would go on to serve in the high ranks of the PLA and PRC government. The
3454:
2885:
1121:
625:(Tachienlu). By mid-April, the 18th Army had at least 30,000 passing through Kangding, and 10,000 Tibetans helped to build the road from Kangding to
774:
Some Khampa fighters continued their opposition. Local warlords later became united under a common objective and hence resulted in the formation of
2791:
577:
1053:: "At the time of its invasion by troops of the People's Liberation Army of China in 1949, Tibet was an independent state in fact and by law."
2502:
3633:
2890:
3304:
1791:
3579:
3422:
2918:
2482:
1049:
NOTE: The exiled Tibetan government in India calls The battle the "...invasion of Tibet by the People's Liberation Army of China," see
87:
2766:
2350:
2020:
2467:
2151:
1223:
Buddha's warriors : the story of the CIA-backed Tibetan freedom fighters, the Chinese invasion, and the ultimate fall of Tibet
490:, some Khampa fighters in exchange for the Tibetan government recognizing the local independence of Kham. Ngabo refused the offer.
2208:
996:): "The Qamdo battle thus came to a victorious end on 24 October, with 114 PLA soldiers and 180 Tibetan troops killed or wounded."
1726:
3325:
3148:
2259:
2105:
412:
1570:
Wind Between The Worlds The extraordinary first-person account of a Westerner's life in Tibet as an official of the Dalai Lama
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3359:
1697:
1647:
1632:
1599:
1584:
1256:
Buddha's warriors: the story of the CIA-backed Tibetan freedom fighters, the Chinese invasion, and the ultimate fall of Tibet
1205:
613:(PLA) turned its attention to the Republic of China territories in the hinterland. Eastern Kham was the Chinese-held part of
384:
3411:
2830:
711:
With the capture of Chamdo, the PLA believed the objective to have been reached, unilaterally ceased hostilities, and sent
3369:
2340:
857:
581:
undertook to maintain the relationship between China and Tibet as one of preceptor and patron, and their head delegate,
391:
2445:
2400:
1832:
1484:
835:
2472:
1680:
1665:
1614:
1562:
946:
902:
551:
525:
431:
365:
1704:
533:
3840:
1978:
2525:
629:(Kandze), which was completed in August. The 18th Army of the PLA assembled at GarzĂȘ on 30 July, headquartered at
398:
3762:
3297:
3262:
3143:
2977:
2425:
2385:
2118:
1984:
1523:
1050:
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2198:
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1230:
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529:
369:
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3599:
2835:
2636:
2008:
1972:
1850:
1767:
1164:. Cambridge University Press for the School of Oriental and African Studies. University of London, UK.: 385.
569:
472:
447:
was a border region of Tibet. The eastern part of Kham had been under the direct control of China during the
380:
313:
305:
2880:
1542:
3791:
3527:
3442:
3236:
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to reiterate terms of negotiation, and waited for Tibetan representatives to respond through delegates to
3865:
3860:
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2435:
2395:
2141:
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1907:
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1719:
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indicated that the three points could not be accepted, since Tibet would fall under foreign domination.
3830:
3290:
2923:
2852:
2845:
2803:
2585:
2370:
2098:
1880:
2928:
2862:
2715:
2706:
2590:
2580:
2380:
2203:
2156:
1966:
1155:"Qinghai and the Emergence of the West: Nationalities, Communal Interaction and National Integration"
862:
765:
3541:
3537:
3052:
2565:
2271:
2241:
2213:
1844:
1094:, p. 84 : The seventeen points of the agreement ended the de facto independence of Tibet.
514:
990:
The Local Government of Tibet Refused Peace Talks and the PLA Was Forced to Fight the Qamdo Battle
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3589:
3565:
3549:
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1826:
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1712:
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405:
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3213:
3069:
3064:
3041:
2808:
2487:
2460:
2420:
2375:
2328:
2308:
2251:
2091:
1779:
1474:
1191:
1091:
1078:
851:
840:
582:
327:
155:
76:
3402:
2813:
2545:
2450:
2223:
2038:
757:
712:
681:
187:
1441:
BRILL, 2010 trans. Derek F. Maher, Vol.1, pp.916â917, and ch.20 pp.928â942, esp.pp.928â33.
