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helped organize the United
Defense League and a bus boycott after the integration ordinance was overturned. Black residents met in four mass meetings and raised $ 6,000 for the boycott in just two days. About 14 residents refused to board the city's buses and instead accepted rides in free taxis set
417:
Activists proposed to the city that black riders would be allowed to ride in the front of the bus, but voluntarily refrain from sitting next to whites. The City
Council initially approved this concept and passed Ordinance 222. But the cadre of all-white bus drivers refused to enforce the ordinance,
428:
After six days, the boycott ended when the city passed
Ordinance 251. It directed that black riders would fill the bus from the rear forward and whites from the front toward the back. Blacks and whites were prohibited from sitting next to each other in the same row. Two front seats were declared
440:
became aware of the bus boycott and spoke with Rev. Jemison about the fight for social justice in Baton Rouge. He especially wanted to discuss the free car ride system, which was a key part of enforcing the Baton Rouge bus boycott. The 1953 Baton Rouge Bus boycott served as a model for the
456:
Society's "Bench by the Road" project selected Baton Rouge as a site to memorialize. The project places benches at sites with historical significance for people of
African ancestry. The permanent site of the bench commemorating the bus boycott is the McKinley High School Alumni Center.
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and they went on strike. The ordinance was overturned after the strike went on four days. The drivers returned to work after the
Louisiana Attorney General overturned the ordinance and declared victory.
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rules, black people were forced to sit in the back of the bus, even when the front of the bus was empty. State laws prohibited black citizens from owning private buses outside the city systems.
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When the driver ordered her to get up, White refused and another Black woman sat beside her in solidarity. The bus driver threatened to have the women arrested.
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who were seeking integration of the system. They made up about 80% of the ridership of the city buses in the early 1950s but, under
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up by the community and in private car pools. About 25 private cars were used to transport people while the boycott was in force.
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In recognition of the importance of the 1953 Baton Rouge Bus
Boycott in African-American history and world history, the
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off-limits to black riders, and only black riders could occupy the wide rear seat that spanned the back of the bus.
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487:. : The 1953 Baton Rouge bus boycott. : Louisiana Educational Television Authority, c2004., 2004.
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The
Associated Press (8 June 2021) "Martha White dies, sparked ’53 Louisiana capital bus boycott"
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The boycott had a very small impact on the city's transportation system and on the broader
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Joiner, L. L. (2003). "Baton Rouge Bus
Boycott Paved Way for King's Montgomery Effort".
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was a boycott of city buses launched on June 19, 1953, by
African-American residents of
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Some schools are in unincorporated areas outside of the city limits, including
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Rev. T. J. Jemison, Civil Rights Leader Who
Organized Early Boycott, Dies at 95
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Martin, L.L. and Jetson, R.A. (2017). South Baton Rouge”, Acadian Publishing.
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Martha White, 99, Dies; Before Rosa Parks, She Sparked a Bus Boycott
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The first Civil Rights Bus Boycott | African American Registry
526:"Martha White dies, sparked '53 Louisiana capital bus boycott"
1897:
1045:
938:
LA Art and Science Museum (Yazoo&MS. Valley Rail Depot)
3347:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
3125:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
3371:
African American founding fathers of the United States
1724:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
1589:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
963:
Odell S. Williams Now And Then African-American Museum
268:
1196:
3419:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
508:"The Official Website of The Toni Morrison Society"
3643:African-American history in Baton Rouge, Louisiana
557:Civil Rights Movement History & Timeline, 1953
3604:
1955:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
1945:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1878:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
1769:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
3424:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
3332:List of lynching victims in the United States
1670:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
1182:
796:Cristo Rey Baton Rouge Franciscan High School
597:
254:
868:Louisiana State Archive and Research Library
1799:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
1848:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
1189:
1175:
1151:Includes landmarks not owned by/a part of
604:
590:
261:
247:
16:Part of the American Civil Rights Movement
3404:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
3439:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
1479:University of Georgia desegregation riot
32:This article includes a list of general
3353:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
3090:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
3085:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
611:
364:Nashville Student Movement Freedom Ride
309:New Orleans school desegregation crisis
3605:
3267:African-American women in the movement
1719:White House Conference on Civil Rights
1550:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
3653:June 1953 events in the United States
1708:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
1170:
585:
242:
3476:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
1940:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
1888:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
1834:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
1311:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
1236:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
483:MELTON, C; RICHARD, CE; JOSEPH, JA.
