1775:, immediately recognised that although no French ship had been directly destroyed by the attack, there was an opportunity to annihilate the French Atlantic fleet in a single morning. Grounded and vulnerable, the isolated French ships could be simply destroyed by a concerted conventional attack on the Aix Roads, with only the batteries and the two remaining ships afloat to offer resistance. At 05:48 he frantically signalled Gambier "Half the fleet could destroy the enemy". Gambier acknowledged this communication, but made no reply and gave no orders. As the French ships started to drift with the tide, Cochrane sent more signals: at 06:40 "Eleven on shore", at 07:40 "Only two afloat". Still there was no response from the distant British fleet. At 09:30 Cochrane signalled that "Enemy preparing to heave off" as the French crews began the laborious task of refloating their ships. Cochrane ordered further, sardonic, signals "Two sail of the line are enough" and "the frigates alone can destroy the enemy", although the first was never made as the signal officer judged that it would be received by Gambier as an insult, and the second was made but never recorded in
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fleet; he wrote that "the greater part are disheartened; every day I hear them lamenting their situation, and speaking in praise of their enemy." Another French commentator told a
British officer that the French sailors "had now no security from the English in their harbours, and they expected we should next go into Brest and take out their fleet". No British ships suffered more than minor damage in the two weeks of combat, and the fleet could return to its blockade with the knowledge that the Brest fleet was neutralised for some time to come and confined to Rochefort, although a powerful squadron was still under construction at Rochefort, where the defences had been swiftly repaired. This was the last time during the Napoleonic Wars that a significant French fleet was able to put to sea from the Atlantic ports; historian
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Mulgrave announced that the plan was going ahead and that
Cochrane was to command it. Cochrane was in poor health, and under no illusions about Mulgrave's intentions: should the attack fail Cochrane would be blamed and his political career damaged. In addition, Cochrane was also well aware of the fury this decision would provoke in the naval hierarchy; the appointment of a relatively junior officer in command of such an important operation was calculated to cause offense. Cochrane refused, even though Mulgrave pleaded that he had been the only officer to present a practical plan for attacking Allemand's fleet. Again Cochrane refused the command, but the following day Mulgrave issued a direct order: "My Lord you must go. The board cannot listen to further refusal or delay. Rejoin your frigate at once."
1779:'s logbook. At 09:35 Gambier ordered his fleet to weigh anchor and then rescinded the order, instead holding a conference on the flagship for all his captains. Finally the fleet sailed at 10:45, but at 11:30 Gambier ordered a halt after only 3 nautical miles (5.6 km), and the ships anchored once more near ĂŽle-d'Aix while the admiral conducted a conference with his captains. In doing so, Gambier conspicuously avoided making any signal which might indicate he intended an attack, even spelling out some long signals to avoid using the flag which meant "prepare for battle". His behaviour at this point has been described by historian Robert Harvey as "one of the most contemptible acts of any commander-in-chief in British naval history".
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1420:, topped by hundreds of artillery shells and thousands of grenades to create an explosion ship, a floating bomb of his own design intended to detonate right in the middle of the French line. During this process an attack by French boats on the fireships was driven off, with two British sailors killed and one wounded, and on 5 April Cochrane reconnoitered the approaches to Aix Roads, firing shots at the forts and fleet to gauge their responses. He subsequently wrote to Mulgrave suggesting that with an expeditionary force of 20,000 he could seize the defences overlooking the anchorage, sink
2325:, wrote in 1901 that "there can be no question that affair of Aix Road was mismanaged by the Admiralty at home and by the Admiral on the spot" and that "a great naval commander never loses an occasion to attack when conditions are favourable to him." In 2007 historian Noel Mostert wrote "Oh Nelson! Nelson, Nelson, where were you? Never could the absence of the man from a scene of action clearly designed for his drive and decision have been more painfully alive." In the same year, David Cordingly wrote that "The boldness of the attack ... was comparable with the exploits of a
2357:, or any rotten old 74, to board the enemy's three-decked ship in Aix Road and bring her out". He went on to remark to Cochrane and other officers that "I am no canting Methodist, no hypocrite, nor a psalm-singer. I do not cheat old women out of their estates by hypocrisy and canting". On 22 May 1809 he faced a court-martial for this conduct, and although he apologised to the court and to Gambier personally and claimed he spoke only from "an excess of zeal for the service", he was dismissed from the Navy. He was reinstated the following year, but never held a command again.
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2281:, both friends of Gambier and political opponents of Cochrane. Over eight days witnesses were called and evidence presented, much of it misleading. Most seriously, the charts of Basque Roads supplied to the court had been drawn by officers from Gambier's ship and favoured Gambier's account of the action. Cochrane was questioned aggressively during his evidence and lost his temper, being repeatedly reprimanded. Ultimately Gambier was acquitted and awarded the thanks of Parliament, despite continuing determined opposition from Cochrane.
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remainder. Allemand could see the fireships under preparation in Basque Roads, and increased his defences by stationing 73 small boats along the boom to tow fireships onto the mud flats and away from the French fleet. He also ordered all the ships of the line to remove their sails and topmasts. This rendered them largely immobile but considerably less flammable. The frigates retained their rigging as they would be required to move in the event of a major attack.
2080:. Cochrane reluctantly returned to the fleet and had a furious meeting with Gambier, accusing the admiral of "extraordinary hesitation" and urging a new assault. Gambier refused to renew the attack and threatened that if Cochrane tried to blame Gambier for the incomplete victory he would be seen as "arrogantly claiming all the merit to yourself". Cochrane was immediately ordered to return to Britain, sailing on 15 April with Gambier's dispatches carried by
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1567:, which had to veer its anchor cable to avoid being destroyed. Other crews, including those on one of the explosion ships, lost control of their vessels and took no part in the attack. A few however, including the lead explosion ship under Cochrane's personal command, continued forward at speed, as the wind increased gradually. He was followed by the second surviving explosion vessel, on board of which was Midshipman
1450:, which were strapped to the masts and yards of the fireships to fire in all directions as the ships burned. Due to Gambier's failure to scout the channel, Cochrane was apparently unaware of the existence of the boom, although historian James Henderson suggests he knew of it but failed to inform Gambier lest the cautious admiral abandon the entire operation. Cochrane was intending that his force, led by the heavy
1571:. Cochrane delayed igniting his own ship to the last minute, and when he finally lit the fuses his escape was reportedly delayed in a search for the ship's dog. As a result, his boat was still inside the debris field when the ship exploded, although he escaped unharmed. Elsewhere, five British sailors were killed and six wounded in premature detonations. The explosion ships detonated near the French frigate
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Gambier. This allowed most of the French fleet to refloat and retreat up the
Charente to safety. Gambier recalled Cochrane on 14 April and sent him back to Britain, withdrawing most of the inshore squadron at the same time, although scattered fighting continued until 24 April. The increasingly marginalised French fleet was badly damaged and trapped in its home ports; several captains were
1273:'s administration was concerned by the risk posed by the French fleet to the profits of the British colonies in the West Indies, and had determined that an attack must be made. Thus on 7 March ten fireships were ordered to be prepared. In considering who would be best suited to lead such an attack Mulgrave then made a highly controversial decision. On 11 March the frigate
1913:, which had been mistakenly set on fire by an over-enthusiastic British boarding party. The storeship was carrying a large quantity of munitions, reportedly worth over half a million pounds in value, and produced an enormous explosion. Most of the British ships had suffered only minor damage and casualties from fire from the gun batteries on ĂŽle-d'Aix, where
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and Nelson. And yet the action at Basque Roads has come to be regarded as a wasted opportunity, a bungled and confused affair." Perhaps the most damning response came from an enemy. Years later, Napoleon wrote to an
English correspondent that Cochrane "could not only have destroyed , ... but he might
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was so unnerved that he immediately ordered his crew to abandon ship and set it on fire. The evacuation was so hasty however that the fires did not spread effectively, and the following morning the ship was found to still be intact, the crew returning to their prematurely abandoned vessel. There they
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and five smaller warships were to launch a diversionary attack to the east of the island. Gambier, with the main body of the fleet, moved closer to the entrance of Aix Roads, eventually anchoring 9 nautical miles (17 km) distant; it has been suggested by one historian that he may have done so in
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to publicly protest
Gambier's leadership. Incensed, Gambier requested a court-martial to disprove Cochrane's accusations and the admiral's political allies ensured that the jury comprised his supporters. After bitter and argumentative proceedings Gambier was exonerated of any culpability for failings