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and a small amount of money, before allowing them to return to their homes. According to
8:
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2014:
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1755:
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1676:
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1201:
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606:
3745:
3741:
3690:
3553:
3415:
3255:
3155:
3106:
3089:
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2906:
2746:
2575:
2455:
2126:
933:
845:
782:
593:
476:
467:
700:
After confiscating their weapons, the PLA soldiers gave the prisoners lectures on
597:
Western Kham and eastern Kham separated by a blue line in the Simla Convention map
3855:
3680:
3439:
3435:
3170:
3160:
3057:
2696:
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1954:
1620:
810:
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753:
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1960:
1747:
1686:
1577:
A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 1: 1913â1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State
690:
630:
460:
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3644:
3180:
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1996:
1919:
1273:
1240:
1169:
938:
728:
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634:
317:
228:
102:
89:
1308:
1290:
Orphans of the Cold War : America and the Tibetan struggle for survival
287:
3,341 killed, wounded, surrendered, captured, or defected (Chinese estimate)
3331:
3138:
3094:
3084:
3036:
3031:
3014:
2662:
2333:
1653:
802:
685:
666:
448:
262:
239:
48:
3517:
3119:
3114:
1934:
816:
217:
2872:
1592:
A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2: The Calm Before the Storm 1951â1955
576:
The Tibetan delegation eventually met with the PRC's ambassador General
312:) occurred from 6 to 24 October 1950. It was a military campaign by the
3723:
3609:
3335:
3231:
3019:
2825:
2316:
2180:
1928:
748:
After news of the defeat at the Battle of Chamdo reached Lhasa, Regent
621:
on 12 February 1950. In March, the People's Liberation Army arrived in
602:
480:
372: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2741:
1640:
Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival
1476:
Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival
1092:
Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan struggle for survival
3393:
2987:
2701:
2536:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
2531:
13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
2281:
920:
A history of modern Tibet, 1913-1951, the demise of the lamaist state
701:
565:
3282:
503:
347:
2657:
2236:
1189:
1065:
Dragon in The Land of Snows: The History of Modern Tibet since 1947
622:
618:
321:
250:
34:
2561:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
669:
on 6 or 7 October 1950 into Lhasa-controlled Chamdo, crossing the
638:
3125:
3079:
2994:
2286:
2083:
2000:
720:
1452:
A History of Modern Tibet: The Calm Before the Storm: 1951â1955,
1354:
A History of Modern Tibet: The Calm Before the Storm: 1951â1955,
3387:
3382:
3364:
3341:
3004:
2653:
2296:
1807:
761:
614:
72:
1607:
The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama
1555:
Demystifying Tibet: Unlocking the Secrets of the Land of Snows
652:, about 100 miles northeast of Chamdo. Former Chamdo governor
3465:
3190:
3009:
2999:
2114:
2073:
Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China
1946:
1739:
716:
168:
768:
was eventually signed between the Chinese and the Tibetans.
564:
On 7 March 1950, a Tibetan government delegation arrived in
2736:
2731:
2231:
1899:
456:
444:
2967:
330:. The campaign resulted in the capture of Chamdo and the
2586:
Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
2571:
Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
1365:
Shakya 1999 p.32 (6 Oct). Goldstein 1997 p.45 (7 Oct).
988:, China Intercontinental Press, 1997, p.209 (see also
637:
from the east. The Qinghai Cavalry Detachment entered
3836:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
2068:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
1658:
The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama
934:
Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama
869:
List of wars involving the People's Republic of China
825:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
744:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
486:
also offered the Lhasa-appointed governor of Chamdo,
332:
annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
133:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
31:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
1051:
Tibet: Proving Truth From Facts. The Status of Tibet
913:
911:
792:
471:
but the Pandatsang brothers decided instead to send
16:
Military campaign by China to retake region in Tibet
684:, surrendered with his 2,700 men. Writing in 1962,
1079:The Tibetan government-in-exile: politics at large
1356:University of California Press, 2009, Vol.2,p.48.
908:
3822:
1225:. New Delhi: Penguin Books. pp. 54â60, 62.
1183:
1033:"Chinese Reds Promise the 'Liberation' of Tibet"
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1374:Survey of China Mainland Press, no. 2854 p.5,6
1190:Lezlee Brown Halper; Stefan A. Halper (2014).
