Battle of New Carthage

992: 1230:, with their shields held over their heads and overlapping. Thus protected the soldiers at the front hacked at the gate with axes. The assault against the south wall, by troops landed from the Roman galleys, continued to be pressed hard; after the battle one of the men attacking from this direction shared the award for being the first onto the walls. While the focus of the Carthaginians' efforts continued to be the east and south, the 500 Romans who had gained access from the north attacked east along the wall, cutting down the few defenders they encountered. These Romans gained access to the east gate from the inside and opened it to their comrades outside. At about the same time the Carthaginian defence as a whole wavered and the escalading forces got onto the walls in increasing numbers. 1167: – and the main effort was again against the east gate and the nearby walls. Having expended most of their ammunition repelling the morning attacks, the Carthaginians were not able to respond as effectively to these; they were able to hold the walls with difficulty. Concerned, Mago moved reinforcements to the threatened areas, which resulted in the unthreatened northern wall being denuded of defenders. Scipio had maintained a reserve of 500 picked men and held them ready to move against the north wall, anticipating that threats from the other three cardinal directions would lead to its defences being weakened. To achieve its objective, this force would need to cross the broad lagoon. 1204: 1109: 1248:

he surrendered both the citadel and his command. With the citadel secure and resistance at an end, Scipio called a halt to the sack. Apart from the 1,000 men in the citadel with Scipio and those in their camp, the Romans spent the night in the marketplace. The next day some of the loot was auctioned off to the traders who always accompanied a Roman army. The proceeds of this and the rest of the plunder were divided between all the men of the legions, including those who had not participated in the fighting, the amount dependent on their rank.

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any Roman attempts to exert control in Iberia far from their enclave in the north east would have found Carthaginian forces from New Carthage threatening their communications; these threats were now lifted. The unexpected blow caused the Carthaginian generals to fall back on the defensive; continuing to disagree among themselves, they made no attempt to combine their forces even though in total they far outnumbered the Romans.

1128:, which was in the west of the city, and the balance were posted on or near the southern wall. The 2,000 militia were stationed near the east gate and the rest of the town levy were issued with missiles and stationed all round the perimeter. Scipio made a stirring speech and the next morning the Romans attempted to storm the city: the Roman galleys assaulted the southern walls from the harbour while 2,000 picked 224: 1179:, writing two centuries later, contradicts this – perhaps aware that tides do not operate on a 24-hour cycle – saying that the effect was because of a regular north wind piling up the waters of the lagoon each evening. Both of these accounts raise problems, not least why the Carthaginians were not aware of whatever changes took place and failed to take precautions. 974:

an inconclusive campaign, at the end of which the Romans would have had to retreat, which would have demoralised their Iberian allies and probably have led to defections among them. Alternatively one of the other Carthaginian armies may have come to Hasdrubal's assistance, which would have raised the possibility of the Romans suffering a defeat similar to that of 211

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bring their superior numbers to bear or to outflank the Carthaginians. At first the Carthaginian militia did well, but as the fighting continued the Romans were able to replace tired and wounded men from their large reserve in their camp; the Carthaginians possessed no such reserve. The Carthaginians began to be pushed back and eventually broke and fled.

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Iberian tribes allied to Carthage who were being held to ensure their relatives good behaviour. Scipio ostentatiously ensured that they were treated well, especially the women among them, and returned them to their homes if their tribes switched their allegiance to Rome. Some modern sources state they were all allowed home as a gesture of good will.

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Scipio sent a force from the marketplace against one of the city's hills where the Carthaginians were fighting on and personally led 1,000 men to the citadel, where he demanded Mago's surrender. Mago initially refused, but once it became clear that the Romans had irrevocably taken control of the city

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Where the Romans crossed the lagoon to approach the north wall is also uncertain. Modern accounts suggest variously that an underwater ridge was followed across a relatively deep lagoon from the north shore; that a uniformly shallow lagoon was traversed from the north; or that the Romans stayed close

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wrote an account of the battle. According to the traditional translation of this he states that each evening the tide caused the water level in the lagoon north of New Carthage to lower to the extent that it was fordable. He continues that Scipio learnt of this during his gathering of intelligence in

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from the Roman fleet were attempting the same thing against the south wall. The Carthaginian defenders were able to initially hold off these assaults and as the survivors of the militia sortie reinforced them on the walls Roman casualties mounted and success looked unlikely. Eventually, Scipio called

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During the Punic Wars it was usual for the garrisons of besieged towns and cities to initially give battle outside their walls, regardless of the relative sizes of the attacking and defending forces. Failure to do so was taken as an indication of the defender's weakness and lack of confidence by both

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Arriving at New Carthage after a rapid march, the Romans established a camp on a hill in the middle of the isthmus connecting the city with the mainland, opposite the main gate. A rampart and ditch protected the rear (east) of the camp, but this was not repeated on the side facing the gate. Mago kept

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were usually preceded by the two armies camping 2–12 kilometres (1–7 mi) apart for days or weeks; sometimes forming up in battle order each day. If either commander felt at a disadvantage, he might march off without engaging or decline to leave his fortified camp. Such a tactic could have led to

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The capture of New Carthage gave the Romans control over almost all the Mediterranean coast of Iberia and greatly hampered communications between Carthage and its armies and leaders in Iberia. So long as the Carthaginians had held New Carthage the Roman bases were under constant threat of attack and

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to crew 18 of the captured ships, which were converted to military purposes; again they were promised their freedom once the war concluded. For the rest of the war in Iberia the Roman effort was largely self-supporting; troops were recruited locally and they and the Romans were fed and equipped from

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It was usual after a failed assault on fortifications for the attacking force to rest for several days before considering renewing their attack. To the Carthaginians' surprise, the Romans renewed their efforts that afternoon, with fresh troops and fresh supplies of scaling ladders. The galleys under

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arrived with further Roman reinforcements to replace Nero in command of all Roman forces in Iberia. Scipio was extremely young by Roman standards for such a command: he was in his mid-twenties. He was unprecedentedly inexperienced to hold such a position by Roman standards of the time, never having