18:
1883:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
1819:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
1489:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
943:Louisiana Museum of Natural History
532:. The Associated Press. 8 June 2021
13:
3327:African-American churches attacked
1893:Montgomery Improvement Association
1868:Georgia Council on Human Relations
1853:Council of Federated Organizations
1824:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
1582:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
1540:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
1346:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
1250:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
757:Mentorship Academy of Digital Arts
460:
369:Missouri to Louisiana Freedom Ride
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3664:
3618:History of Baton Rouge, Louisiana
3399:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
3272:Jews in the civil rights movement
1159:, nor those elsewhere categorized
933:Independence Park Botanic Gardens
550:
3593:Civil rights movement portal
3586:
3434:Freedom Riders National Monument
3176:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
1688:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
1647:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
1534:Second Emancipation Proclamation
1121:Baton Rouge Metropolitan Airport
747:School for the Visually Impaired
634:2016 shooting of police officers
23:
3623:Bus transportation in Louisiana
3461:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
3449:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
1925:National Council of Negro Women
1863:Deacons for Defense and Justice
958:Magnolia Mound Plantation House
873:East Baton Rouge Parish Library
3648:Anti-black racism in Louisiana
3633:Civil rights movement protests
1341:Mansfield school desegregation
518:
500:
1:
3471:National Voting Rights Museum
3414:Civil Rights Movement Archive
3213:Lynching in the United States
3100:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
1555:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1528:University of Chicago sit-ins
1295:Davis v. Prince Edward County
847:Baton Rouge Community College
494:
412:
3466:National Civil Rights Museum
3322:March on Washington Movement
3307:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
1776:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
842:Louisiana Culinary Institute
837:Our Lady of the Lake College
100:June 19 – June 24, 1953
7:
3110:"This Little Light of Mine"
1858:Dallas County Voters League
1804:Atlanta Negro Voters League
1567:Letter from Birmingham Jail
1274:Brown v. Board of Education
1126:Capital Area Transit System
983:Raising Cane's River Center
968:Old Louisiana State Capitol
512:www.tonimorrisonsociety.org
441:internationally known 1955
167:United Defense League (UDL)
10:
3669:
3444:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
3312:Holt Street Baptist Church
3282:16th Street Baptist Church
2266:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
1910:Nashville Student Movement
1840:An Appeal for Human Rights
1153:Louisiana State University
863:State Library of Louisiana
817:Louisiana State University
183:Louisiana Attorney General
3582:
3484:
3386:
3200:
3133:
3075:
3054:
2941:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
2911:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
1983:
1975:Women's Political Council
1970:Wednesdays in Mississippi
1965:United Auto Workers (UAW)
1950:Southern Regional Council
1920:Northern Student Movement
1829:Committee for Freedom Now
1789:
1736:Memphis sanitation strike
1702:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1624:
1445:Savannah Protest Movement
1407:
1265:
1226:Journey of Reconciliation
1218:
1205:
1134:
1113:
1084:
1018:
1011:
885:
855:
809:
667:
658:
642:
619:
386:Murder of Clarence Triggs
282:
203:
198:
159:
154:
139:
124:
104:
96:
88:
83:
1809:Atlanta Student Movement
1758:Civil Rights Act of 1968
1683:1964–1965 Scripto strike
1664:Civil Rights Act of 1964
1562:1963 Birmingham campaign
1455:Civil Rights Act of 1960
1379:Civil Rights Act of 1957
995:Shaw Center for the Arts
170:Baton Rouge City Council
133:on public transportation
3361:Voter Education Project
3115:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
2776:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
2211:Josephine Dobbs Clement
1637:Chester school protests
1632:Twenty-fourth Amendment
1594:Detroit Walk to Freedom
1336:Tallahassee bus boycott
1257:Baton Rouge bus boycott
948:Louisiana State Capitol
629:Baton Rouge bus boycott
567:Remembering the Boycott
468:Baton Rouge Bus Boycott
399:Baton Rouge bus boycott
333:Baton Rouge bus boycott
84:Baton Rouge bus boycott
53:more precise citations.