922:. University of California Press. p. 639.
734:On 24 October, all military operations ended.
3846:Wars involving the People's Republic of China
3298:
2503:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
2099:
1720:
1018:
1016:
3634:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists
1097:
1006:
1004:
1002:
895:The Cambridge Handbook of Contemporary China
1792:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
588:
568:to open a dialogue with the newly declared
532:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3305:
3291:
2106:
2092:
1727:
1713:
1013:
676:Two PLA units quickly captured the border
493:
1293:(1st ed.). New York: PublicAffairs.
999:
917:
697:in Tibet) and east of the 96th meridian.
552:Learn how and when to remove this message
432:Learn how and when to remove this message
1428:Shakya 1999 pp.27â32 (entire paragraph).
1258:. New Delhi: Penguin Books. p. 60.
592:
1609:(1997) University of California Press.
1594:(2007) University of California Press.
1579:(1989) University of California Press.
1152:
960:
951:
451:. Its western half is known as Chamdo.
192:
3823:
2260:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
1253:
1220:
985:The historical Status of China's Tibet
727:demand, after a divination before the
3312:
3286:
2341:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
2087:
1708:
1472:
1286:
941:, London: Little, Brown and Co, 1990
2468:1938â1939 German expedition to Tibet
1330:Feigon 1996 p.142. Shakya 1999 p.37.
978:
976:
974:
972:
708:, the PLA did not attack civilians.
530:adding citations to reliable sources
497:
370:adding citations to reliable sources
341:
660:
13:
2446:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
2401:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
2113:
1675:(1999) Columbia University Press.
1500:
887:
836:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
760:. In late April 1951, the Tibetan
641:on 22 July, forming a northâsouth
14:
3882:
2483:Protests and uprisings since 1950
2473:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
1692:, Oxford University Press, 1990,
969:
893:Mackerras, Colin. Yorke, Amanda.
781:According to contemporary author
3774:ROC Government retreat to Taiwan
3458:
3445:
3426:
3410:
3401:
3392:
3381:
3363:
3350:
3340:
3330:
2591:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
2581:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
1127:. pp. 97â98. Archived from
1119:
897:. . Cambridge University Press.
809:
795:
502:
475:to India to seek alternate aid.
346:
244:
233:
222:
211:
199:
181:
161:
149:
41:
3763:Yangtze River Crossing campaign
2566:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
1673:The Dragon In The Land Of Snows
1466:
1457:
1444:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1346:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1280:
1247:
1214:
1146:
1113:
1084:
1071:
1056:
1043:
982:Jiawei Wang et Nima Gyaincain,
858:History of Tibet (1950âpresent)
357:needs additional citations for
2821:Patron and priest relationship
2787:Central Tibetan Administration
2596:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
1025:
926:
778:with assistance from the CIA.
455:Tibet. Likewise, the Qinghai (
309:
1:
3803:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
3778:PRC incorporation of Xinjiang
3370:Constitutional ROC Government
3186:Historical and cultural sites
2551:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
1768:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
1479:. PublicAffairs. p. 71.
1153:Goodman, David S. G. (2004).
918:Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1991).
875:
337:
3792:Wanshan Archipelago Campaign
3528:Chinese Communist Revolution
2526:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
1572:(1957) David Mckay Co., Inc.
1543:Resources in other libraries
1473:Knaus, John Kenneth (2008).
1287:Knaus, John Kenneth (1999).
880:
737:
7:
3388:Republic of China on Taiwan
3356:National Revolutionary Army
3324:Principal belligerents and
2546:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
2436:British expedition to Tibet
2426:Nepal-Tibet War (1855â1856)
2396:Battle of the Salween River
2045:Johnson South Reef Skirmish
1908:Sino-Soviet border conflict
1863:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
1439:One hundred thousand moons,
830:British expedition to Tibet
788:
10:
3887:
3600:Fujian People's Government
3466:People's Republic of China
2919:Postage and postal history
2371:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
1881:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis
1740:People's Republic of China
1625:The Making of Modern Tibet
1517:
1508:A History of Modern Tibet,
1193:Tibet: An Unfinished Story
741:
729:Six-Armed MahÄkÄla deities
601:After the defeat of major
570:People's Republic of China
314:People's Republic of China
3473:
3320:
3249:
3105:
2948:
2941:
2914:
2905:
2871:
2774:
2765:
2724:
2622:
2618:
2609:
2518:
2381:Mongol invasions of Tibet
2361:
2165:
2134:
2125:
2060:
2021:Sino-Vietnamese conflicts
1994:
1944:
1917:
1897:
1890:
1801:
1746:
1538:Resources in your library
863:Seventeen Point Agreement
766:Seventeen Point Agreement
275:
256:
174:
142:
55:
40:
28:
23:
3451:People's Liberation Army
2779:Tibet Autonomous Region
2541:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
2493:1987â1989 Tibetan unrest
1973:Daulat Beg Oldi incident
1557:(1996) Ivan R. Dee Inc.
