2182:
114:
136:
2193:
633:, extinct or extant. A minimum of five species are consistently recognised, with several otherwise monotypic taxa often either aligned with this genus or rendered outright synonyms of established species. Some caution has been suggested, given the possibility that some sympatric species might actually represent different sexes or morphs, though the vast temporal spanning of the genus still offers a large diversity.
2188:
1421:
1380:
Gerald Mayr (2016). "Osteology and phylogenetic affinities of the middle Eocene North
American Bathornis grallator—one of the best represented, albeit least known Paleogene cariamiform birds (seriemas and allies)". Journal of Paleontology 90 (2): 357–374.
617:
The bird was noted as being massive in comparison to its modern seriema relatives, presumably the reason as to receive its genus name, "tall bird". The species name, "veredus", is not given an explanation, though it is a Latin word relating to speed.
412:
is known from a mostly complete skeleton, including the skull, bearing a proportionally large, hooked beak. The bathornithid second toe is currently unknown, but the first toe is highly reduced, as with most
Cariamiformes, and like
378:, it was a flightless predator, occupying predatory niches in environments classically considered to be dominated by mammals. It was a highly diverse and successful genus, spanning a large number of species that occurred from the
1011:
Geologists, from available evidence, inform its that North
America during the Oligocene was comparatively level with low relief, so that we may imagine the species here under discussion as coursing over extensive
489:. Interspecific relations within the Cariamiformes are highly volatile and unresolved, bathornithids at times having been listed as sister taxa to seriemas, phorusrhacids and idiornithids, sometimes even as a
432:
is a long legged, short-winged, large skulled bird, similar in shape to phorusrhacids. Its numerous species span a large diversity of body sizes, ranging from forms about as large as modern
985:
species reached large sizes, it is likely that they were apex predators within their environment, much as their South
American phorusrhacid cousins; alongside the closely related
796:. It is relatively well studied at about 16 specimens, mostly of hindlimbs but also forelimb and shoulder girdle material. Though it was described as a smaller variant of
991:, they are examples of large predatory birds managing to compete successfully with mammals, having co-existed with large carnivorous mammals for over 17 million years.
667:, something that earned it the description of "one of the most remarkable of recent additions to our fossil avifauna." Skull material from this species is also known.
826:
981:
showcase that it had a strong beak akin to that of phorusrhacids, even sharing an identical reinforcement of the jugal, implicating a similar biting stresses. As
1479:
Cracraft, J. (1971). "Systematics and evolution of the
Gruiformes (Class Aves). 2, Additional comments on the Bathornithidae, with descriptions of new species".
560:
1096:
have been found, but such absence of material probably reflects the immature stage of avian paleontology rather than an abrupt extinction of these birds."
693:
from the same deposits", but posterior analysis showcases strong distinction from that taxon as well, and it occurs in considerably earlier deposits.
1063:, with which it would have competed. In particular, there may be evidence of niche partitioning with the latter, as it occurs in drier environments.
2141:
2257:
961:
is traditionally considered as having been volant, but has since been found to be flightless), perhaps more specialised to this regard than even
301:
1826:
1903:
1833:
1676:
1925:
1893:
1847:
1686:
1654:
1328:
Wetmore, Alexander (1944). "A new terrestrial vulture from the Upper Eocene deposits of
Wyoming". Annals of the Carnegie Museum 30: 57–69.
1969:
1819:
1805:
899:
has often been reprinted and has now made the "terrestrial vulture" an integral part of the lore of avian paleontology. Well, forget it.
1391:
LaBarge, T. W.; Gardner, J. D.; Organ, C. L. (2024). "The evolution and ecology of gigantism in terror birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae)".
1284:
Cracraft, J. (1968). "A review of the
Bathornithidae (Aves, Gruiformes), with remarks on the relationships of the suborder Cariamae".
