Battle in Berlin - Knowledge

2360: 2328: 1998: 1494: 2376: 1587: 1224: 2150: 1405: 1282: 997: 638: 2075: 1806: 2300: 1923:; contrary to the original plan, two regiments (1st and 2nd) ended up supporting the 1st Corps, and only one (3rd) the 12th Corps. The 3rd Polish Infantry Regiment was operating with the 66th Guards Tank Brigade of the 12th Guards Tank Corps. The 1st Polish Infantry Regiment was split up into "combat teams" supporting the 19th and 35th Mechanized Brigades, with the 2nd Polish Infantry Regiment supporting the 219th Tank Brigade; all units of the Soviet 1st Mechanized Corps. Upon arrival, the Polish forces found that the Soviet units had suffered tremendous losses; the 19th and 35th Mechanized Brigades had sustained over 90% casualties, and thus the Polish 1st Infantry Regiment originally assigned to support them had to, in effect, take over their tasks. The 66th Guards Tank Brigade of the 12th Corps that received the 3rd Polish Infantry Regiment for support had similarly taken heavy losses, having already lost 82 tanks due to insufficient infantry cover. 778: 1341:' incidents involving artillery shelling because the spotter planes and the artillery of the different Soviet Fronts were not coordinated and frequently mistook assault groups in other armies as enemy troops. Indeed, the rivalry between the Soviet armies to capture the city centre was becoming intense. A corps commander of the 1st Ukrainian Front joked with laconic humour, "Now we should be scared not of the enemy, but of our neighbour... There's nothing more depressing in Berlin than learning about the successes of your neighbour". Beevor has claimed that the rivalry went further than just jokes and says that Chuikov deliberately ordered the left flank of the 8th Guards Army (of 1st Belorussian Front) across the front of the 3rd Guards Tank Army (of the 1st Ukrainian Front), blocking its direct path to the 2327: 250: 239: 228: 945:, which is 66 metres (217 ft) above sea level. Much of the housing stock consisted of apartment blocks built in the second half of the 19th century. Most of those, thanks to housing regulations and few elevators, were five stories high and built around a courtyard that could be reached from the street through a corridor large enough to accommodate a horse and cart or a small delivery truck. In many places, these apartment blocks were built around several courtyards, one behind the other, each reached through the outer courtyards by a ground level corridor similar to that between the first courtyard and the road. The larger, more expensive 166: 2091:, SS and Hitler Youth) fired down on the Soviets from above, turning the main hall into a medieval style killing field. Suffering many casualties, the Soviets got beyond the main hall and started to work their way up through the building. The fire and subsequent wartime damage had turned the building's interior into a maze of rubble and debris amongst which the German defenders were strongly dug in. The Soviet infantry were forced to clear them out. Fierce room-to-room fighting ensued. As May Day approached Soviet troops reached the roof, but fighting continued inside. Moscow claimed that they hoisted the Red Flag on the top of the 48: 209: 197: 1223: 2614:, p. 371). Stephan Hamilton finds it more likely that the tunnel system "flooded due to several broken locks caused by the thousands of tons of heavy Soviet artillery and rocket fire". He points out that it would not make any sense for the SS to flood the tunnels when "The U-Bahn tunnel system in Berlin's centre served key functions for the defenders like command-and-control centers, makeshift hospitals and supply points. In addition, the Germans effectively used the system to move quickly around the city to attack the Russians. Even the SS maintained several combat HQs along the 2368:

Chuikov, who had commanded the successful defence of Stalingrad, asked: "You are the commander of the Berlin garrison?" Weidling replied: "Yes, I am the commander of the LVI Panzer Corps." Chuikov then asked: "Where is Krebs? What did he say?" Weidling replied: "I saw him yesterday in the Reich Chancellery." Weidling then added: "I thought he would commit suicide." In the discussions that followed, Weidling agreed to an unconditional surrender of the city of Berlin. He agreed to order the city's defenders to surrender to the Soviets. Under the direction of Chuikov and Soviet General

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on the tanks who sprayed every doorway and window, but this meant the tank could not traverse its turret quickly. Another solution was to rely on heavy howitzers (152 mm and 203 mm) firing over open sights to blast defended buildings and to use anti-aircraft guns against the German gunners on the higher floors. Soviet combat groups started to move from house to house instead of directly down the streets. They moved through the apartments and cellars, blasting holes through the walls of adjacent buildings (making effective use of abandoned German

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so there was little in the way of coordination that Heinrici's staff could still to do. As Heinrici had disobeyed a direct order from Hitler (in allowing von Manteuffel to retreat), he was relieved of his command. However, von Manteuffel refused Keitel's request that he take over, and although ordered to report to OKW headquarters, Heinrici dallied and never arrived. Keitel later recalled the incident in his memoirs and said that command passed to the senior army commander of the

2359: 2060: 219: 1118: 1349: 1236:. He moved his headquarters into the opera house. The two understrength German divisions defending the south-east were now facing five Soviet armies. From east to west they were: the 5th Shock Army, advancing from Treptow Park; the 8th Guards Army and the 1st Guards Tank Army moving through Neukölln north (temporarily checked at Tempelhof Airport), and Colonel-General 1997: 1076:. At 06:20 a bombardment by 3,000 guns and heavy mortars began (a staggering 650 pieces of artillery per kilometre of front). At 07:00 hours the first Soviet battalions were across, to be followed by tanks around 12:00, shortly after the first of the pontoon bridges were completed. By the evening Treptow Park was in Soviet hands and they had also reached the 1493: 2375: 1586: 1072:. At dawn on 24 April the LVI Panzer Corps still under Weidling's direct command, counterattacked but were severely mauled by the 5th Shock Army, which was able to continue its advance around mid-day. Meanwhile, the first large Soviet probe into the city was put into operation. Katukov's 1st Guards Tank Army attacked across the 2022:, was also flanking the area by advancing through the northern Tiergarten) and the 8th Guards Army advancing through the south of the Tiergarten. These Soviet forces had effectively cut the sausage-shaped area held by the Germans in half and made an escape to the west for those German troops in the centre much more difficult. 1802:. Student was captured by British forces and never arrived. Whether von Tippelskirch or Student or both took command, the rapidly deteriorating situation that the Germans faced, meant that Army Group Vistula's coordination of the armies under its nominal command during the last few days of the war were of little significance. 2124:

Schillerstrasse. Further, heavily fortified German positions in and around the church at the Karl August-Platz were taken, allowing the Polish and Soviet units to advance along the Goethestrasse and Schillerstrasse. In the meantime, the Polish 2nd Regiment, with its own artillery support, took the heavily fortified

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The 350-strong garrison of the Zoo flak tower finally left the building. There was sporadic fighting in a few isolated buildings where some SS still refused to surrender. The Soviets simply blasted any such building to rubble. Most Germans, soldiers and civilians, were grateful to receive food issued

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Goebbels now had the authority to agree to an unconditional surrender. In the late afternoon, Goebbels had his children poisoned. At about 20:00, Goebbels and his wife, Magda, left the bunker and close to the entrance bit on a cyanide ampoule, and either shot themselves at the same time or were given

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After Rokossovsky's 2nd Belorussian Front had broken out of their bridgehead, General Heinrici disobeyed Hitler's direct orders and allowed von Manteuffel's request for a general withdrawal of the III Panzer Army. By 29 April, Army Group Vistula Headquarters staff could no longer contact the IX Army,

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tunnels under the Anhalter railway station in which some were trampled to death. But the water level only suddenly rose by about one metre (3 ft) and after that much more slowly. Initially it was thought that many thousands had drowned, but when the tunnels were pumped out in October 1945 it was

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At Tempelhof Airport, the flak batteries conducted direct fire against advancing Soviet tanks until they were overrun. On the following day, 27 April, 2,000 German women were rounded up and ordered to help clear Tempelhof Airport of debris so that the Red Army Air Force could start to use it. Marshal

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Initially Soviet tanks advanced down the middle of the streets, but to counter the German tactics, they altered their own and started to hug the sides of the streets; this allowed for supporting cross-fire from tanks either side of the wider thoroughfares. The Soviets also mounted sub-machine gunners

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The commanders of two formidable Berlin fortresses agreed to surrender to the Soviets, so sparing both sides the losses involved in further bombardment and assault. The commander of the Zoo flak tower (that had proved impervious to direct hits from 203 mm howitzer shells) was asked to surrender

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Division. That night Weidling gave a battle situation report to Hitler and presented him with a detailed breakout plan which would be spearheaded with just under forty tanks (all the combat-ready German tanks available in Berlin). Hitler rejected the plan, saying he would stay in the bunker and that

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At 01:00 hours, the Soviets picked up radio message from the German LVI Corps requesting a cease-fire and stating that emissaries would come under a white flag to Potsdamer bridge. General Weidling surrendered with his staff at 06:00 hours. He was taken to see Lieutenant-General Chuikov at 8:23 am.

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The barricade at Pestalozzistrasse was taken on the morning of 1 May, allowing Soviet tanks of the 34th Brigade to advance and to reestablish contact with the 19th Mechanized Brigade supported by the 2nd and 3rd Battalion of the 1st Regiment, which pushed through the barricades at Goethestrasse and

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The German tactics used for urban warfare in Berlin were dictated by three considerations: the experience that they had gained during five years of war, the physical characteristics of the city, and the methods used by the Soviets. Most of the central districts of Berlin consist of city blocks with

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Because of the smoke, dusk came early to the centre of Berlin. At 18:00 hours, while Weidling and his staff finalized their breakout plans in the Bendlerblock, three regiments of the Soviet 150th Rifle Division, under cover of a heavy artillery barrage and closely supported by tanks, assaulted the

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During the morning, Mohnke informed Hitler the centre would be able to hold for less than two days. Later that morning, Weidling informed Hitler in person that the defenders would probably exhaust their ammunition that night and again asked Hitler permission to break out. At about 13:00, Weidling,

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did not use makeshift barricades erected close to street corners, because these could be raked by artillery fire from guns firing over open sights further along the straight streets. Instead, they put snipers and machine guns on the upper floors and roofs because the Soviet tanks could not elevate

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Division (five tanks, four artillery pieces, and a handful of troops) and the remnants of the 18th Panzer Grenadier and 9th Parachute divisions broke out of the centre westward through the Tiergarten. They were followed by thousands of stragglers and civilians. Spandau was still in the hands of a

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being captured by 1 May". Whatever the truth, the fighting continued as there was still a large contingent of German soldiers down in the basement. The Germans were well stocked with food and ammunition and launched counter-attacks against the Red Army, leading to close fighting in and around the

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on the western side of Königsplatz. By now the Spree had been bridged and the Soviets were able to bring up tanks and artillery to support fresh assaults by the infantry, some of which were tasked with out-flanking the Opera House and attacking it from the north-west. By 10:00 the soldiers of the

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In the early hours of 29 April, the 150th and 171st Rifle divisions started to fan out from the Moltke bridgehead into the surrounding streets and buildings. Initially the Soviets were unable to bring forward artillery, as the combat engineers had not had time to strengthen the bridge or build an

1903:(Supreme Army Command) by radio: "Request immediate report. Firstly of the whereabouts of Wenck's spearheads. Secondly of time intended to attack. Thirdly of the location of the IX Army. Fourthly of the precise place in which the IX Army will break through. Fifthly of the whereabouts of General 1851:

counter-attack forced the regiments of the division to withdraw from the structure. Still confined to the building were seven inmates who had been spared in the massacre of other prisoners on 23 April. To the south-west Chuikov's 8th Guards Army attacked north across the Landwehr canal into the

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Division crossed the Spree shortly before dawn but could not break through and were forced back into the centre. There they split up; some discarded their uniforms and tried to pass themselves off as civilians, but most were either killed or, like Krukenberg, captured. An attempt to break out

2258:(over which the mass breakout took place) and crossed by a footbridge, but his group became split. A Tiger tank that spearheaded the first attempt to storm the Weidendammer Bridge was destroyed. There followed two more attempts and on the third attempt, made around 1:00, Bormann and SS doctor 1910:

By this time, several smaller Polish units had already taken part in the battle in Berlin (such as the 1st Polish Motorized Mortar Brigade, the 6th Polish Motorised Pontoon Battalion, and the 2nd Polish Howitzer Brigade). Soviet forces were lacking infantry support, and armored units, without

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on 30 April; after a long delay a message was sent back to the Soviets on 1 May informing them that the garrison would surrender to the Soviets at midnight that night. The reason for the delay was because the garrison intended to join in the attempt at a breakout. The other fortress was the

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defensive ring. By the end of 25 April, there was no prospect that the German defence of the city could do anything but temporarily delay the capture of the capital by the Soviets as the decisive stages of the battle had already been fought and lost by the Germans fighting outside the city.