693:River (upper reaches of
611:People's Liberation Army
589:Invasion of Eastern Kham
269:People's Liberation Army
47:PLA troops crossing the
3841:Battles involving Tibet
3590:Chinese Soviet Republic
3566:Autumn Harvest Uprising
2886:TAR People's Government
2846:Serfs' Emancipation Day
2386:TibetâLadakhâMughal war
1642:(1999) PublicAffairs .
1638:Knaus, Robert Kenneth.
1627:(1996) East Gate Book.
1198:Oxford University Press
673:border at five places.
494:Negotiations with Lhasa
484:Tibet Improvement Party
81:Tibet Autonomous Region
3788:Hainan Island campaign
3667:Double Tenth Agreement
3663:Chongqing Negotiations
3580:Encirclement campaigns
2556:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
2510:Special Frontier Force
1985:Sino-Indian skirmishes
1321:Shakya 1999 p.12,20,21
1254:Dunham, Mikel (2005).
1221:Dunham, Mikel (2005).
752:stepped down, and the
750:Ngawang Sungrab Thutob
598:
175:Commanders and leaders
3677:Jiaochangkou Incident
2929:QinghaiâTibet railway
2924:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
2891:TAR People's Congress
2863:IndiaâTibet relations
2836:Independence movement
2488:1959 Tibetan uprising
2376:Battle of Dafei River
2224:Era of Fragmentation
1762:Kuomintang insurgency
1605:Goldstein, Melvyn C.
1590:Goldstein, Melvyn C.
1575:Goldstein, Melvyn C.
1506:Melvin C. Goldstein,
1454:Vol.2, ibid.pp.41â57.
1450:Melvin C. Goldstein,
1383:Shakya 1999 map p.xiv
1352:Melvin C. Goldstein,
1110:Shakya 1999 pp.28â32.
596:
583:Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa
290:114 killed or wounded
282:180 killed or wounded
276:Casualties and losses
3237:Traditional medicine
2451:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
2272:Relations with Ming
2242:Relations with Song
2214:Relations with Tang
2152:European exploration
2039:Project Blue Sword-B
1979:Sino-Indian Standoff
1967:Sino-Indian skirmish
1660:(2006) Grove Press.
1134:on 23 September 2015
1122:"The Karma of Tibet"
1090:John Kenneth Knaus,
526:improve this section
479:, leader of the pro-
366:improve this article
188:Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme
51:prior to the battle.
3630:Second United Front
3550:NanjingâWuhan split
3498:SunâJoffe Manifesto
3347:National Government
2881:Regional Government
2858:CIA Tibetan program
2841:Serfdom controversy
2725:Traditional regions
2576:Simla Accord (1914)
2498:2008 Tibetan unrest
2322:List of Qing ambans
2267:Phagmodrupa dynasty
2015:Sino-Vietnamese War
1851:Yijiangshan Islands
1803:Cross-Taiwan Strait
1410:Goldstein 1997 p.45
1162:The China Quarterly
1039:. 3 September 1949.
1022:Feigon 1996, p.144.
682:Ngabo Ngawang Jigme
654:Lhalu Tsewang Dorje
488:Ngabo Ngawang Jigme
206:Lhalu Tsewang Dorje
103:31.1372°N 97.1775°E
99: /
3866:Invasions by China
3861:Invasions of Tibet
3570:Guangzhou Uprising
3508:First United Front
3195:(ceremonial scarf)
3166:Dzong architecture
2983:Imperial Preceptor
2853:Sovereignty debate
2799:Etymology of Tibet
2411:Lhasa riot of 1750
2406:Jinchuan campaigns
2391:Battle of Dartsedo
2309:Qing dynasty rule
2252:Yuan dynasty rule
2226:(9thâ13th century)
2027:Battle of Fakashan
1857:Dachen Archipelago
1813:(after 1 Oct 1949)
1463:Laird, 2006 p.306.
