1247:
scouts had failed to detect the Gauls in their vicinity. As the Romans advanced along the road, the Boii secured a perimeter outside their line of advance and pushed over the trees on the outer edges, the trees fell on each other and crashed onto the road from both sides, killing several Roman soldiers and horses and destroying their equipment, while most of the soldiers died under the weight of the trees' trunks and branches and the panicked survivors were slaughtered by the Boii waiting outside the forest. A party of Romans tried to escape across a river, but were captured by the Boii who had already taken the bridge over it, only ten men survived the disaster, and a vast amount of spoils were taken by the Boii. Postumius was killed, his body decapitated and his head taken to a Boii sacred temple, where the skin was scraped off and the bare skull covered with gold, which was used as a cup for drinking by the Boii high priest.
1042:
under a loose siege a few miles from Mutina at
Tannetum. The Senate now detached one Roman and one allied legion (10,000 men) from the army of Scipio again, and Praetor Urbanus Gaius Atillius Serranus marched to Cisalpine Gaul with this army. As Atillius neared Tannetum, the Gauls retired without battle, and the Romans spent the summer of 218 BC recovering and fortifying Placentia and Cremona. The army of Sepmronius, kept in Rome as a strategic reserve, left Rome in June or July for Sicily. Scipio was forced to raise and train new troops to replace the ones taken from him, which delayed his departure for Spain by two-three months. This delay, a direct consequence of the Gallic revolt, indirectly influenced the course of Hannibal's invasion of Italy.
1144:
1305:
37:
1331:
If
Hasdrubal had managed to arrive in north Italy in 215 BC with his army, and then augment his numbers with Ligurian and Gallic recruits, he would have been in a position to attack Central Italy from the north, together with the reinforced army of Hannibal advancing from the south while other Carthaginian armies guarded Hannibal's allies in southern Italy. This would have caught Rome and her remaining allies in a strategic pincer movement. Rome probably would not have been able to survive the impact of Hasdrubal and Mago Barca's armies operating in Italy, but the defeat of Hasdrubal Barca in the
3026:
1064:
crossing of the Alps using an alternate, more arduous route caused the loss of the majority of his pack animals and 12,000 to 20,000 irreplaceable, battle tested, loyal veteran soldiers, who might have augmented
Hannibal's strength in Italy, another indirect consequence of Scipio's delayed arrival in Gaul. The Carthaginians found no supplies and reinforcements from the Gauls awaiting them after entering Italy, the Gauls joined the Carthaginians only after Hannibal defeated the
780:
3406:
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enabled
Placentia and Cremona to meet their annual quota of sending supplies to Rome, even in 209 BC, when eighteen out of the thirty Roman Latin Rights colonies were unable to supply their required quota of money or soldiers, which indicates that the Gauls were not engaged in any hostility in Cisalpine Gaul during 216 – 207 BC.
1234:
and shaped metal bossed shields made of oak or linden covered with leather and iron slashing swords, both cavalry and
Infantry carried spears and javelins for close quarter and ranged combat. Chieftains, Noblemen, and their retainers made up the cavalry, wore helmets and mail, and used thrusting spears and swords.
1613:
Certainly, steps designed to consolidate her hold in the north-east followed this incident in quick succession: the foundation in 268 of the Latin colony of
Ariminum .... the annexation of the whole Picentine land save for ... Ancona and ... Asculum; the transportation of large numbers of Picentes to
1351:
Carthage had no bases on the sea coast between the
Balearic Islands and Italy, which were dominated by Roman alley Massalia and her colonies, Rome controlled Sardinia, Corsica and Sicily, and thus effectively controlled the coast between Spain and Italy, so a sea voyage would have been more dangerous
1330:
The
Carthaginian Senate had authorized sending 4,000 Numidian cavalry, 40 elephants and 500 talents to Hannibal, Mago Barca, brother of Hannibal then in present Carthage, was authorized to recruit another army containing 20,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry, and then sail to Italy to reinforce Hannibal.
1028:
Hannibal had anticipated Rome's intentions, and may have planned to defeat Scipio in Spain or Gaul before invading Italy, thus securing
Carthage's Spanish possessions and forestalling the planned Roman invasion of Africa. Probably starting in late May or early June, the Carthaginian army spent almost
1233:
The Gauls were brave, fierce warriors who fought in tribes and clans in massed infantry formation, but lacked the discipline of their Roman and
Carthaginian opponents. The Infantry wore no armor, fought naked or stripped to the waist in plaid trousers and a loose cloak, a variety of different size
1063:
only to find Scipio's army stationed four days march to the south of his crossing site– another consequence of Scipio's delayed start from Italy. Hannibal chose not to fight the Romans, but he probably was forced to change his planned route across Alps due to the Roman presence, and his five-week
1041:
with 600 Roman Horse, 10,000 allied infantry and 1,000 allied cavalry, all taken from Scipio's army, to aid the besieged Romans at Mutina. This army was ambushed by the Gauls twice on the way, losing 1,200 men and six standards, and although they relieved Mutina, the combined Roman army then fell
766:
in the fall of 216 BC or the spring election of consuls for 215 BC, triggering a renewed panic. The Romans were compelled to postpone military operations against the Gauls until the conclusion of the Second Punic War, sending only two legions to guard against additional Gallic attacks. However, the
1327:
which denied Rome a large part of their resources and these defecting cities now supplied the Carthaginians with men and supplies, as Hannibal had planned. Hannibal now needed further reinforcements to protect his Italian allies and carry the war to the territory of Rome and her remaining allies.