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As night approached it became clear that the wind, although blowing in the correct direction, was too strong to allow the fireships to be chained together in squadrons as planned, and each was instructed to operate independently. At 20:30, with the wind and tide in their favour and the night darker
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formed from chains and tree trunks laid between the Boyart shoal and ĂŽle-d'Aix. This boom measured 0.5 nautical miles (1,000 yd) long and 31.5 inches (80 cm) wide, weighted in place with 5 1/4 tons of anchors, and yet was installed so subtly that the
British fleet did not observe it. More
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and were left immobile. Cochrane expected
Gambier to follow his attack with the main fleet, which could then destroy the vulnerable French force, but Gambier refused. Cochrane continued the battle over the next several days, successfully destroying several French ships, but with little support from
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Blame for the French defeat has been apportioned between
Allemand and Willaumez by historians. Willaumez's hesitation in February left the French in a precarious position, in particular his reluctance to attack the squadron under Beresford, victory over which might have granted his fleet access to
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and several of the sloops, which he ordered into position by the unexpected process of firing cannon in their direction until they had moved to the position he intended. Cochrane had forced
Gambier's hand: despite his desire to avoid combat, the admiral could not allow one of his frigates to fight
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His preparations complete, Cochrane ordered the attack for the evening of 11 April, although
Gambier was reluctant to allow his sailors to support Cochrane in the operation, saying "if you choose to rush to self-destruction that is your own affair ... but it is my duty to take care of the lives of
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to drive Beresford away and Gourdon brought four ships around to chase the British squadron, with the remainder of the French fleet following more distantly. Beresford turned away to the northwest, thus clearing the route to Lorient. His objective achieved, Gourdon rejoined Willaumez and the fleet
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to drift stern-first alone down the channel towards the French fleet, flying the signal "The enemy's ships are getting under sail", followed by "the enemy is superior to the chasing ship", and then at 13:45 "the ship is in distress, and requires to be assisted immediately". He later wrote "It was
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The developing stalemate saw activity on both sides of the bay. Among the French fleet there was dissatisfaction that Willaumez had not attacked Stopford when he enjoyed numerical superiority, taking the opportunity to break out of the anchorage and pursue his objectives in the Caribbean. Captain
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and thousands of rockets burst amid the confusion as the forts and all ships fired their guns at threats real and imagined; "a scene ... peculiarly awful and sublime." The fireships reached the French frigate line at 21:45, as the frigates cut their anchor cables and retreated southeast down the
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Allemand's boat crews were unable to influence the passage of Cochrane's flotilla as the sea was now too rough for them to operate in the channel, and the fireship crews consequently endured great difficulty returning to the British frigate line. The Aix Road was now a scene of "sublime horror":
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and the explosion vessels, would enter the anchorage during the night and sow confusion among the French fleet. It was hoped that in the chaos some of the French ships might be destroyed by fire and others driven on shore where a concerted attack by the British fleet would destroy or capture the
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were in a particularly poor state. French casualties in the engagement are not known with certainty, but are estimated at 150–200, while British losses were only 13 killed and 30 wounded. Allemand later wrote that most significant damage resulting from the battle was to the morale of the French
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immediately and the frigate then sailed from Plymouth to join Gambier. The admiral had received direct orders from Mulgrave on 26 March ordering him to prepare for an attack, to which he sent two letters, one agreeing with the order and another disputing it on the grounds that the water was too
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At his meeting with Mulgrave, Cochrane was asked to explain a plan of attack on Basque Roads which he had drawn up some years previously. Cochrane enthusiastically described his intention to use fireships and massive floating bombs to destroy a fleet anchored in the roads. When he had finished,
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but indicated that Gambier felt success was unlikely. The second part, a private letter to the captain, permitting one further attack but then ordering him to withdraw that evening as Gambier wished to "send you to England as soon as possible". Cochrane replied to the first part of the letter,
1077:; a French frigate squadron sent from Lorient by Troude, whose ships of the line had been delayed by unfavourable tides. The lighter frigates had put to sea without the battle squadron and sailed to join Willaumez the previous morning. Their passage had been observed by the British frigate
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While Gambier hesitated, one by one the French ships which had grounded began to refloat, although several grounded again. As they had removed their topmasts before the attack, they had survived the groundings with less damage than might otherwise have been the case, and were easier to
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s crew then held the blazing ship alongside long enough that the drifters could escape before releasing the fireship to drift on shore. During this effort at least 50 men tumbled to their deaths in the fiery chasm between the ships as they tried to prevent the fire spreading on board.
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the Atlantic. Allemand, having inherited this situation, compounded the problem by attempting to fortify his fleet's anchorage, inviting attack, rather than effect an escape or counter-attack. Once he determined to remain at anchor in Aix Roads, a British assault became inevitable.
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During this engagement three small rocket ships reached Cochrane, whose frigate was becalmed too far from the action, from the main fleet. On board, Gambier had sent a two-part letter. The first part praised Cochrane's achievements thus far and urged Cochrane to renew the attack on
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Almost as serious however were the legal ramifications of the battle. In both countries there was a storm of controversy; in France four captains faced courts-martial from 21 June on charges of having abandoned their ships too easily and failing to follow orders. The captain of
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finally began to move again, reaching safety upriver by 03:30. Several other ships were exposed, but without a bomb vessel they lay beyond the range of the British fleet. The French sailors made significant efforts to retrieve these ships over the following days; on 16 April
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found that the ship's quartermaster Eugéne-Joseph-Romain Bourgeois had remained aboard, unconvinced by Lacaille's order, and had single-handedly driven off an attempt by a British boat to board and capture the ship. During the night about 30 sailors had joined him, keeping
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and the smaller vessels as the larger ships returned to more open waters. At 08:00 he ordered a renewed attack on the remaining grounded ships at the mouth of the Charente, and by 11:00 the small vessels were in position and opened fire on the French flagship. Although
1949:, remained aground close to the mouth of the Charente, while the remainder of the fleet had escaped upriver to secure anchorages. During the night the wind blew from the land, rendering a fireship attack impractical, and so the British contented themselves with setting
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warships against the main strength of the French Atlantic Fleet. The circumstances were dictated by the cramped, shallow coastal waters in which the battle was fought. The battle is also notorious for its controversial political aftermath in both Britain and France.
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the following day. Woodman considers that "these wretched officers paid the penalty for Willaumez's initial timidity." Allemand's defeat is often blamed on Napoleon's instructions before the battle, which mistakenly assumed that the Aix Roads were a safe anchorage.
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than expected, the fireships cut their anchor cables and began to silently sail towards the French fleet. Most of the volunteer crews ignited and abandoned their vessels too early, the blazing ships grounding long before even reaching the boom; one even threatened
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hidden just below the surface. On entering the channel, an attacking force would then come under fire from fortified gun batteries on ĂŽle-d'Aix before finally encountering the French fleet. The anchorage had been successfully attacked before, such as during the
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Harvey's conduct on this occasion destroyed his career. He not only threatened to resign the Navy if Cochrane was given command, but did so using "vehement and insulting language" within the hearing of other officers, telling Gambier that he "would go in with
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on 26 April. Shortly afterwards however he informed Lord Mulgrave that he intended to use his position as a member of parliament to oppose any effort to thank or reward Gambier for his part in the battle. Mulgrave immediately warned Gambier, who demanded a
1965:, over Cochrane's objections, to have been damaged beyond repair. During this operation, one of the new fireships was wrecked on a shoal. The weather was so bad that night that the planned attack with the remaining fireships was abandoned as unfeasible.
