139:
534:
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British losses amounted to 10 sailors and three soldiers killed and 46 sailors, 19 marines and 18 soldiers wounded. French losses were two sailors killed and 30 wounded. (Some
Chinese sources estimate tens of thousands of Chinese were killed or captured and nearly 30,000 homes were burned down, although in view of the very light casualties of the attackers, the number of killed or captured is most unlikely) The delay in entering the city might have been because of the fires started by the bombardment.
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formed against the occupation, and assassination attempts against Allied sentries and
Western civilians were commonplace; in response, the French occupational forces carried out reprisals in quarters of the city and local villages where such attacks had occurred. In July, a Chinese force unsuccessfully attempted to recapture Canton by storming the city. By September, attacks on foreigners in Canton had mostly subsided.
400:. Elgin ordered an Anglo-French force to take the town and an assault began on 28 December. Allied forces took control of the city walls on 29 December but delayed entry into the city itself until 5 January. They subsequently captured Ye and some reports state they burnt down much of the town. The ease with which the allies won the battle was one of the reasons for the signing of the
520:
The main battle began with a naval bombardment throughout the day and night of 28 December. The next day troops landed, taking a small fort, by Kupar Creek to the south-east of the city. The
Chinese had thought that the attacking forces would try to capture Magazine Hill before they moved on the city
557:
During the Allied occupation, the local populace retained a massive degree of hostility to all foreigners in Canton, to the point where the Anglo-French forces contemplated then abandoned plans to conduct a second bombardment of the city. In the spring of 1858, a full-fledged resistance movement had
549:
was captured and taken to
Calcutta where he starved himself to death a year later. Once the British and French had occupied the city they established a joint governing commission. Partly due to the battle and subsequent occupation – the Chinese wanted to avoid a repeat of the battle in Beijing – the
524:
Over 4,700 British and Indian troops and 950 French troops scaled the city walls The walls were occupied for a week, then the troops moved into the streets of the city that contained over 1,000,000 people, on the morning of 5 January. Sources put
Chinese casualties at 450 soldiers and 200 civilians.
448:
that ended the First Opium War and that he pay reparations for
British losses in the war so far. Elgin promised that if Ye agreed within ten days then British and French forces would cease offensive actions, though they would retain possession of key forts until a new peace treaty was signed.
435:
and its residences, culminating with their complete destruction by fire. This and the seizure of a foreign ship led the
British to assemble a force to demand reparations. Although the British Royal Navy had destroyed the Chinese junks during the summer, an attack on Canton was delayed by the
521:
walls, but on the morning on 29 December after a naval bombardment ending at 9am French troops climbed the city walls with little resistance. They had arrived at the wall half an hour early and so faced fire from their own guns. The
British also broke into the city through the East gate.
491:
drawn from the crews of
British ships and a 950-man force from the French Navy arrayed against a Chinese garrison of 30,000 men. However the allies could count on the supporting fire of Anglo-French naval vessels and artillery batteries on
452:
Ye
Mingchen was told he had 48 hours to comply. Ye's reply was that Britain had effectively abandoned its rights with regards to Canton through eight years of inactivity, that the cause of the war (the loss of the merchant ship
457:) had been of the British making and that he could not sign a new peace treaty because the 1842 treaty had been decreed by the emperor to last for 10,000 years. Elgin boarded
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The residencies, which had been burnt down in 1856, were not rebuilt, they were moved to a manmade island further up the river named Shamian.
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British and French troops reconnoitred the city on 22 December. The allied force amounted to 800 men from the Indian
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on 17 December and sailed upriver towards Canton. On 21 December, Elgin ordered British Admiral
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was entirely cut off from the local population, accessible only over two guarded bridges.