1322:
had caused him to abandon this enterprise. Hasdrubal, reinforced by 4,500 soldiers, was occupied with subduing Iberian rebels based near Gades in 216 BC and was unable to leave Spain. Carthage sent an army and fleet under Himilco to guard Spain in 216 BC, which enabled Hasdrubal, in command of an
1326:
Hannibal Barca, during 218 – 216 BC, had defeated the Romans in several battles and plundered his way across Central Italy to demonstrate to Rome's Italian allies Roman inability to protect them as part of his strategy, and after winning at Cannae, Hannibal gained several allies in South Italy,
1246:
had prepared an ambush for the Romans, they cut the trees along the path taken by the Romans in such a way that, unsupported, the trees would remain standing, but if given a slight push they would topple over. The Gauls had somehow managed to conceal their activity from the Romans, or the Roman
1295:
The Boii did not attack the Roman colonies of Placentia and Cremona in Cisalpine Gaul after their victory, sparing Rome from mobilizing relief forces or abandoning their colonies altogether at a time when they were hard pressed combating Hannibal. The Gauls remained passive until 207 BC, which
1116:
and the Romans probably hoped that with their homeland under attack, the Gauls in Hannibal's army may desert and move back to Cisalpine Gaul, reducing the Carthaginian army's strength considerably. Postumius' army strength was increased to two Roman legions and he further raised
1255:
The city of Rome was panic stricken after receiving news of this disaster, as Rome was now open to another Gallic invasion from the north as no legions were stationed in Central Italy, Rome itself was guarded by two city legions, Roman preparations against Hannibal after the
1318:, who had been ordered to march overland to Italy after destroying the Roman forces stationed in Spain by the Carthaginian Senate in 215 BC. Hasdrubal had previously attempted to reinforce Hannibal in Italy in 217 BC, but the defeat of Hasdrubal's navy in the
762:. Of 25,000 Romans, only 10 survived, with a few being taken prisoner by the Gauls. The corpse of Postumius was decapitated and his skull was made into a gilded ceremonial cup by the Boii. News of this military disaster probably reached Rome after the
1352:
than a land one. In 218 BC, Rome had mobilized 220 Quinqueremes, while Carthage only had 32 quinqueremes manned in Spain and another 55 in Carthage. The largest fleet Carthage would launch during the war would have 130 quinqueremes, in 212 BC.
1292:, who had survived the Battle of Cannae and was now a proconsul, was stationed at Ager Picenus with the task of raising additional troops and garrisoning the area, and both generals were ordered not to conduct any offensive operations.
1058:
Hannibal after subduing Catalonia left Hanno with 11,000 soldiers to guard the area, further reduced his army, abandoned his heavy baggage, and focused on reaching Italy quickly, his streamlined army reached the Rhone in three weeks,
969:
made a sea-borne invasion impossible. The Romans expected Carthage to remain on the defensive, and Hannibal hoped that the invasion would catch them off guard and forestall the expected Roman invasions of Spain and Africa.
1029:
three months moving from Cartagena to the Pyrenees, including a 43-day campaign conquering Catalonia. Hannibal was denied his planned confrontation with Scipio, whose journey to Spain was delayed by the Gallic revolt.
832:
in 361, 358, 350 and 349 BC, the Romans lost no territory, however, Romans lived in fear of Gallic invasions for several generations until the final pacification of Gauls during the last century of the Roman Republic.
827:
between 390 – 387 BC and partially sacked the city of Rome, before they were either driven out or bought off by the Romans. Rome was rebuilt with new stone defensive walls, and although the Gauls launched raids into
845:
against the Etruscans and their Gallic allies, gaining the upper hand over the Gauls; a victory of the Senones over a Roman army at Arretium in 284 BC failed to alter the new balance of power. Roman victory at
981:
had agreed to meet Hannibal with provisions and reinforcements upon his arrival in Italy, when the Carthaginian army would be at its most vulnerable due to exhaustion and expected losses during the
257:
1092:
forced him to move south to defend Central Italy. The Boii and Insubres were left in peace until the Romans decided to attack both Hannibal and the Gauls in 216 BC. Roman consuls for 216 BC,
985:. After the war broke out in the spring of 218 BC, the Boii and Insubres, resenting Roman occupation of Gallic lands and perhaps incited by agents of Hannibal, attacked the Roman colonies of
292:
571:
529:
890:. This legislation caused a further influx of Roman settlers in Ager Gallicus and Ager Picenus and led the Boii and Insubres to fear Roman incursion on their existing lands.
3005:
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and Etruscans, led to the destruction of the Senones as an independent power with their subsequent expulsion from their lands, which were reorganized by the Romans as the
287:
636:
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where the colonists had fled. This revolt, which probably occurred in April or May, would ultimately force Rome and Hannibal to change their respective war strategies.
479:
417:
307:
1288:, with the Gauls being only a secondary priority for the Roman war strategy. The Senate accordingly garrisoned Arretium with a legion under praetor M. Pomponius, and
352:
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to Spain. Scipio was to engage Hannibal either north of the Ebro or east of the Pyrenees or on the RhĂ´ne, and after Scipio had occupied Hannibal's forces, Consul
252:
2995:
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Postumius' army invaded Cisalpine Gaul in the spring of 215 BC, and marched through a large forest called Litana by the Gauls towards the Boii strongholds. The
1181:. They carried several javelins, which would be thrown from a distance, a short sword, and a 90 centimetres (3.0 ft) shield. The balance were equipped as
171:
1165:, each of 4,200 infantry and 300 cavalry. Approximately 1,200 of the infantry, poorer or younger men unable to afford the armour and equipment of a standard
474:
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407:
402:
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862:. Romans and Gauls lived in peace for the next 47 years until hostilities broke out with the Boii, who had settled around the Etruscan city of Felsina.