3574:Movement photographers
2816:Bernice Johnson Reagon
2536:Martin Luther King Sr.
2531:Martin Luther King Jr.
2101:William Holmes Borders
1873:Highlander Folk School
1763:Poor People's Campaign
1616:St. Augustine movement
1466:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
1389:Katz Drug Store sit-in
1360:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
1322:Montgomery bus boycott
477:(15591573), 110(4), 7.
466:Beauchamp, M. (2008).
443:Montgomery bus boycott
438:Martin Luther King Jr.
403:Baton Rouge, Louisiana
147:Montgomery bus boycott
110:Baton Rouge, Louisiana
3409:Civil Rights Memorial
3297:Bethel Baptist Church
2946:Charles Kenzie Steele
2391:Audrey Faye Hendricks
2296:Myrlie Evers-Williams
2276:Patricia Stephens Due
2246:Abraham Lincoln Davis
2181:Colia Lafayette Clark
1935:Operation Breadbasket
1930:National Urban League
1677:Katzenbach v. McClung
1545:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
1198:Civil rights movement
918:City Park Golf Course
908:BREC Memorial Stadium
810:Colleges/universities
683:Baton Rouge Magnet HS
434:civil rights movement
374:Murder of Oneal Moore
271:Civil rights movement
91:Civil Rights Movement
3454:other King memorials
3429:Freedom Rides Museum
3366:1960s counterculture
3317:Edmund Pettus Bridge
2996:Walter Francis White
2901:Alexander D. Shimkin
1415:New Year's Day March
1384:Ministers' Manifesto
1231:Executive Order 9981
903:Belle of Baton Rouge
782:St. Joseph's Academy
678:East Baton Rouge PSS
320:Lombard v. Louisiana
114:McKinley High School
3192:Mary McLeod Bethune
3153:Sermon on the Mount
3120:"We Shall Overcome"
2701:William Lewis Moore
2481:Frank Minis Johnson
2456:Richie Jean Jackson
2411:Donald L. Hollowell
2216:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
2021:Gwendolyn Armstrong
2016:William G. Anderson
1996:Victoria Gray Adams
1960:The Freedom Singers
1814:Black Panther Party
1599:March on Washington
1512:Garner v. Louisiana
1473:Boynton v. Virginia
1157:Southern University
913:Capitol Park Museum
827:Southern University
777:Parkview Baptist HS
742:School for the Deaf
613:City of Baton Rouge
485:Signpost to Freedom
344:Garner v. Louisiana
338:Baton Rouge sit-ins
327:City of Baton Rouge
314:New Orleans sit-ins
298:City of New Orleans
222:State Atty. General
3509:Michael Eric Dyson
3394:In popular culture
3277:Fifth Circuit Four
3261:Loving v. Virginia
3254:Hernandez v. Texas
3233:Buchanan v. Warley
3225:Separate but equal
3219:Plessy v. Ferguson
3182:Frederick Douglass
3016:Robert F. Williams
2926:Kelly Miller Smith
2906:Fred Shuttlesworth
2831:Frederick D. Reese
2811:George Raymond Jr.
2801:A. Philip Randolph
2781:Fay Bellamy Powell
2696:Queen Mother Moore
2581:Z. Alexander Looby
2526:Coretta Scott King
2471:Barbara Rose Johns
2451:Jimmie Lee Jackson
2376:William E. Harbour
2156:Stokely Carmichael
2071:Randolph Blackwell
1741:King assassination
1730:Loving v. Virginia
1714:March Against Fear
1694:How Long, Not Long
1572:Children's Crusade
1523:Cambridge movement
1460:Ax Handle Saturday
1425:Greensboro sit-ins
1352:Give Us the Ballot
1100:The Daily Reveille
978:Pete Goldsby Field
928:Highland Road Park
887:Points of interest
422:Rev. T. J. Jemison
380:Brown v. Louisiana
304:Sugar Bowl of 1956
291:Louisiana v. NAACP
285:State of Louisiana
131:Racial segregation
3613:1953 in Louisiana
3600:
3599:
3377:Eyes on the Prize
3292:A.G. Gaston Motel
3287:Kelly Ingram Park
3247:Sweatt v. Painter
2931:Mary Louise Smith
2891:Cleveland Sellers
2876:Michael Schwerner
2841:Gloria Richardson
2621:Thurgood Marshall
2541:Bernard Lafayette
2271:John Wesley Dobbs
1785:
1784:
1504:Birmingham attack
1484:Rock Hill sit-ins
1435:Sibley Commission
1430:Nashville sit-ins
1302:Gebhart v. Belton
1288:Briggs v. Elliott
1281:Bolling v. Sharpe
1242:Sweatt v. Painter
1164:
1163:
1109:
1108:
973:Pentagon Barracks
953:Mall of Louisiana
881:
880:
718:Liberty Magnet HS
530:Toronto City News
394:
393:
237:
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194:
193:
79:
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71:
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3591:
3590:
3554:Charles M. Payne
3539:Steven F. Lawson
3529:David Halberstam
3499:Clayborne Carson
3240:Hocutt v. Wilson
3187:W. E. B. Du Bois
3036:Sammy Younge Jr.