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outer defensive ring from all directions. The Germans had been forced back into a pocket about twenty-five kilometres (16 mi) long from west to east and about three kilometres (2 mi) wide at its narrowest, just west of the old city centre, near the Tiergarten. In the north-west,

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parade in Moscow. The assault was not an easy one. The Germans had dug a complicated network of trenches around the building and a collapsed tunnel had filled with water from the Spree forming a moat across Königsplatz. The initial infantry assault was decimated by cross fire from the

1907:'s spearhead." In the early morning of 30 April, Jodl replied to Krebs: "Firstly, Wenck's spearhead bogged down south of Schwielow Lake. Secondly, XII Army therefore unable to continue attack on Berlin. Thirdly, bulk of IX Army surrounded. Fourthly, Holste's Corps on the defensive." 585:. It was fought over four days, from 16 April until 19 April 1945. Close to one million Soviet soldiers and more than 20,000 tanks and artillery pieces were in action to break through the "Gates to Berlin" which was defended by about 100,000 German soldiers and 1,200 tanks and guns. 529:

On 23 April 1945, the first Soviet ground forces started to penetrate the outer suburbs of Berlin. By 27 April, Berlin was completely cut off from the outside world. The battle in the city continued until 2 May 1945. On that date, the commander of the Berlin Defence Area, General

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of the 5th Shock Army carried and unfurled the red flag on the roof. Beevor claims that the official Soviet description is an exaggeration, as most of the German combat troops had left in the breakouts the night before, and resistance must have been far less than that inside the

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As the perimeter shrank and the surviving defenders fell back on the centre, they became concentrated. By now, there were about 10,000 soldiers in the city centre, who were being assaulted from all sides. One of the other main thrusts was along Wilhelmstrasse on which the

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that was situated in the triangle between Charlottenburgerstrasse, Hardenbergstrasse and Jebenstrasse. With support by the Polish 3rd Infantry Regiment, the Soviet 66th Guards Tank Brigade (which had only 15 tanks) broke through Franklinstrasse and advanced towards the

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and to make sure that Himmler was punished. Fearing that Hitler was escaping in the plane, troops of the Soviet 3rd Shock Army, which was fighting its way through the Tiergarten from the north, tried to shoot down the Arado but the plane took off successfully.

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of the 1st Belorussian Front first shelled Berlin. Thereafter, Soviet artillery continued the bombardment of Berlin and did not stop until the city surrendered; the weight of explosives delivered by their artillery during the battle was greater than the

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Weidling had given the order for the survivors to break out to the north-west starting at around 21:00 hours on 1 May. The breakout started later than planned at around 23:00 hours. The first group from the Reich Chancellery was led by Mohnke. Bormann,

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immediately afterwards by the SS guard detailed to dispose of their bodies. As promised by the Soviets, at 10:45 on 1 May they unleashed a "hurricane of fire" on the German pocket in the centre to force the Germans to surrender unconditionally.

1011:) Helmuth Weidling commander of the Berlin Defence Area. Only a day earlier, Hitler had ordered that Weidling be executed by firing squad. This was due to a misunderstanding concerning a retreat order issued by Weidling as commander of the 1762:

garrison. According to Wenck, no relief for Berlin by his army was now possible. This was even more so as support from the IX Army could no longer be expected. Keitel gave Wenck permission to break off his attempt to relieve Berlin.

1734:) a heap of rubble." He went on to say that the foreign press was reporting fresh acts of treason and "that without exception Schörner, Wenck and the others must give evidence of their loyalty by the quickest relief of the Führer". 2071:, a major obstacle which made previous tank attacks in that direction suicidal. The Polish 2nd and 3rd Regiments cleared the path through the barricades on Goethestrasse and Schillerstrasse for the tanks of the Soviet 19th Brigade. 2278:

by German troops on the north-eastern side of the central defence area failed because the Soviets were now aware that breakout attempts were being made and were hurriedly putting cordons in place to stop them. The remnants of the

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At 06:00 on 30 April the 150th Rifle Division had still not captured the upper floors of the Ministry of the Interior, but while the fighting was still going on, the 150th launched an attack from there across the 400 metres of

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in Luebeck. Upon being informed, Hitler flew into a rage and told those who were still with him in the bunker complex that Himmler's act was the worst treachery he had ever known. Hitler ordered von Greim and Reitsch to fly to

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design which although several hundred years old presented a difficult structure to storm. After negotiations, the citadel's commander surrendered to Lieutenant-General F.I. Perkhorovich's 47th Army just after 15:00 on 1 May.

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to the centre of Berlin through the western suburbs, which apart from unmanned barricades across the Havel and Spree were devoid of fortifications or defenders. Of all the reinforcements ordered to Berlin that day, only this

2519:"A Prussian law of 1875, enacted to cover the streets of Berlin, prescribed that the main avenues should be 95 feet or more in width, secondary thoroughfares from 65 to 95 feet and the local streets from 40 to 65 feet." ( 1227:

Hero of the Soviet Union Captain Fyodor Akimovich Lipatkin, a company commander of the 1st Guards Tank Army's 11th Separate Guards Heavy Tank Regiment, raises the Red flag on the balcony of a house in Berlin, 26 April

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During the night of 28 April, Wenck reported to Keitel that his XII Army had been forced back along the entire front. This was particularly true of XX Corps that had been able to establish temporary contact with the

1825:'s 150th Rifle Division had a particularly hard fight, capturing the heavily fortified Ministry of the Interior building. Lacking artillery, the men had to clear it room by room with grenades and sub-machine guns. 1673:. German demolition charges damaged the Moltke bridge but left it still passable to infantry. As dusk fell and under heavy artillery bombardment, the first Soviet troops crossed the bridge. By midnight, the Soviet 2501:

The Soviets later estimated the number as 180,000, but this figure was calculated from the number of prisoners that they took and included many unarmed men in uniform, such as railway officials and members of the

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at Red Army soup kitchens. The Soviets went house to house and rounded up anyone in a uniform including firemen and railwaymen, which led to them later exaggerating the total number of German troops in the city.

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The next day, 25 April, the 2nd Belorussian Front broke through the 3rd Panzer Army's line around the bridgehead south of Stettin and crossed the Rando Swamp. They were now free to move west towards the British

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and were made up of men from the officer training schools, making them some of the best units the Germans had left. They covered a distance of about 24 km (15 mi), before being halted at the tip of

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Station, where they moved into the ruins hours before the main breakout across the Spree. About 300 of the last German combatants surrendered. A further 200 defenders were dead and another 500 were already

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found that most of the bodies were of people who had died of their wounds, not from drowning. In any event, the Soviets continued their advance with three T-34s, making it as far as Wilhelmstrasse

1805: 2299: 1982:, prevented any further successful advance across the moat during daylight. Throughout the rest of the day, as ninety artillery pieces, some as large as the 203 mm howitzer, as well as 1007:

With the decisive stages of the battle being fought outside the city, Berlin's fate was sealed, yet the resistance inside continued. On 23 April, Hitler appointed German Artillery General (

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Mohnke (and what was left of his group) could not break through the Soviet rings. Most were taken prisoner and some committed suicide. General Mohnke and the others who had been in the

2583:, p. 304); while Fischer and Tiemann, quoting General Mohnke directly refers to the smaller centre government quarter/district in this area and under his command as Z-Zitadelle (" 1628:

During 27 and 28 April, most of the formations of Konev's 1st Ukrainian Front that were engaged in the Battle in Berlin were ordered to disengage and proceed south to take part in the

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On 19 April, the fourth day, the 1st Belorussian Front broke through the final line of the Seelow Heights and nothing but broken German formations lay between them and Berlin. Marshal

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had proved particularly good at destroying tanks, of the 108 Soviet tanks knocked out in the central district, they had accounted for about half of them. That afternoon the last two

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commander of the city's central government district. Mohnke's command post was in bunkers under the Reich Chancellery. The core group of his fighting men were the 800 members of the

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The Red Army made a major effort to feed the residents of the city which began on Colonel-General Nikolai Berzarin's orders. However in many areas, vengeful Soviet troops looted,

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At about 04:00 on 1 May, Krebs talked to Chuikov, commander of the Soviet 8th Guards Army. Krebs returned empty-handed after refusing to agree to an unconditional surrender. Only

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Antony Beevor writes that the incident is contentious and that the number of dead and the day of the incident vary. He states that orders were given by Krukenberg to a group of

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On the morning of 27 April, the Soviets continued the assault with a heavy bombardment of the inner city. The 8th Guards Army and the 1st Guards Tank Army were ordered to take

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Goebbels and Bormann sent a radio message to Admiral Dönitz informing him of Hitler's death. Per Hitler's last wishes, Dönitz was appointed as the new "President of Germany" (

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and into the building with a howitzer to blast open the front doors and several battles within the building. Major Anna Nikulina, a political officer with Lieutenant-General

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in another group from the Reich Chancellery managed to cross the Spree. They were reported to have died a short distance from the bridge, their bodies seen and identified by

8105: 1278:... Daily, the Russians advanced closer to the government quarter, which we were to defend. It became more and more difficult to hold the line 'under all circumstances'..." 2104:. Close combat raged throughout the night and the coming day of 1 May, until the evening when some German troops pulled out of the building and crossed the Friedrichstraße 2087:. All the windows were bricked up, but the soldiers managed to force the main doors and entered the main hall. The German garrison, of about 1,000 defenders (a mixture of 2026:

who was back in his headquarters in the Bendlerblock, finally received Hitler's permission to attempt a breakout. During the afternoon, Hitler shot himself and Braun took

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Berlin and the German forces placed to stop them were destroyed or forced back, the city's fate was sealed. Nevertheless, there was heavy fighting within the city as the

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Division managed to hold the line until the afternoon of the next day, but this was the last time they were able to check the Soviet advance for more than a few hours.

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Starting from 16:00 on 30 April, the 1st Battalion of the Polish 1st Regiment (assigned to the region of 35th Mechanized Brigade) begun an assault on a barricade on

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the day before, was fanning out into open country. One powerful thrust was heading north-west towards Berlin while other armies headed west towards a section of the

6324: 5927: 5899: 5043: 2532:"The Berlin streets are for the most part very broad and straight. They are surprisingly even; there is not a hill worthy of the name in the whole of the city" ( 2030:. In accordance with Hitler's instructions, the bodies were burned in the garden of the Reich Chancellery. In accordance with Hitler's last will and testament, 7965: 6644: 6331: 5465: 363: 6947: 6310: 5619: 5244: 983:

and grenades proved to be very effective, but as the Berlin civilian population had not been evacuated, these tactics inevitably killed many non-combatants.

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straight wide roads and contain several waterways, parks and large railway marshalling yards. It is a predominantly flat area, with some low hills such as

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Weidling organised the defences into eight sectors designated 'A' to 'H', each commanded by a colonel or a general, but most had no combat experience. The

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On the morning of 2 May, the Soviets stormed the Reich Chancellery. In the official Soviet version, the battle was similar to that of the battle for the

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Red Army privates Aleksey Markov and Ivan Mazyuk, residents of the same village serving in different units, embracing upon meeting each other in Berlin

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battalion took up positions in the east of the Tiergarten to defend the centre against the 3rd Shock Army (which, although heavily engaged around the

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General Helmut Weidling (left) - the last commander of the Berlin defense appointed by Hitler, surrendered on May 2, along with members of his staff

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anti-tank weapons in cellar windows to ambush tanks as they moved down the streets. These tactics were quickly adopted by the Hitler Youth and the

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171st Rifle Division, on the left flank of the 150th, continued to capture the buildings of the diplomatic quarter to the north of Königsplatz.