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was taken over to be the centrepiece of the attack force. These vessels were laden with explosives and combustible materials such as rum-soaked hay, and crewed by volunteers from the fleet. On three of the vessels Cochrane had loaded 1,500 barrels of
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system which was to be used in the attack. It was followed by the first convoy of 12 fireships on 10 April, taking Cochrane's total to 24 fireships and explosion vessels to expend in his attack. With these ships was a transport carrying thousands of
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shallow and the batteries on ĂŽle-d'Aix too dangerous. Gambier did not however learn of the leadership of the operation until Cochrane joined the fleet on 3 April and presented Mulgrave's orders to the admiral. The effect was dramatic; Harvey, one of
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and passed on Stopford's message. Gambier continued to Plymouth, collected four ships of the line anchored there, and immediately sailed back into the Bay of Biscay, joining Stopford on 7 March to form a fleet of 13 ships, later reduced to 11 after
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remained accessible, both grounded anew near Foures, while a few other French ships could still be reached by long-range fire. At 09:00 Gambier made the definitive signal ordering Cochrane to withdraw directly and replacing him in command with
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on his fleet anchored in the Basque Roads might cause considerable destruction, and consequently ordered his captains to prepare to withdraw from the blockade at short notice should such an operation be observed. He also wrote to the
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Gambier continued in command until 1811, and remained in service until his death in 1833. Cochrane was disgraced and refused further service, choosing semi-retirement to pursue his political ambitions. He was later implicated in the
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ran a dramatic account of the battle which presaged national celebrations, and the junior officers of the fleet engaged in the fireship attack were promoted, and presented with financial rewards, while James Wooldridge, captain of
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Although Gambier had no intention of risking his fleet in the narrow waters of Basque Roads, he had permitted three more transports to be fitted out as fireships, and at 17:30 these were led into the anchorage by Stopford in
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he had caused havoc on the French and Spanish coasts with relentless attacks on coastal shipping and defences including, most relevantly, operations in the Rochefort area. He was also a highly active politician, elected as a
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The sight of the burning wrecks in the night once again spread panic throughout the French fleet, the grounded ships opening a heavy fire on the scuttled ships in the assumption that they were fireships. Captain Lacaille of
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known as the Aix Roads. These waters offered greater protection from the British fleet, but were also extremely hazardous; on 26 February, as the French manoeuvred into the shallower waters of their new anchorage the 74-gun
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describes it as the "biggest scare from a break-out French fleet in the post-Trafalgar period." Without naval support, the French colonies in the Caribbean were isolated, blockaded, invaded and captured shortly afterwards.
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with a letter describing conditions with the fleet. Cobbett, a Radical journalist, wrote articles in response which later inflamed religious opinion in Britain against Cochrane during the scandal which followed the battle.
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This would have been the time to have destroyed them; but this favourable opportunity was neglected, which caused not a little murmuring among us, and was considered most unseamanlike by many experienced men in the fleet.
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during the battle. Cochrane's naval career was ruined, although he remained a prominent figure in Britain for decades to come. Historians have almost unanimously condemned Gambier for his failure to support Cochrane; even
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carrying tar and resin perfect for this role had been captured by the blockade, and Cochrane requisitioned eight military transport ships from the fleet reserve for conversion using these materials. The frigate-storeship
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in London recommending British fireships be prepared but cautioning that "it is a horrible mode of warfare, and the attempt very hazardous, if not desperate". A number of officers in the fleet, in particular Rear-Admiral
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Willaumez was powerless to act, and it was only when winter storms forced the blockade fleet to retreat into the Atlantic in February 1809 that the French admiral felt able to put to sea, passing southwards through the
1368:, and then ordered Cochrane to begin preparations for the attack. Gambier also issued Cochrane with Methodist tracts to distribute to his crew. Cochrane ignored the order, but sent some of the tracts to his friend
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Willaumez made no move to challenge Stopford or Gambier, although he had successfully united with the Rochefort squadron of three ships of the line, two frigates and an armed storeship, the captured British
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others, and I will not place the crews of the fireships in palpable danger". Cochrane was furious and after a bitter argument Gambier relented and gave permission for the attack to go ahead. He stationed
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As the 18 fireships prepared in Britain by Mulgrave had not yet departed by the time of Cochrane's arrival with the fleet, the captain responded by converting his own over the following week. A number of
1152:, and was wrecked. The channel in which Willaumez chose to position his fleet formed a strong defensive position: an assailant had to cross the open Basque Roads and advance past the long and dangerous
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2119:. An attack on 20 April failed after the gun split almost immediately, and a larger scale attack with both bomb vessels and smaller ships failed on 24 April. No further attempts were made to destroy
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ran aground and was badly scorched by a fireship which struck the stern. To prevent explosion the stopcocks were opened and the magazine flooded. As the crew wrestled with this threat, the drifting
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was in preparation, and so orders were sent to Willaumez to take his fleet to sea, concentrate with the squadrons from Lorient and Rochefort and reinforce the island. With Gambier's fleet off
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1208:, in which his ships anchored to form a pair of alternating lines across the channel so that approaching warships could come under the combined fire of several ships at once, in effect
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stating that he would renew the assault on the following day, and pointedly ignored the second. Cochrane later claimed that Gambier had ordered him directly to withdraw by signal from
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now remained vulnerable. For several days in severe gales and heavy rain the ship remained stranded in the mud while Wolfe worked to bring up newly arrived replacement bomb vessel
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on 16 March. Word had arrived that a British expeditionary force had captured Martinique in late February, and so Allemand, lacking further instructions, prepared his defences.
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1134:. Together the French fleet, now numbering 11 ships of the line, withdrew from the relatively open Basque Roads anchorage into the narrow channel under the batteries of the
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near Rochefort, where the fleet was due to assemble. Willaumez then took his fleet southwards, followed from 09:00 by Beresford's squadron. The French fleet passed between
644:. Sighted and chased by British blockade squadrons, the French were unable to escape the Bay of Biscay and eventually anchored in the Basque Roads, near the naval base of
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better to risk the frigate, or even my commission, than suffer a disgraceful termination to the expectations of the Admiralty". At 14:00 the frigate was within range of
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attacked the battery, drove off the construction crew and destroyed the half-finished fortification. Allemand also ordered his captains to take up a position known as a
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to warn Gambier. The British commander had discovered the French fleet missing from its anchorage on 23 February and responded by sending eight ships under Rear-Admiral
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During the night the British did not renew the attack, and the following morning found that most of the French ships had successfully retreated up the Charente.
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At 05:00 on 13 April Stopford gave the order for the inshore squadron to withdraw back to Gambier's fleet. Cochrane was again furious, and even suggested taking
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The attack caused little direct damage, but in the narrow waters of the channel the fireships panicked the sailors of the French fleet and most of their ships
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s gun split, forcing her withdrawal, the barrage otherwise continued throughout the day, although to little effect. It was not until 16:00 when the battered
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660:, an outspoken and popular junior captain, to lead an attack, over the objections of a number of senior officers. Cochrane organised an inshore squadron of
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to observe the French fleet while he took his main squadron in pursuit of the French frigates. Trapped between the two British forces, French Commodore
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and would have taken them out, had your admiral supported him as he ought to have done ... The French admiral was a fool , but yours was just as bad."
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In Britain the battle was celebrated as a victory, but many in the Navy were dissatisfied with Gambier's behaviour and Cochrane used his position as a
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the French ship repeatedly. For two hours these immobile French ships were battered by the British line with little reply, until at 17:30 both raised
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alerted Stopford to Willaumez's presence and Stopford closed with Willaumez during the night, but was not strong enough to oppose his entry into the
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was also badly hit, losing 20 men killed and wounded to a shot from a fireship, and several other French ships were badly damaged in the confusion.
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1484:. This force would collect the crews of the fireships as they abandoned their blazing charges and rowed back towards the British line, and sloops
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in 1832 and died in 1860, shortly after publishing an autobiography which furiously castigated the participants in the events 51 years earlier.
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616:. The battle, which lasted from 11–24 April 1809, was unusual in that it pitted a hastily-assembled squadron of small and unorthodox British
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near the Boyart Shoal to the north of the boom, approximately 2.5 nautical miles (4.6 km) from the French fleet, supported by frigates
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order that he could retreat out to sea easily should the French fleet attempt to attack him in the aftermath of a failed fireship assault.
857:, preventing the French Orient squadron from joining with their Brest squadron near the Isle of Grouais (ĂŽle de Groix) on 21 February 1809.
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2226:, was convicted of abandoning his ship in the face of the enemy and sentenced to death on 8 September. The execution was carried out by
1353:, launched into a furious tirade directed at Gambier, accusing him of incompetence and malicious conduct, comparing him unfavourably to
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in the channel and thereby permanently deprive the French of one of their most important naval bases, although his letter was ignored.
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In the British fleet there was much debate about how to proceed against the French. Gambier was concerned that an attack by French
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crashed into the starboard side of the flagship and caused considerable damage, although fortunately detached soon afterwards.