1077:Stephanie Roemer,
1037:The New York Times
599:
381:"Battle of Chamdo"
316:(PRC) to take the
3831:Conflicts in 1950
3818:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3732:Liaoshen campaign
3714:Yu Zisan Incident
3681:Peiping rape case
3650:
3649:
3562:Nanchang uprising
3558:Little Long March
3546:Shanghai massacre
3336:Nationalist Party
3314:Chinese Civil War
3280:
3279:
3245:
3244:
2937:
2936:
2901:
2900:
2804:Foreign relations
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2605:
2604:
2461:QinghaiâTibet War
2431:Sikkim expedition
2421:DograâTibetan War
2416:Sino-Nepalese War
2351:political leaders
2329:Post-Qing to 1950
2282:Rinpungpa dynasty
2193:(7thâ9th century)
2081:
2080:
2056:
2055:
2033:Battle of Laoshan
1814:
1786:Xinjiang conflict
1756:Chinese Civil War
1698:978-0-19-581570-2
1690:Captured in Tibet
1671:Shakya, Tsering.
1648:978-1-891620-18-8
1633:978-1-56324-713-2
1600:978-0-520-24941-7
1585:978-0-520-06140-8
1524:Library resources
1401:Laird 2006 p.305.
1392:Laird 2006 p.305.
1207:978-0-19-936836-5
966:Shakya 1999, p.43
957:Laird 2006 p.301.
852:QinghaiâTibet War
841:Tibet (1912â1951)
607:Chinese Civil War
562:
561:
554:
466:Khampas like the
442:
441:
434:
416:
294:
293:
138:
137:
63:6â24 October 1950
3878:
3746:Pingjin campaign
3742:Huaihai campaign
3691:Marshall Mission
3656:
3655:
3542:Shanghai Commune
3538:Nanking incident
3491:
3490:
3476:
3475:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3449:
3430:
3414:
3405:
3396:
3386:
3385:
3374:ROC Armed Forces
3368:
3367:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3334:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3284:
3283:
3265:
3258:
3196:
2973:Tibetan Buddhism
2946:
2945:
2912:
2911:
2782:
2772:
2771:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2478:Battle of Chamdo
2456:Sino-Tibetan War
2312:
2275:
2255:
2245:
2227:
2217:
2204:List of emperors
2194:
2176:
2157:Historical money
2132:
2131:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2085:
2084:
1895:
1894:
1812:
1780:Tibetan uprising
1774:Battle of Chamdo
1729:
1722:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1621:Grunfeld, A. Tom
1529:Battle of Chamdo
1511:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1419:Shakya 1999 p.49
1417:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1350:
1344:
1341:Tibet. A History
1339:Sam van Schaik,
1337:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1159:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1095:
1088:
1082:
1075:
1069:
1062:Tsering Shakya,
1060:
1054:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1011:
1008:
997:
980:
967:
964:
958:
955:
949:
930:
924:
923:
915:
906:
891:
846:Sino-Tibetan War
819:
814:
813:
805:
800:
799:
798:
783:Melvyn Goldstein
661:Battle of Chamdo
557:
550:
546:
543:
537:
506:
498:
477:Pandatsang Rapga
473:George Patterson
437:
430:
426:
423:
417:
415:
374:
350:
342:
311:
298:Battle of Chamdo
284:~3,000 captured
249:
248:
247:
238:
237:
236:
227:
226:
225:
216:
215:
214:
204:
203:
202:
194:
186:
185:
184:
167:
165:
164:
154:
153:
152:
114:
113:
111:
110:
109:
108:31.1372; 97.1775
104:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
57:
56:
45:
24:Battle of Chamdo
21:
20:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3794:
3790:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3761:
3757:Taiping Steamer
3744:
3730:
3679:
3665:
3651:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3436:New Fourth Army
3407:Soviet Republic
3398:Communist Party
3390:
3380:
3362:
3339:
3316:
3311:
3281:
3276:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3241:
3194:
3101:
2933:
2897:
2867:
2780:
2753:
2720:
2697:Tibetan Plateau
2692:Rongbuk Glacier
2678:Yarlung Tsangpo
2601:
2514:
2441:Batang uprising
2363:
2357:
2310:
2304:Khoshut Khanate
2292:Ganden Phodrang
2287:Tsangpa dynasty
2273:
2253:
2243:
2225:
2215:
2192:
2186:Yarlung dynasty
2174:
2161:
2121:
2112:
2082:
2077:
2052:
2009:Paracel Islands
1990:
1955:Sino-Indian War
1940:
1913:
1886:
1845:Dongshan Island
1811:
1805:
1797:
1742:
1736:Armed conflicts
1733:
1703:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1510:vol.2, pp.48â9.