1710:. Krebs told Keitel that, if relief did not arrive within 48 hours, all would be lost. Keitel promised to exert the utmost pressure on Generals 5859: 5161: 1991: 90: 7858: 2319:. The majority were killed or captured by the Soviets. The number of German soldiers and civilians killed attempting the breakout is unknown. 1859:

Division was now under Mohnke's central command. All the men were exhausted from days and nights of continuous fighting. The Frenchmen of the

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As the Soviet armies of the 1st Belorussian Front and the 1st Ukrainian Front converged on the centre of the city there were many accidental '

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Division, whose previous commander, Joachim Ziegler, was relieved of his command the same day. The arrival of the French SS men bolstered the

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On 26 April, with Neukölln heavily penetrated by Soviet combat groups, Krukenberg prepared fallback positions for Sector C defenders around

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Division fell back towards Hermannplatz, the French SS and one-hundred Hitler Youth attached to their group destroyed 14 Soviet tanks with

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armour was reduced to four captured Soviet armoured personnel carriers and two half-tracks, so Kruneberg's men's chief weapon was now the

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prison; after a breach was made and the prison stormed, the garrison there quickly surrendered. The 3rd Shock Army were in sight of the

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were available to fill the ranks. The Soviets advanced cautiously, using flamethrowers to overcome defensive positions. By dusk Soviet

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By 28 April, the Germans were now reduced to a strip less than 5 km (3 mi) wide and 15 km (9 mi) in length, from

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at 22:50, however Beevor points out that this may have been an exaggeration as "Soviet propaganda was fixated with the idea of the

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Zhukov appointed Colonel-General Berzarin to start organising the German civil administration in the areas that they had captured.

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of six to eight soldiers, closely supported by field artillery. These were tactical units which were able to apply the tactics of

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and the railway line between them. By these actions, the Red Army had broken through the central Berlin west line of defence.

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Schmidt recalled, "I was assigned as platoon leader of a 'dwindled company' which included a squad of Hungarian volunteers,

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had bypassed the Humboldthain flak tower (leaving it to follow-up forces), and had reached the north of the Tiergarten and

1915:

after a request from the Soviet command for infantry reinforcements. Originally, one infantry regiment was to support the

7670: 7134: 6466: 6452: 5665: 2007: 1916: 1864: 1252:; one machine gun position by the Halensee bridge managed to hold up any Soviet advances in that area for 48 hours. The 611:

around Seelow and, to the south, around Forst had ceased to exist. These breakthroughs allowed the two Soviet fronts to

8125: 7879: 7748: 7626: 7204: 6919: 6870: 6628: 6183: 5435: 5274: 5122: 4976: 1666: 898: 870: 1899:

near Potsdam. The breakout was planned to start the next night at 22:00. Late in the evening, Krebs contacted General

1190:

fought their way through the southern suburbs of Neukölln towards Tempelhof Airport which was located just inside the

7995: 6877: 6849: 6666: 6248: 5967: 5934: 4162: 2752: 1843:

pressed on with its assault. After very heavy fighting, the formation managed to capture the Gestapo headquarters on

1413: 655: 53: 5150: 2610:

sappers on 1 May (after Hitler's death) and that the charge probably did not go off until the early hours of 2 May (

2014:, was situated. It was pounded by large concentrations of Soviet artillery. The remaining German Tiger tanks of the 1015:. On 20 April, Weidling had been appointed commander of the LVI Panzer Corps. Weidling replaced Lieutenant-Colonel ( 8032: 7190: 7127: 6262: 6098: 5221: 874: 5775: 7556: 7397: 7386: 7222: 6981: 6940: 6833: 6771: 6158: 5428: 5297: 5265: 2137:) station was then secured by the 3rd Infantry Regiment. Thereafter, Polish and Soviet units took control of the 1881: 922: 182: 5945: 5513: 7942: 7914: 7792: 7585: 6822: 6273: 6199: 5995: 5366: 5085: 4990: 4875: 2421: 2188: 1183: 1146: 1798:. Other sources claim that von Tippelskirch's appointment was temporary and only until the arrival of General 1315:, his mistress and a crack test pilot, landed von Greim on an improvised air strip in the Tiergarten near the 8002: 7935: 7886: 7817: 7642: 7148: 7099: 6863: 6856: 6459: 6220: 6011: 5064: 2416: 1141:

regiments had been decimated in the fighting. Just midday as Krukenberg reached his command, the last German

942: 564: 404: 387: 232: 130: 3398: 2656:

website, using sources available to Hugh Trevor-Roper (a Second World War MI5 agent and historian/author of

878: 8076: 7972: 7347: 7308: 6227: 6062: 6047: 5974: 5953: 5771: 5449: 5235: 5228: 5212: 4923: 4882: 4854: 2462: 2125: 1233: 1083:

While the fighting raged in the south-east of the city, between 320 and 330 French volunteers commanded by

619:

in a large pocket east of Frankfurt. Attempts by the 9th Army to break out to the west would result in the

574: 414: 632: 419: 8039: 7363: 7315: 6933: 6905: 6758: 6373: 6352: 5873: 5536: 5442: 4932: 1941: 1000: 267: 4376: 1401:

and was now between Frankfurter Allee and the south bank of the Spree, where its IX Corps was fighting.

7837: 7333: 7252: 7197: 7085: 7041: 6691: 6317: 6241: 6143: 6020: 5892: 5885: 5845: 5818: 5550: 5483: 5078: 4889: 4819: 4363: 4196: 1702: 1532: 1510: 1460: 1409: 1391:

less than 2 kilometres (1 mi) away. In the south-east, Berzarin's 5th Shock Army had bypassed the

1256:

remaining armour, eight Tiger tanks and several assault guns, were ordered to take up positions in the

1199: 729: 515:

was decided during the initial phases of the Battle of Berlin that took place outside the city. As the

1741:

trainer. Von Greim was ordered to get the Luftwaffe to attack the Soviet forces that had just reached

1544: 8110: 7739: 7656: 7441: 7301: 7273: 7106: 7011: 6801: 6234: 5308: 4962: 2130: 1911:

infantry support, were taking heavy casualties. As of 30 April, the Soviet forces were joined by the

1558:

south-west of Potsdam and still 32 km (20 mi) from Berlin. In the evening of 28 April, the

1150: 733: 5506: 3930: 949:

faced the street while the smaller, more modest dwellings were grouped around the inner courtyards.

7478: 7455: 6707: 6508: 6501: 6165: 5825: 5797: 5790: 5177: 1815: 1640: 1498: 1364: 745: 456: 5522: 5499: 1329:, just as the directors of the Berlin utilities, were summoned to appear before Berzarin's staff. 47: 7900: 7844: 7714: 7574: 7259: 6912: 6808: 6714: 6282: 6150: 6120: 6084: 6069: 5941: 5833: 5811: 5757: 5743: 5725: 5389: 5170: 4898: 4847: 1603: 1445: 1294: 1162: 712:

By 24 April, elements of the 1st Belorussian Front and the 1st Ukrainian Front had completed the

4708: 4562: 4558: 1952:

was the symbol of the Third Reich even though it had never been restored by the Nazis after the

1844: 8115: 7592: 7485: 7287: 7238: 7141: 7034: 7004: 6787: 6675: 6401: 6192: 5783: 5764: 5734: 5281: 5251: 4384:

Mende, Hans-Jürgen; Wernicke, Kurt; Chod, Kathrin; Schwenk, Herbert; Weißpflug, Hainer (2001).

2316: 1920: 1723: 686: 661:

The 1st Ukrainian Front had pushed through the last formations of the northern wing of General

8083: 7806: 7649: 7545: 7515: 7471: 7211: 7176: 7169: 7092: 6990: 6431: 6408: 6255: 5866: 5403: 5143: 5129: 4812: 4438: 4317: 4087: 2393: 2372:(Chief of staff of the 1st Ukrainian Front), Weidling put his order to surrender in writing. 2157: 1814:

alternative. The only form of heavy weaponry available to the assault troops were individual

1795: 1791: 1715: 1658: 1525: 753: 690: 547: 519: 296: 5701: 4461: 4112:. Campaign Series. Vol. 159 (illustrated ed.). Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 3300: 2448:

as commander of Berlin who only held the post for one day having taken command from Reymann.

1145:

south of the Teltow Canal was being abandoned. During the night Krukenberg informed General

662: 7907: 7762: 7413: 7370: 7340: 7266: 7076: 7055: 5981: 5458: 5136: 4233: 3418:

Some of the prisoners held at Special Camp 11: General der Infanterie Kurt von Tippelskirch

2503: 2204: 1840: 1694: 1678: 1674: 1653:

the 3rd Shock Army did use heavy guns at point blank range to blast a hole in the walls of

1538: 1474: 1452: 1368: 1342: 1187: 1154: 1058: 926: 806:

and SS offices in Berlin; this essentially formalized Berlin's status as a frontline city.

799: 702: 616: 392: 2906: 2275: 1707: 8: 8025: 7799: 7677: 7633: 7155: 6289: 6055: 5582: 5412: 5396: 5345: 2255: 2011: 1429: 1379:. In the south, Chuikov's 8th Guards Army and Katukov's 1st Guards Tank Army crossed the 1361: 593: 2203:, near the Danish border. Accordingly, the Dönitz administration was referred to as the 1884:. Two other men received less prestigious awards for only knocking out five tanks each. 1528:

against both Soviet armour and in house to house fighting against Soviet combat groups.

851: 8018: 7851: 7776: 7730: 7700: 7608: 7448: 7113: 6997: 6891: 6842: 6780: 6536: 6487: 6296: 5920: 5575: 5373: 4778: 2742: 2259: 2230: 2035: 1892: 1868: 1478: 1257: 1125:

On 25 April, Krukenberg was appointed commander of Defence Sector C which included the

1023:

as commander of Berlin. Only one day earlier, Kaether had replaced Lieutenant-General (

698: 612: 601: 4753: 2052: 1873: 1262: 8009: 7893: 7783: 7723: 7684: 7617: 7599: 7565: 7508: 7462: 7406: 7231: 6969: 6961: 6898: 6751: 6345: 5877: 5338: 5317: 5027: 4733: 4694: 4676: 4658: 4640: 4622: 4615: 4599: 4581: 4531: 4512: 4484: 4465: 4442: 4419: 4389: 4340: 4321: 4300: 4279: 4260: 4241: 4219: 4200: 4177: 4158: 4139: 4117: 2748: 2369: 2285: 2234: 2015: 1966: 1549:, attacked from the south-west in the direction of Berlin. They were part of Wenck's 1388: 1198:. This division, down to its last dozen tanks and thirty armoured personnel carriers 1087: 894: 694: 666: 508:

Berlin details the fighting and German capitulation that took place within the city.

1828: 1304: 841:

militia of males not already in the military. Many of the 40,000 elderly men of the

7928: 7921: 7865: 7529: 7294: 7280: 7183: 7120: 7071: 6884: 6737: 6684: 6494: 6445: 6359: 5589: 5566: 5099: 4796: 4770: 2479: 2458: 2411: 1877: 1771: 1722:, commander of the IX Army. Meanwhile, Hitler's private secretary (and head of the 1629: 1571: 1567: 1360:

In the south-west, Rybalko's 3rd Guards Tank Army, supported by Lieutenant-General

1316: 1062: 1012: 952:

Just as the Soviets had learned a lot about urban warfare, so had the Germans. The

810: 650: 608: 531: 481: 373: 333: 320: 213: 39: 17: 5108: 2171: 1325: 658:. The 1st Belorussian Front advanced towards the east and north-east of the city. 569:

The sector in which most of the fighting in the overall battle took place was the

218: 7951: 7663: 7578: 7536: 7434: 7377: 7245: 7027: 7018: 6547: 6129: 6105: 5359: 4726: 4294: 4113: 3424: 3405: 3307: 2913: 2348: 2217: 2212: 2031: 1971: 1956:. It was of such symbolic value that the Soviets wanted to capture it before the 1822: 1749: 1645: 1550: 1467: 1449: 1308: 1055: 1028: 932: 890: 737: 721: 706: 620: 597: 539: 461: 201: 8063: 3399:"Some of the prisoners held at Special Camp 11: Generaloberst Gotthard Heinrici" 1212: 7958: 7494: 7420: 5472: 5331: 4721: 2639:, p. 342). According to Ziemke it was to support Wenck's XII Army attack ( 2426: 2243: 2111: 1975: 1953: 1742: 1727: 1697: 1681:

had secured the bridgehead against any counterattack the Germans could muster.

