114:
915:
160:
933:
1963:
135:
921:
926:
335:
of frogs and salamanders and all of its descendants. The idea that frogs and salamanders are more closely related to each other than either is to caecilians is strongly supported by morphological and molecular evidence; they are, for instance, the only vertebrates able to raise and lower their eyes.
424:
Ryoko
Matsumoto; Susan E. Evans (2018). "The first record of albanerpetontid amphibians (Amphibia: Albanerpetontidae) from East Asia". PLoS ONE. 13 (1): e0189767. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189767. PMC 5752013.
372:
estimates place the first appearance of the
Batrachia (the time at which frog and salamander lineages diverged from each other) before the Early Triassic. Most estimates place the divergence in the
388:). However, there is no evidence of lissamphibians or lissamphibian-like animals in the fossil record at this time. The tetrapod groups that are hypothesized as ancestors of modern amphibians (
442:
1578:
2028:
2033:
336:
However, an alternative hypothesis exists in which salamanders and caecilians are each other's closest relatives as part of a clade called the
1909:
408:
about 275 million years ago and contain no lissamphibians, suggesting that the Early
Permian may be an upper bound for the age of Batrachia.
1635:
2004:
1568:
631:
652:
1914:
914:
578:
Marjanovic, D.; Laurin, M. (2007). "Fossils, Molecules, Divergence Times, and the Origin of
Lissamphibians".
536:"The Impact of the Representation of Fossil Calibrations on Bayesian Estimation of Species Divergence Times"
535:
1997:
1372:
932:
624:
121:
159:
320:
226:
113:
2038:
1860:
722:
1990:
780:
1940:
1877:
753:
920:
1935:
617:
1927:
925:
456:"The origin(s) of extant amphibians: A review with emphasis on the "lepospondyl hypothesis""
1267:
495:"Divergence Time Estimation Using Fossils as Terminal Taxa and the Origins of Lissamphibia"
332:
8:
2023:
1656:
475:
397:
154:
400:, roughly 300 million years ago. Large fossil tetrapod assemblages are known from the
1922:
1665:
1006:
943:
854:
595:
560:
516:
426:
479:
1978:
1164:
1157:
1143:
587:
550:
506:
467:
328:
260:
1900:
1794:
1764:
1693:
1471:
1038:
995:
985:
899:
707:
369:
364:
358:
142:
1974:
1464:
1439:
1337:
1232:
1096:
765:
734:
29:
591:
2017:
1774:
1679:
1672:
1642:
1485:
1478:
1393:
1260:
1253:
871:
738:
682:
405:
385:
377:
71:
555:
511:
494:
1450:
1404:
1274:
1246:
1214:
1117:
1037:
975:
864:
826:
792:
673:
640:
599:
564:
520:
430:
341:
324:
316:
211:
1700:
1425:
1379:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1295:
1110:
1059:
892:
885:
389:
46:
1962:
1784:
1711:
1612:
1588:
1326:
1200:
1175:
1095:
1066:
965:
401:
393:
368:
from the Early
Triassic, about 250 million years ago. However, several
353:
308:
91:
56:
471:
1970:
1804:
1740:
1492:
1418:
1386:
1284:
1133:
1082:
1019:
878:
381:
312:
300:
245:
201:
171:
134:
96:
40:
1871:
455:
1894:
1686:
1628:
1621:
1432:
1319:
691:
664:
323:
in 1800 to refer to frogs, but has more recently been defined in a
191:
86:
81:
66:
61:
51:
33:
1544:
1312:
1221:
1189:
1052:
373:
337:
241:
101:
76:
1598:
658:
609:
443:
Herpetology: An
Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles
181:
296:
376:
but some put it as far back as 367 million years ago in the
1815:
304:
287:
284:
278:
266:
319:. The name Batrachia was first used by French zoologist
281:
1800:
1790:
1780:
1770:
1760:
1653:
1609:
1594:
1584:
1574:
1564:
1308:
1280:
1002:
991:
981:
971:
961:
851:
275:
272:
263:
269:
850:
533:
2015:
577:
534:Inoue, J.; Donoghue, P. C. J.; Yang, Z. (2009).