8:
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200:
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China: Being "The Times" Special Correspondence from China in the Years 1857–58
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175:
164:
908:
718:
The Victorians at war, 1815–1914: an encyclopedia of British military history
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35:
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Naval coalition warfare: from the Napoleonic War to Operation Iraqi Freedom
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The Treaty Ports of China and Japan: A Complete Guide to the Open Ports
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186:
440:. On 12 December 1857 the British High Commissioner to China,
392:) as a demonstration of power and to capture Chinese official
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Deadly Dreams: Opium and the Arrow War (1856–1860) in China
396:, who had resisted British attempts to implement the 1842
850:
Of battle and beauty: Felice Beato's photographs of China
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was signed on 26 June 1858, ending the Second Opium War.
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to take Canton and handed over full operational control.
431:. In 1856, there had been a series of attacks on the
424:, but were being illegally barred from entry by its
875:"The Anglo-French occupation of Canton, 1858–1861"
376:) was fought by British and French forces against
785:. Vol. 3. Groombridge and sons. p. 186.
783:Medals of the British Army, and how they were won
412:The British had been permitted access to Canton (
906:
121:
853:. University of California Press. p. 16.
803:. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers.
801:History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I
262:
508:Plan of the attack and bombardment of Canton
812:
810:
485:59th (2nd Nottinghamshire) Regiment of Foot
40:British and French bombardment, 28 December
892:"Rise and fall of the Canton trade system"
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880:. Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch.
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823:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 32–33.
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799:Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889).
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384:. The British High Commissioner,
380:on 28–31 December 1857 during the
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660:. 26 February 1858. Issue 22104.
591:. 26 February 1858. Issue 22104.
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920:Battles of the Second Opium War
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669:Cooke, George Wingrove (1858).
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817:Santella, Thomas M. (2007).
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516:Engagement on the city walls
470:Charles Rigault de Genouilly
420:under the terms of the 1842
192:Charles Rigault de Genouilly
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685:Davies, Nicholas Belfield.
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622:Elleman, Bruce A. (2008).
496:and other nearby islands.
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721:. ABC-CLIO. p. 100.
715:Raugh, Harold E. (2004).
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241:200–650 casualties (est.)
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33:
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481:Royal Sappers and Miners
474:Charles van Straubenzee
219:Artillery batteries on
181:Charles van Straubenzee
930:Conflicts in Guangzhou
847:Harris, David (1999).
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157:Commanders and leaders
107:Franco-British victory
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231:Casualties and losses
935:December 1857 events
472:and British General
416:) at the end of the
779:"Capture of Canton"
537:British capture of
88:23.1265°N 113.258°E
84: /
52:28–31 December 1857
654:The London Gazette
585:The London Gazette
552:Treaty of Tientsin
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518:
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433:Thirteen Factories
402:Treaty of Tientsin
223:and nearby islands
925:Conflicts in 1857
830:978-0-7910-8547-9
635:978-0-415-77082-8
541:on 5 January 1858
468:, French Admiral
446:Treaty of Nanking
422:Treaty of Nanking
398:Treaty of Nanking
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298:French Folly Fort
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116:Belligerents
26:Part of the
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539:Ye Mingchen
494:Dutch Folly
429:Ye Mingchen
394:Ye Mingchen
348:Zhangjiawan
238:113 wounded
221:Dutch Folly
197:Ye Mingchen
91: /
79:113°15′29″E
909:Categories
569:References
442:Lord Elgin
386:Lord Elgin
378:Qing China
328:2nd Canton
313:Macao Fort
293:1st Canton
151:Qing China
76:23°07′35″N
675:. p. 357.
529:Aftermath
414:Guangzhou
404:in 1858.
390:Guangzhou
236:15 killed
66:Guangdong
777:(1861).
210:Strength
57:Location
461:Furious
426:viceroy
408:Prelude
370:Chinese
353:Palikao
199: (
68:, China
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500:Battle
372::
226:30,000
145:France
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104:Result
62:Canton
895:(PDF)
878:(PDF)
820:Opium
656:: p.
587:: p.
455:Arrow
374:廣州城戰役
303:Bogue
215:5,679
855:ISBN
825:ISBN
748:ISBN
723:ISBN
691:ISBN
658:1026
630:ISBN
589:1021
459:HMS
364:The
49:Date
202:POW
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368:(
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