1636: 1555: 1463: 1392: 1380: 1376: 1065: 882: 855: 578: 570: 543: 535: 399: 254: 4673:

The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949

2284:

Hitler Youth detachment, so an attempt was made to force a passage across the

1576: 1210:

tanks had reached the airfield, only six kilometres (four miles) south of the

823:

divisions, in all about 45,000 men. These formations were supplemented by the

8099: 7769: 5694: 5543: 5382: 4131: 2445: 2363:

Soviet traffic control officer Maria Shalneva on a street in Berlin, May 1945

1931: 1904: 1719: 1711: 1662: 1611: 1416: 1338: 1312: 1240:'s 3rd Guards Tank Army (part of Konev's 1st Ukrainian Front) advancing from 1237: 1039: 1035: 1020: 914: 828: 824: 758: 275: 271: 105: 92: 2115:, lying wounded in the basement, many before the final assault had started. 8068: 7872: 6172: 6077: 5708: 5071: 4835: 4761:

Shepardson, Donald E. (1998), "The Fall of Berlin and the Rise of a Myth",

4304: 4091: 2340: 2263: 2251: 2088: 1896: 1888: 1799: 1779: 1456: 1202:, had been promised replacements for battle losses but only stragglers and 1073: 980: 832: 713: 646: 582: 516: 512: 283: 279: 249: 238: 227: 208: 196: 171: 157: 84: 2563: 2059: 756:

of Berlin was consolidated with leading units probing and penetrating the

7707: 7693: 7355: 6031: 5852: 5837: 5191: 1900: 1738: 1106: 975:), while others fought across the rooftops and through the attics. These 959: 846: 3002:, p. 160, states "officially" it was the next morning of 24 April; 2824: 2402:

an estimated 100,000 females, and murdered civilians for several weeks.

2034:, the Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, became the new " 1871:, who had personally destroyed eight tanks, the other was awarded to SS- 1051: 1043: 670: 7062: 6815: 6794: 5687: 5020: 4948: 4435:

The spaces of the modern city: imaginaries, politics, and everyday life

4314:

The Ghosts of Berlin: Confronting German History in the Urban Landscape

2461:

that were at the start of the battle part of the German IX Army on the

2344: 1979: 1395: 1353: 1241: 1142: 837: 589: 493: 288: 243: 4782: 2315:. Only a handful of survivors reached the Elbe and surrendered to the 2183:. On 1 May, after Goebbels' own suicide, for an equally brief period, 23:

Military operations in the city of Berlin near the end of World War II

7325: 6730: 6527: 6338: 6136: 6091: 3189: 3187: 2799: 2488: 2196: 1783: 1737:

During the evening, von Greim and Reitsch flew out from Berlin in an

1437: 1299: 946: 819: 794: 725: 674: 5612: 2250:

personnel followed. Burgdorf, who played a key role in the death of

2200: 2063:

Polish flag raised on the top of Berlin Victory Column on 2 May 1945

1621:

station before being ambushed and destroyed by the Frenchmen of the

1297:

from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the German Air Force (

5596: 5324: 4774: 1730:

wired to the head of the navy Admiral Dönitz: "Reich Chancellery (

1481:) that in a twist of history was defended by French SS soldiers of 1117: 976: 910: 909:

A Soviet combat group was a mixed arms unit of about eighty men in

523: 341: 20:, the starting phase of the battle which occurred outside the city. 4655:

Charlemagne – The 33rd Waffen-SS Grenadier Division of the SS

3184: 3045: 2179:

For a brief period after Hitler's suicide, Goebbels was Germany's

1887:

During the evening of 29 April, at Weidling's headquarters in the

979:

tactics took the Germans lying in ambush for tanks in the flanks.

3707: 2585: 2293: 2254:, committed suicide along with Krebs. Mohnke's group avoided the 2027: 1957: 1759: 1563: 1433: 1069: 957:

their guns that high, and simultaneously they put men armed with

682: 678: 4020: 3909:, p. 126, says that Weidling gave no orders for a breakout. 3763: 3761: 3748: 3746: 3574: 3572: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2635:

According to Beevor the Luftwaffe was to attack Potsdamerplatz (

2478:

By 23 April when the Soviets first entered the city, Weidling's

2195:. The headquarters of the Dönitz government were located around 1661:

in the Tiergarten and during the afternoon advanced towards the

1570:'s attempted negotiations with the western Allies through Count 1311:, von Greim was seriously wounded by Soviet anti-aircraft fire. 299:

and assault on the Berlin Defence Area about 1,500,000 soldiers

6206: 4804: 4056: 2823:

Antony Beevor, speaking as himself in a television documentary:

2312: 1654: 1348: 1289:

tank supporting infantry in battle on a Berlin street, 27 April

749: 497: 80: 3320: 3081: 2805: 1054:. Accompanying them were the leading tanks of Colonel-General 673:, well over halfway to the American front line on the Elbe at 607:

By the end of 19 April the German eastern front line north of

6394: 4437:(illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 4316:(illustrated ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 4238:

The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, The Evidence, The Truth

3836: 3824: 3800: 3758: 3743: 3569: 2938: 2676: 2549:

and gave its name to the most famous of Berlin's districts" (

2303:

Soviet soldiers smoking on the steps of the Reich Chancellery

2289: 1591: 1580: 1171: 1047: 641:

Soviet tanks and self-propelled guns on the streets of Berlin

4637:

Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century

4559:

Appendix 1: Soviet Order of Battle for the Battle for Berlin

3685: 3683: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 2967: 2965: 2720:(Russian Book) Балашов К. «Всемирная История Войн», стр. 405 2579:

Beevor states the centre sector was known as Z for Zentrum (

2269:

Krukenberg and many of the survivors of the remnants of the

1367:, were advancing through the wooded park and suburbs of the 845:

had been in the army as young men and some were veterans of

4528:

Armia Radziecka w wojnie z hitlerowskimi Niemcami 1941–1945

3996: 3936: 3812: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3093: 2766: 2764: 2153: 1286: 1207: 1034:

By 23 April, some of Chuikov's rifle units had crossed the

501: 4008: 3948: 3888: 3778: 3776: 3301:

Map of the Battle for Reichstag 29 April – 2 May 1945

3240: 3009: 2160:

and captured Volkssturm militamen on the streets of Berlin

1809:

Soviet infantry advance on the streets of Berlin, 30 April

1423:

By 27 April the Soviet Armies had penetrated the German's

1383:

on 27 April, the last major obstacle between them and the

1216:, where they were checked by stiff German resistance. The 813:

for the city's defence included several severely depleted

4714: 3876: 3848: 3680: 3656: 3644: 3632: 3620: 3608: 3596: 3584: 3548: 3536: 3453: 3199: 3172: 3069: 3033: 3006:, p. 228, gives 26 April for Weidling's appointment. 2962: 2653: 1839:

In the south-east at dawn on 29 April, Colonel Antonov's

1821:

lashed to short sections of railway lines. Major-General

1689:

On 28 April, Krebs made his last telephone call from the

1559: 656:

tonnage dropped by the Western Allied bombers on the city

4383: 4216:

Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945

3674: 3524: 3470: 3468: 3344: 3272: 3270: 3257: 3255: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3105: 2883: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2761: 1774:, Goebbels, Krebs, and Bormann witnessed and signed the 917:

that they had been forced to develop and refine at each

604:

front line south-west of the city who were on the Elbe.

4563:

Appendix 2: German Order of Battle for Operation Berlin

4174:

The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan

3788: 3773: 2830: 2704: 2702: 2700: 1867:

of the Third Reich were awarded; one went to Frenchman

1448:

in their anti-tank role. In the north, Colonel-General

1436:, and was also heavily involved in a battle to capture 1194:

defensive ring. Defending Sector D was Panzer Division

1169:

would have to fall back to the central sector Z (Z for

866:). He had a total of over 2,000 men under his command. 336:

were 81,116 dead or missing and 280,251 sick or wounded

5466:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

4068: 4044: 4032: 3984: 3972: 3960: 3912: 3731: 3719: 3148: 2950: 2783: 2781: 2779: 1639:

in the east to Charlottenburg and the area around the

1061:. Sometime after midnight, a corps of Colonel-General 3695: 3480: 3465: 3441: 3429: 3379: 3367: 3332: 3282: 3267: 3252: 3223: 3211: 3160: 3124: 3057: 3021: 2977: 2926: 2871: 2854: 266:

Inside the Berlin Defence Area: approximately 45,000

8106:

Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II

4497: 3136: 2998:, p. 286, states the appointment was 23 April; 2842: 2800:

World War II Axis Military History Day-by-Day: April

2697: 2550: 1974:

anti-aircraft guns, two kilometres away high on the

1031:, who had held the position for only about a month. 860:

1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler

573:, the last major defensive line outside Berlin. The 511:

The outcome of the battle to capture the capital of

4511:. NY:Ballantine Books: Macdonald & Co: London. 4276:

Berlin 1945–1986. Geschichte der Hauptstadt der DDR

2776: 2723: 1970:150th had reached the moat, but accurate fire from 936:

A devastated street in the city centre, 3 July 1945

887:

11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland

526:fought its way, street by street, into the centre. 4725: 4617:A Woman in Berlin: Six Weeks in the Conquered City 4614: 4571:, London: Jonathan Cape, pp. 196–207, 208–214 4554:Battle for Berlin: April – May 1945 (website) 4358:. Vol. 6. Americana Corporation. p. 720. 4337:Race for the Reichstag: The 1945 Battle for Berlin 3873:, p. 367, 4am, for Krebs meeting with Chuikov 1935:Zoo flak tower after the end of fighting, May 1945 1509:divisional headquarters was now a carriage in the 1477:(Belle-Alliance being an alternative name for the 802:, which called for the complete evacuation of all 4502:. Vol. 65. Urban Land Institute. p. 88. 4088:"They raped every German female from eight to 80" 2664:Hitler had dictated his last will and testament ( 1606:less than 1 km (1,100 yd) south of the 8097: 4405:"Hitler's last days: Hitler's will and marriage" 4176:(reprint ed.). New York: Crown Publishers. 2457:A large number of the 45,000 were troops of the 2001:A Soviet assault group advances on the Reichstag 4801:Alternative account of crimes against civilians 1913:Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division 500:but the territory of Germany east of the River 319:Unknown (100,000 soldiers killed in the entire 4232: 3713: 1706:(OKW, "high command of the armed forces"), in 1105:. They moved from the SS training ground near 633:Battle of Berlin § Encirclement of Berlin 488:Berlin encompassed the attack by three Soviet 4820: 4578:Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–1945 1669:and a mere 600 m (660 yd) from the 1375:Division on their eastern flank and entering 480:The battle in Berlin was an end phase of the 357: 4749:Photos of World War 2 Berlin Locations today 4433:Prakash, Gyan; Kruse, Kevin Michael (2008). 4432: 2944: 2907:Map of the Battle of Berlin 26–28 April 1945 2902: 2900: 2898: 2237:. Rebuilt in 1926, it survived World War II. 2118: 1501:crew preparing to fire on a street in Berlin 558: 332:Unknown, total Soviet casualties during the 4530:. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony. 4424:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4110:Berlin 1945: End of the Thousand Year Reich 1926: 1408:Soviet soldiers from the 8th Guards Army's 4827: 4813: 4525: 4354:McDonnald, Alexander Hopkins, ed. (1951). 4334: 4292: 4273: 4138:. London; New York: Viking-Penguin Books. 3954: 3854: 3842: 3830: 3806: 3767: 3752: 3650: 3638: 3626: 3614: 3602: 3590: 3578: 3563: 3542: 3530: 2562:The poorer tenement blocks were known as " 1490:Weidling would carry on with the defence. 809:The forces available to Artillery General 364: 350: 4509:Battle For Berlin: End of the Third Reich 4402: 4353: 4259:. W. W. Norton & Company Publishing. 4171: 3866: 3510: 3361: 3316:Battle For Berlin: End of the Third Reich 3118: 3003: 2922:Battle For Berlin: End of the Third Reich 2895: 2665: 2520: 1531:At dawn on 28 April, the youth divisions 626: 148: 4483:. Winnipeg: J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing. 4213: 3818: 3794: 3782: 2999: 2660:), records the marriage as taking place 2623: 2374: 2358: 2326: 2298: 2229: 2148: 2073: 2058: 1996: 1930: 1827: 1804: 1748: 1585: 1492: 1403: 1347: 1280: 1222: 1116: 995: 931: 893:) to the south-east; and to the east of 776: 773:Order of battle for the battle in Berlin 636: 4478: 4254: 4190: 4080: 3737: 3725: 3246: 3154: 3099: 2889: 2877: 2594: 2590: 1776:last will and testament of Adolf Hitler 1371:, attacking what remained of the XVIII 1046:and by 24 April were advancing towards 862:Guard Battalion (assigned to guard the 693:attacked the northern flank of General 504:still under German control, the battle 8098: 6674: 6652:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 4710:The Battle for Berlin in World War Two 4506: 4460:. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 4455: 4157:(illustrated ed.). UK: Hachette. 4152: 4130: 4107: 4074: 4062: 4050: 4038: 4026: 4014: 4002: 3990: 3978: 3966: 3942: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3882: 3870: 3701: 3689: 3677:, p. 651, for the size of the AAA 3662: 3518: 3514: 3513:, p. 239, says Jodl replied, but 3498: 3486: 3474: 3459: 3447: 3435: 3385: 3373: 3338: 3326: 3311: 3288: 3276: 3261: 3234: 3217: 3205: 3193: 3178: 3166: 3142: 3130: 3087: 3075: 3063: 3051: 3039: 3027: 3015: 2995: 2983: 2971: 2932: 2917: 2865: 2848: 2836: 2811: 2787: 2770: 2729: 2708: 2691: 2640: 2636: 2611: 2580: 2533: 2507: 2466: 1444:and Luftwaffe cadets using the feared 904: 7523:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 6955:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 6601:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 6557:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 5662:Rape during the occupation of Germany 4808: 4596:The Red Army and the Second World War 2078:Surrendered German soldiers in Berlin 1602:Division had been driven back to the 724:and north towards the Baltic port of 649:'s birthday, Soviet artillery of the 345: 6645:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 5677:Rape during the liberation of France 4593: 4311: 4299:. Ministry of National Defense Pub. 2956: 2827:, directed by George Pagliero (2008) 2144: 2133:. The stronghold of the Tiergarten ( 1990:and its defensive trenches. Colonel 901:, was in Berlin's central district. 792:On 20 April, Hitler ordered and the 534:, surrendered to Lieutenant-General 371: 4458:Peeps at Great Cities – Berlin 3416:Exton, Brett, and Murphy, Richard. 2618:line that ran north-south from the 1895:in Brandenburg on the banks of the 1766:At 04:00 hours on 29 April, in the 13: 6871:German invasion of the Netherlands 5151:Weather events during World War II 4792:By the eyes of a war correspondent 4545: 3391: 2825:"Revealed" Hitler's Secret Bunkers 1778:. Hitler dictated the document to 1665:over the Spree, just north of the 1583:and arrest the "traitor" Himmler. 14: 8137: 7502:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 2444:Weidling replaced Oberstleutnant 2394:Battle of Berlin § Aftermath 1095:(assault battalion) "Charlemagne" 873:was to the west of the city; the 54:Raising a Flag over the Reichstag 8062: 4834: 4613:Hillers, Marta (4 August 2005), 3924: 3900: 3521:, p. 537, say it was Keitel 2668:, "Hitler's will and marriage"). 1986:rocket launchers, bombarded the 1505:In sector Z (centre) Krukenberg 1332: 1307:. While flying over Berlin in a 991: 248: 237: 226: 217: 207: 195: 176: 164: 150: 46: 4763:The Journal of Military History 3869:, p. 239, states 3am, and 3860: 3668: 3504: 3492: 3410: 3294: 2989: 2817: 2793: 2646: 2629: 2600: 2573: 2556: 2539: 2526: 2513: 2495: 2472: 2322: 1782:, shortly after he had married 1594:on a street in Berlin, 26 April 1003:firing on the streets of Berlin 7749:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 5459:Territorial changes of Germany 5367:Indonesian National Revolution 4621:, translated by Bell, Anthes, 4598:, Cambridge University Press, 4293:Komornicki, Stanisław (1967). 4240:. London: Brockhampton Press. 2747:. University of Kansas. 1998. 2735: 2714: 2451: 2438: 2422:German Instrument of Surrender 2187:Admiral Karl Dönitz appointed 1485:"Charlemagne" attached to the 1455:was bogged down just south of 1432:47th Army was now approaching 1293:Hitler summoned Field Marshal 766: 1: 7149:Japanese invasion of Thailand 7100:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 6864:German invasion of Luxembourg 5245:Mediterranean and Middle East 4526:Zbiniewicz, Fryderyk (1988). 4498:Urban Land Institute (2006). 4296:Poles in the Battle of Berlin 4218:. Solihull: Helion & Co. 4193:Soldiers of the Leibstandarte 4101: 2417:End of World War II in Europe 2266:who followed the same route. 2010:building, which was built of 1882:503 SS Heavy Panzer Battalion 1753:The Moltke bridge around 1900 1590:Soviet soldiers resting on a 1446:88 mm anti-aircraft guns 1419:station in the Berlin suburbs 925:) they had encountered since 899:18th Panzergrenadier Division 131:End of World War II in Europe 71:(1 week and 2 days) 7056:Invasion of the Soviet Union 6745:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 6063:Independent State of Croatia 4274:Kiederling, Gerhard (1987). 3501:, p. 357 last paragraph 3196:, pp. 323–324, 17, 318. 3054:, pp. 291–292, 302–304. 2482:made up the majority of the 2387: 2339:. There was an assault over 2126:Technische Hochschule Berlin 1274:, as well as members of the 1182:Soviet combat groups of the 575:Battle of the Seelow Heights 16:Not to be confused with the 7: 8121:April 1945 events in Europe 8040:End of World War II in Asia 7880:Western invasion of Germany 7387:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 7364:Second Battle of El Alamein 6934:Hundred Regiments Offensive 6906:Battle of the Mediterranean 6759:Italian invasion of Albania 4933:Air warfare of World War II 4671:Naimark, Norman M. (1995), 4639:, London: Greenhill Books, 2405: 2225: 2139:Zoologischer Garten station 1165:) that within 24 hours the 1068:crossed the Spree close to 10: 8144: 7966:Naval bombardment of Japan 7334:First Battle of El Alamein 7253:Battle of Christmas Island 7198:Japanese invasion of Burma 6962:Italian invasion of Greece 6878:German invasion of Belgium 6850:German invasion of Denmark 6823:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 6692:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 4956:Comparative military ranks 4635:Krivosheev, G. F. (1997), 4356:The Encyclopedia Americana 4335:Le Tissier, Tony (2010) . 4214:Hamilton, Stephan (2008). 4197:J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing 3310:. This map is copied from 2391: 1703:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht 1410:94th Guards Rifle Division 879:Panzer Division Müncheberg 770: 730:58th Guards Rifle Division 630: 562: 553: 538:, commander of the Soviet 15: 8126:May 1945 events in Europe 8055: 7887:Bratislava–Brno offensive 7827: 7818:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 7555: 7442:Allied invasion of Sicily 7396: 7302:Aleutian Islands campaign 7274:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 7221: 7212:Greek famine of 1941–1944 7107:Second Battle of Changsha 7012:German invasion of Greece 6980: 6857:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 6832: 6770: 6665: 6546: 6272: 6182: 6030: 5733: 5724: 5482: 5307: 5199:North and Central Pacific 5160: 4922: 4915: 4842: 4653:Le Tissier, Tony (2010), 4569:The Battle of Berlin 1945 4403:MI5 staff (8 June 2012). 4386:Berlin Mitte: Das Lexikon 4136:Berlin: The Downfall 1945 4029:, pp. 384, 385, 388. 2551:Urban Land Institute 2006 2131:Berlin-Tiergarten station 2119:Capture of Charlottenburg 1684: 986: 885:) to the north-east; the 565:Battle of the Oder–Neisse 559:Battle of the Oder–Neisse 542:, a component of Marshal 383: 310: 260: 188: 142: 61: 45: 37: 32: 7479:Allied invasion of Italy 7456:Solomon Islands campaign 7205:Third Battle of Changsha 6802:First Battle of Changsha 6708:Second Sino-Japanese War 5648:German military brothels 5514:United States war crimes 4594:Hill, Alexander (2017), 4507:Ziemke, Earl F. (1969). 4278:. Berlin: Dietz Verlag. 4191:Fischer, Thomas (2008). 4172:Dollinger, Hans (1997). 4065:, pp. 287, 388–393. 3329:, pp. 340, 347–349. 3090:, pp. 303–304, 319. 2945:Prakash & Kruse 2008 2916:This map is copied from 2814:, pp. 255–256, 262. 2694:, pp. 365–367, 372. 2547:monument erected in 1821 2432: 1927:Battle for the Reichstag 1667:Ministry of the Interior 1604:Anhalter railway station 1499:Katyusha rocket launcher 1440:, which was defended by 1121:The location of Neukölln 752:on the Elbe. The Soviet 746:First United States Army 669:and had passed north of 7901:Second Guangxi campaign 7756:Philippines (1944–1945) 7260:Battle of the Coral Sea 7163:Fall of the Philippines 6809:Battle of South Guangxi 6715:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 6121:Italian Social Republic 4153:Beevor, Antony (2012). 2658:The Last Days of Hitler 1948:. For the Soviets, the 1880:, the commander of the 1295:Robert Ritter von Greim 1159:Oberkommando des Heeres 1097:were attached to XI SS 915:house to house fighting 677:. To the north between 7486:Armistice of Cassibile 7288:Battle of Dutch Harbor 7239:Battle of the Java Sea 7142:Attack on Pearl Harbor 7042:Syria–Lebanon campaign 7035:Battle of South Shanxi 7005:Invasion of Yugoslavia 6788:Battle of the Atlantic 6402:Korean Liberation Army 6115:(until September 1943) 6072:(until September 1944) 6050:(until September 1944) 4689:Read, Anthony (1993), 4675:, Cambridge: Belknap, 4576:Hastings, Max (2004), 4567:Le Tissier, T (1988), 4481:The Leibstandarte IV/2 4479:Tiemann, Ralf (1998). 4456:Siepen, Edith (2011). 4108:Antill, Peter (2005). 2593:, pp. 42–43, and 2380: 2364: 2332: 2304: 2238: 2161: 2079: 2064: 2002: 1936: 1921:12th Guards Tank Corps 1845:Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse 1836: 1810: 1754: 1724:Nazi Party Chancellery 1595: 1502: 1420: 1357: 1290: 1229: 1122: 1009:General der Artillerie 1004: 937: 875:9th Parachute Division 871:20th Infantry Division 789: 742:69th Infantry Division 740:made contact with the 687:Konstantin Rokossovsky 642: 627:Encirclement of Berlin 496:) to capture not only 420:Encirclement of Berlin 326:125,000 civilians dead 274:, supplemented by the 189:Commanders and leaders 7650:Second Battle of Guam 7546:Bengal famine of 1943 7516:Second Battle of Kiev 7472:Battle of the Dnieper 7177:Battle of Wake Island 7049:East African campaign 6991:Battle of South Henan 6636:atrocities by Germans 6409:Korean Volunteer Army 5390:Occupation of Germany 5144:Music in World War II 4255:Kershaw, Ian (2008). 