484:
302:
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The Gallic victory and the subsequent Roman decision to deploy minimal forces to guard Cisalpine Gaul created an unexpected strategic opportunity for
499:
297:
1037:
The Roman Senate prioritized the defense of Italy over the planned overseas expeditions, and Praetor Peregrinus Lucius Manlius Vulso marched from
629:
1309:
The locations of Roman legions in 215 BC; of the 18 raised, only 2 were in Iberia, supported by at least 4 Italian legions and Iberian allies.
910:
in 225 BC. Nonetheless, the Boii resistance collapsed in the following year; already under attack by Gallic tribes allied to Rome, namely the
1400:
1221:, to each lead an army. An army was usually formed by combining a Roman legion with a similarly sized and equipped legion provided by their
1281:
1217:
and individual legionaries fought in relatively open order. It was the long-standing Roman procedure to elect two men each year, known as
2884:
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622:
164:
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Scullard, Howard H. (2006) . "Carthage and Rome". In Walbank, F. W.; Astin, A. E.; Frederiksen, M. W. & Ogilvie, R. M. (eds.).
1595:
By the 260s, few, if any, communities in Etruria, Umbria and Picenum possessed any real independence. The Picentes revolted in 269.
1101:
1006:
882:. The Boii and the Insubres may have clashed with the Romans between 238 – 236 BC, and they again became hostile after 232 BC when
759:
108:
3087:
1093:
1611:. Vol. VII: the Hellenistic World: Part 2: The Rise of Rome to 220 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 425.
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fell to the Romans in 222 BC. Both the Boii and the Insubres were forced to become Roman allies. The Romans in 218 BC planted
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Boii and Insubres did not attempt to exploit their victory. Cisalpine Gaul remained in relative peace until 207 BC, when
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A generic representation of the route Hannibal and Publius Scipio took to the Po Valley 218 BC, not to exact scale.
3196:
3116:
3052:
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2478:
982:
561:
210:
3057:
2833:. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Jones, H. L. Harvard University Press, W. Heinemann – via LacusCurtius.
2780:. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Paton, W. R. Harvard University Press, W. Heinemann – via LacusCurtius.
2728:
2700:
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2539:
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1883:
1813:
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with 4 legions (8,000 Roman and 14,000 allied infantry and 600 Roman and 1,600 allied horse) under the escort of 60
1088:
had attacked the Boii after the departure of Hannibal from Cisalpine Gaul in 217 BC, but Hannibal's victory in the
1021:
and 2 allied, 8,000 Roman and 16,000 allied infantry and 600 Roman and 1,800 allied horse) under the escort of 160
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883:
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847:
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were just being completed, and no soldiers could be spared from these deployment for service elsewhere. The
1149:
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by 390 BC. Hostilities between Rome and the Gauls started when the Romans tried to aid the Etruscan city of
2925:
1068:
three days after reaching Italy. Hannibal wintered in Cisalpine Gaul after his victories in the battle of
874:
in 269 BC, the Romans had further consolidated their hold south of Ager Gallicus, planting new colonies at
710:
237:
1076:, and when he marched south in spring of 217 BC, more than half of his army consisted of Gallic recruits.
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on the west coast, and finally in 264 the planting of a second large Latin colony on the coast at Firmum.
685:
412:
387:
367:
342:
1335:
not only prevented this, but also diverted the army of Mago Barca to Spain and spared Rome this ordeal.
1284:, the remaining consul-elect for 215 BC, consoled the Senate by emphasizing the importance of defeating
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593:
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Staveley, ES (1989). "Rome and Italy in the Early Third Century". In Walbank, Frank William (ed.).
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to patrol the streets, open shops and disperse any sign of defeatism. Postumius had been elected
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to keep watch over the Gauls, which again stirred up resentment among the Boii and Insubres.
808:
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362:
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in Cisalpine Gaul, and the Republic now needed to elect another consul as his replacement.
1157:
Most male Roman citizens were eligible for military service and would serve as infantry, a
1138:
1073:
927:
695:
464:
242:
227:
8:
3410:
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660:
541:
432:
1304:
3348:
3268:
3263:
3207:
3151:
3015:
2975:
2945:
2612:
1573:
907:
842:
675:
447:
397:
392:
267:
1225:; allied legions usually had a larger attached complement of cavalry than Roman ones.
3323:
3313:
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3283:
3126:
3096:
3062:
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2935:
2915:
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2408:
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1809:
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providing a cavalry component. Traditionally, when at war the Romans would raise two
1069:
966:
919:
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519:
504:
442:
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222:
200:
2841:(2015) . "Roman Strategy and Aims in the Second Punic War". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).
3417:
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112:
28:
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911:
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768:
598:
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509:
469:
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357:
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Hannibal's Dynasty: Power and Politics in the Western Mediterranean, 247–183 BC
2571:
1182:
1105:
958:
784:
603:
93:
2719:. Translated by J.C. Yardley, introduction and notes by Dexter Hoyos. Oxford:
1361:
This could be increased to 5,000 in some circumstances, or, rarely, even more.