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Rather than enslaving the citizens among the captives, Scipio released them and their families to their ransacked homes. The poorer non-citizens, who mostly worked as artisans, were enslaved; they were to continue their normal work, but for the Roman war effort and were promised their freedom once

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in the area. Benedict Lowe writes that the manoeuvres to the west of the city were not a feint, but the successful capture and opening of these sluices. J. H. Richardson, however, dismisses both Polybian and Livian accounts on grounds of hydrological and geological impossibility: tides at New

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from the east gate to counter-attack the Roman assault party. The Romans hung back, causing the initial fighting to develop nearer their camp than the city, perhaps 400 metres (1,300 ft) from the gate. Even so, given the narrowness of the isthmus, it was not possible for the Romans to readily

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spearheaded by these troops was likely. Scipio joined the fighting for the first time, entering New Carthage with a large force under his direct command and heading for the marketplace in the centre of the city. The rest of the Romans who had broken into the city were instructed to sack it, which

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Carthage are too small and slow to have drained the lagoon and there is insufficient space in which to produce a wind which could have blown out the million of litres of water contained. He instead suggests that the lagoon was itself largely fordable and that no hydrological event was necessary.

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As well as the portable valuables looted during the sack, the Romans seized a great quantity of war materiel. The martial booty has been described by modern historians as "colossal" or "immense". It included 63 merchant ships, several catapults, large quantities of armour and personal weapons, a

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Once they reached New Carthage the Romans would only have a week or two to capture it before a Carthaginian army was likely to come to its aid. Yet it was highly unusual for well-fortified towns to be successfully stormed. If such places were taken it was usually either because of treachery from

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Some 10,000 Carthaginian men survived the massacre associated with the sack to be taken prisoner. They included 15 members of the Carthaginian Senate and two members of the Carthaginian inner council, the Council of Thirty. Also taken were more than 300 hostages: the relatives of the leaders of

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The Romans pursued, inflicting heavy casualties on the Carthaginians as they struggled to retreat through the east gate. The Romans attempted to force their way through the gate before it could be closed, but failed. They then endeavoured to storm the walls on either side of the gate before the

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More and more Romans entered the city, although there continued to be a danger that the Carthaginians would get the best of the fighting on the walls and in the narrow streets and expel the Romans. Mago was occupying the citadel in the west of New Carthage with many, perhaps most, of the 1,000

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Scipio commanded a total of 31,000 men: 28,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry. There were three separate Carthaginian armies in Iberia, each as large as or larger than the Roman force. The Carthaginian armies were well away from the area occupied by the Romans: one was in central Iberia led by the

1301:. The Carthaginians were defeated, but Hasdrubal was able to withdraw the majority of his army and prevent any Roman pursuit; most of his losses were among his Iberian allies. Scipio was not able to prevent Hasdrubal from leading his depleted army over the western passes of the 2161: 1100:, intending to rendezvous with the main army at New Carthage. Such was the secrecy around these movements that when the Roman forces set out only Scipio and Laelius were aware of their destination; the other Roman commanders were enlightened at some point en route. 982:

BC had badly damaged Rome's standing with the Iberian tribes. A rapid Roman victory would stiffen the morale of those tribes which had remained loyal to Rome and encourage others to come over. A continuing perception of Roman weakness would encourage defections.

1321:, Scipio with 48,000 men, half Italian and half Iberian, defeated a Carthaginian army of 54,500 men and 32 elephants. This sealed the fate of the Carthaginians in Iberia and the last Carthaginian-held city in the peninsula, Gades, defected to the Romans. 1008:

When he arrived in Iberia Scipio was set on adopting an immediate aggressive stance and so decided that instead of seeking battle with one of the Carthaginian armies, he would strike at the material centre of Carthaginian power in Iberia: its capital,

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defenders could reorganise. This latter involved the attackers climbing the ladders which accompanied them amid missile fire from the defenders, then attempting to fight their way onto the walls. As the legionaries were attempting to do this, the

851:. Anticipating this, Scipio sent a force of 500 men through the lagoon to scale the north wall, which they did unopposed. They fought their way to the east gate, opened it from inside and let in their comrades. New Carthage fell and was 1220:

to the north wall, following the south shore of the lagoon. In any event, the 500 Romans were guided across the lagoon, reached the north wall without difficulty and scaled it. Their approach was not noticed by the Carthaginians.

1255:, the crown awarded to the first man over the wall, was fiercely contested by a centurion of the Fourth Legion, Quintus Trebellius, and a marine, Sextus Digitius. After a detailed investigation, Scipio gave the crown to both. 2170:, p. 473, noting "the story of the ebb of the water... is simply unhistorical... What is found in the sources may amount to nothing more than an attempt to rationalize what was originally a miraculous account of events". 1175:

Terraco and so timed his attacks as to make it probable that the wall bordering the lagoon was lightly held at the very time he wished to send a force to ford the lagoon and escalade the wall. The ancient Roman historian

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Modern historians have offered several interpretations of Polybius's account and suggested different ways in which the level of the lagoon could have been artificially lowered. Among the latter have been its use as a

2185: 1031:. There were productive silver mines in the nearby mountains. The city harbour was on a south-facing bay, with an entrance only about 600 metres (2,000 ft) wide; the city was on its northern shore. A hilly 958:(approximately modern Portugal). This division of Carthaginian forces made it difficult for them to mutually support each other. This would have allowed Scipio to easily march his army from the Roman base at 355: 390: 824:

BC and Scipio brought further reinforcements when he took command late in the year. Scipio felt unable to draw into battle and defeat any of the three strong Carthaginian armies in the

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Early in 209 BC, Scipio left 3,000 infantry and 300 cavalry to garrison Roman-occupied Iberia and marched south with the balance, 25,000 infantry and 2,500 cavalry. Thirty-five

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to the east. The lagoon was connected to the main bay by a narrow channel to the west of New Carthage. The city lay 450 kilometres (280 mi) south of the main Roman base.