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had grounded hard near ĂŽle Madame and despite desperate efforts from the crew had already flooded and become a total wreck.
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was sentenced to two years in prison and to be dismissed from the Navy for abandoning his ship prematurely. The captain of
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blazing fireships drifted randomly across the anchorage, some passing amid the great hulls of the French line. Shells from
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apparently shared Willaumez's opinion, Decrès removed and censured both Willaumez and Bergeret, replacing the admiral with
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to keep watch on Brest, and Paget observed the French movements at 09:00, correctly deducing Willaumez's next destination.
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was hit, the crew desperately fending off the fireship for 15 minutes while the drifting ship of the line crashed into
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remained afloat, having drifted into the mouth of the Charente with the tide. The remainder, nine ships of the line,
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Map illustrating the position of the anchored French fleet shortly before the British attack on the night of 11 April
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was deemed too damaged to be saved, abandoned, and set on fire. The frigate exploded at midday. The following day
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and calling Cochrane's appointment an "insult to the fleet". Gambier dismissed Harvey, sending him and his 80-gun
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2149:. A satirical print; Gambier is shown reading the Bible, ignoring Cochrane's request to pursue the French fleet.
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2179:) were destroyed and much of the remainder of the Brest fleet badly damaged and requiring extensive repairs;
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had temporarily grounded during the night and suffered 18 casualties. The French losses were minor except on
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668:, including a converted frigate, and personally led this force into Basque Roads on the evening of 11 April.
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to investigate his behaviour. The court was convened on 26 July; the inquiry panel president was Admiral
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1795:, fearing an attack by the British fleet, retreated up the Charente at 12:45 and both then grounded at
1603:
1409:
332:
2131:
728:
the French Atlantic Fleet had suffered more naval losses and the survivors were trapped in the French
2302:
1693:
1516:
1322:
1253:
725:
688:
558:
502:
495:
466:
361:
2321:
In Britain, Gambier's conduct has been criticised by historians ever since the battle. For example,
1577:
at 21:30 and 21:40, although trapped by the boom they did little damage. Following them however was
1212:
of any attempt to assault the position, with the frigates stationed between the fleet and the boom.
536:
444:
2146:
1814:
899:
400:
2057:
1765:
1555:
648:. There they were kept under observation during March by the British fleet under the dour Admiral
3823:
1297:
1249:
490:
476:
407:
351:
1110:
768:
1845:
1274:
1011:
920:
531:
412:
395:
3728:
3603:
3423:
3331:
2322:
1906:
1289:
1131:
1022:
429:
1333:. He advocated parliamentary reform and was a fierce critic of Portland's administration.
368:
8:
1350:
1267:
1197:
1125:
958:
940:
803:
613:
546:
434:
385:
356:
162:
1200:, although attempts to build a fort on the Boyart Shoal were identified, and on 1 April
3687:
3568:
3428:
3336:
2254:
2113:
1999:
1901:
as an indication that they had surrendered. Shortly afterwards the crew of the wrecked
1813:
the entire French fleet single-handed, and reluctantly he instructed the large frigate
1581:, which smashed a hole in the boom through which the few fireships surviving followed.
1506:
1485:
1471:
1230:
1099:
1088:
965:
890:. At 15:15 Paget, who had lost sight of the French, reached the waters off Lorient and
876:
869:
862:
840:
772:
721:
717:
541:
513:
375:
51:
2159:
The battle was undoubtedly a victory for the British; three French ships of the line (
1059:
had sighted three sail approaching from the north at 07:00 on 24 February. These were
976:
849:
551:
3781:
3759:
3740:
3716:
3694:
3671:
3652:
3633:
3611:
3589:
2330:
1568:
1478:
1310:
1303:
1285:
1221:
1181:
1158:
1078:
951:
914:
895:
828:
779:
653:
526:
483:
211:
2289:, convicted and publicly disgraced. He resigned his commission and joined first the
1229:, volunteered to lead such an attack, but Gambier hesitated to act, failing to take
1176:, and warning that the Aix Roads were highly vulnerable to British attack. Although
763:. These ports were under observation by the Channel Fleet, led off Brest by Admiral
2274:
1856:
1682:
and four frigates, were all beached along the mud and rocky shoals of the channel.
1464:
1442:
1431:
1177:
1166:
1122:
1000:
988:
802:
British superiority at sea allowed the Royal Navy to launch operations against the
677:
605:
461:
422:
60:
1611:
At 22:00, while avoiding three drifting fireships, the overladen 120-gun flagship
1403:
1387:
919:
into Lorient with instructions for Troude to sail when possible and steer for the
894:
a warning to Beresford. At 16:30, Beresford's squadron sighted Willaumez's fleet,
3773:
2189:
2081:
2002:
on the latter refused. Frustrated, Cochrane remained in the anchorage, joined by
1941:, which had also grounded at low tide. At this point six surviving French ships;
1492:
1447:
1369:
1033:
597:
581:
449:
43:
1173:
1135:
999:
Assuming that the French fleet had sailed from Brest, Stopford sent the frigate
932:
84:
2294:
2261:
with clasp "Basque Roads 1809" to the 529 surviving claimants from the action.
1874:
1848:, to join with the inshore squadron, enter the Aix Roads and support Cochrane.
1354:
1209:
1145:
936:
672:
417:
88:
3558:
3817:
2326:
2270:
1513:
1365:
1330:
1015:
887:
783:
749:
748:, where the main body of the French fleet lay at anchor under the command of
741:
737:
729:
633:
629:
609:
300:
109:
96:
1905:
abandoned their ship and set it on fire. The French ship was destroyed by a
1149:
2290:
2227:
2211:
1799:. At 13:00, Cochrane, his impatience and fury rising, deliberately allowed
1288:, was an aggressive and outspoken officer who had gained notoriety in 1801
1226:
1117:
drove all three French ships ashore where they were damaged beyond repair.
1085:
984:
681:
665:
601:
924:
806:
with impunity, in particular against the lucrative French colonies in the
3737:
The Line upon a Wind: The Greatest War Fought at Sea Under Sail 1793–1815
1933:
and several launches equipped to fire Congreve rockets. At 19:40 however
1898:
1894:
1869:
British reinforcement entered Basque Roads at 15:20, just as the crew of
1730:
had grounded close to the mouth of the Charente not far from the frigate
1499:
1428:
1358:
1161:
in 1757, but more recent efforts in 1803, and 1807 had ended in failure.
898:
to the southeast. Willaumez ordered his second-in-command, Contre-amiral
891:
824:
778:. Since then he had spent most of his career as an administrator at the
2298:
1886:
1553:
under attack by British fireships, during the evening of 11 April 1809.
1421:
1193:
1019:
815:
709:
641:
617:
1531:
and two brigs anchored north of the forts on ĂŽle-d'Aix, while frigate
2244:
1877:, the British opened a heavy fire on the nearby, and still grounded,
1417:
1293:
1241:
1233:
of the approaches or make any practical preparations for an assault.
1216:
807:
791:
661:
1502:
to guide the fireships into the channel. With these ships were the
1169:
was so incensed that he wrote a letter criticising Willaumez to the
2239:
2088:, emptying the bomb vessel's ammunition reserves to little effect.
2084:. Wolfe briefly renewed the attack during 14 April with a repaired
1978:
in French hands until dawn came and the rest of the crew returned.
1937:
grounded on a shoal and remained stuck there until 22:30, close to
1503:
1029:
928:
911:
745:
733:
713:
693:
637:
625:
1055:
Shortly after departing Stopford's squadron off the Basque Roads,
861:
The blockade squadron off Lorient comprised the ships of the line
3844:
Naval battles of the Napoleonic Wars involving the United Kingdom
2264:
Cochrane was initially celebrated for his achievement and made a
2210:
was acquitted on the first charge but sentenced to three months'
1808:
and began a steady fire into the beached storeship, supported by
910:
In the early morning of 23 February, Willaumez sent the dispatch
832:
756:
3802:
2306:
2053:
1796:
1698:
grounded on rocks at Charenton 500 yards (460 m) away and
1284:
to come straight to the Admiralty. Cochrane, eldest son of the
819:
716:. The French fleet had lost its best ships and sailors in the
2253:
who had been terribly burned, was granted a gold medal and a
1784:
1113:. Stopford followed the French into the anchorage and in the
904:
1889:, nosed close inshore and took up station across the bow of
1873:
abandoned the ship, withdrawing across the shoal. Forming a
1590:
channel. The blazing vessels then struck the French line;
886:, watching three ships in the harbour under Contre-amiral
3608:
The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Times to 1900
2035:, but there is no evidence that such a signal was made.