3021:Q. V. Williamson
2986:Wyatt Tee Walker
2851:Bernice Robinson
2796:Lincoln Ragsdale
2786:Rodney N. Powell
2681:Douglas E. Moore
2556:Sanford R. Leigh
2491:J. Charles Jones
2366:Fannie Lou Hamer
2281:Joseph Ellwanger
2241:Jonathan Daniels
2231:Claudette Colvin
2221:Annie Lee Cooper
2206:Kathleen Cleaver
2201:Eldridge Cleaver
2176:Shirley Chisholm
2066:Gloria Blackwell
1657:workers' murders
1604:"I Have a Dream"
1499:Anniston bombing
1450:Greenville Eight
1365:Little Rock Nine
1328:Browder v. Gayle
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1184:
1177:
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728:Scotlandville HS
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470:. ABC-CLIO, LLC.
358:Other localities
351:Cox v. Louisiana
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249:
240:
239:
187:Bus driver union
161:
160:
118:Memorial Stadium
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49:this article by
40:inline citations
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3559:Thomas E. Ricks
3549:Diane McWhorter
3534:Vincent Harding
3519:Adam Fairclough
3486:
3480:
3382:
3337:Freedom Schools
3196:
3129:
3077:
3071:
3062:Omaha, Nebraska
3050:
2966:Hartman Turnbow
2956:Dorothy Tillman
2916:Glenn E. Smiley
2896:Charles Sherrod
2856:Jo Ann Robinson
2731:Charles Neblett
2721:Elijah Muhammad
2686:Harriette Moore
2646:Floyd McKissick
2631:Franklin McCain
2566:Stanley Levison
2431:T. R. M. Howard
2381:Vincent Harding
2311:Walter Fauntroy
2196:Xernona Clayton
2146:John H. Calhoun
2131:Aurelia Browder
2121:Stanley Branche
2116:Raylawni Branch
2096:Joseph E. Boone
2081:Ezell Blair Jr.