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they did with great enthusiasm. All Carthaginian soldiers and civilians encountered were massacred, and all items of value were seized and deposited at the marketplace.

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for the war in Iberia, as well as holding prisoner there many Iberian captives who were hostage for their tribes' good behaviour. Its commander, Mago, had only 1,000

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Publius Scipio was the bereaved son of the previous Roman co-commander in Iberia, also named Publius Scipio, and the nephew of the other co-commander, Gnaeus Scipio.

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Laelius again attacked the south wall, another force of infantry manoeuvred in the area of the channel to the west of the city – although this was a

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or its allies. One of Rome's first actions of the war was to send an army to north-east Iberia. After seven years of mixed fortunes, the Romans hired 20,000

572: 654: 1081:. Scipio also reputedly learned details of how fordable the lagoon to the north was, in particular the effect of the tides and, possibly, the wind on it. 1042:

to the north. The city was built on and between the five hills of this promontory. Its only connection to the mainland was a 300-metre-wide (300 yd)

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local resources. Scipio repaired the city's fortifications and shortly after left a substantial garrison and withdrew the rest of his troops to Tarraco.

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with which to defend the city, supplemented by what forces he could muster from the local populace; in the event a further 2,000 reasonably effective

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Scipio sent spies to report back on the geography around New Carthage, its defences and its garrison. He learnt it was fortified by strong and high

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and so decided to strike at the material centre of Carthaginian power in Iberia: its capital, New Carthage. He arrived outside the city early in 209

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BC, after recruiting heavily in Gaul, Hasdrubal crossed the Alps into Italy in an attempt to join his brother, Hannibal, but was defeated at the

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In the afternoon Scipio renewed the attacks. Hard-pressed, Mago moved men from the north wall, which overlooked a broad, shallow

2583:(1981). "La doppia tradizione sulla morte di Romolo e gli auguracula dell'Arx e del Quirinale". In Pallottino, Massimo (ed.). 3037: 2924: 2841: 2790: 2771: 2752: 2733: 2714: 2692: 2673: 2651: 2630: 2611: 2592: 2570: 2551: 2532: 906:

to reinforce their regular army and advanced into southern Iberia. There they divided their forces into two armies. When the

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made ready to attack the east gate and the walls to either side; both were supplied with ladders with which to attempt to

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3,700 metres (12,000 ft) long, which faced wide bodies of water for most of their length. There was a well-fortified

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Richardson, J H (2018). "P Cornelius Scipio and the Capture of New Carthage: The Tide, the Wind, and Other Fantasies".

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The modern historian Dexter Hoyos describes the small size of this garrison as "unjustified strategic complacency" by

3129: 2949: 720: 1027:. It possessed a large, deep-water, harbour with good facilities and was well positioned for travel to and from 3453: 3139: 2621:

Erdkamp, Paul (2015) . "Manpower and Food Supply in the First and Second Punic Wars". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).

3300: 3263: 1406:, 350 kilometres (220 mi) north of New Carthage, in 219 BC, it took him eight months to capture it. 445: 415: 1362:

BC. The Carthaginian army had been campaigning there for the previous eight years with considerable success.

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Later Scipio also rewarded those who had distinguished themselves during the capture of the city. The

966:) to confront just one of these armies; probably the nearest, that under Hasdrubal in central Iberia. 3390: 3178: 2829: 644: 622: 3448: 3405: 3213: 3183: 686: 345: 330: 303: 867:

were seized. New Carthage became the logistics centre of the Roman war effort in Iberia and by 206

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Lowe, Benedict J. (2000). "Polybius 10.10.12 and the Existence of Salt-Flats at Carthago Nova".

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on the channel to the west of the city taking advantage of the 0.6 metres (2 ft 0 in)

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on its eastern side, the main access to the city. The Carthaginians used New Carthage both as a

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Edwell, Peter (2015) . "War Abroad: Spain, Sicily, Macedon, Africa". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).

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Lillo, Antonio; Lillo, Martín (1988). "On Polybius X 10,12 f.: The Capture of New Carthage".

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In 211 BC the Romans in Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal) were heavily defeated at the

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BC and commenced his attack the next day. After defeating a Carthaginian force outside the

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At this time it was extremely difficult to force an unwilling opponent to give battle.

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Champion, Craige B. (2015) . "Polybius and the Punic Wars". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).

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formation attacking the gate of a fortification. The armour is from a later period.

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Hannibal's Dynasty: Power and Politics in the Western Mediterranean, 247–183 BC

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li Etruschi e Roma: atti dell'incontro di studio in onore di Massimo Pallottino

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and as their main treasury for Iberia. They also employed it as their main

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deserted, the Romans were heavily defeated in two separate battles in 211

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the wall to the south from the harbour area. Both attacks were repulsed.

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600 talents was approximately 16,140 kilograms (16 long tons) of silver.

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the war was over. The stronger and fitter of the captured slaves were

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The Punic Wars: Rome, Carthage and the Struggle for the Mediterranean

1184: 1129: 963: 955: 930: 903: 2919:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 280–298. 2813: 2606:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 320–338. 2245: 2201: 2565:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 95–110. 1403: 1371:

Hasdrubal was an uncle to Hannibal and Hasdrubal Barca by marriage.

1302: 1171: 1133: 1066: 1028: 864: 841: 247: 2625:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 58–76. 951: 2808:(1/2 (Spring - Summer)). Classical Association of Canada: 39–52. 1150: 1125: 1074: 1062: 1043: 959: 856: 852: 2643:

Les Scipions. Famille et pouvoir à Rome à l'époque républicaine

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The location of New Carthage, shown on a map of modern Spain

2891:(1996). "The Mechanics of Battle in the Second Punic War". 1444: 1442: 1176: 1170:

The near-contemporary and usually reliable Greek historian

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sides. New Carthage was no exception and the 2,000 militia

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BC the Carthaginians had been expelled from the peninsula.