1005:
Rome had mobilized two consular armies in 218 BC, they planned to send consul
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3034:
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2400:
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855:
337:
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The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars
1323:
army probably numbering 25,000, to start preparing his expedition to Italy.
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1022:
1018:
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859:
755:
736:
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2766:(Revised ed.). Boston, Chicago: Allyn and Bacon, Project Gutenberg.
2894:
2563:
1186:
1174:
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2551:
779:
2470:
2405:
The Punic Wars: Rome, Carthage and the Struggle for the Mediterranean
1202:
1166:
614:
2771:
1571:
Boatwright, Mary T; Gargola, Daniel J; Talbert, Richard JA (2004).
1550:(illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 201–202.
1532:
1530:
1285:
1122:
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978:
943:
918:, they were subjugated by the Romans following their defeat at the
899:
871:
804:
740:
149:
1198:
1194:
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1158:
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990:
939:
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63:
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879:
792:
748:
1874:
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coast, raising the number of his soldiers to 25,000 troops.
2809:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 486–569.
2710:
2068:
2066:
1243:
1061:
forced a passage across the river against Gallic resistance
974:
851:
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751:
88:
2292:
2138:
1479:
1152:
showing two Roman foot-soldiers from the second century BC
2376:
2352:
2174:
2150:
1869:
1847:
1845:
1641:
1050:
906:, the Boii and the Insubres defeated a Roman army in the
2807:
Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 7, Part 2, 2nd Edition
2490:
Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War
2162:
2063:
1570:
1548:
Beyond the Rubicon: Romans and Gauls in Republican Italy
965:
overland from Spain, since Roman naval dominance of the
888:
Lex Flaminia de Agro Gallico et Piceno viritim dividundo
865:
2763:
Ancient Rome: From the earliest times down to 476 A. D.
2676:. Translated by Nevill, Antonia. Blackwell Publishers.
2255:
1933:
1931:
1705:
1703:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1045:
1000:
2469:. The Routledge History of the Ancient World. London:
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1842:
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that took place in a forest 75 miles northwest of the
2316:
2126:
1979:
1943:
1916:
1888:
1804:
1802:
1739:
1727:
1579:. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.
807:, had settled in the Po Valley after driving out the
2027:
2015:
2003:
1967:
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1197:. They were divided into three ranks, of which the
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2039:
1991:
1955:
1818:
1799:
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2282:Goldsworthy, Adrian, The Fall of Carthage, p 248
1906:Goldsworthy, Adrian, The Fall of Carthage, p 152
1878:Goldsworthy, Adrian, The Fall of Carthage, p 151
3431:
2617:The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC
1629:Eckstein, Arthur M., Senate and General, p 7-10
930:, the Insubres surrendered after their capital
850:in 283 BC, against an army made up of Senones,
754:surprised and destroyed a Roman army under the
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
2892:
2878:
2845:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 280–298.
2562:. London: George Bell & Sons – via
2273:Eckstein, Arthur M., Senate and General, p 43
2219:Eckstein, Arthur M., Senate and General, p 35
2111:Eckstein, Arthur M., Senate and General, p 34
2102:Eckstein, Arthur M., Senate and General, p 33
2072:Eckstein, Arthur M., Senate and General, p 30
819:against the warlike Senones, who were led by
630:
165:
1524:Eckstein, Arthur M., Senate and General, p 4
836:
2611:
2298:
2180:
2156:
2144:
1407:
1032:
858:, centered upon the Latin Rights colony of
2885:
2871:
2837:
2716:Hannibal's War: Books Twenty-One to Thirty
2633:
2382:
1652:
1491:
1025:was to invade Africa and attack Carthage.
637:
623:
172:
158:
35:
2792:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
823:. The Senones defeated the Romans at the
2804:
2790:Scipio Africanus in the Second Punic War
2784:
2770:
2529:
2358:
1606:
1545:
1303:
1142:
1049:
778:
771:arrived there with his army from Spain.
62:Forest of Litana, 75 miles northwest of
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1985:
1949:
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2009:
1757:
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2421:
2346:
2334:
2057:
2021:
1973:
1937:
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1836:
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1709:
1201:also carried two javelins, while the
866:Roman consolidation in Cisalpine Gaul
644:
618:
153:
2709:
2487:
2440:
2261:
2249:
2237:
2207:
2195:
2090:
2045:
1997:
1961:
1824:
1808:Lazenby, J.F., Hannibal's War, p 71
1694:
1046:Hannibal’s arrival in Cisalpine Gaul
1001:Strategic consequences of the revolt
179:
2570:
953:
870:After defeating a rebellion of the
13:
2534:. University of California Press.
1575:The Romans: From Village to Empire
1128:
14:
3471:
1276:, since he was in command of the
3405:
3404:
3024:
2445:. Barns & Nobles, New York.
1638:Polybius, The Histories, 2.21.-9
1536:Polybius, The Histories, 2.19–20
3445:Battles of the Second Punic War
3053:Hamilcar's victory with Naravas
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2213:
2105:
2096:
2075:
1900:
1673:
1658:
1632:
1623:
1600:
1564:
1539:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1355:
1345:
894:Defeat of the Boii and Insubres
884:Gaius Flaminius (consul 223 BC)
2691:Lazenby, John Francis (1978).
1466:
1453:
1440:
1427:
1392:
1135:Roman army of the mid-Republic
1104:to harry the Gallic tribes in
16:Battle of the Second Punic War
1:
2843:A Companion to the Punic Wars
1609:The Cambridge Ancient History
1368:
841:In 295 BC the Romans won the
774:
2593:Gabriel, Richard A. (2011).