453:
706:
1998:
625:
384:are thought to have started to emerge from
2005:
1991:
632:
618:
133:
112:
554:
510:
2029:Extant Early Triassic first appearances
2016:
1876:
1875:
651:
613:
492:
2034:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille
1957:
527:
486:
571:
454:Marjanović, D.; Laurin, M. (2013).
447:
13:
14:
2050:
352:The earliest batrachians are the
1961:
931:
924:
919:
913:
639:
259:
158:
44:
340:, with frogs positioned as the
436:
418:
1:
1179:(Northeast Indian caecilians)
411:
396:temnospondyls) appear in the
1977:. You can help Knowledge by
1042:(American tailed caecilians)
7:
1454:(South American caecilians)
10:
2055:
1956:
347:
122:Australian green tree frog
1884:
1855:
1814:
1756:
1739:
1715:(salamanders crown group)
1710:
1652:
1608:
1560:
1543:
1522:
1518:
1449:
1403:
1341:(Indo-African caecilians)
1336:
1294:
1231:
1199:
1174:
1142:
1131:
1100:(Asian tailed caecilians)
1091:
1080:
1033:
1017:
957:
941:
911:
846:
842:
823:
791:
773:
764:
746:
733:
715:
702:
647:
592:10.1080/10635150701397635
239:
234:
155:Scientific classification
153:
141:
132:
120:
111:
23:
1861:List of amphibian genera
1408:(Neotropical caecilians)
1147:(buried-eyed caecilians)
1023:(caecilians crown group)
947:(caecilians total group)
1973:-related article is a
1830:several hundred genera
321:Pierre André Latreille
1936:Paleobiology Database
556:10.1093/sysbio/syp078
512:10.1093/sysbio/syr047
493:Pyron, R. A. (2011).
147:Salamandra salamandra
1531:(salamanders + frogs
1236:(aquatic caecilians)
1204:(African caecilians)
333:last common ancestor
1819:(frogs crown group)
1657:Batrachosauroididae
1299:(common caecilians)
16:Clade of amphibians
944:Gymnophionomorpha
580:Systematic Biology
543:Systematic Biology
499:Systematic Biology
398:Late Carboniferous
331:that includes the
1986:
1985:
1951:
1950:
1923:Open Tree of Life
1878:Taxon identifiers
1869:
1868:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1821:
1749:
1735:
1734:
1717:
1666:Batrachosauroides
1553:
1535:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1456:
1410:
1343:
1301:
1238:
1206:
1181:
1149:
1144:Scolecomorphidae
1127:
1126:
1102:
1076:
1075:
1044:
1025:
1007:Albanerpetontidae
949:
909:
908:
855:Albanerpetontidae
838:
837:
834:
833:
819:
818:
815:
814:
811:
810:
472:10.5252/g2013n1a8
252:
251:
230:
2046:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1965:
1958:
1944:
1943:
1931:
1930:
1918:
1917:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1873:
1872:
1820:
1817:
1802:
1792:
1782:
1772:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1716:
1713:
1655:
1611:
1596:
1586:
1576:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1455:
1452:
1409:
1406:
1342:
1339:
1310:
1300:
1297:
1282:
1237:
1234:
1205:
1202:
1180:
1177:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1043:
1040:
1039:Rhinatrematidae
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1004:
993:
983:
973:
963:
955:
954:
948:
945:
936:
935:
928:
923:
917:
853:
848:
847:
844:
843:
771:
770:
744:
743:
713:
712:
704:
703:
697:
696:
649:
648:
634:
627:
620:
611:
610:
604:
603:
575:
569:
568:
558:
540:
531:
525:
524:
514:
490:
484:
483:
451:
445:
440:
434:
422:
329:node-based taxon
315:nor the extinct
294:
293:
290:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
225:
163:
162:
137:
126:Litoria caerulea
116:
106:
43:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2039:Amphibian stubs
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
1954:
1952:
1947:
1939:
1934:
1926:
1921:
1913:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1880:
1870:
1865:
1835:
1818:
1810:
1795:Triadobatrachus
1765:Czatkobatrachus
1746:
1744:
1742:
1731:
1714:
1706:
1694:Peratosauroides
1648:
1604:
1579:Kulgeriherpeton
1550:
1548:
1546:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1498:
1472:Luetkenotyphlus
1453:
1445:
1407:
1399:
1340:
1338:Grandisoniidae
1332:
1298:
1290:
1235:
1233:Typhlonectidae
1227:
1203:
1195:
1178:
1170:
1146:
1136:
1123:
1099:
1097:Ichthyophiidae
1085:
1072:
1041:
1027:
1022:
1013:
996:Chinlestegophis
986:Rubricacaecilia
951:
946:
937:
930:
905:
830:
807:
787:
760:
729:
723:Tetrapodomorpha
708:Tetrapodomorpha
698:
654:
653:
643:
638:
608:
607:
576:
572:
538:
532:
528:
491:
487:
452:
448:
441:
437:
423:
419:
414:
380:(which is when
370:molecular clock
365:Czatkobatrachus
359:Triadobatrachus
350:
344:of this group.