1921:, which had taken about 100 casualties in the exchange.
1196:
were deployed on the ĂŽle-d'Aix, supporting batteries of
3713:
The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 5, 1808–1811
1686:
lay isolated on the mud within Aix Roads itself, with
1280:
anchored at Plymouth and a message instructed Captain
835:. Gambier had left a single ship of the line, Captain
3839:
Naval battles of the Napoleonic Wars involving France
3668:
Cochrane: The Life and Exploits of a Fighting Captain
1764:
stranded on the shoals of Les Palles, 12 April 1809.
2257:. In 1847 the Admiralty authorized the award of the
2242:
on 21 April and news of the victory spread rapidly.
1860:
Full battle disposition and evolution of the battle
975:, which was anchored off the Phare de Chassiron on
950:, the scout for the Rochefort blockade squadron of
794:, Gambier was nicknamed "Dismal Jimmy" by his men.
3686:
1187:The French position was strengthened with a heavy
656:, desiring an attack on the French fleet, ordered
2305:. He was restored to the Royal Navy with a royal
1383:Order of battle at the Battle of the Basque Roads
939:at 22:30. There the fleet was sighted by frigate
3815:
1527:, all converted into floating rocket batteries.
1018:while Gambier turned his flagship, the 120-gun
1014:south to block any French attempt to enter the
755:, with smaller French detachments stationed at
57:Destruction of the French Fleet in Basque Roads
1109:took his ships inshore under the batteries of
330:
1437:, equipped with a heavy mortar, arrived with
903:sailed inshore, anchoring near the island of
316:
3756:Who's Who in Nelson's Navy: 200 Naval Heroes
1994:on a desperate attack on the still-grounded
1718:lay on the Palles Shoal near the remains of
624:In February 1809 the French Atlantic Fleet,
27:1809 naval battle during the Napoleonic Wars
3610:. Vol. V. London: Chatham Publishing.
2056:under attack by British ships, April 1809.
1864:
853:A view of the British Squadron, led by the
3646:
3443:
3441:
3439:
1259:With Gambier vacillating in Basque Roads,
323:
309:
3684:
3400:
3398:
3358:
3356:
3264:
3262:
3199:
3197:
3106:
3104:
2947:
2945:
2654:
2652:
2582:
2580:
2543:
2541:
2266:Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath
1909:explosion at 19:30, followed at 20:30 by
3624:
3500:
3498:
3422:
3370:
3368:
3330:
3308:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3187:
3185:
3157:
3155:
3145:
3143:
2977:
2975:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2903:
2901:
2882:
2880:
2852:
2850:
2795:
2793:
2774:
2772:
2753:
2751:
2675:
2673:
2624:
2622:
2594:
2592:
2513:
2511:
2312:
2130:
2042:
1855:
1754:
1543:
1386:
1240:
1236:
848:
810:. In late 1808, the French learned that
3772:
3734:
3564:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3543:
3459:
3436:
2687:
2685:
2492:
2490:
2471:
2469:
2406:
2404:
2376:
2374:
2372:
1708:on softer ground nearby. To the north,
14:
3816:
3665:
3602:
3583:
3534:
3525:
3516:
3507:
3486:
3477:
3468:
3450:
3407:
3395:
3386:
3353:
3259:
3194:
3101:
3047:
2942:
2649:
2601:
2577:
2538:
2499:
2459:
2457:
2438:
2436:
2434:
1844:, the latter now commanded by Captain
1364:back to Britain in disgrace to face a
3753:
3707:
3552:
3495:
3377:
3365:
3344:
3315:
3303:
3289:
3280:
3271:
3245:
3233:
3224:
3215:
3206:
3182:
3173:
3164:
3152:
3140:
3131:
3122:
3113:
3092:
3083:
3074:
3056:
3038:
3020:
3011:
3002:
2993:
2984:
2972:
2963:
2954:
2933:
2919:
2898:
2889:
2877:
2868:
2847:
2838:
2820:
2811:
2802:
2790:
2781:
2769:
2760:
2748:
2739:
2730:
2721:
2712:
2703:
2694:
2670:
2640:
2631:
2619:
2610:
2589:
2568:
2550:
2529:
2520:
2508:
2478:
2445:
2422:
2038:
994:
935:, passing the Phares des Baleines on
797:
720:, and had yet to recover. During the
304:
3065:
3029:
2910:
2859:
2829:
2682:
2661:
2559:
2487:
2466:
2401:
2392:
2369:
2155:Court-martial of James, Lord Gambier
1648:
1539:
786:for his command of the fleet at the
3324:
2454:
2431:
2413:
2383:
2297:, before becoming commander of the
1981:
1945:, four of the line and the frigate
1851:
632:on the Breton coast by the British
596:), was a major naval battle of the
24:
2287:Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814
2214:for the second and the captain of
1957:on fire, both ships determined by
1395:
827:at dawn on 22 February with eight
636:, attempted to break out into the
25:
3855:
3795:
3715:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
3651:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
3584:Adkins, Roy & Lesley (2006).
2196:
1662:James Choyce, fireship volunteer
740:. The largest French base was at
3801:
3780:. London: Constable Publishers.
3416:
2238:In Britain, Cochrane arrived at
2052:stranded in the mud in front of
1652:
205:
190:
178:
156:
144:
50:
3577:
3432:. 26 January 1849. p. 238.
2343:
1668:As dawn rose on 12 April, only
1376:
991:on the morning of 24 February.
594:Bataille de la rade des Basques
2206:was acquitted, the captain of
2139:at Sea; or a stave out of time
640:and reinforce the garrison of
13:
1:
3630:The Autobiography of a Seaman
3340:. 21 April 1809. p. 538.
2363:
703:
289:4 ships of the line destroyed
2126:
1629:loomed out of the darkness.
346:German and Austrian campaign
7:
3571:, Retrieved 10 October 2017
2259:Naval General Service Medal
1740:lay at Pointe Aiguille and
1261:First Lord of the Admiralty
1032:for reinforcements. In the
10:
3860:
3808:Battle of the Basque Roads
3685:Henderson, James (1994) .
3647:Cordingley, David (2007).
3586:The War for All the Oceans
2152:
1836:and the ships of the line
1380:
680:for cowardice and one was
574:Battle of the Basque Roads
334:War of the Fifth Coalition
37:Battle of the Basque Roads
2303:Greek War of Independence
2108:reached safety, and only
1633:turned away in time, but
1347:Nelson's Band of Brothers
1130:, commanded by Commodore
788:Bombardment of Copenhagen
726:Atlantic campaign of 1806
559:1809 Gottscheer rebellion
342:
274:
217:
168:
137:
66:
49:
41:
36:
3754:Tracy, Nicholas (1998).
2337:
1865:Gambier's reinforcements
1148:on the Palles Shoal off
900:Antoine Louis de Gourdon
3727:Edition of 1837 at the
3666:Harvey, Robert (2000).
3632:. London: Lyons Press.
1250:Peter Edward Stroehling
753:Jean-Baptiste Willaumez
696:opined that he was an "
600:, fought in the narrow
586:Bataille de l'île d'Aix
3758:. Chatham Publishing.
3735:Mostert, Noel (2007).
3649:Cochrane the Dauntless
2150:
2060:
1861:
1771:Cochrane, now back on
1768:
1559:
1392:
1256:
979:. Signal rockets from
858:
804:French Overseas Empire
769:Glorious First of June
286:200 killed and wounded
169:Commanders and leaders
18:Battle of Basque Roads
3670:. London: Constable.
3604:Clowes, William Laird
2313:Historical assessment
2137:Sternhold and Hopkins
2134:
2091:At 02:00 on 15 April
2058:Louis-Philippe Crépin
2046:
1859:
1846:Alexander Robert Kerr
1766:Louis-Philippe Crépin
1758:
1556:Louis-Philippe Crépin
1547:
1390:
1340:Cochrane returned to
1302:with the 14-gun brig
1244:
1237:Mulgrave's imperative
1012:John Thomas Duckworth
852:
280:43 killed and wounded
275:Casualties and losses
3810:at Wikimedia Commons
2323:William Laird Clowes
1752:on the Fontanelles.