2076:Unita Blackwell
2051:Harry Belafonte
1991:Ralph Abernathy
1979:
1915:Nation of Islam
1791:
1781:
1620:
1577:Birmingham riot
1518:Albany Movement
1440:Atlanta sit-ins
1420:Sit-in movement
1403:
1399:Biloxi wade-ins
1371:Cooper v. Aaron
1261:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1165:
1160:
1147:
1130:
1105:
1080:
1007:
898:Baton Rouge Zoo
877:
851:
805:
801:Redemptorist HS
762:Southern U. Lab
703:EBR Lab Academy
654:
638:
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610:
553:
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461:Further reading
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228:Fred S. LeBlanc
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45:Please help to
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3018:
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2871:Bernie Sanders
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3105:"Oh, Freedom"
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454:Toni Morrison
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447:right to vote
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59:February 2016
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3584:
3524:David Garrow
3504:John Dittmer
3375:
3302:Brown Chapel
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3217:
3174:
3026:Andrew Young
2981:A. T. Walden
2976:C. T. Vivian
2936:Maxine Smith
2771:Homer Plessy
2751:James Orange
2706:Irene Morgan
2661:William Ming
2641:Ralph McGill
2576:Viola Liuzzo
2561:Jim Letherer
2546:James Lawson
2476:Vernon Johns
2466:Esau Jenkins
2421:Myles Horton
2371:Fred Hampton
2361:Prathia Hall
2351:Dick Gregory
2321:Marie Foster
2316:James Forman
2306:James Farmer
2291:Medgar Evers
2251:Angela Davis
2186:Ramsey Clark
2166:James Chaney
2161:Johnnie Carr
2141:Ralph Bunche
2136:H. Rap Brown
2126:Ruby Bridges
2086:Joanne Bland
2061:Claude Black
2041:Marion Barry
2011:Muhammad Ali
1838:
1774:
1767:
1728:
1706:
1675:
1668:
1510:
1471:
1464:
1394:Kissing Case
1369:
1326:
1309:
1300:
1293:
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1279:
1272:
1256:
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1240:
1148:
1136:
1098:
1093:The Advocate
1091:
1001:
923:Cortana Mall
889:
831:See template
821:See template
772:Episcopal HS
708:Glen Oaks HS
693:Broadmoor HS
669:
628:
541:
534:. Retrieved
529:
520:
511:
502:
484:
474:
467:
451:
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378:
357:
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284:
221:
220:
207:
206:
199:Lead figures
89:Part of the
65:
56:
37:
3544:Doug McAdam
3514:Chuck Fager
3141:Nonviolence
3046:James Zwerg
3041:Bob Zellner
3001:Roy Wilkins
2951:Hank Thomas
2886:Pete Seeger
2881:Bobby Seale
2746:Jack O'Dell
2741:Edgar Nixon
2671:Amzie Moore
2666:Jack Minnis
2606:Mae Mallory
2591:Clara Luper
2551:Bernard Lee
2441:Cecil Ivory
2436:Ruby Hurley
2406:Oliver Hill
2401:Aaron Henry
2301:Chuck Fager
2261:Dave Dennis
2151:Guy Carawan
2091:Julian Bond
2056:James Bevel
2046:Daisy Bates
1317:Emmett Till
1200:(1954–1968)
1141:Woodlawn HS
767:Catholic HS
723:McKinley HS
713:Istrouma HS
173:Bus company
140:Resulted in
51:introducing
3607:Categories
3487:historians
3168:Satyagraha
3134:Influences
2826:James Reeb
2761:James Peck
2756:Rosa Parks
2726:Diane Nash
2596:Danny Lyon
2571:John Lewis
2516:A. D. King
2416:James Hood
2031:Ella Baker
2001:Zev Aelony
1085:Newspapers
1019:Television
698:Capitol HS
688:Belaire HS
495:References
413:Background
208:UDL member
34:references
3146:Padayatra
3095:"Kumbaya"
3055:By region
2711:Bob Moses
2616:Bob Mants
2601:Malcolm X
2521:C.B. King
2341:Fred Gray
1984:Activists
1625:1964–1968
1408:1960–1963
1266:1954–1959
856:Libraries
668:Secondary
660:Education
275:Louisiana
145:Inspires
125:Caused by
3628:Boycotts
3076:Movement
2506:Tom Kahn
1790:Activist
1210:timeline
536:20 April
407:Jim Crow
105:Location
3201:Related
2791:Al Raby
1746:funeral
1609:Big Six
1076:WVLA-TV
1071:WLPB-TV
1066:WLFT-CD
1061:WGMB-TV
1056:WBRZ-TV
1051:WBRL-CD
1041:W31EL-D
1036:KZUP-CD
1031:KPBN-LD
1026:KBTR-CD
752:LSU Lab
733:Tara HS
621:History
436:. Rev.
155:Parties
47:improve
3387:Legacy
3163:Ahimsa
1792:groups
1253:(1950)
1245:(1950)
1206:Events
788:Closed
475:Crisis
36:, but
3485:Noted
3078:songs
1898:NAACP
1751:riots
1012:Media
988:Arena
643:Areas
1155:nor
1149:(**)
1143:and
1046:WAFB
1002:Kidd
1000:USS
890:(**)
538:2024
397:The
97:Date
1137:(*)
670:(*)
273:in
3609::
540:.
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510:.
449:.
116:,
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3355:"
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1208:(
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819:(
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514:.
262:e
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248:v
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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