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Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement

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Hannibal's War: A Military History of the Second Punic War

2369: 2277: 2045: 1938: 1878: 1839: 1762: 1690: 1666: 1393:, who had overall command in Iberia for the Carthaginians. 2485: 2413: 2359: 2357: 2289: 2233: 2023: 2021: 2019: 1977: 1950: 1914: 1863: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1702: 1678: 1654: 1618: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1577: 1575: 1524: 2587:(in Italian). Rome: G. Bretschneider. pp. 173–188. 2098: 1439: 2544:

Hannibal's Last Battle: Zama & the Fall of Carthage

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BC and stabilised the situation, holding on to a small

840:. Simultaneously men from the Roman ships attempted to 2473: 2461: 2449: 2425: 2384: 2354: 2318: 2182:, pp. 459–61 (on the tide), 462–64 (on the wind). 2016: 2004: 1965: 1926: 1774: 1750: 1721: 1599: 1572: 1380:

Not the same Mago who was Hannibal's youngest brother.

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working mint and a well-filled treasury including 600

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New Carthage and the various Roman assaults and feints

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In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire

2110: 1890: 1800: 1798: 1536: 2497: 2396: 1822: 1738: 1548: 1512: 1481: 1454: 2766:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 2437: 2306: 1810: 1630: 1427: 1085:within, improbable in the case of New Carthage, or 2062: 1902: 1795: 1500: 1268:of silver. Large stocks of food were also seized. 1354:, who had led a Carthaginian army from Iberia to 3503: 2707:The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC 1324: 2546:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword. 223: 2964: 2950: 1124:part of his regular troops in reserve in the 1023:BC by the then ruler of Carthaginian Iberia, 728: 263: 206:All soldiers and civilians killed or captured 2745:Mastering the West: Rome and Carthage at War 933:in north-east Iberia. Towards the end of 210 859:and the last of his troops. Vast amounts of 2701: 2682: 2660: 2419: 2378: 2348: 2336: 2300: 2267: 2239: 2207: 2092: 2056: 2039: 1998: 1983: 1959: 1920: 1884: 1872: 1857: 1672: 1660: 1648: 1624: 1593: 1566: 1530: 1297:BC Hasdrubal moved to engage Scipio at the 1209: 1096:set sail under Scipio's second in command, 1014: 2957: 2943: 2911: 2850: 2646:(in French). Bordeaux: Ausonius Éditions. 2491: 2191: 2179: 2167: 2132: 1715: 1448: 1223:At the east gate the Romans attacked in a 946:overall Carthaginian commander in Iberia, 735: 721: 270: 256: 2135:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 1035:separated the bay from a large, shallow, 3517:Ancient history of the Iberian Peninsula 2579: 2560: 2080: 1684: 1258: 1202: 1107: 990: 2780: 2764:The First Punic War: A Military History 2761: 2639: 2620: 2519: 2479: 2455: 2431: 2390: 2363: 2283: 2271: 2255: 2251: 2027: 1971: 1944: 1932: 1896: 1845: 1789: 1768: 1756: 1732: 1696: 1612: 1581: 1542: 1065:and military harbour for equipment and 1013:. New Carthage (known to the Romans as 190: • 2,000 civilian levies 146: 14: 3504: 2601: 1494: 1463: 1233: 2938: 2887: 2828: 2742: 2723: 2541: 2503: 2467: 2443: 2407: 2324: 2312: 2223: 2211: 2104: 1833: 1816: 1744: 1636: 1554: 1506: 1475: 1433: 820:. Reinforcements arrived in early 210 716: 251: 27:209 BC battle of the Second Punic War 3537:Military history of Cartagena, Spain 2799: 2227: 2195: 2128: 2116: 2068: 2010: 1908: 1804: 1518: 277: 2785:. Warminster: Aris & Phillips. 2747:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1350:Hasdrubal was a younger brother of 836:, he pressed an attack on the east 24: 925:brought over reinforcements in 210 25: 3548: 1157: 954:(modern Cádiz); and the third in 166: • 25,000 infantry 3477: 3476: 3096: 1191:, the level being controlled by 1118: 895:(modern Spain and Portugal) was 222: 215: 187: • 1,000 soldiers 3527:Battles of the Second Punic War 3125:Hamilcar's victory with Naravas 2194:, pp. 465–66, also citing 2122: 1409: 1396: 1383: 1374: 1365: 1344: 169: • 2,500 cavalry 1335: 742: 13: 1: 2917:A Companion to the Punic Wars 2683:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2004) . 2623:A Companion to the Punic Wars 2604:A Companion to the Punic Wars 2563:A Companion to the Punic Wars 917:The Roman general, and later 874: 1421: 1325:Notes, citations and sources 1284: 1239:Carthaginian regulars and a 18:Battle of Cartagena (209 BC) 7: 942:held any senior positions. 855:, and Mago surrendered the 10: 3553: 3532:History of Murcia (region) 2834:Carthage Must be Destroyed 2542:Carey, Brian Todd (2007). 2512: 1019:) was founded in about 217 986: 818:battle of the Upper Baetis 3472: 3434: 3153: 3105: 3094: 2973: 2865:10.1017/S0009838818000368 1103: 1077:and an unknown number of 752: 356:Crossing of the Apennines 289: 210: 197: 154: 133: 116: 49: 41: 36: 1478:, pp. 268, 298–299. 1329: 1002:Publius Cornelius Scipio 939:Publius Cornelius Scipio 891:in 218 BC, much of 799:Publius Cornelius Scipio 140:Publius Cornelius Scipio 3411:Great Plains (Bagradas) 2781:Lazenby, John (1998) . 