2530:Eckstein, Arthur M. (1987).
2507:Dodge, Theodore A. (1994) .
1422:The Epitome of Roman History
1282:Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus
1250:
1228:
1108:that had supplied troops to
7:
3455:Battles involving the Gauls
2634:Goldworthy, Adrian (2000).
1546:Williams, J. H. C. (2001).
10:
3476:
2740:Carthage Must Be Destroyed
2392:
1132:
1079:
1015:Tiberius Sempronius Longus
3400:
3362:
3081:
3033:
3022:
2901:
1237:
1100:gave one Roman legion to
922:. Having lost battles at
837:Romans defeat the Senones
656:
258:Crossing of the Apennines
191:
135:
122:
99:
82:
45:
34:
26:
21:
2758:Pennell, Robert Franklin
2553:Epitome of Roman History
1338:
1213:instead. Both legionary
1102:Lucius Postumius Albinus
1090:Battle of Lake Trasimene
1086:Gnaeus Servilius Geminus
1033:Gauls retire from Mutina
1007:Publius Cornelius Scipio
760:Lucius Postumius Albinus
109:Lucius Postumius Albinus
3339:Great Plains (Bagradas)
2738:Miles, Richard (2011).
2721:Oxford University Press
2695:. Aris & Phillips.
2657:. New York: Routledge.
2426:. Cooper Square Press.
1272:for the third time and
1094:Lucius Aemilius Paullus
993:, afterwards besieging
2672:Lancel, Serge (1998).
2653:Hoyos, Dexter (2003).
2488:Daly, Gregory (2002).
1311:
1195:short thrusting swords
1154:
1055:
961:had planned to invade
795:tribes, including the
788:
729:Battle of Silva Litana
100:Commanders and leaders
41:Battle of Silva Litana
22:Battle of Silva Litana
2597:. Potomac Books Inc.
2492:. London: Routledge.
2422:Baker, G. P. (1999).
1476:, The Gallic Wars, §1
1307:
1290:Gaius Terentius Varro
1146:
1098:Gaius Terentius Varro
1053:
898:With the help of the
782:
136:Casualties and losses
3117:Crossing of the Alps
2638:. -London: Phoenix.
2636:The Fall of Carthage
2443:Hannibal's Campaigns
1772:, p. 31-32, 51.
1497:Cornell 1995, p. 325
1320:Battle of Ebro River
1300:Strategic importance
1139:Military of Carthage
211:Crossing of the Alps
2786:Scullard, Howard H.
2619:. London: Phoenix.
2613:Goldsworthy, Adrian
2576:The Classical World
2441:Bath, Tony (1981).
2407:. London: Pimlico.
2264:, pp. 162–164.
1448:The Classical World
1159:better-off minority
902:, mercenaries from
536:Sicily and Sardinia
3460:Ambushes in Europe
3208:Claw of Archimedes
3016:Treaty of Lutatius
2532:Senate and General
1312:
1155:
1150:Ahenobarbus relief
1056:
1017:with 4 legions (2
908:Battle of Faesulae
843:Battle of Sentinum
789:
3450:210s BC conflicts
3427:
3426:
2852:978-1-405-17600-2
2839:Zimmermann, Klaus
2816:978-0-521-23446-7
2749:978-0-141-01809-6
2742:. Penguin Group.
2626:978-0-304-36642-2
2604:978-1-59797-686-2
2578:. Penguin Books.
2560:John Selby Watson
2515:. Da Capo Press.
2499:978-0-415-26147-0
2414:978-0-7126-6608-4
2361:, pp. 47–48.
2171:, pp. 22–25.
1557:978-0-19-815300-9
1121:troops along the
1114:Carthaginian army
967:Mediterranean Sea
920:Battle of Telamon
724:
723:
648:Roman–Gallic wars
612:
611:
288:Nuceria Alfaterna
148:
147:
78:
77:
3467:
3418:Military history
3408:
3407:
3382:Port of Carthage
3218:
3211:
3210:
3090:
3083:Second Punic War
3028:
2966:Bagradas (Tunis)
2887:
2880:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2834:
2820:
2801:
2781:
2767:
2753:
2734:
2706:
2687:
2668:
2649:
2630:
2608:
2589:
2567:
2557:
2545:
2526:
2514:
2503:
2484:
2456:
2437:
2418:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2299:Goldsworthy 2006
2296:
2290:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2220:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2184:
2181:Goldsworthy 2006
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2157:Goldsworthy 2006
2154:
2148:
2145:Goldsworthy 2006
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1876:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1806:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1677:
1671:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1578:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1525:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1470:
1464:
1461:The Rise of Rome
1457:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1435:The Rise of Rome
1431:
1425:
1424:, Book 1, ch. 13
1418:
1405:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1258:Battle of Cannae
1148:Detail from the
954:Second Punic War
904:Transalpine Gaul
764:defeat at Cannae
745:Second Punic War
651:
649:
639:
632:
625:
616:
615:
530:2nd New Carthage
495:1st New Carthage
186:
184:
183:Second Punic War
174:
167:
160:
151:
150:
117:
47:
46:
39:
29:Second Punic War
19:
18:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3396:
3364:Third Punic War
3358:
3319:Carteia (naval)
3214:
3202:
3201:
3086:
3085:
3077:
3029:
3020:
2991:Drepana (siege)
2903:First Punic War
2897:
2893:Battles of the
2891:
2859:
2853:
2817:
2750:
2731:
2703:
2684:
2665:
2646:
2627:
2605:
2586:
2572:Fox, Robin Lane
2549:Florus (1889).