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1449:
1445:
1437:W. D. Shakabpa,
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1301:
1285:
1281:
1266:
1252:
1248:
1233:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1098:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1061:
1057:
1048:
1044:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1000:
981:
970:
965:
961:
956:
952:
939:14th Dalai Lama
931:
927:
916:
909:
892:
888:
883:
878:
815:
808:
801:
796:
794:
791:
776:Chushi Gangdruk
754:14th Dalai Lama
746:
740:
663:
591:
558:
547:
541:
538:
523:
507:
496:
468:Pandatsang clan
438:
427:
421:
418:
375:
373:
363:
351:
340:
286:
283:
245:
243:
242:
234:
232:
231:
223:
221:
220:
212:
210:
200:
198:
197:
182:
180:
162:
160:
150:
148:
128:
122:Chinese victory
107:
105:
101:
98:
93:
90:
88:
86:
85:
84:
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3884:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3620:Xi'an Incident
3617:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3432:8th Route Army
3423:Liberated Area
3329:
3328:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3287:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3210:
3198:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3144:wall paintings
3141:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3111:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3075:Tibetan people
3072:
3070:Social classes
3067:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3017:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2970:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2784:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2707:Nature Reserve
2694:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2346:PRC annexation
2338:
2337:
2336:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2234:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2147:List of rulers
2144:
2138:
2136:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2018:
2012:
2005:
2003:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1961:Chola incident
1958:
1951:
1949:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1869:Burmese border
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1817:
1815:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1788:(1980âpresent)
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1748:Mainland China
1744:
1743:
1738:involving the
1732:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1702:
1701:
1687:Robert W. Ford
1684:
1669:
1651:
1636:
1618:
1603:
1588:
1573:
1568:Ford, Robert.
1566:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1499:
1486:978-0786724031
1485:
1465:
1456:
1443:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1345:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1299:
1279:
1264:
1246:
1231:
1213:
1206:
1200:. p. 89.
1182:
1145:
1120:Arpi, Claude.
1112:
1096:
1083:
1070:
1055:
1042:
1024:
1012:
998:
968:
959:
950:
925:
907:
885:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
873:
872:
866:
860:
855:
849:
843:
838:
833:
827:
821:
820:
806:
790:
787:
742:Main article:
739:
736:
706:the Dalai Lama
691:Gyalmo Ngulchu
678:town of Chamdo
662:
659:
633:, and entered
605:forces in the
590:
587:
578:Yuan Zhongxian
560:
559:
510:
508:
501:
495:
492:
461:Tibetan Empire
440:
439:
354:
352:
345:
339:
336:
292:
291:
288:
278:
277:
273:
272:
266:
259:
258:
254:
253:
208:
177:
176:
172:
171:
158:
145:
144:
140:
139:
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
71:
69:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
38:
37:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3883:
3872:
3871:1950 in China
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3851:1950 in Tibet
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3645:Dixie Mission
3643:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3204:
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1833:Hainan Island
1831:
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1827:Dengbu Island
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509:
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383: â
382:
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377:Find sources:
371:
367:
361:
360:
355:This section
353:
349:
344:
343:
335:
333:
329:
328:Tibetan state
326:
324:
319:
318:Chamdo Region
315:
307:
303:
299:
289:
285:
280:
279:
274:
270:
267:
264:
261:
260:
255:
252:
241:
230:
229:Deng Xiaoping
219:
209:
207:
195:
189:
179:
178:
173:
170:
159:
157:
147:
146:
141:
134:
131:
126:
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118:
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112:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
66:
62:
59:
58:
54:
50:
44:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3767:
3756:
3725:
3702:
3554:715 Incident
3391:
3212:
3205:
3191:
3139:sand mandala
3131:
3124:
3065:Sinicization
3037:Panchen Lama
3032:Lhamo La-tso
3015:Ganden Tripa
2809:Human rights
2683:Grand Canyon
2663:Namcha Barwa
2656: /
2477:
2334:Tibetan Army
2232:Guge kingdom
2023:(1979â1991)
1839:Nanri Island
1773:
1689:
1672:
1657:
1639:
1624:
1606:
1591:
1576:
1569:
1554:
1528:
1507:
1502:
1490:. Retrieved
1475:
1468:
1459:
1451:
1446:
1438:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1361:
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1348:
1340:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1289:
1282:
1255:
1249:
1222:
1216:
1192:
1185:
1173:. Retrieved
1161:
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1129:the original
1115:
1086:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1045:
1036:
1027:
994:china.com.cn
993:
984:
962:
953:
932:
928:
919:
894:
889:
803:China portal
780:
773:
770:
747:
733:
725:
710:
699:
686:Zhang Guohua
675:
670:
667:Jinsha River
664:
647:
600:
575:
563:
548:
539:
524:Please help
512:
465:
453:
449:Qing dynasty
443:
428:
422:October 2017
419:
409:
402:
395:
388:
376:
364:Please help
359:verification
356:
322:
301:
297:
295:
281:
263:Tibetan Army
240:Zhang Guohua
143:Belligerents
49:Mekong River
29:Part of the
18:
3518:Canton Coup
3149:wall murals
3053:Catholicism
2637:Environment
2311:(1720â1912)
2274:(1368â1644)
2254:(1270â1350)
2175:(Neolithic)
2173:Prehistory
1987:(2020-2021)
1969:(1986-1987)
1937:(1965â1973)
1935:Vietnam War
1931:(1950â1953)
1770:(1950â1958)
1764:(1949â1961)
848:(1930â1932)
832:(1903â1904)
817:Asia portal
645:on Chamdo.
325:independent
218:Liu Bocheng
127:Territorial
106: /
3825:Categories
3701:Operation
3610:Long March
3232:Tibetology
3201:Literature
3020:Dalai Lama
2873:Government
2831:Tibet Area
2826:Golden Urn
2792:Parliament
2317:Lifan Yuan
2244:(960â1279)
2181:Zhangzhung
2166:Chronology
1929:Korean War
1922:and allies
1300:1891620185
1265:0144001047
1232:0144001047
876:References
603:Kuomintang
542:April 2023
481:Kuomintang
392:newspapers
338:Background
94:97°10âČ39âłE
91:31°08âČ14âłN
3799:1950â1958
3738:1948â1949
3703:Beleaguer
3697:1945â1949
3687:1945â1947
3626:1937â1946
3606:1934â1936
3596:1933â1934
3586:1931â1934
3576:1930â1934
3524:1927â1949
3483:Post-1945
3326:campaigns
3214:Chronicle
3176:Festivals
2988:Dpon-chen
2958:Languages
2953:Education
2702:Changtang
2644:Mountains
2611:Geography
2519:Documents
2364:conflicts
2216:(618â907)
2135:Overviews
1883:(1995â96)
1871:(1960â61)
1821:Kuningtou
1758:(1927â50)
1274:224529359
1241:224529359
1170:0305-7410
881:Citations
738:Aftermath
702:socialism
566:Kalimpong
513:does not
3770:Incident
3768:Amethyst
3759:Incident
3728:incident
3479:Pre-1945
3416:Red Army
3272:Category
3156:Calendar
3090:Diaspora
2963:Religion
2767:Politics
2668:Tanggula
2658:Changtse
2362:Wars and
2237:Tsongkha
2199:Timeline
2142:Timeline
2119:articles
2061:See also
1875:Dong-Yin
1492:24 April
1309:40714203
1138:24 April
905:. p.100.