262:
258:
244:
224:
157:
143:Fire salamander
107:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
38:
37:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2052:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1966:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1932:
1919:
1906:
1890:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1757:
1751:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1592:
1582:
1572:
1561:
1555:
1538:
1523:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1465:Brasilotyphlus
1460:
1458:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1440:Schistometopum
1436:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1412:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1345:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1305:
1303:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1183:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1165:Scolecomorphus
1161:
1153:
1151:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1086:
1083:Stegokrotaphia
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1028:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1000:
989:
979:
969:
958:
952:
942:
939:
938:
912:
910:
907:
906:
904:
903:
896:
889:
882:
875:
868:
860:
858:
840:
839:
836:
835:
832:
831:
824:
821:
820:
817:
816:
813:
812:
809:
808:
806:
805:
804:
803:
797:
795:
789:
788:
786:
785:
784:
783:
781:Dissorophoidea
774:
768:
766:Dissorophoidea
762:
761:
759:
758:
757:
756:
747:
741:
735:Batrachomorpha
731:
730:
728:
727:
726:
725:
716:
710:
700:
699:
695:
694:
685:
676:
667:
661:
645:
644:
637:
636:
629:
622:
614:
606:
605:
586:(3): 369–388.
570:
526:
505:(4): 466–481.
485:
446:
435:
416:
415:
413:
410:
349:
346:
303:that includes
250:
249:
237:
236:
232:
231:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
151:
150:
139:
138:
130:
129:
118:
117:
109:
108:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
30:Early Triassic
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2051:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1775:Notobatrachus
1769:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1738:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1680:Palaeoproteus
1677:
1675:
1674:
1673:Opisthotriton
1670:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1643:Marmorerpeton
1640:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1521:
1517:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1486:Mimosiphonops
1483:
1481:
1480:
1479:Microcaecilia
1476:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1451:Siphonopidae
1448:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1405:Dermophiidae
1402:
1396:
1395:
1394:Sylvacaecilia
1391:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1268:Potamotyphlus
1265:
1263:
1262:
1261:Nectocaecilia
1258:
1256:
1255:
1254:Chthonerpeton
1251:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1158:Crotaphatrema
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1016:
1009:
1008:
1001:
998:
997:
990:
988:
987:
980:
978:
977:
970:
968:
967:
960:
959:
956:
953:
950:
940:
934:
929:
927:
922:
916:
902:
901:
897:
895:
894:
890:
888:
887:
883:
881:
880:
876:
874:
873:
872:Anoualerpeton
869:
867:
866:
862:
861:
859:
856:
849:
845:
841:
829:
828:
822:
801:
800:
799:
798:
796:
794:
790:
782:
778:
777:
776:
775:
772:
769:
767:
763:
755:
754:Temnospondyli
751:
750:
749:
748:
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736:
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724:
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719:
718:
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693:
689:
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683:Sarcopterygii
680:
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460:Geodiversitas
457:
450:
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428:
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417:
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406:Early Permian
404:stage of the
403:
399:
395:
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387:
383:
379:
378:Late Devonian
375:
371:
367:
366:
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19:
1979:expanding it
1968:
1953:
1885:
1803:
1793:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1747:total group)
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1597:
1587:
1577:
1567:
1551:total group)
1549:(salamanders
1533:crown group)
1526:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1296:Caeciliidae
1283:
1275:Typhlonectes
1273:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1247:Atretochoana
1245:
1220:
1215:Boulengerula
1213:
1188:
1163:
1156:
1118:Uraeotyphlus
1116:
1109:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1020:Gymnophiona
1005:
994:
984:
976:Funcusvermis
974:
964:
918:
898:
891:
884:
877:
870:
865:Albanerpeton
863:
827:Lissamphibia
825:
793:Lissamphibia
687:
678:
674:Osteichthyes
669:
641:Lissamphibia
583:
579:
573:
549:(1): 74–89.