2640:Etcheto, Henri (2012). 2083:, pp. 96, 98, 102. 1402:When Hannibal besieged 1313:before he could. In 206 801:successfully assaulted 789:took place in early 209 2762:Lazenby, John (1996). 2743:Hoyos, Dexter (2015). 2724:Hoyos, Dexter (2003). 1311:battle of the Metaurus 1216: 1210: 1115: 1015: 1005: 978:BC. The defeats of 211 897:controlled by Carthage 787:battle of New Carthage 134:Commanders and leaders 37:Battle of New Carthage 2728:. London: Routledge. 2131:, p. 44, citing 1259:Plunder and prisoners 1206: 1189:salt evaporation pond 1111: 994: 198:Casualties and losses 172: • 35 3189:Crossing of the Alps 1651:, pp. 247, 272. 1293:In the spring of 208 309:Crossing of the Alps 233:class=notpageimage| 2853:Classical Quarterly 2836:. London: Penguin. 2709:. London: Phoenix. 2703:Goldsworthy, Adrian 2687:. London: Phoenix. 2668:. London: Cassell. 2662:Goldsworthy, Adrian 2527:. London: Pimlico. 2351:, pp. 275–276. 2286:, pp. 138–139. 2107:, pp. 16, 510. 1947:, pp. 135–136. 1848:, pp. 134–135. 1771:, pp. 207–208. 1699:, pp. 274–278. 1596:, pp. 271–272. 1569:, pp. 169–170. 1234:Inside New Carthage 923:Gaius Claudius Nero 807:Carthaginian Iberia 634:Sicily and Sardinia 85: / 3280:Claw of Archimedes 3088:Treaty of Lutatius 2013:, pp. 41, 43. 1860:, pp. 58, 60. 1217: 1116: 1025:Hasdrubal the Fair 1006: 1000:BC marble bust of 883:broke out between 3522:200s BC conflicts 3499: 3498: 2926:978-1-1190-2550-4 2913:Zimmermann, Klaus 2843:978-0-14-101809-6 2792:978-0-85668-080-9 2773:978-0-8047-2673-3 2754:978-0-19-986010-4 2735:978-0-203-41782-9 2716:978-0-304-36642-2 2694:978-0-7538-1789-6 2675:978-0-304-35714-7 2653:978-2-35613-073-0 2632:978-1-1190-2550-4 2613:978-1-119-02550-4 2594:978-88-85007-51-2 2581:Coarelli, Filippo 2572:978-1-1190-2550-4 2553:978-1-84415-635-1 2534:978-0-7126-6608-4 2470:, pp. 86–90. 2339:, pp. 65–66. 2327:, pp. 82–83. 2119:, pp. 43–44. 2095:, pp. 20–21. 2042:, pp. 62–63. 2001:, pp. 61–62. 1687:, pp. 73–74. 1521:, pp. 39–40. 1305:into Gaul. In 207 1299:battle of Baecula 805:, the capital of 780: 779: 710: 709: 386:Nuceria Alfaterna 246: 245: 112: 111: 57:Early 209 BC 16:(Redirected from 3544: 3490:Military history 3480: 3479: 3454:Port of Carthage 3290: 3283: 3282: 3162: 3155:Second Punic War 3100: 3038:Bagradas (Tunis) 2959: 2952: 2945: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2908: 2884: 2847: 2825: 2796: 2777: 2758: 2739: 2720: 2698: 2679: 2657: 2636: 2617: 2598: 2576: 2557: 2538: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2420:Goldsworthy 2004 2417: 2411: 2405: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2379:Goldsworthy 2006 2376: 2367: 2361: 2352: 2349:Goldsworthy 2006 2346: 2340: 2337:Goldsworthy 2004 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2301:Goldsworthy 2004 2298: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2268:Goldsworthy 2006 2265: 2259: 2249: 2243: 2240:Goldsworthy 2004 2237: 2231: 2221: 2215: 2208:Goldsworthy 2004 2205: 2199: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2093:Goldsworthy 2006 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2057:Goldsworthy 2006 2054: 2043: 2040:Goldsworthy 2004 2037: 2031: 2025: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1999:Goldsworthy 2004 1996: 1987: 1984:Goldsworthy 2006 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1960:Goldsworthy 2004 1957: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1921:Goldsworthy 2004 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1885:Goldsworthy 2001 1882: 1876: 1873:Goldsworthy 2004 1870: 1861: 1858:Goldsworthy 2004 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1793: 1787: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1719: 1713: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1676: 1673:Goldsworthy 2006 1670: 1664: 1661:Goldsworthy 2004 1658: 1652: 1649:Goldsworthy 2006 1646: 1640: 1634: 1628: 1625:Goldsworthy 2006 1622: 1616: 1610: 1597: 1594:Goldsworthy 2006 1591: 1585: 1579: 1570: 1567:Goldsworthy 2001 1564: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1531:Goldsworthy 2001 1528: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1461: 1452: 1446: 1437: 1431: 1416: 1413: 1407: 1400: 1394: 1387: 1381: 1378: 1372: 1369: 1363: 1361: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1316: 1308: 1296: 1213: 1154:off the attack. 1022: 1018: 999: 981: 977: 936: 928: 913: 881:Second Punic War 870: 831: 823: 811:Second Punic War 792: 747: 737: 730: 723: 714: 713: 628:2nd New Carthage 593:1st New Carthage 284: 282: 281:Second Punic War 272: 265: 258: 249: 248: 226: 225: 219: 148: 100: 99: 97: 96: 95: 90: 89:37.600°N 0.983°W 86: 83: 82: 81: 78: 51: 50: 44:Second Punic War 34: 33: 21: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3541: 3502: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3468: 3436:Third Punic War 3430: 3391:Carteia (naval) 3286: 3274: 3273: 3158: 3157: 3149: 3101: 3092: 3063:Drepana (siege) 2975:First Punic War 2969: 2965:Battles of the 2963: 2933: 2927: 2844: 2814:10.2307/1089089 2793: 2774: 2755: 2736: 2717: 2695: 2676: 2654: 2633: 2614: 2595: 2573: 2554: 2535: 2515: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2492:Zimmermann 2015 