4234:Joachimsthaler, Anton 2378: 2362: 2330: 2311:were interrogated by 2302: 2233: 2158:7th Guards Tank Corps 2152: 2077: 2062: 2040:Chancellor of Germany 2000: 1934: 1831: 1808: 1796:Kurt von Tippelskirch 1752: 1679:171st Rifle Divisions 1589: 1526:close quarters battle 1496: 1407: 1351: 1284: 1226: 1120: 999: 935: 788:in Berlin, March 1945 780: 691:2nd Belorussian Front 640: 548:1st Belorussian Front 311:Casualties and losses 106:52.51861°N 13.37611°E 69:23 April – 2 May 1945 7936:Surrender of Germany 7414:Battle of West Hubei 7371:Guadalcanal campaign 7341:Battle of Stalingrad 7267:Battle of Madagascar 6041:Albania protectorate 5828:(formerly Swaziland) 5537:Wehrmacht war crimes 5353:Expulsion of Germans 5137:Art and World War II 5035:British contribution 4984:Governments in exile 4312:Ladd, Brian (1998). 4155:The Second World War 4005:, pp. 384, 385. 3945:, pp. 383, 389. 3102:, pp. 339, 340. 3018:, pp. 259, 297. 2912:21 June 2007 at the 2504:Reich Labour Service 2274:northward along the 2205:Flensburg Government 1917:1st Mechanised Corps 1841:301st Rifle Division 1524:which were used for 1475:Belle-Alliance-Platz 1453:2nd Guards Tank Army 1430:F.I. Perkohorovich's 1188:1st Guards Tank Army 1059:1st Guards Tank Army 800:Operation Clausewitz 703:Hasso von Manteuffel 577:was one of the last 467:Brandenburg–Rathenow 286:sailors and 40,000 8026:Potsdam Declaration 7915:Italy (Spring 1945) 7678:Liberation of Paris 7135:Siege of Sevastopol 6153:(until August 1944) 6056:Wang Jingwei regime 5878:from September 1943 5838:from September 1944 5776:from September 1944 5636:Romanian war crimes 5627:Persecution of Jews 5613:Croatian war crimes 5583:Japanese war crimes 5397:Occupation of Japan 5346:First Indochina War 5058:Military production 4970:Declarations of war 4693:, London: Pimlico, 4657:, Pen & Sword, 4257:Hitler: A Biography 4017:, pp. 388–389. 3931:Weidendammer Brücke 3897:, pp. 372–375. 3885:, pp. 380–381. 3845:, pp. 224–229. 3833:, pp. 212–219. 3821:, pp. 312–313. 3809:, pp. 200–209. 3770:, pp. 190–197. 3755:, pp. 182–184. 3716:, pp. 160–182. 3714:Joachimsthaler 1999 3692:, pp. 356–357. 3665:, pp. 354–355. 3581:, pp. 220–221. 3517:, p. 120, and 3462:, pp. 352–353. 3423:20 May 2007 at the 3404:29 May 2007 at the 3306:3 July 2007 at the 3249:, pp. 943–947. 3208:, pp. 319–320. 3181:, pp. 318–320. 3078:, pp. 114–115. 3042:, pp. 291–292. 2974:, pp. 316–319. 2773:, pp. 217–233. 2744:When Titans clashed 2256:Weidendammer Bridge 2012:reinforced concrete 1579:'s headquarters at 1428:Lieutenant-General 905:Tactics and terrain 897:. The reserve, the 849:. Hitler appointed 594:1st Ukrainian Front 484:. While the Battle 102: / 8019:Surrender of Japan 7852:Battle of Iwo Jima 7701:Belgrade offensive 7114:Siege of Leningrad 6998:Battle of Shanggao 6927:British Somaliland 6892:Dunkirk evacuation 6843:Norwegian campaign 6781:Invasion of Poland 6608:Japanese prisoners 5576:Italian war crimes 5507:British war crimes 5422:Soviet occupations 5206:South-West Pacific 5093:Allied cooperation 5051:Military equipment 4756:on 25 October 2009 4691:The Fall of Berlin 2959:, pp. 99–102. 2381: 2365: 2333: 2305: 2260:Ludwig Stumpfegger 2239: 2189:Ludwig von Krosigk 2162: 2080: 2065: 2036:Head of Government 2003: 1937: 1837: 1811: 1755: 1596: 1566:news report about 1503: 1479:Battle of Waterloo 1461:Vasily Kuznetsov's 1459:. Colonel-General 1421: 1358: 1291: 1230: 1123: 1063:Nikolai Berzarin's 1005: 938: 831:in the compulsory 790: 699:Army Group Vistula 663:Ferdinand Schörner 643: 602:United States Army 596:, having captured 111:52.51861; 13.37611 8093: 8092: 8051: 8050: 7894:Battle of Okinawa 7793:Burma (1944–1945) 7627:Mariana and Palau 7407:Tunisian campaign 7232:Fall of Singapore 7156:Fall of Hong Kong 6899:Battle of Britain 6752:Operation Himmler 6661: 6660: 6325:Dutch East Indies 5968:Southern Rhodesia 5720: 5719: 5620:Genocide of Serbs 5523:German war crimes 5500:Soviet war crimes 5493:Allied war crimes 5339:Division of Korea 5318:Chinese Civil War 5116:Strategic bombing 5028:Manhattan Project 4746:Sanders, Ian J., 4739:978-0-684-80329-6 4700:978-0-7126-0695-0 4682:978-0-674-78405-5 4664:978-1-84884-231-1 4646:978-1-85367-280-4 4628:978-0-8050-7540-3 4605:978-1-1070-2079-5 4587:978-0-333-90836-5 4537:978-83-11-07489-7 4518:978-0-356-02960-3 4490:978-0-921991-40-3 4471:978-3-86403-134-2 4448:978-0-691-13343-0 4395:978-3-87776-111-3 4388:. Berlin: Stapp. 4371:Missing or empty 4364:cite encyclopedia 4346:978-1-84884-230-4 4339:. Pen and Sword. 4327:978-0-226-46762-7 4285:978-3-320-00774-4 4266:978-0-393-06757-6 4247:978-1-86019-902-8 4225:978-1-906033-12-5 4206:978-0-921991-91-5 4183:978-0-7537-0009-9 4145:978-0-670-03041-5 4123:978-1-84176-915-8 3675:Mende et al. 2001 2947:, pp. 44–46. 2892:, pp. 42–43. 2839:, pp. 92–94. 2620:Stadtmitte U-Bahn 2370:Vasily Sokolovsky 2286:Charlotten Bridge 2276:Schönhauser Allee 2235:Charlotten Bridge 2145:End of the battle 2069:Pestalozzistrasse 2016:Hermann von Salza 1967:Kroll Opera House 1598:By 28 April, the 1512:Stadtmitte U-Bahn 1450:Semyon Bogdanov's 1414:Frankfurter Allee 1389:Reich Chancellery 1090:and organised as 1088:Gustav Krukenberg 1056:Mikhail Katukov's 895:Tempelhof Airport 695:Gotthard Heinrici 667:Army Group Centre 475: 474: 340: 339: 138: 137: 8133: 8111:Battle of Berlin 8086: 8079: 8072: 8069:World portal 8067: 8066: 8042: 8035: 8028: 8021: 8012: 8005: 7998: 7989: 7982: 7975: 7968: 7961: 7954: 7945: 7938: 7931: 7929:Prague offensive 7924: 7922:Battle of Berlin 7917: 7910: 7903: 7896: 7889: 7882: 7875: 7868: 7866:Vienna offensive 7861: 7854: 7847: 7845:Battle of Manila 7840: 7820: 7811: 7802: 7795: 7786: 7779: 7772: 7765: 7758: 7751: 7744: 7735: 7726: 7719: 7710: 7703: 7696: 7689: 7680: 7673: 7666: 7659: 7652: 7645: 7638: 7629: 7622: 7613: 7604: 7595: 7588: 7586:Korsun–Cherkassy 7581: 7570: 7548: 7539: 7532: 7525: 7518: 7511: 7504: 7497: 7488: 7481: 7474: 7467: 7458: 7451: 7444: 7437: 7430: 7428:Bombing of Gorky 7423: 7416: 7409: 7389: 7382: 7373: 7366: 7359: 7350: 7343: 7336: 7329: 7318: 7311: 7304: 7297: 7295:Battle of Midway 7290: 7283: 7281:Battle of Gazala 7276: 7269: 7262: 7255: 7248: 7241: 7234: 7214: 7207: 7200: 7193: 7191:Battle of Borneo 7186: 7184:Malayan campaign 7179: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7130: 7128:Bombing of Gorky 7123: 7121:Battle of Moscow 7116: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7081: 7065: 7058: 7051: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7021: 7014: 7007: 7000: 6993: 6973: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6915: 6908: 6901: 6894: 6887: 6885:Battle of France 6880: 6873: 6866: 6859: 6852: 6845: 6825: 6818: 6811: 6804: 6797: 6790: 6783: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6740: 6738:Munich Agreement 6733: 6726: 6717: 6710: 6703: 6694: 6687: 6672: 6671: 6654: 6647: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6623:Soviet prisoners 6617: 6610: 6603: 6594: 6587: 6578: 6571: 6564: 6563:German prisoners 6559: 6539: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6469: 6462: 6455: 6448: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6390: 6383: 6376: 6369: 6362: 6355: 6348: 6341: 6334: 6327: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6146: 6139: 6132: 6123: 6116: 6108: 6101: 6099:French Indochina 6094: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6065: 6058: 6051: 6043: 6023: 6014: 6007: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5956: 5949: 5946:from August 1944 5937: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5841: 5829: 5821: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5767: 5760: 5753: 5746: 5731: 5730: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5683: 5672: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5638: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5590:Nanjing Massacre 5585: 5578: 5569: 5567:Nuremberg trials 5560: 5553: 5546: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5516: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5424: 5417: 5408: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5300: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5171:Asia and Pacific 5153: 5146: 5139: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5102: 5100:Mulberry harbour 5095: 5088: 5081: 5074: 5067: 5060: 5053: 5046: 5037: 5030: 5023: 5014: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4942: 4935: 4920: 4919: 4908: 4901: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4829: 4822: 4815: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4799:on 18 March 2007 4795:, archived from 4785: 4757: 4752:, archived from 4742: 4731: 4717: 4703: 4685: 4667: 4649: 4631: 4620: 4608: 4590: 4572: 4556: 4541: 4522: 4503: 4494: 4475: 4452: 4429: 4423: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4399: 4380: 4374: 4369: 4367: 4359: 4350: 4331: 4308: 4289: 4270: 4251: 4229: 4210: 4187: 4168: 4149: 4127: 4095: 4086:Beevor, Antony; 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3933:de.wikipedia.org 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3771: 3765: 3756: 3750: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3567: 3561: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3414: 3408: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3265: 3259: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2904: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2774: 2768: 2759: 2758: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2695: 2689: 2669: 2650: 2644: 2633: 2627: 2604: 2598: 2577: 2571: 2560: 2554: 2543: 2537: 2530: 2524: 2517: 2511: 2499: 2493: 2492:forces in Berlin 2480:LVI Panzer Corps 2476: 2470: 2459:LVI Panzer Corps 2455: 2449: 2442: 2412:Zero hour (1945) 2246:, and remaining 1878:Friedrich Herzig 1865:Knight's Crosses 1772:Wilhelm Burgdorf 1630:Prague Offensive 1572:Folke Bernadotte 1568:Heinrich Himmler 1317:Brandenburg Gate 1085:SS-Brigadeführer 1042:rivers south of 1013:LVI Panzer Corps 852:SS-Brigadeführer 811:Helmuth Weidling 651:79th Rifle Corps 532:Helmuth Weidling 482:Battle of Berlin 430:Spremberg–Torgau 378: 376: 375:Berlin Offensive 366: 359: 352: 343: 342: 334:Battle of Berlin 321:Battle of Berlin 305:464,000 soldiers 253: 252: 242: 241: 231: 230: 222: 221: 214:Helmuth Weidling 212: 211: 200: 199: 181: 180: 179: 170: 168: 167: 160: 156: 154: 153: 117: 116: 114: 113: 112: 107: 103: 100: 99: 98: 95: 63: 62: 50: 40:Battle of Berlin 33:Battle in Berlin 30: 29: 18:Battle of Berlin 8143: 8142: 8136: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8082: 8075: 8061: 8059: 8047: 8038: 8031: 8024: 8017: 8008: 8001: 7994: 7985: 7980:Atomic bombings 7978: 7971: 7964: 7957: 7950: 7941: 7934: 7927: 7920: 7913: 7906: 7899: 7892: 7885: 7878: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7823: 7816: 7805: 7798: 7791: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7738: 7729: 7722: 7713: 7706: 7699: 7692: 7683: 7676: 7671:Eastern Romania 7669: 7664:Warsaw Uprising 7662: 7657:Tannenberg Line 7655: 7648: 7643:Western Ukraine 7641: 7632: 7625: 7616: 7607: 7598: 7591: 7584: 7573: 7564: 7551: 7544: 7535: 7528: 7521: 7514: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7484: 7477: 7470: 7461: 7454: 7447: 7440: 7435:Battle of Kursk 7433: 7426: 7419: 7412: 7405: 7392: 7385: 7376: 7369: 7362: 7353: 7346: 7339: 7332: 7323: 7314: 7307: 7300: 7293: 7286: 7279: 7272: 7265: 7258: 7251: 7246:St Nazaire Raid 7244: 7237: 7230: 7217: 7210: 7203: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7175: 7168: 7161: 7154: 7147: 7140: 7133: 7126: 7119: 7112: 7105: 7098: 7091: 7084: 7070: 7061: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7028:Anglo-Iraqi War 7026: 7019:Battle of Crete 7017: 7010: 7003: 6996: 6989: 6976: 6967: 6960: 6953: 6948:Eastern Romania 6946: 6939: 6932: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6862: 6855: 6848: 6841: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6793: 6786: 6779: 6766: 6757: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6713: 6706: 6699: 6690: 6683: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6634: 6627: 6622: 6613: 6606: 6599: 6590: 6583: 6574: 6567: 6562: 6555: 6542: 6535: 6526: 6519: 6514: 6509:Western Ukraine 6507: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6453:Northeast China 6451: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6407: 6400: 6393: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6358: 6351: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6212: 6205: 6198: 6191: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6159:Slovak Republic 6157: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6130:Empire of Japan 6128: 6119: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6046: 6039: 6026: 6019: 6010: 6003: 5994: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5940: 5933: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5832: 5824: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5796: 5789: 5782: 5770: 5763: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5716: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5675: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5642:Sexual violence 5641: 5634: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5565: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5491: 5478: 5471: 5464: 5457: 5448: 5441: 5434: 5427: 5420: 5411: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5372: 