546:
542:
529:
502:
498:
488:
463:
459:
449:
438:
420:
390:lepospondyls
363:
357:
351:
342:sister taxon
325:phylogenetic
317:allocaudates
255:
253:
240:
221:
218:Superorder:
212:Lissamphibia
146:
125:
18:
1701:Prodesmodon
1426:Geotrypetes
1380:Indotyphlus
1373:Idiocranium
1366:Hypogeophis
1359:Grandisonia
1352:Gegeneophis
1201:Herpelidae
1176:Chikilidae
1111:Ichthyophis
1060:Epicrionops
893:Wesserpeton
886:Shirerpeton
327:sense as a
309:salamanders
39:250–0
2024:Amphibians
2018:Categories
1859:See also:
1785:Prosalirus
1726:115 genera
1613:Karauridae
1589:Triassurus
1327:Oscaecilia
1134:Teresomata
1067:Rhinatrema
966:Eocaecilia
802:see below↓
412:References
402:Artinskian
394:amphibamid
313:caecilians
311:, but not
301:amphibians
208:Subclass:
1971:amphibian
1901:Q13514368
1886:Batrachia
1805:Vieraella
1741:Salientia
1636:Kuzbassia
1527:Batrachia
1493:Siphonops
1419:Dermophis
1387:Praslinia
1285:Ymboirana
879:Celtedens
692:Tetrapoda
657:Kingdom:
386:fishapods
382:tetrapods
256:Batrachia
246:Salientia
227:Latreille
222:Batrachia
178:Kingdom:
172:Eukaryota
24:Batrachia
1895:Wikidata
1712:Urodela
1687:Parrisia
1629:Kokartus
1622:Karaurus
1433:Gymnopis
1320:Caecilia
665:Chordata
663:Phylum:
659:Animalia
600:17520502
565:20525621
521:21540408
480:67823991
431:29298317
202:Amphibia
192:Chordata
188:Phylum:
182:Animalia
168:Domain:
1545:Caudata
1313:Apodops
1222:Herpele
1190:Chikila
1053:Amazops
466:: 207.
374:Permian
356:-frogs
348:Origins
338:Procera
242:Caudata
235:Orders
198:Class:
34:Present
1928:471197
1816:Anura
1745:(frogs
1599:Urupia
1569:Egoria
900:Yaksha
598:
563:
519:
478:
429:
295:are a
229:, 1800
1969:This
1941:95849
1915:41666
688:Clade
679:Clade
670:Clade
539:(PDF)
476:S2CID
305:frogs
297:clade
1975:stub
1910:NCBI
779:see
752:see
721:see
596:PMID
561:PMID
517:PMID
427:PMID
392:and
362:and
354:stem
307:and
254:The
47:PreꞒ
588:doi
551:doi
507:doi
468:doi
299:of
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594:.
584:56
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559:.
547:59
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541:.
515:.
503:60
501:.
497:.
474:.
464:35
462:.
458:.
279:eɪ
149:)
128:)
97:Pg
41:Ma
36:,
32:–
2006:e
1999:t
1992:v
1981:.
1801:†
1791:†
1781:†
1771:†
1761:†
1654:†
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1595:†
1585:†
1575:†
1565:†
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1281:†
1010:?
1003:†
999:?
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509::
482:.
470::
433:.
291:/
288:ə
285:i
282:k
276:r
273:t
270:ˈ
267:ə
264:b
261:/
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102:N
92:K
87:J
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67:D
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52:Ꞓ
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