2490: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2406: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2370: 2362: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2299: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2270:, p. 274; 2266: 2262: 2254:, p. 209; 2250: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2222: 2218: 2206: 2202: 2192:Richardson 2018 2190: 2186: 2180:Richardson 2018 2178: 2174: 2168:Richardson 2018 2166: 2162: 2127: 2123: 2115: 2111: 2103: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2046: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2017: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1958: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1883: 1879: 1871: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1832: 1823: 1815: 1811: 1803: 1796: 1788: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1755: 1751: 1743: 1739: 1731: 1722: 1716:Zimmermann 2015 1714: 1703: 1695: 1691: 1683: 1679: 1671: 1667: 1659: 1655: 1647: 1643: 1635: 1631: 1623: 1619: 1611: 1600: 1592: 1588: 1580: 1573: 1565: 1561: 1553: 1549: 1541: 1537: 1529: 1525: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1501: 1493: 1482: 1474: 1470: 1462: 1455: 1449:Zimmermann 2015 1447: 1440: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1401: 1397: 1391:Hasdrubal Barca 1388: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1359: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1319:battle of Ilipa 1314: 1306: 1294: 1287: 1261: 1236: 1215: 1160: 1121: 1114: 1106: 1020: 1004: 997: 989: 979: 975: 971:Pitched battles 948:Hasdrubal Barca 934: 926: 911: 877: 868: 829: 821: 790: 783: 782: 781: 776: 748: 743: 741: 711: 706: 285: 280: 278: 276: 242: 241: 240: 239: 238: 235: 229: 228: 227: 193: 184:More than 3,000 178: 93: 91: 87: 84: 79: 76: 74: 72: 71: 70: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3550: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3486: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3440: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3386:Carteia (land) 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3301:2nd Beneventum 3298: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3284: 3266: 3264:1st Beneventum 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3214:Lake Trasimene 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3165: 3163: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3111: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2998:Lipari Islands 2995: 2990: 2985: 2979: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2962: 2961: 2954: 2947: 2939: 2932: 2931: 2925: 2909: 2885: 2859:(2): 458–474. 2848: 2842: 2830:Miles, Richard 2826: 2797: 2791: 2778: 2772: 2759: 2753: 2740: 2734: 2721: 2715: 2699: 2693: 2680: 2674: 2658: 2652: 2637: 2631: 2618: 2612: 2599: 2593: 2577: 2571: 2558: 2552: 2539: 2533: 2521:Bagnall, Nigel 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2508: 2506:, p. 303. 2496: 2494:, p. 293. 2484: 2482:, p. 211. 2472: 2460: 2458:, p. 140. 2448: 2436: 2434:, p. 210. 2424: 2412: 2410:, p. 176. 2395: 2393:, p. 158. 2383: 2381:, p. 276. 2368: 2366:, p. 209. 2353: 2341: 2329: 2317: 2305: 2288: 2276: 2274:, p. 138. 2260: 2258:, p. 138. 2244: 2232: 2226:, p. 82; 2216: 2210:, p. 60; 2200: 2184: 2172: 2160: 2141:(4): 477–480. 2121: 2109: 2097: 2085: 2073: 2061: 2059:, p. 274. 2044: 2032: 2030:, p. 138. 2015: 2003: 1988: 1976: 1974:, p. 208. 1964: 1949: 1937: 1935:, p. 135. 1925: 1913: 1901: 1889: 1887:, p. 163. 1877: 1862: 1850: 1838: 1836:, p. 144. 1821: 1809: 1794: 1792:, p. 139. 1773: 1761: 1759:, p. 206. 1749: 1747:, p. 225. 1737: 1735:, p. 147. 1720: 1718:, p. 292. 1701: 1689: 1677: 1675:, p. 247. 1665: 1653: 1641: 1629: 1617: 1615:, p. 207. 1598: 1586: 1584:, p. 134. 1571: 1559: 1557:, p. 107. 1547: 1535: 1533:, p. 271. 1523: 1511: 1499: 1497:, p. 323. 1480: 1468: 1466:, p. 322. 1453: 1451:, p. 291. 1438: 1436:, p. 220. 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1408: 1395: 1382: 1373: 1364: 1352:Hannibal Barca 1343: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1286: 1283: 1260: 1257: 1235: 1232: 1207: 1159: 1158:Second assault 1156: 1120: 1117: 1112: 1105: 1102: 1071:regular troops 995: 988: 985: 876: 873: 861:precious metal 778: 777: 775: 774: 769: 764: 759: 753: 750: 749: 740: 739: 732: 725: 717: 708: 707: 705: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 678: 677: 673: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 636: 635: 631: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 554: 553: 549: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 446:2nd Beneventum 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 416:1st Beneventum 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 346:Lake Trasimene 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 317: 316: 312: 311: 306: 301: 295: 294: 290: 287: 286: 275: 274: 267: 260: 252: 244: 243: 236: 231: 230: 221: 220: 214: 213: 212: 211: 208: 207: 204: 200: 199: 195: 194: 192: 191: 188: 185: 181: 179: 177: 176: 170: 167: 164: 160: 157: 156: 152: 151: 142: 136: 135: 131: 130: 125: 119: 118: 114: 113: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 94:37.600; -0.983 65: 63: 59: 58: 55: 47: 46: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3549: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3475: 3474: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3271: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3219:Ager Falernus 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3107:Mercenary War 3104: 3099: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3043:Cape Hermaeum 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2928: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2899:(67): 59–79. 