789:See also
671:de facto
623:Kangding
323:de facto
271:: 40,000
257:Strength
251:Fan Ming
83:, China)
68:Location
35:Cold War
33:and the
3726:Kiangya
3256:Outline
3220:writers
3161:Cuisine
3126:thangka
3107:Culture
3080:Changpa
2995:Nyingma
2942:Society
2907:Economy
2742:Ă-Tsang
2716:Valleys
2674:Rivers
2649:Kailash
2209:Lönchen
2191:Empire
2127:History
2001:Vietnam
1518:Sources
1175:13 July
871:(1949â)
721:Beijing
631:Xinlong
534:removed
519:sources
406:scholar
320:from a
306:Chinese
265:: 8,500
190: (
129:changes
3856:Chamdo
3463:
3207:Annals
3171:Emblem
3133:tsakli
3005:Jonang
2654:Lhotse
2598:(2008)
2297:Kashag
2117:
2047:(1988)
2041:(1986)
2035:(1984)
2029:(1981)
2017:(1979)
2011:(1974)
1981:(2017)
1975:(2013)
1963:(1967)
1957:(1962)
1910:(1969)
1877:(1965)
1865:(1958)
1859:(1955)
1853:(1955)
1847:(1953)
1841:(1952)
1835:(1950)
1829:(1949)
1823:(1949)
1808:Taiwan
1794:(1989)
1782:(1959)
1776:(1950)
1696:
1679:
1664:
1646:
1631:
1613:
1598:
1583:
1561:
1526:about
1483:
1307:
1297:
1272:
1262:
1239:
1229:
1204:
1168:
945:
901:
865:(1951)
854:(1932)
762:Kashag
643:pincer
635:Litang
615:Sikang
609:, the
408:
401:
394:
387:
379:
308::
166:
119:Result
73:Chamdo
3263:Index
3227:Music
3192:Khata
3095:Names
3085:Yolmo
3058:Islam
3010:Gelug
3000:Kagyu
2978:Sakya
2781:(TAR)
2747:Ngari
2632:Fauna
2627:Flora
2115:Tibet
1947:India
1158:(PDF)
1132:(PDF)
1125:(PDF)
758:Ngabo
717:Lhasa
713:Ngabo
650:Yushu
639:GyĂȘgu
627:GarzĂȘ
619:Ya'an
413:JSTOR
399:books
302:Qamdo
169:China
156:Tibet
79:(now
77:Tibet
3784:1950
3752:1949
3720:1948
3710:1947
3673:1946
3659:1945
3641:1944
3616:1936
3534:1927
3514:1926
3504:1924
3494:1923
3440:etc.
3181:Flag
3120:rugs
3042:list
3025:list
2814:LGBT
2737:Kham
2732:Amdo
1900:USSR
1806:(vs
1694:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1662:ISBN
1644:ISBN
1629:ISBN
1611:ISBN
1596:ISBN
1581:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1494:2014
1481:ISBN
1305:OCLC
1295:ISBN
1270:OCLC
1260:ISBN
1237:OCLC
1227:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1177:2014
1166:ISSN
1140:2014
943:ISBN
899:ISBN
517:any
515:cite
457:Amdo
445:Kham
385:news
310:æéœæćœč
300:(or
296:The
60:Date
3724:SS
3115:Art
2968:Bon
1995:vs
1945:vs
1918:vs
1898:vs
715:to
528:by
368:by
193:POW
3827::
3453:)
3438:,
3434:,
3418:)
3400:/
3376:)
3358:)
3338:/
1810:)
1656:.
1623:.
1303:.
1268:.
1235:.
1196:.
1160:.
1099:^
1035:.
1015:^
1001:^
992:,
971:^
937:,
910:^
723:.
463:.
334:.
304:;
196:)
75:,
3636:)
3632:(
3455:â
3443:â
3425:(
3420:â
3409:(
3378:â
3372:(
3360:â
3349:(
3306:e
3299:t
3292:v
2107:e
2100:t
2093:v
1999:/
1728:e
1721:t
1714:v
1700:.
1683:.
1668:.
1650:.
1635:.
1617:.
1602:.
1587:.
1565:.
1496:.
1311:.
1276:.
1243:.
1210:.
1179:.
1142:.
555:)
549:(
544:)
540:(
536:.
522:.
435:)
429:(
424:)
420:(
410:·
403:·
396:·
389:·
362:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