1323:Member of Parliament
1198:36-pounder long guns
1132:Gilbert-Amable Faure
987:at the mouth of the
782:, earning the title
732:ports under a close
712:was dominant in the
689:Member of Parliament
604:at the mouth of the
576:, also known as the
260:11 ships of the line
226:11 ships of the line
110:46.00000°N 1.19167°W
2277:and his deputy was
2224:Jean-Baptiste Lafon
1885:, armed with heavy
1292:the 32-gun Spanish
1111:Les Sables d'Olonne
971:under Rear-Admiral
590:Affaire des brûlots
578:Battle of Aix Roads
292:1 frigate destroyed
106: /
3429:The London Gazette
3337:The London Gazette
2255:presentation sword
2171:), a 50-gun ship (
2151:
2061:
2039:Cochrane withdraws
2000:John Tremayne Rodd
1862:
1769:
1560:
1393:
1349:who had fought at
1309:. In the frigates
1257:
1192:than 2,000 French
1171:Minister of Marine
1107:Pierre-Roch Jurien
995:Gambier's blockade
921:Pertuis d'Antioche
859:
812:a British invasion
798:Willaumez's cruise
790:in 1807. A strict
722:Trafalgar Campaign
718:Battle of the Nile
542:Tyrolean Rebellion
514:Walcheren campaign
503:Dalmatian campaign
115:46.00000; -1.19167
3834:Conflicts in 1809
3829:April 1809 events
3806:Media related to
3739:. Vintage Books.
3658:978-0-7475-8088-1
3595:978-0-349-11916-8
3559:Harvey, Sir Eliab
3522:Cordingly, p. 205
3413:Cordingly, p. 208
3392:Cordingly, p. 204
3300:Cordingly, p. 203
3286:Cordingly, p. 202
3230:Cordingly, p. 201
3179:Cordingly, p. 200
3098:Cordingly, p. 195
3026:Cordingly, p. 194
3017:Cordingly, p. 193
2981:Cordingly, p. 190
2826:Cordingly, p. 184
2808:Cordingly, p. 182
2736:Cordingly, p. 180
2700:Cordingly, p. 177
2398:Cordingly, p. 179
2175:) and a frigate (
2161:Ville de Varsovie
1951:Ville de Varsovie
1929:, accompanied by
1919:Ville de Varsovie
1879:Ville de Varsovie
1689:Ville de Varsovie
1666:
1665:
1649:Gambier hesitates
1569:Frederick Marryat
1540:Fireships advance
1498:were equipped as
1286:Earl of Dundonald
1182:Zacharie Allemand
1159:Raid on Rochefort
829:ships of the line
567:
566:
484:Austro-Polish War
391:Schwarze Lackenau
299:
298:
247:3 rocket barges (
212:Zacharie Allemand
133:
132:
16:(Redirected from
3851:
3805:
3791:
3778:The Sea Warriors
3774:Woodman, Richard
3769:
3750:
3746:9-78071-260-9272
3729:Internet Archive
3726:
3704:
3692:
3681:
3662:
3643:
3626:Cochrane, Thomas
3621:
3599:
3572:
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3550:
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3463:
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3456:Cochrane, p. 245
3454:
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3221:Cochrane, p. 240
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3128:Cochrane, p. 237
3126:
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3072:
3071:Henderson, p. 99
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3008:Cochrane, p. 232
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2916:Henderson, p. 98
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2865:Henderson, p. 96
2863:
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2835:Henderson, p. 97
2833:
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2817:Cochrane, p. 222
2815:
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2766:Cochrane, p. 219
2764:
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2709:Cochrane, p. 205
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2646:Cochrane, p. 217
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2565:Henderson, p. 95
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2473:
2464:
2461:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2347:
2275:Sir Roger Curtis
2143:Charles Williams
2013:
1982:Battle continues
1852:Cochrane's fight
1653:
1643:
1448:Congreve rockets
1443:rocket artillery
1441:, inventor of a
1439:William Congreve
1290:when he captured
1178:Emperor Napoleon
1167:Jacques Bergeret
1123:fourth rate ship
931:and then around
882:under Commodore
724:of 1805 and the
678:court-martialled
456:Italian campaign
337:
335:
325:
318:
311:
302:
301:
210:
209:
208:
195:
194:
193:
183:
182:
181:
161:
160:
159:
149:
148:
147:
121:
120:
118:
117:
116:
111:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
74:11–24 April 1809
68:
67:
61:Thomas Whitcombe
54:
34:
33:
21:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3814:
3813:
3798:
3788:
3766:
3747:
3723:
3701:
3678:
3659:
3640:
3618:
3596:
3580:
3575:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3513:Mostert, p. 565
3512:
3508:
3503:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3437:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3366:
3361:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3312:Mostert, p. 572
3311:
3304:
3299:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3260:
3255:
3246:
3242:Woodman, p. 272
3241:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3195:
3190:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3153:
3148:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2943:
2939:Woodman, p. 270
2938:
2934:
2929:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:Mostert, p. 571
2906:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2844:Mostert, p. 570
2843:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:Woodman, p. 268
2798:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2749:
2745:Mostert, p. 569
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:Mostert, p. 568
2726:
2722:
2718:Woodman, p. 267
2717:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:Mostert, p. 566
2636:
2632:
2627:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:Woodman, p. 269
2597:
2590:
2585:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2488:
2484:Woodman, p. 265
2483:
2479:
2474:
2467:
2462:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:Woodman, p. 263
2379:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2344:
2340:
2315:
2230:on the deck of
2199:
2190:Richard Woodman
2157:
2129:
2082:Sir Harry Neale
2041:
2011:
1984:
1867:
1854:
1651:
1641:
1542:
1427:On 6 April the
1398:
1396:Cochrane's plan
1385:
1379:
1370:William Cobbett
1239:
1206:lignée endentée
1052:were detached.
1034:English Channel
997:
973:Robert Stopford
948:Michael Seymour
800:
736:by the British
706:
598:Napoleonic Wars
570:
569:
568:
563:
518:
338:
333:
331:
329:
295:
270:
254:
206:
204:
201:
197:Thomas Cochrane
191:
189:
179:
177:
157:
155:
145:
143:
129:British victory
114:
112:
108:
105:
100:
97:
95:
93:
92:
91:
55:
44:Napoleonic Wars
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3857:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3824:1809 in France
3812:
3811:
3797:
3796:External links
3794:
3793:
3792:
3786:
3770:
3764:
3751:
3745:
3732:
3721:
3709:James, William
3705:
3699:
3693:. Leo Cooper.