2898: 2894: 2890: 2889:Sabin, Philip 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2517: 2505: 2500: 2493: 2488: 2481: 2476: 2469: 2464: 2457: 2452: 2446:, p. 87. 2445: 2440: 2433: 2428: 2422:, p. 67. 2421: 2416: 2409: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2392: 2387: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2350: 2345: 2338: 2333: 2326: 2321: 2315:, p. 82. 2314: 2309: 2303:, p. 65. 2302: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2285: 2280: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2242:, p. 64. 2241: 2236: 2230:, p. 42. 2229: 2225: 2220: 2214:, p. 81. 2213: 2209: 2204: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2169: 2164: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2130: 2125: 2118: 2113: 2106: 2101: 2094: 2089: 2082: 2081:Champion 2015 2077: 2071:, p. 42. 2070: 2065: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2041: 2036: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2012: 2007: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1986:, p. 77. 1985: 1980: 1973: 1968: 1962:, p. 61. 1961: 1956: 1954: 1946: 1941: 1934: 1929: 1923:, p. 59. 1922: 1917: 1911:, p. 40. 1910: 1905: 1899:, p. 87. 1898: 1893: 1886: 1881: 1875:, p. 58. 1874: 1869: 1867: 1859: 1854: 1847: 1842: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1819:, p. 79. 1818: 1813: 1807:, p. 41. 1806: 1801: 1799: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1770: 1765: 1758: 1753: 1746: 1741: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1698: 1693: 1686: 1685:Coarelli 1981 1681: 1674: 1669: 1663:, p. 57. 1662: 1657: 1650: 1645: 1639:, p. 64. 1638: 1633: 1627:, p. 56. 1626: 1621: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1595: 1590: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1568: 1563: 1556: 1551: 1545:, p. 71. 1544: 1539: 1532: 1527: 1520: 1515: 1509:, p. 78. 1508: 1503: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1477: 1472: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1412: 1405: 1399: 1392: 1386: 1377: 1368: 1357: 1353: 1347: 1338: 1334: 1322: 1320: 1312: 1304: 1300: 1291: 1282: 1279: 1273: 1269: 1267: 1256: 1254: 1253:corona civica 1249: 1245: 1242: 1241:counterattack 1231: 1229: 1227: 1221: 1212: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1180: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1119:First assault 1110: 1101: 1099: 1098:Gaius Laelius 1095: 1090: 1088: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1017: 1016:Carthago Nova 1012: 1003: 993: 984: 972: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 943: 940: 932: 924: 920: 915: 909: 905: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 872: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 839: 835: 827: 819: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 788: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 754: 751: 746: 738: 733: 731: 726: 724: 719: 718: 715: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 679: 675: 674: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 637: 633: 632: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 551: 550: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 451:Campi Veteres 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 426:2nd Casilinum 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 391:1st Casilinum 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 361:Ager Falernus 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 318: 314: 313: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 296: 292: 291: 288: 283: 273: 268: 266: 261: 259: 254: 253: 250: 234: 218: 209: 205: 202: 201: 196: 189: 186: 183: 182: 180: 175: 171: 168: 165: 162: 161: 159: 158: 153: 149: 143: 141: 138: 137: 132: 129: 126: 124: 121: 120: 115: 108:Roman victory 107: 104: 103: 98: 68: 64: 61: 60: 56: 53: 52: 48: 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 3488: 3481: 3459:2nd Nepheris 3449:1st Nepheris 3351:New Carthage 3350: 3346:2nd Tarentum 3331:2nd Herdonia 3321:Upper Baetis 3316:1st Herdonia 3296:1st Tarentum 3234:Silva Litana 3145:Leptis Parva 3078:2nd Mt. Eryx 3073:1st Mt. Eryx 3023:Cape Ecnomus 2916: 2896: 2892: 2856: 2852: 2833: 2805: 2801: 2782: 2763: 2744: 2725: 2706: 2684: 2665: 2642: 2622: 2603: 2584: 2562: 2543: 2524: 2499: 2487: 2480:Bagnall 1999 2475: 2463: 2456:Lazenby 1998 2451: 2439: 2432:Bagnall 1999 2427: 2415: 2391:Lazenby 1996 2386: 2364:Bagnall 1999 2344: 2332: 2320: 2308: 2284:Lazenby 1998 2279: 2272:Lazenby 1998 2263: 2256:Lazenby 1998 2252:Bagnall 1999 2247: 2235: 2219: 2203: 2187: 2175: 2163: 2138: 2134: 2124: 2112: 2100: 2088: 2076: 2064: 2035: 2028:Lazenby 1998 2006: 1979: 1972:Bagnall 1999 1967: 1945:Lazenby 1998 1940: 1933:Lazenby 