5365: 5360:Greek Civil War 5358: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5303: 5296: 5287: 5280: 5273: 5264: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5211: 5204: 5197: 5190: 5185:South-East Asia 5183: 5176: 5169: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5098: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5049: 5044:Military awards 5042: 5033: 5026: 5019: 5010: 5003: 4996: 4989: 4982: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4938: 4931: 4911: 4904: 4897: 4888: 4881: 4874: 4869: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4838: 4833: 4788: 4760: 4745: 4740: 4728:The Last Battle 4722:Ryan, Cornelius 4720: 4707:Remme, Tilman, 4706: 4701: 4688: 4683: 4670: 4665: 4652: 4647: 4634: 4629: 4612: 4606: 4588: 4575: 4566: 4551: 4548: 4546:Further reading 4538: 4519: 4491: 4472: 4449: 4417: 4416: 4409: 4407: 4396: 4372: 4370: 4361: 4360: 4347: 4328: 4286: 4267: 4248: 4226: 4207: 4184: 4165: 4146: 4124: 4104: 4099: 4098: 4085: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3955:Le Tissier 2010 3953: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3865: 3861: 3855:Komornicki 1967 3853: 3849: 3843:Komornicki 1967 3841: 3837: 3831:Komornicki 1967 3829: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3807:Komornicki 1967 3805: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3781: 3774: 3768:Komornicki 1967 3766: 3759: 3753:Komornicki 1967 3751: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3651:Komornicki 1967 3649: 3645: 3639:Komornicki 1967 3637: 3633: 3627:Komornicki 1967 3625: 3621: 3615:Komornicki 1967 3613: 3609: 3603:Zbiniewicz 1988 3601: 3597: 3591:Komornicki 1967 3589: 3585: 3579:Komornicki 1967 3577: 3570: 3564:Le Tissier 2010 3562: 3549: 3543:Komornicki 1967 3541: 3537: 3531:Le Tissier 2010 3529: 3525: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3425:Wayback Machine 3415: 3411: 3406:Wayback Machine 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3314:, p. 121, 3308:Wayback Machine 3299: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3275: 3268: 3260: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3117: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3010: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2914:Wayback Machine 2905: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2864: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2777: 2769: 2762: 2755: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2698: 2690: 2677: 2672: 2651: 2647: 2643:, p. 118). 2634: 2630: 2626:, p. 214). 2605: 2601: 2597:, p. 336). 2578: 2574: 2561: 2557: 2544: 2540: 2531: 2527: 2518: 2514: 2510:, p. 287). 2500: 2496: 2477: 2473: 2456: 2452: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2408: 2396: 2390: 2349:9th Rifle Corps 2325: 2228: 2218:Trace italienne 2213:Spandau Citadel 2185:Reichspräsident 2147: 2121: 2053:Reichspräsident 2046:). At 3:15 am, 2032:Joseph Goebbels 1972:12.8 cm FlaK 40 1929: 1919:, and two, the 1874:Sturmbannführer 1832:Battle for the 1714:, commander of 1700:, the Chief of 1687: 1646:Reichssportfeld 1641:Olympic Stadium 1592:ZiS-3 76 mm gun 1373:Panzergrenadier 1335: 1309:Fieseler Storch 1263:Oberscharführer 1184:8th Guards Army 1133:Division whose 1099:Panzergrenadier 1029:Helmuth Reymann 1025:Generalleutnant 994: 989: 907: 891:Joachim Ziegler 775: 769: 738:5th Guards Army 722:21st Army Group 707:3rd Panzer Army 635: 629: 621:Battle of Halbe 579:pitched battles 567: 561: 556: 540:8th Guards Army 478: 477: 476: 471: 425:Cottbus–Potsdam 410:Stettin–Rostock 379: 374: 372: 370: 329: 306: 304: 247: 246: 236: 235: 225: 206: 205: 204: 202:Helmuth Reymann 194: 177: 175: 174: 165: 163: 151: 149: 126:Soviet victory 110: 108: 104: 101: 96: 93: 91: 89: 88: 87: 70: 51: 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 8141: 8140: 8129: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8087: 8080: 8073: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8049: 8048: 8046: 8045: 8044: 8043: 8036: 8029: 8015: 8014: 8013: 7999: 7996:South Sakhalin 7992: 7991: 7990: 7976: 7969: 7962: 7955: 7948: 7947: 7946: 7932: 7925: 7918: 7911: 7904: 7897: 7890: 7883: 7876: 7869: 7862: 7855: 7848: 7841: 7833: 7831: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7821: 7814: 7813: 7812: 7796: 7789: 7788: 7787: 7773: 7766: 7759: 7752: 7745: 7736: 7727: 7720: 7711: 7704: 7697: 7690: 7681: 7674: 7667: 7660: 7653: 7646: 7639: 7630: 7623: 7614: 7605: 7596: 7589: 7582: 7571: 7561: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7542: 7541: 7540: 7533: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7475: 7468: 7459: 7452: 7445: 7438: 7431: 7424: 7421:Battle of Attu 7417: 7410: 7402: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7390: 7383: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7351: 7344: 7337: 7330: 7321: 7320: 7319: 7312: 7298: 7291: 7284: 7277: 7270: 7263: 7256: 7249: 7242: 7235: 7227: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7208: 7201: 7194: 7187: 7180: 7173: 7170:Battle of Guam 7166: 7159: 7152: 7145: 7138: 7131: 7124: 7117: 7110: 7103: 7096: 7093:Battle of Kiev 7089: 7082: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7052: 7045: 7038: 7031: 7024: 7023: 7022: 7008: 7001: 6994: 6986: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6965: 6958: 6951: 6944: 6937: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6909: 6902: 6895: 6888: 6881: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6853: 6846: 6838: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6819: 6812: 6805: 6798: 6791: 6784: 6776: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6755: 6748: 6741: 6734: 6720: 6719: 6718: 6711: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6680: 6678: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6648: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6632: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6604: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6592:United Kingdom 6588: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6560: 6552: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6524: 6512: 6505: 6498: 6491: 6484: 6477: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6405: 6391: 6384: 6377: 6370: 6363: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6278: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6238: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6196: 6188: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6169: 6162: 6155: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6044: 6036: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6001: 6000: 5999: 5996:British Empire 5989:United Kingdom 5985: 5978: 5971: 5964: 5957: 5950: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5830: 5822: 5815: 5808: 5805:Czechoslovakia 5801: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5739: 5737: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5705: 5702:Rape of Manila 5698: 5691: 5684: 5673: 5658: 5651: 5639: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5623: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5579: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5554: 5540: 5533: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5510: 5503: 5488: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5473:United Nations 5469: 5462: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5446: 5439: 5432: 5418: 5409: 5400: 5393: 5386: 5379: 5370: 5363: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5335: 5332:Decolonization 5328: 5321: 5313: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5278: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5232: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5166: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5096: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5024: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5008: 5005:United Kingdom 5001: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4928: 4926: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4851: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4832: 4831: 4824: 4817: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4789:White, Osmar, 4786: 4775:10.2307/120398 4769:(1): 135–153, 4758: 4743: 4738: 4718: 4704: 4699: 4686: 4681: 4668: 4663: 4650: 4645: 4632: 4627: 4610: 4604: 4591: 4586: 4573: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4536: 4523: 4517: 4504: 4495: 4489: 4476: 4470: 4453: 4447: 4430: 4400: 4394: 4381: 4351: 4345: 4332: 4326: 4309: 4290: 4284: 4271: 4265: 4252: 4246: 4230: 4224: 4211: 4205: 4188: 4182: 4169: 4163: 4150: 4144: 4132:Beevor, Antony 4128: 4122: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4079: 4077:, p. 409. 4067: 4055: 4053:, p. 386. 4043: 4041:, p. 388. 4031: 4019: 4007: 3995: 3993:, p. 384. 3983: 3981:, p. 125. 3971: 3969:, p. 383. 3959: 3957:, p. 188. 3947: 3935: 3923: 3921:, p. 382. 3911: 3899: 3887: 3875: 3867:Dollinger 1997 3859: 3857:, p. 232. 3847: 3835: 3823: 3811: 3799: 3797:, p. 312. 3787: 3785:, p. 311. 3772: 3757: 3742: 3740:, p. 954. 3730: 3728:, p. 955. 3718: 3706: 3704:, p. 358. 3694: 3679: 3667: 3655: 3653:, p. 181. 3643: 3641:, p. 178. 3631: 3629:, p. 174. 3619: 3617:, p. 170. 3607: 3605:, p. 272. 3595: 3593:, p. 151. 3583: 3568: 3566:, p. 173. 3547: 3545:, p. 146. 3535: 3523: 3511:Dollinger 1997 3503: 3491: 3489:, p. 120. 3479: 3477:, p. 352. 3464: 3452: 3450:, p. 349. 3440: 3438:, p. 128. 3428: 3409: 3397:Exton, Brett. 3390: 3388:, p. 338. 3378: 3376:, p. 343. 3366: 3364:, p. 239. 3362:Dollinger 1997 3343: 3341:, p. 342. 3331: 3319: 3293: 3291:, p. 340. 3281: 3279:, p. 351. 3266: 3264:, p. 118. 3251: 3239: 3237:, p. 119. 3222: 3220:, p. 323. 3210: 3198: 3183: 3171: 3169:, p. 321. 3159: 3157:, p. 339. 3147: 3135: 3133:, p. 322. 3123: 3121:, p. 228. 3119:Dollinger 1997 3104: 3092: 3080: 3068: 3066:, p. 303. 3056: 3044: 3032: 3030:, p. 297. 3020: 3008: 3004:Dollinger 1997 2988: 2986:, p. 565. 2976: 2961: 2949: 2937: 2935:, p. 317. 2925: 2920:, p. 93, 2894: 2882: 2870: 2868:, p. 111. 2853: 2841: 2829: 2816: 2804: 2792: 2775: 2760: 2753: 2734: 2722: 2713: 2711:, p. 287. 2696: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2670: 2666:MI5 staff 2012 2645: 2628: 2599: 2572: 2555: 2553:, p. 88). 2538: 2525: 2523:, p. 720) 2521:McDonnald 1951 2512: 2494: 2471: 2469:, p. 287) 2463:Seelow Heights 2450: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2427:Race to Berlin 2424: 2419: 2414: 2407: 2404: 2392:Main article: 2389: 2386: 2324: 2321: 2317:Western Allies 2244:Werner Naumann 2227: 2224: 2156:tank from the 2146: 2143: 2120: 2117: 2112:hors de combat 1928: 1925: 1743:Potsdamerplatz 1728:Martin Bormann 1698:Wilhelm Keitel 1686: 1683: 1659:Victory Column 1637:Alexanderplatz 1556:Lake Schwielow 1546:Theodor Körner 1483:Sturmbataillon 1468:Prenzlauerberg 1464:3rd Shock Army 1438:Gatow airfield 1393:Friedrichshain 1381:Landwehr Canal 1377:Charlottenburg 1334: 1331: 1305:Hermann Göring 1112:Sturmbataillon 1093:Sturmbataillon 1066:5th Shock Army 1017:Oberstleutnant 993: 990: 988: 985: 911:assault groups 906: 903: 883:Werner Mummert 877:to the north; 856:Wilhelm Mohnke 829:child soldiers 784:soldiers with 768: 765: 631:Main article: 628: 625: 571:Seelow Heights 563:Main article: 560: 557: 555: 552: 544:Georgiy Zhukov 536:Vasily Chuikov 473: 472: 470: 469: 464: 459: 454: 453: 452: 445:City of Berlin 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 415:Seelow Heights 412: 407: 402: 400:Race to Berlin 397: 390: 384: 381: 380: 369: 368: 361: 354: 346: 338: 337: 330: 328: 327: 324: 316: 313: 312: 308: 307: 292: 263: 262: 258: 257: 255:Vasily Chuikov 223: 191: 190: 186: 185: 161: 145: 144: 140: 139: 136: 135: 134: 133: 123: 119: 118: 79: 77: 73: 72: 67: 59: 58: 43: 42: 35: 34: 28: 27: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8139: 8138: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8116:Urban warfare 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8101: 8085: 8081: 8078: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8065: 8058: 8057: 8054: 8041: 8037: 8034: 8030: 8027: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8016: 8011: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8003:Kuril Islands 8000: 7997: 7993: 7988: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7977: 7974: 7970: 7967: 7963: 7960: 7956: 7953: 7949: 7944: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7933: 7930: 7926: 7923: 7919: 7916: 7912: 7909: 7905: 7902: 7898: 7895: 7891: 7888: 7884: 7881: 7877: 7874: 7870: 7867: 7863: 7860: 7856: 7853: 7849: 7846: 7842: 7839: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7826: 7819: 7815: 7810: 7809: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7797: 7794: 7790: 7785: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7771: 7770:Syrmian Front 7767: 7764: 7760: 7757: 7753: 7750: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7716:Market Garden 7712: 7709: 7705: 7702: 7698: 7695: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7682: 7679: 7675: 7672: 7668: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7654: 7651: 7647: 7644: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7628: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7597: 7594: 7590: 7587: 7583: 7580: 7576: 7575:Monte Cassino 7572: 7569: 7568: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7547: 7543: 7538: 7534: 7531: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7513: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7499: 7496: 