2542:
2523:
2500:
2481:
2453:
2434:
2415:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2383:Zimmermann 2015
2381:
2377:
2373:, pp. 128.
2369:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2236:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2123:, pp. 165.
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2081:Polybius 3.88.3
2080:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2024:, pp. 106.
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1976:, pp. 262.
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1940:, pp. 103.
1936:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1877:
1870:
1866:, pp. 112.
1862:
1858:
1854:, pp. 106.
1850:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1807:
1800:
1796:, pp. 107.
1792:
1788:
1784:, pp. 158.
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1724:, pp. 100.
1720:
1716:
1712:, pp. 236.
1708:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1678:
1674:
1663:
1659:
1653:Goldworthy 2000
1651:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1616:Ager Picentinus
1605:
1601:
1591:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1474:History of Rome
1471:
1467:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1408:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1333:Battle of Ibera
1316:Hasdrubal Barca
1310:
1302:
1253:
1240:
1231:
1211:thrusting spear
1153:
1141:
1133:Main articles:
1131:
1129:Opposing armies
1082:
1048:
1035:
1003:
983:Alpine crossing
956:
896:
868:
839:
825:Battle of Allia
783:The peoples of
777:
769:Hasdrubal Barca
747:in 216 BC. The
725:
720:
652:
647:
645:
643:
613:
608:
187:
182:
180:
178:
113:
66:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3473:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3414:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3314:Carteia (land)
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3229:2nd Beneventum
3226:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3212:
3194:
3192:1st Beneventum
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:Lake Trasimene
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2926:Lipari Islands
2923:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2851:
2835:
2821:
2815:
2802:
2782:
2768:
2754:
2748:
2735:
2729:
2707:
2701:
2693:Hannibal's War
2688:
2682:
2669:
2663:
2650:
2644:
2631:
2625:
2609:
2603:
2590:
2584:
2568:
2546:
2540:
2527:
2521:
2504:
2498:
2485:
2480:978-0415015967
2479:
2461:Cornell, T. J.
2457:
2451:
2438:
2432:
2419:
2413:
2401:Bagnall, Nigel
2396:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:, p. 291.
2375:
2363:
2351:
2339:
2327:
2315:
2313:, p. 204.
2303:
2301:, p. 250.
2291:
2275:
2266:
2254:
2252:, p. 164.
2242:
2240:, p. 163.
2221:
2212:
2200:
2198:, p. 103.
2185:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2147:, p. 287.
2137:
2125:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2093:, p. 162.
2083:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2014:
2012:, pp. 72.
2002:
1990:
1988:, pp. 36.
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1927:
1915:
1899:
1887:
1868:
1856:
1841:
1839:, p. 113.
1829:
1817:
1798:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1760:, pp. 64.
1750:
1748:, pp. 29.
1738:
1736:, pp. 31.
1726:
1714:
1699:
1697:, pp. 13.
1687:
1672:
1657:
1655:, p. 139.
1640:
1631:
1622:
1599:
1589:
1563:
1556:
1538:
1526:
1517:
1515:Polybius. 2.18
1508:
1499:
1490:
1478:
1465:
1452:
1439:
1426:
1406:
1391:
1389:, pp. 90.
1373:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1354:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1252:
1249:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1183:heavy infantry
1147:
1130:
1127:
1106:Cisalpine Gaul
1081:
1078:
1047:
1044:
1034:
1031:
1002:
999:
959:Hannibal Barca
955:
952:
946:and fortified
895:
892:
867:
864:
838:
835:
785:Cisalpine Gaul
776:
773:
722:
721:
719:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
657:
654:
653:
642:
641:
634:
627:
619:
610:
609:
607:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
580:
579:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
538:
537:
533:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
456:
455:
451:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
348:2nd Beneventum
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
318:1st Beneventum
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
248:Lake Trasimene
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
219:
218:
214:
213:
208:
203:
197:
196:
192:
189:
188:
177:
176:
169:
162:
154:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
120:
119:
106:
102:
101:
97:
96:
94:Roman Republic
91:
85:
84:
80:
79:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
61:
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3472:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:Ager Falernus
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3035:Mercenary War
3032:
3027:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2971:Cape Hermaeum
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2730:0-19-283159-3
2726:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2711:Livius, Titus
2708:
2704:
2702:0-85668-080-X
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2683:0-631-21848-3
2679:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2664:0-203-41782-8
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2645:9780304366422
2641:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2585:0-14-102141-1
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2547:
2543:
2541:0-520-05582-9
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2522:0-306-81362-9
2518:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2452:0-88029-817-0
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2433:0-8154-1005-0
2429:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2359:Scullard 1930
2355:
2349:, p. 43.
2348:
2343:
2337:, p. 86.
2336:
2331:
2325:, p. 96.
2324:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2288:0-304-36642-0
2285:
2279:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2216:
2210:, p. 29.
2209:
2204:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2183:, p. 50.
2182:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2159:, p. 48.
2158:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2135:, p. 23.
2134:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2092:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2060:, p. 97.
2059:
2054:
2048:, p. 50.
2047:
2042:
2036:, p. 71.
2035:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2011:
2006:
2000:, p. 46.
1999:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1964:, p. 45.
1963:
1958:
1952:, p. 51.
1951:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1925:, p. 50.
1924:
1919:
1913:
1912:0-304-36642-0
1909:
1903:
1897:, p. 50.