1998 1928: 1916: 1904: 1897:Lazenby 1998 1892: 1880: 1853: 1846:Lazenby 1998 1841: 1812: 1790:Lazenby 1998 1769:Bagnall 1999 1764: 1757:Bagnall 1999 1752: 1740: 1733:Bagnall 1999 1697:Etcheto 2012 1692: 1680: 1668: 1656: 1644: 1632: 1620: 1613:Bagnall 1999 1589: 1582:Lazenby 1998 1562: 1550: 1543:Erdkamp 2015 1538: 1526: 1514: 1502: 1471: 1429: 1411: 1398: 1385: 1376: 1367: 1346: 1337: 1292: 1288: 1274: 1270: 1262: 1250: 1246: 1237: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1181: 1169: 1161: 1147: 1138: 1122: 1091: 1083: 1048: 1011:New Carthage 1007: 968: 944: 916: 908:Celtiberians 878: 846: 815: 803:New Carthage 786: 784: 692:Great Plains 676:North Africa 592: 588:Upper Baetis 511:2nd Tarentum 486:2nd Herdonia 466:1st Herdonia 441:1st Tarentum 376:Silva Litana 351:Umbrian Lake 117:Belligerents 67:New Carthage 42:Part of the 29: 3254:Decimomannu 3068:Mount Ercte 1495:Edwell 2015 1464:Edwell 2015 1356:Roman Italy 1317:BC, at the 1197:tidal range 1136:the walls. 1130:legionaries 996:2nd century 950:; one near 904:mercenaries 901:Celtiberian 797:army under 650:Decimomannu 623:2nd Carteia 618:1st Carteia 521:2nd Petelia 481:Sapriportis 401:1st Petelia 144:Mago ( 92: / 3506:Categories 3444:Lake Tunis 3209:Ebro River 2993:Agrigentum 2967:Punic Wars 2504:Miles 2011 2468:Carey 2007 2444:Carey 2007 2408:Hoyos 2015 2325:Carey 2007 2313:Carey 2007 2224:Carey 2007 2212:Carey 2007 2105:Miles 2011 1834:Hoyos 2003 1817:Carey 2007 1745:Miles 2011 1637:Sabin 1996 1555:Hoyos 2015 1507:Carey 2007 1476:Miles 2011 1434:Miles 2011 1079:irregulars 1033:promontory 875:Background 793:BC when a 745:Punic Wars 670:Agrigentum 573:Illiturgis 563:Ebro River 341:Victumulae 3406:2nd Utica 3401:1st Utica 3366:Grumentum 3326:2nd Capua 3306:1st Capua 3174:Lilybaeum 3160:(Battles) 3058:Lilybaeum 2881:171813844 2873:0009-8388 2705:(2006) . 2228:Lowe 2000 2196:Lowe 2000 2147:0018-2311 2129:Lowe 2000 2117:Lowe 2000 2069:Lowe 2000 2011:Lowe 2000 1909:Lowe 2000 1805:Lowe 2000 1519:Lowe 2000 1422:Citations 1285:Aftermath 1278:impressed 1228:formation 1185:fish farm 964:Tarragona 956:Lusitania 931:lodgement 879:When the 826:peninsula 762:Mercenary 687:2nd Utica 682:1st Utica 640:Lilybaeum 531:Grumentum 471:2nd Capua 456:1st Capua 336:Placentia 3483:Category 3464:Carthage 3421:Insubria 3371:Metaurus 3341:Canusium 3336:Numistro 3276:Heat ray 3269:Syracuse 3259:3rd Nola 3249:2nd Nola 3239:1st Nola 3224:Geronium 3169:Saguntum 3130:Carthage 3120:Bagradas 3048:Panormus 3018:Tyndaris 2983:Treaties 2905:43767903 2832:(2011). 2664:(2001). 2523:(1999). 1404:Saguntum 1303:Pyrenees 1208:A Roman 1172:Polybius 1134:escalade 1067:materiel 1029:Carthage 962:(modern 889:Carthage 865:materiel 863:and war 842:escalade 660:Syracuse 655:Leontini 546:Insubria 536:Metaurus 506:Caulonia 501:Manduria 496:Canusium 491:Numistro 421:3rd Nola 411:2nd Nola 381:1st Nola 366:Geronium 299:Saguntum 155:Strength 128:Carthage 69:, Iberia 62:Location 3396:Crotona 3361:Petelia 3356:Baecula 3311:Silarus 3288:Sambuca 3199:Ticinus 3135:The Saw 3083:Aegates 3053:Drepana 3008:Thermae 2988:Messana 2822:1089089 2802:Phoenix 2513:Sources 2155:4436078 1266:talents 1226:testudo 1211:testudo 1193:sluices 1151:marines 1142:sallied 1126:citadel 1094:galleys 1075:militia 1063:arsenal 1044:isthmus 987:Prelude 960:Tarraco 857:citadel 603:Baecula 541:Crotona 526:Venusia 461:Silarus 431:Lucania 321:Ticinus 293:Prelude 203:Unknown 174:galleys 77:37°36′N 3512:209 BC 3229:Cannae 3204:Trebia 2923: 2903: 2879: 2871: 2840: 2820: 2789: 2770: 2751: 2732: 2713: 2691: 2672: 2666:Cannae 2650: 2629: 2610: 2591: 2569: 2550: 2531: 2153: 2145: 1360: 1358:in 218 1315: 1307: 1295: 1104:Battle 1040:lagoon 1021: 998: 980: 976: 935: 927: 919:consul 912: 893:Iberia 869: 853:sacked 849:lagoon 830: 822: 791: 767:Second 665:Himera 583:Orongi 552:Iberia 371:Cannae 331:Mutina 326:Trebia 163:27,500 105:Result 80:0°59′W 3416:Cirta 3381:Sucro 3376:Ilipa 3244:Ibera 3194:Cissa 3184:Rhone 3179:Malta 3140:Tunis 3115:Utica 3028:Aspis 3013:Sulci 3003:Mylae 2901:JSTOR 2877:S2CID 2818:JSTOR 2151:JSTOR 1330:Notes 1187:or a 1165:feint 1087:siege 1051:walls 1037:tidal 952:Gades 834:walls 795:Roman 772:Third 757:First 697:Cirta 645:Malta 613:Sucro 608:Ilipa 598:Baria 578:Munda 568:Ibera 558:Cissa 516:Locri 406:Cumae 396:Hamae 315:Italy 304:Rhone 3426:Zama 3278:and 3033:Adys 2921:ISBN 2869:ISSN 2838:ISBN 2787:ISBN 2768:ISBN 2749:ISBN 2730:ISBN 2711:ISBN 2689:ISBN 2670:ISBN 2648:ISBN 2627:ISBN 2608:ISBN 2589:ISBN 2567:ISBN 2548:ISBN 2529:ISBN 2143:ISSN 1177:Livy 1059:mint 1055:gate 914:BC. 887:and 885:Rome 838:gate 785:The 702:Zama 476:Rome 436:Arpi 123:Rome 54:Date 2861:doi 2810:doi 937:BC 147:POW 3508:: 2897:67 2895:. 2875:. 2867:. 2857:68 2855:. 2816:. 2806:54 2804:. 2398:^ 2371:^ 2356:^ 2291:^ 2149:. 2139:37 2137:. 2047:^ 2018:^ 1991:^ 1952:^ 1865:^ 1824:^ 1797:^ 1776:^ 1723:^ 1704:^ 1601:^ 1574:^ 1483:^ 1456:^ 1441:^ 921:, 813:. 2958:e 2951:t 2944:v 2929:. 2907:. 2883:. 2863:: 2846:. 2824:. 2812:: 2795:. 2776:. 2757:. 2738:. 2719:. 2697:. 2678:. 2656:. 2635:. 2616:. 2597:. 2575:. 2556:. 2537:. 2157:. 736:e 729:t 722:v 271:e 264:t 257:v 150:) 20:)

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Knowledge

Battle of New Carthage

Index