7492: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7473: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7446: 7443: 7439: 7436: 7432: 7429: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7411: 7408: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7388: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7375: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7357: 7352: 7349: 7345: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7313: 7310: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7296: 7292: 7289: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7264: 7261: 7257: 7254: 7250: 7247: 7243: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7220: 7213: 7209: 7206: 7202: 7199: 7195: 7192: 7188: 7185: 7181: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7167: 7164: 7160: 7157: 7153: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7132: 7129: 7125: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7111: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7097: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7078: 7073: 7069: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7053: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7039: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7025: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7009: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6995: 6992: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6972: 6971: 6966: 6963: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6949: 6945: 6942: 6941:Baltic states 6938: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6924: 6921: 6917: 6914: 6910: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6875: 6872: 6868: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6824: 6820: 6817: 6813: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6799: 6796: 6792: 6789: 6785: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6769: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6749: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6735: 6732: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6693: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6642: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6585:United States 6582: 6577: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6525: 6522: 6521:Quốc dân Đảng 6518: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6410: 6406: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6364: 6361: 6357: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6246: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6225: 6222: 6221:Liechtenstein 6218: 6215: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6163: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6060: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6018: 6013: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005:United States 6002: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5864: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5695:Comfort women 5692: 5689: 5685: 5682: 5679: / 5678: 5674: 5671: 5668: / 5667: 5664: / 5663: 5659: 5656: 5655:Camp brothels 5652: 5649: 5645: 5644: 5640: 5637: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5610: 5605: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5568: 5564: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544:The Holocaust 5541: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5530:forced labour 5527: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5440: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5387: 5384: 5383:Marshall Plan 5380: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5237: 5236:Eastern Front 5233: 5230: 5229:Western Front 5226: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5123:Puppet states 5120: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5065:Naval history 5062: 5059: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5012:United States 5009: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4953: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4830: 4825: 4823: 4818: 4816: 4811: 4810: 4807: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4744: 4741: 4735: 4730: 4729: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4684: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4666: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4648: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4630: 4624: 4619: 4618: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4589: 4583: 4580:, Macmillan, 4579: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4549: 4539: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4365: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4164:9780297860709 4160: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4105: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4076: 4071: 4064: 4059: 4052: 4047: 4040: 4035: 4028: 4023: 4016: 4011: 4004: 3999: 3992: 3987: 3980: 3975: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3951: 3944: 3939: 3932: 3927: 3920: 3915: 3908: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3884: 3879: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3844: 3839: 3832: 3827: 3820: 3819:Hamilton 2008 3815: 3808: 3803: 3796: 3795:Hamilton 2008 3791: 3784: 3783:Hamilton 2008 3779: 3777: 3769: 3764: 3762: 3754: 3749: 3747: 3739: 3734: 3727: 3722: 3715: 3710: 3703: 3698: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3676: 3671: 3664: 3659: 3652: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3628: 3623: 3616: 3611: 3604: 3599: 3592: 3587: 3580: 3575: 3573: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3544: 3539: 3533:, p. 29. 3532: 3527: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3488: 3483: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3461: 3456: 3449: 3444: 3437: 3432: 3426: 3422: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3394: 3387: 3382: 3375: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3340: 3335: 3328: 3323: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3302: 3297: 3290: 3285: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3248: 3243: 3236: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3219: 3214: 3207: 3202: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3180: 3175: 3168: 3163: 3156: 3151: 3145:, p. 98. 3144: 3139: 3132: 3127: 3120: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3101: 3096: 3089: 3084: 3077: 3072: 3065: 3060: 3053: 3048: 3041: 3036: 3029: 3024: 3017: 3012: 3005: 3001: 3000:Hamilton 2008 2997: 2992: 2985: 2980: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2958: 2953: 2946: 2941: 2934: 2929: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2891: 2886: 2880:, p. 42. 2879: 2874: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2851:, p. 94. 2850: 2845: 2838: 2833: 2826: 2820: 2813: 2808: 2802:20 April 1945 2801: 2796: 2790:, p. 84. 2789: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2772: 2767: 2765: 2756: 2754:9780700608997 2750: 2746: 2745: 2738: 2732:, p. 85. 2731: 2726: 2717: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2625: 2624:Hamilton 2008 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2603: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2576: 2569: 2568:Mietskasernen 2565: 2564:Rent-barracks 2559: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2536:, p. 7). 2535: 2529: 2522: 2516: 2509: 2505: 2498: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2447: 2446:Ernst Kaether 2441: 2437: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2403: 2401: 2395: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2371: 2361: 2357: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2301: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2236: 2232: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2199:, along with 2198: 2194: 2193:Reichskanzler 2190: 2186: 2182: 2181:Reichskanzler 2177: 2174: 2173: 2172:coup de grâce 2167: 2166:Reichskanzler 2159: 2155: 2151: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2116: 2114: 2113: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2061: 2057: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2048:Reichskanzler 2045: 2044:Reichskanzler 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1978:close by the 1977: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1933: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1906: 1905:Rudolf Holste 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1870: 1869:Eugéne Vaulôt 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1818: 1807: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1761: 1751: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1732:Reichskanzlei 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720:Theodor Busse 1717: 1713: 1712:Walther Wenck 1709: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1696: 1695:Field Marshal 1692: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1663:Moltke Bridge 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1535: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1508: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1418: 1415: 1412:entering the 1411: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1355: 1352:Humboldthain 1350: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1339:friendly fire 1333:Inner suburbs 1330: 1328: 1327: 1326:Bürgermeister 1320: 1318: 1314: 1313:Hanna Reitsch 1310: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238:Pavel Rybalko 1235: 1225: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1155:General Staff 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1089: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1021:Ernst Kaether 1018: 1014: 1010: 1002: 998: 992:Outer suburbs 984: 982: 981:Flamethrowers 978: 974: 968: 966: 962: 961: 955: 950: 948: 944: 934: 930: 928: 924: 923:fortress city 920: 919:Festungsstadt 916: 912: 902: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 867: 865: 861: 857: 854: 853: 848: 844: 840: 839: 834: 830: 826: 825:Berlin Police 822: 821: 816: 812: 807: 805: 801: 797: 796: 787: 783: 779: 774: 764: 761: 760: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 728:. The Soviet 727: 723: 717: 716:of the city. 715: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 659: 657: 652: 648: 645:On 20 April, 639: 634: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 566: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 527: 525: 521: 518: 514: 509: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 451: 448: 447: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 395: 391: 389: 386: 385: 382: 377: 367: 362: 360: 355: 353: 348: 347: 344: 335: 331: 325: 322: 318: 317: 315: 314: 309: 303: 300: 298: 293: 291: 290: 285: 281: 277: 276:Berlin Police 273: 270:soldiers and 269: 265: 264: 259: 256: 251: 245: 240: 234: 233:Georgy Zhukov 229: 224: 220: 215: 210: 203: 198: 193: 192: 187: 184: 173: 162: 159: 147: 146: 141: 132: 129: 128: 127: 124: 121: 120: 115: 86: 82: 78: 75: 74: 68: 65: 64: 60: 56: 55: 49: 44: 41: 36: 31: 26: 19: 8077:Bibliography 8060: 7873:Project Hula 7838:Vistula–Oder 7807: 7740: 7731: 7715: 7685: 7634: 7618: 7609: 7600: 7566: 7463: 7378: 7354: 7324: 7075: 6968: 6913:North Africa 6615:Soviet Union 6569:Soviet Union 6495:Soviet Union 6263:Vatican City 6173:Vichy France 6078:German Reich 5975:Soviet Union 5961:South Africa 5954:Sierra Leone 5907:Newfoundland 5726:Participants 5709:Marocchinate 5413: 5404: 5374: 5252:North Africa 5213:Indian Ocean 5072:Nazi plunder 4963:Cryptography 4836:World War II 4797:the original 4791: 4766: 4762: 4754:the original 4748: 4727: 4709: 4690: 4672: 4654: 4636: 4616: 4595: 4577: 4568: 4553: 4527: 4508: 4499: 4480: 4457: 4434: 4408:. Retrieved 4385: 4373:|title= 4355: 4336: 4313: 4295: 4275: 4256: 4237: 4215: 4195:. Winnipeg: 4192: 4173: 4154: 4135: 4109: 4092:The Guardian 4082: 4070: 4058: 4046: 4034: 4022: 4010: 3998: 3986: 3974: 3962: 3950: 3938: 3926: 3914: 3902: 3890: 3878: 3862: 3850: 3838: 3826: 3814: 3802: 3790: 3738:Kershaw 2008 3733: 3726:Kershaw 2008 3721: 3709: 3697: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3610: 3598: 3586: 3538: 3526: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3455: 3443: 3431: 3412: 3393: 3381: 3369: 3334: 3322: 3315: 3296: 3284: 3247:Kershaw 2008 3242: 3213: 3201: 3174: 3162: 3155:Tiemann 1998 3150: 3138: 3126: 3100:Tiemann 1998 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3047: 3035: 3023: 3011: 2991: 2979: 2952: 2940: 2928: 2921: 2890:Fischer 2008 2885: 2878:Fischer 2008 2873: 2844: 2832: 2819: 2807: 2795: 2743: 2737: 2725: 2716: 2661: 2657: 2648: 2631: 2619: 2615: 2607: 2602: 2595:Tiemann 1998 2591:Fischer 2008 2584: 2575: 2567: 2558: 2541: 2528: 2515: 2497: 2487: 2483: 2474: 2453: 2440: 2397: 2382: 2366: 2353: 2345:I. P. Rossly 2341:Wilhelmplatz 2336: 2334: 2323:Capitulation 2309:Führerbunker 2308: 2306: 2280: 2270: 2268: 2264:Artur Axmann 2252:Erwin Rommel 2248:Führerbunker 2247: 2240: 2216: 2209: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2178: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2134: 2122: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2081: 2066: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2024: 2019: 2008:Air Ministry 2004: 1987: 1983: 1962: 1949: 1945: 1944:towards the 1938: 1909: 1897:Schwielowsee 1889:Bendlerblock 1886: 1872: 1860: 1856: 1854: 1852:Tiergarten. 1848: 1838: 1833: 1816: 1812: 1800:Kurt Student 1788: 1780:Traudl Junge 1768:Führerbunker 1767: 1765: 1756: 1736: 1731: 1701: 1693:. 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