3682:
3676:
3663:
3657:
3644:
3638:
3622:
3616:
3600:
3594:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3569:J. K. Laughton
3551:
3549:Clowes, p. 257
3542:
3540:Adkins, p. 278
3533:
3531:Harvey, p. 148
3524:
3515:
3506:
3494:
3485:
3476:
3474:Harvey, p. 145
3467:
3465:Clowes, p. 269
3458:
3449:
3447:Clowes, p. 270
3435:
3415:
3406:
3394:
3385:
3376:
3364:
3362:Clowes, p. 268
3352:
3343:
3323:
3321:Harvey, p. 130
3314:
3302:
3288:
3279:
3277:Harvey, p. 128
3270:
3268:Clowes, p. 267
3258:
3244:
3232:
3223:
3214:
3205:
3203:Clowes, p. 266
3193:
3181:
3172:
3163:
3151:
3149:Adkins, p. 277
3139:
3130:
3121:
3119:Harvey, p. 127
3112:
3110:Clowes, p. 264
3100:
3091:
3089:Harvey, p. 126
3082:
3073:
3064:
3062:Harvey, p. 123
3055:
3053:Clowes, p. 263
3046:
3044:Harvey, p. 124
3037:
3028:
3019:
3010:
3001:
2992:
2990:Adkins, p. 276
2983:
2971:
2969:Harvey, p. 121
2962:
2953:
2951:Clowes, p. 262
2941:
2932:
2918:
2909:
2897:
2888:
2886:Harvey, p. 119
2876:
2874:Harvey, p. 117
2867:
2858:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2810:
2801:
2789:
2787:Adkins, p. 274
2780:
2768:
2759:
2757:Adkins, p. 272
2747:
2738:
2729:
2720:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2681:
2679:Harvey, p. 110
2669:
2660:
2658:Clowes, p. 256
2648:
2639:
2630:
2628:Harvey, p. 115
2618:
2609:
2607:Clowes, p. 258
2600:
2588:
2586:Clowes, p. 260
2576:
2567:
2558:
2556:Adkins, p. 271
2549:
2547:Clowes, p. 259
2537:
2535:Harvey, p. 107
2528:
2519:
2507:
2505:Clowes, p. 255
2498:
2486:
2477:
2465:
2453:
2451:Clowes, p. 253
2444:
2430:
2428:Clowes, p. 252
2421:
2412:
2410:Adkins, p. 270
2400:
2391:
2382:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2348:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2314:
2311:
2295:Brazilian Navy
2198:
2197:Courts-martial
2195:
2128:
2125:
2040:
2037:
1983:
1980:
1875:line of battle
1866:
1863:
1853:
1850:
1820:, the smaller
1664:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1647:
1541:
1538:
1397:
1394:
1378:
1375:
1268:Prime Minister
1238:
1235:
1210:crossing the T
1115:ensuing battle
996:
993:
989:Charente River
946:under Captain
884:John Beresford
799:
796:
705:
702:
606:Charente River
565:
564:
562:
561:
556:
555:
554:
549:
539:
534:
529:
524:
517:
516:
510:
509:
506:
505:
499:
498:
493:
487:
486:
480:
479:
474:
469:
464:
458:
457:
453:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
420:
415:
410:
405:
402:Aspern-Essling
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
366:
359:
354:
348:
347:
343:
340:
339:
328:
327:
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276:
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255:
253:
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245:
242:
239:
236:
235:2 bomb vessels
233:
230:
227:
223:
220:
219:
215:
214:
202:
200:
199:
187:
174:
171:
170:
166:
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153:
151:United Kingdom
140:
139:
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131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
89:Atlantic Ocean
82:
80:
76:
75:
72:
64:
63:
47:
46:
39:
38:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3856:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3787:1-84119-183-3
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3765:1-86176-244-5
3761:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3730:
3724:
3722:0-85177-909-3
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3700:0-85052-432-6
3696:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3679:
3677:1-84119-162-0
3673:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3639:1-58574-061-6
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3617:1-86176-014-0
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3546:
3537:
3528:
3519:
3510:
3501:
3499:
3492:Tracy, p. 150
3489:
3483:James, p. 125
3480:
3471:
3462:
3453:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3410:
3404:James, p. 128
3401:
3399:
3389:
3383:James, p. 130
3380:
3374:James, p. 129
3371:
3369:
3359:
3357:
3350:James, p. 121
3347:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3318:
3309:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3283:
3274:
3265:
3263:
3256:James, p. 122
3253:
3251:
3249:
3239:
3237:
3227:
3218:
3212:James, p. 118
3209:
3200:
3198:
3191:James, p. 117
3188:
3186:
3176:
3170:James, p. 116
3167:
3161:James, p. 115
3158:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3137:James, p. 114
3134:
3125:
3116:
3107:
3105:
3095:
3086:
3080:James, p. 112
3077:
3068:
3059:
3050:
3041:
3035:Gurney, p. 34
3032:
3023:
3014:
3005:
2999:James, p. 111
2996:
2987:
2978:
2976:
2966:
2960:James, p. 110
2957:
2948:
2946:
2936:
2930:James, p. 107
2927:
2925:
2923:
2913:
2904:
2902:
2895:James, p. 106
2892:
2883:
2881:
2871:
2862:
2856:James, p. 105
2853:
2851:
2841:
2832:
2823:
2814:
2805:
2796:
2794:
2784:
2778:James, p. 102
2775:
2773:
2763:
2754:
2752:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2697:
2688:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2664:
2655:
2653:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2623:
2616:James, p. 103
2613:
2604:
2595:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2574:James, p. 104
2571:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2542:
2532:
2526:Tracy, p. 199
2523:
2517:James, p. 100
2514:
2512:
2502:
2493:
2491:
2481:
2472:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2448:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2405:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2293:and then the
2292:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2279:William Young
2276:
2272:
2271:court-martial
2267:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2148:
2144:
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2133:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:Indefatigable
1989:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1920:
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1900:
1896:
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1880:
1876:
1872:
1858:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1817:Indefatigable
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1701:
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1632:
1628:
1627:
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1600:
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1582:
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1576:
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1570:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1405:
1404:chasse-marées
1389:
1384:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1366:court-martial
1363:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1329:in 1807 as a
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:Lord Cochrane
1279:
1278:
1272:
1271:Lord Portland
1269:
1265:
1264:Lord Mulgrave
1262:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:Lord Cochrane
1243:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1016:Mediterranean
1013:
1009:
1008:Thomas Dundas
1005:
1004:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
969:
963:
962:
956:
955:
949:
945:
944:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
917:
913:
908:
906:
901:
897:
893:
889:
888:Amable Troude
885:
881:
880:
874:
873:
867:
866:
856:
851:
847:
845:
844:
838:
837:Charles Paget
834:
830:
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
795:
793:
789:
785:
784:Baron Gambier
781:
777:
776:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
751:
750:Contre-amiral
747:
743:
739:
738:Channel Fleet
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
701:
699:
695:
690:
685:
683:
679:
674:
669:
667:
663:
659:
658:Lord Cochrane
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:Channel Fleet
631:
627:
622:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
560:
557:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
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523:
520:
519:
515:
512:
511:
508:
507:
504:
501:
500:
497:
494:
492:
489:
488:
485:
482:
481:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
455:
454:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
425:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
408:Sankt Michael
406:
404:
403:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
371:
367:
365:
364:
360:
358:
355:
353:
352:Teugen-Hausen
350:
349:
345:
344:
341:
336:
326:
321:
319:
314:
312:
307:
306:
303:
291:
288:
285:
284:
282:
279:
278:
273:
266:
262:
259:
258:
256:
250:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
232:4 brig-sloops
231:
228:
225:
224:
222:
221:
216:
213:
203:
198:
188:
186:
185:James Gambier
176:
175:
173:
172:
167:
164:
154:
152:
142:
141:
136:
128:
125:
124:
119:
90:
86:
81:
78:
77:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
58:
53:
48:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
3777:
3755:
3736:
3712:
3689:The Frigates
3688:
3667:
3648:
3629:
3607:
3585:
3578:Bibliography
3562:
3554:
3545:
3536:
3527:
3518:
3509:
3504:Tracy, p. 79
3488:
3479:
3470:
3461:
3452:
3427:
3418:
3409:
3388:
3379:
3346:
3335:
3326:
3317:
3282:
3273:
3226:
3217:
3208:
3175:
3166:
3133:
3124:
3115:
3094:
3085:
3076:
3067:
3058:
3049:
3040:
3031:
3022:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2986:
2965:
2956:
2935:
2912:
2891:
2870:
2861:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2783:
2762:
2741:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2705:
2696:
2691:Tracy, p. 78
2667:Tracy, p. 77
2663:
2642:
2633:
2612:
2603:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2531:
2522:
2501:
2496:James, p. 97
2480:
2475:James, p. 99
2463:James, p. 98
2447:
2442:James, p. 96
2424:
2419:James, p. 95
2415:
2394:
2389:James, p. 94
2385:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2320:
2316:
2291:Chilean Navy
2283:
2263:
2250:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2228:firing squad
2219:
2215:
2212:house arrest
2207:
2203:
2200:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2135:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2074:George Wolfe
2068:
2064:
2062:
2048:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1868:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1760:
1748:
1742:
1737:
1736:. Elsewhere
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1564:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1508:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1433:
1426:
1411:
1402:
1399:
1377:Night attack
1360:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1276:
1266:interceded.