1896:
1891:
1885:
1884:0-304-36642-0
1881:
1875:
1873:
1865:
1860:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1827:, p. 11.
1826:
1821:
1815:
1814:0-8061-3004-0
1811:
1805:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1635:
1626:
1619:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1592:
1590:0-19-511876-6
1586:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1567:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1533:
1531:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1469:
1462:
1456:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1358:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1306:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1248:
1245:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1052:
1043:
1040:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
968:
964:
960:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
863:
861:
857:
856:Ager Gallicus
853:
849:
844:
834:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
787:, 391–192 BC.
786:
781:
772:
770:
765:
761:
757:
753:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
655:
650:
640:
635:
633:
628:
626:
621:
620:
617:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
577:
576:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
535:
534:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
453:
452:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
353:Campi Veteres
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
328:2nd Casilinum
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
293:1st Casilinum
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
263:Ager Falernus
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
216:
215:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
194:
193:
190:
185:
175:
170:
168:
163:
161:
156:
155:
152:
144:24,990 killed
143:
140:
139:
134:
130:
127:
126:
121:
118:
116:
110:
107:
104:
103:
98:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
81:
73:
70:
69:
65:
60:
57:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
3416:
3409:
3387:2nd Nepheris
3377:1st Nepheris
3279:New Carthage
3274:2nd Tarentum
3259:2nd Herdonia
3249:Upper Baetis
3244:1st Herdonia
3224:1st Tarentum
3162:Silva Litana
3161:
3073:Leptis Parva
3006:2nd Mt. Eryx
3001:1st Mt. Eryx
2951:Cape Ecnomus
2860:
2842:
2829:
2806:
2789:
2776:
2762:
2739:
2715:
2692:
2673:
2654:
2635:
2616:
2594:
2575:
2552:
2531:
2510:
2489:
2465:
2442:
2423:
2404:
2378:
2371:Lazenby 1978
2366:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2323:Gabriel 2011
2318:
2311:Bagnall 1999
2306:
2294:
2278:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2215:
2203:
2176:
2169:Bagnall 1999
2164:
2152:
2140:
2133:Bagnall 1999
2128:
2121:Gabriel 2011
2116:
2107:
2098:
2086:
2077:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1986:Lazenby 1978
1981:
1969:
1957:
1950:Lazenby 1978
1945:
1923:Gabriel 2011
1918:
1902:
1895:Lazenby 1978
1890:
1859:
1852:Gabriel 2011
1832:
1820:
1794:Gabriel 2011
1789:
1782:Bagnall 1999
1777:
1770:Lazenby 1978
1765:
1753:
1746:Lazenby 1978
1741:
1734:Lazenby 1978
1729:
1717:
1690:
1680:
1675:
1665:
1660:
1634:
1625:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1594:
1574:
1566:
1547:
1541:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1486:Pennell 2004
1481:
1473:
1468:
1460:
1455:
1447:
1442:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1399:
1394:
1387:Gabriel 2011
1357:
1347:
1329:
1325:
1313:
1294:
1278:Roman legion
1273:
1270:Roman consul
1262:Roman Senate
1254:
1241:
1232:
1223:Latin allies
1209:ranks had a
1169:, served as
1156:
1083:
1057:
1036:
1027:
1023:quinqueremes
1011:quinqueremes
1004:
972:
957:
938:colonies at
936:Latin rights
897:
887:
869:
860:Sena Gallica
840:
790:
728:
726:
701:Silva Litana
700:
594:Great Plains
578:North Africa
490:Upper Baetis
413:2nd Tarentum
388:2nd Herdonia
368:1st Herdonia
343:1st Tarentum
278:Silva Litana
277:
253:Umbrian Lake
114:
83:Belligerents
74:Boii victory
27:Part of the
3182:Decimomannu
2996:Mount Ercte
2034:Lancel 1998
2010:Lancel 1998
1758:Lancel 1998
1488:, CH9para2.
1274:in absentia
1187:body armour
1177:, known as
1175:skirmishers
886:passed the
848:Lake Vadimo
743:during the
681:Lake Vadimo
661:Allia River
552:Decimomannu
525:2nd Carteia
520:1st Carteia
423:2nd Petelia
383:Sapriportis
303:1st Petelia
3434:Categories
3372:Lake Tunis
3137:Ebro River
2921:Agrigentum
2895:Punic Wars
2564:Wikisource
2347:Baker 1999
2335:Baker 1999
2058:Baker 1999
2022:Hoyos 2003
1974:Miles 2011
1938:Hoyos 2003
1864:Hoyos 2003
1837:Hoyos 2003
1722:Hoyos 2003
1710:Miles 2011
1679:Polybius,
1664:Polybius,
1446:Lane Fox,
1369:References
1199:front rank
1189:, a large
932:Mediolanum
928:Clastidium
775:Background
696:Clastidium
666:Anio River
572:Agrigentum
475:Illiturgis
465:Ebro River
243:Victumulae
3334:2nd Utica
3329:1st Utica
3294:Grumentum
3254:2nd Capua
3234:1st Capua
3102:Lilybaeum
3088:(Battles)
2986:Lilybaeum
2830:Geography
2827:(1917) .
2798:185176196
2777:Histories
2774:(1922) .
2760:(2004) .
2558:. Trans.