1258:
1245:
1227:Eliab Harvey
1214:
1205:
1201:
1186:
1174:Denis Decrès
1163:
1154:Boyart Shoal
1141:
1126:
1119:
1101:
1095:
1090:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1024:
1002:
998:
985:Basque Roads
980:
977:Ile d'Oléron
967:
960:
953:
942:
915:
909:
878:
871:
864:
860:
854:
842:
801:
774:
765:Lord Gambier
708:By 1809 the
707:
697:
686:
670:
666:bomb vessels
650:Lord Gambier
623:
602:Basque Roads
593:
589:
585:
577:
573:
571:
522:Basque Roads
521:
445:Schöngrabern
423:
401:
369:
362:
263:4 frigates (
138:Belligerents
56:
42:Part of the
29:
3424:"No. 20939"
3332:"No. 16248"
2301:during the
1899:Union flags
1524:King George
1500:light ships
1429:bomb vessel
1327:Westminster
825:Raz de Sein
771:in 1794 in
532:Halberstadt
472:Piave River
396:Linz-Urfahr
113: /
3818:Categories
3588:. Abacus.
2364:References
2299:Greek Navy
2185:Foudroyant
2153:See also:
2102:Foudroyant
1998:. Captain
1988:Imperieuse
1959:John Bligh
1887:carronades
1801:Imperieuse
1789:Foudroyant
1773:Imperieuse
1675:Foudroyant
1565:Imperieuse
1461:Imperieuse
1422:blockships
1381:See also:
1342:Imperieuse
1318:Imperieuse
1277:Imperieuse
1194:conscripts
1150:ĂŽle Madame
1028:, back to
1020:first rate
816:Martinique
710:Royal Navy
704:Background
642:Martinique
618:Royal Navy
440:Hollabrunn
430:Korneuburg
241:1 schooner
229:7 frigates
98:46°00′00″N
3711:(2002) .
3628:(2000) .
3606:(1997) .
2331:de Ruyter
2245:The Times
2216:Tourville
2127:Aftermath
2114:HMS
2106:Tourville
2069:Tourville
2033:Caledonia
1971:Tourville
1815:HMS
1777:Caledonia
1728:Tourville
1720:Jean Bart
1599:Tourville
1507:HMS
1493:HMS
1486:HMS
1479:HMS
1472:HMS
1465:HMS
1432:HMS
1418:gunpowder
1410:HMS
1359:HMS
1351:Trafalgar
1311:HMS
1304:HMS
1294:privateer
1275:HMS
1231:soundings
1222:Admiralty
1217:fireships
1142:Jean Bart
1136:ĂŽle-d'Aix
1100:HMS
1089:HMS
1079:HMS
1062:Italienne
1041:Caledonia
1025:Caledonia
1023:HMS
1001:HMS
966:HMS
959:HMS
952:HMS
941:HMS
937:ĂŽle de RĂ©
933:ĂŽle d'Yeu
925:Belle ĂŽle
892:signalled
877:HMS
870:HMS
863:HMS
841:HMS
808:Caribbean
792:Methodist
780:Admiralty
773:HMS
761:Rochefort
662:fireships
654:Admiralty
646:Rochefort
626:blockaded
612:coast of
592:, rarely
435:Stockerau
386:Ebelsberg
357:Abensberg
244:2 cutters
101:1°11′30″W
85:ĂŽle-d'Aix
83:Roads of
3776:(2001).
2251:Mediator
2240:Spithead
2220:Calcutta
2208:Indienne
2204:Tonnerre
2177:Indienne
2173:Calcutta
2145:, 1809.
2098:Indienne
1976:Touville
1947:Indienne
1911:Calcutta
1907:magazine
1903:Tonnerre
1871:Calcutta
1806:Calcutta
1749:Hortense
1738:Indienne
1724:Patriote
1716:Calcutta
1711:Tonnerre
1705:Jemmapes
1680:Calcutta
1635:Tonnerre
1631:Patriote
1626:Patriote
1620:Tonnerre
1579:Mediator
1574:Indienne
1504:schooner
1452:Mediator
1412:Mediator
1296:frigate
1252:, 1807,
1146:grounded
1127:Calcutta
1096:Amethyst
1084:and the
1046:Defiance
1039:located
1030:Plymouth
981:Amethyst
961:Defiance
943:Amethyst
929:Quiberon
912:schooner
833:frigates
831:and two
746:Brittany
734:blockade
714:Atlantic
698:imbécile
694:Napoleon
673:grounded
638:Atlantic
547:Bergisel
496:Radzymin
467:Caldiero
381:Neumarkt
376:Ratisbon
363:Landshut
218:Strength
79:Location
2355:Tonnant
2350:Note A:
2169:Aquilon
2165:Tonnere
2121:RĂ©gulus
2116:Thunder
2110:RĂ©gulus
2049:RĂ©gulus
2020:RĂ©gulus
1963:Valiant
1955:Aquilon
1939:Valiant
1931:Theseus
1915:Revenge
1891:Aquilon
1842:Revenge
1838:Valiant
1826:Unicorn
1822:Emerald
1793:Cassard
1761:RĂ©gulus
1700:RĂ©gulus
1695:Aquilon
1670:Cassard
1605:Cassard
1593:RĂ©gulus
1550:RĂ©gulus
1533:Emerald
1514:cutters
1509:Whiting
1488:Redpole
1474:Unicorn
1361:Tonnant
1331:Radical
1102:Emerald
1091:Doterel
1068:Calypso
1050:Triumph
968:Donegal
896:tacking
879:Valiant
872:Triumph
865:Theseus
855:Theseus
843:Revenge
775:Defence
757:Lorient
608:on the
588:, also
527:Gefrees
370:EckmĂĽhl
238:6 brigs
3784:
3762:
3743:
3719:
3697:
3674:
3655:
3636:
3614:
3592:
2307:pardon
2054:Fouras
2004:Pallas
1935:Caesar
1927:Caesar
1883:Beagle
1881:while
1834:Pallas
1797:Fouras
1787:off.
1733:Pallas
1518:Nimrod
1481:Pallas
1355:Nelson
1313:Pallas
1306:Speedy
1202:Amelia
1081:Amelia
1074:Cybèle
1006:under
954:Caesar
916:Magpye
820:Ushant
730:Biscay
652:. The
614:France
610:Biscay
582:French
491:Raszyn
477:Tarvis
462:Sacile
424:Wagram
163:France
126:Result
2338:Notes
2327:Drake
2232:Océan
2181:Océan
2093:Océan
2086:Aetna
2078:Aigle
2065:Océan
2028:Océan
2016:Océan
2012:'
2009:Aetna
1996:Océan
1943:Océan
1895:raked
1830:Aigle
1810:Aetna
1785:kedge
1684:Océan
1642:'
1639:Océan
1614:Océan
1587:Aetna
1529:Aetna
1467:Aigle
1434:Aetna
1086:sloop
1057:Naiad
1037:Naiad
1003:Naiad
905:Groix
742:Brest
630:Brest
552:Wörgl
537:Ă–lper
450:Znaim
3782:ISBN
3760:ISBN
3741:ISBN
3717:ISBN
3695:ISBN
3672:ISBN
3653:ISBN
3634:ISBN
3612:ISBN
3590:ISBN
2183:and
2167:and
2104:and
2067:and
2018:and
1990:and
1953:and
1893:and
1840:and
1832:and
1791:and
1746:and
1743:Elbe
1726:and
1722:and
1702:and
1692:and
1672:and
1623:and
1521:and
1512:and
1495:Lyra
1491:and
1477:and
1325:for
1316:and
1299:Gamo
1189:boom
1098:and
1071:and
1048:and
964:and
927:and
875:and
759:and
682:shot
664:and
572:The
418:Graz
413:Raab
71:Date
2147:NMM
2076:on
1961:on
1254:GAC
1248:by
839:'s
814:of
744:in
700:".
628:in
265:OOB
249:OOB
3820::
3567:,
3561:,
3497:^
3438:^
3426:.
3397:^
3367:^
3355:^
3334:.
3305:^
3291:^
3261:^
3247:^
3235:^
3196:^
3184:^
3154:^
3142:^
3103:^
2974:^
2944:^
2921:^
2900:^
2879:^
2849:^
2792:^
2771:^
2750:^
2684:^
2672:^
2651:^
2621:^
2591:^
2579:^
2540:^
2510:^
2489:^
2468:^
2456:^
2433:^
2403:^
2371:^
2329:,
2222:,
2163:,
2141:.
1828:,
1824:,
1602:.
1470:,
1065:,
957:,
907:.
868:,
684:.
584::
87:,
59:,
3790:.
3768:.
3749:.
3731:.
3725:.
3703:.
3680:.
3661:.
3642:.
3620:.
3598:.
580:(
324:e
317:t
310:v
267:)
251:)
20:)
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