2471:Routledge
2262:Livy 2006
2250:Livy 2006
2238:Livy 2006
2208:Bath 1981
2196:Daly 2002
2091:Livy 2006
2046:Bath 1981
1998:Bath 1981
1962:Bath 1981
1825:Daly 2002
1695:Daly 2002
1681:Histories
1666:Histories
1506:Liv. 7 26
1401:Geography
1251:Aftermath
1229:The Gauls
1215:sub-units
1167:legionary
1039:Ariminium
987:Placentia
944:Placentia
809:Etruscans
711:Placentia
589:2nd Utica
584:1st Utica
542:Lilybaeum
433:Grumentum
373:2nd Capua
358:1st Capua
238:Placentia
3411:Category
3392:Carthage
3349:Insubria
3299:Metaurus
3269:Canusium
3264:Numistro
3204:Heat ray
3197:Syracuse
3187:3rd Nola
3177:2nd Nola
3167:1st Nola
3152:Geronium
3097:Saguntum
3058:Carthage
3048:Bagradas
2976:Panormus
2946:Tyndaris
2911:Treaties
2788:(1930).
2772:Polybius
2713:(2006).
2674:Hannibal
2615:(2006).
2595:Hannibal
2574:(2005).
2511:Hannibal
2463:(1995).
2424:Hannibal
2403:(1999).
1472:Appian,
1463:, p. 330
1450:, p. 283
1437:, p. 329
1420:Florus,
1404:, V.1.6.
1398:Strabo,
1286:Hannibal
1264:ordered
1123:Adriatic
1110:Hannibal
979:Insubres
916:Cenomani
914:and the
900:Gaesatae
876:Ariminum
872:Picentes
813:Umbrians
805:Insubres
803:and the
791:Several
741:Ariminum
739:city of
686:Faesulae
676:Arretium
562:Syracuse
557:Leontini
448:Insubria
438:Metaurus
408:Caulonia
403:Manduria
398:Canusium
393:Numistro
323:3rd Nola
313:2nd Nola
283:1st Nola
268:Geronium
201:Saguntum
123:Strength
64:Ariminum
58:Location
3324:Crotona
3289:Petelia
3284:Baecula
3239:Silarus
3216:Sambuca
3127:Ticinus
3063:The Saw
3011:Aegates
2981:Drepana
2936:Thermae
2916:Messana
2393:Sources
1684:2:23–24
1266:aediles
1219:consuls
1185:, with
1179:velites
1173:-armed
1171:javelin
1163:legions
1084:Consul
1080:Prelude
1070:Ticinus
1066:Taurini
991:Cremona
940:Cremona
924:Acerrae
821:Brennus
817:Clusium
797:Senones
758:-elect
731:was an
706:Cremona
691:Telamon
505:Baecula
443:Crotona
428:Venusia
363:Silarus
333:Lucania
223:Ticinus
195:Prelude
141:Unknown
128:Unknown
115:†
105:Unknown
3440:216 BC
3157:Cannae
3132:Trebia
2849:
2825:Strabo
2813:
2796:
2746:
2727:
2699:
2680:
2661:
2642:
2623:
2601:
2582:
2555:
2538:
2519:
2496:
2477:
2449:
2430:
2411:
2286:
1910:
1882:
1812:
1587:
1554:
1459:Livy,
1433:Livy,
1238:Battle
1203:second
1191:shield
1119:allied
1074:Trebia
1019:Romans
995:Mutina
948:Mutina
912:Veneti
880:Firmum
830:Latium
799:, the
793:Gallic
756:consul
749:Gallic
733:ambush
716:Mutina
567:Himera
485:Orongi
454:Iberia
273:Cannae
233:Mutina
228:Trebia
131:25,000
111:
71:Result
53:216 BC
3344:Cirta
3309:Sucro
3304:Ilipa
3172:Ibera
3122:Cissa
3112:Rhone
3107:Malta
3068:Tunis
3043:Utica
2956:Aspis
2941:Sulci
2931:Mylae
1339:Notes
1207:third
963:Italy
737:Roman
671:Pedum
599:Cirta
547:Malta
515:Sucro
510:Ilipa
500:Baria
480:Munda
470:Ibera
460:Cissa
418:Locri
308:Cumae
298:Hamae
217:Italy
206:Rhone
3354:Zama
3206:and
2961:Adys
2847:ISBN
2811:ISBN
2794:OCLC
2744:ISBN
2725:ISBN
2697:ISBN
2678:ISBN
2659:ISBN
2640:ISBN
2621:ISBN
2599:ISBN
2580:ISBN
2536:ISBN
2517:ISBN
2494:ISBN
2475:ISBN
2447:ISBN
2428:ISBN
2409:ISBN
2284:ISBN
1908:ISBN
1880:ISBN
1810:ISBN
1669:2:25
1614:the
1585:ISBN
1552:ISBN
1244:Boii
1205:and
1193:and
1137:and
1096:and
1072:and
989:and
977:and
975:Boii
973:The
942:and
926:and
878:and
852:Boii
811:and
801:Boii
752:Boii
727:The
604:Zama
378:Rome
338:Arpi
89:Boii
50:Date
1112:'s
3436::
2723:.
2473:.
2224:^
2188:^
2065:^
1930:^
1871:^
1844:^
1801:^
1702:^
1643:^
1593:.
1583:.
1581:87
1529:^
1409:^
1377:^
2886:e
2879:t
2872:v
2855:.
2819:.
2800:.
2752:.
2733:.
2705:.
2686:.
2667:.
2648:.
2629:.
2607:.
2588:.
2566:.
2544:.
2525:.
2502:.
2483:.
2455:.
2436:.
2417:.
1560:.
638:e
631:t
624:v
173:e
166:t
159:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