2336:
1914:
1856:
957:
as a whole were large, terrestrial birds with long and powerful legs. Most if not all species are thought to having been flightless (
404:
is nonetheless known from a variety of skeletal elements: hindlimbs (most commonly tarso-metatarsals), forelimb elements (especially
1003:
spanned across several different types of environment. As a rule of thumb, however, its known range occurred around what is now the
2356:
2244:
2346:
1558:
1357:
1316:
1205:
689:
is nonetheless considered distinct due to several features of the trochlea. Wetmore referred to the bird as "a large edition of
1524:
1460:
1135:
556:
2181:
2341:
1083:
through most of the 19th, 20th and early 21st centuries, several sources listed refer to these birds as
Gruiformes.
879:, but their status as Cariamiformes, let alone bathornithids, are unclear. Originally interpreted as a terrestrial
539:
is found to be outside of
Bathornithidae, with its status as a Cariamiformes uncertain. A 2024 study however finds
459:(this relationship has been recognised ever since its first description) and also a variety of extinct forms like
1047:, which might imply predation on these mammals. It shared its environment with several carnivorous mammals like
967:, having proportionally short wings and keel, as well as a reduced processus acrocoracoideus in the coracoid.
1170:
506:
and several other taxa to be nested with it (see below). However, at least one phylogenetic study recovers
1551:
525:
to be the sole representative of
Bathornithidae, within Cariamiformes but outside of the clade composing
2351:
778:.; if it is its own independent species, it is among the smallest forms at about the size of a modern
135:
1481:
1286:
731:, quite possibly the largest described member of the genus, and it co-existed with the similar sized
2326:
663:. It is known from multiple tibiotarsal material, depicting an animal roughly the size of a modern
2321:
2311:
2288:
2212:
1544:
2262:
1536:
1125:
2316:
2283:
2275:
800:
by Wetmore, it was actually similar to it in size, though it was still dwarfed by the larger
610:, would later turn out to be bathornithid material, the latter in particular synonymous with
774:. There is some doubt about whereas it represents a different species or a younger morph of
2331:
2192:
851:, known from a similar tibiotarsus that differs in several respects from its contemporary.
283:
8:
2187:
2111:
1773:
1516:
876:
868:
330:
130:
1242:
1209:
425:, two features possibly having evolved in convergence due to their similar lifestyle.
2270:
1711:
1520:
1456:
1412:
1131:
704:
678:
652:
643:
The type species, whose discovery and etymology is mentioned above. It is known from
589:
585:
220:
1977:
1512:
1486:
1408:
1400:
1291:
1185:
1175:
792:
A species described by Wetmore in 1958, dating to the upper Oligocene deposits of
113:
2235:
2044:
1940:
1504:
1450:
739:
2000:
1952:
1734:
1048:
1007:; this prompted Wetmore to imagine it as a strider in open plains environments:
919:
518:, though this is considered premature and based on far too few synapomorphies.
448:
200:
2305:
2157:
2127:
2081:
2053:
1883:
1796:
1782:
1644:
1620:
1605:
1568:
1162:"A well-preserved partial skeleton of the poorly known early Miocene seriema
819:
630:
511:
470:
460:
452:
414:
375:
371:
187:
71:
34:
2060:
2023:
1985:
1750:
1416:
1404:
1358:"Sistemática y Filogenia de las Aves Fororracoideas (Gruiformes, Cariamae)"
1317:"Sistemática y Filogenia de las Aves Fororracoideas (Gruiformes, Cariamae)"
1180:
1161:
1043:
1004:
914:
Since then, posterior researchers have flip-flopped in their evaluation of
884:
793:
708:
592:
for "thick-knee" birds) related to modern seriemas, erecting the subfamily
530:
490:
229:
1432:
2120:
2097:
2009:
1696:
1599:
1449:
Benton, R. C.; Terry, D. O.; Evanoff, E.; McDonald, H. G. (25 May 2015).
1052:
880:
629:
is noted for its high number of species, and is the most speciose of all
604:
576:
568:
474:
386:
374:
about 37–20 million years ago. Like the closely related and also extinct
279:
46:
30:
2249:
2090:
2067:
1961:
1867:
1720:
1665:
1190:
1080:
1056:
1033:
822:
580:
559:
No. 805, a limb element (distal portion of a metatarsus), recovered by
482:
465:
379:
91:
56:
926:, but most recent studies consistently refer to it within this genus.
2150:
1490:
1295:
939:
744:
648:
564:
147:
96:
40:
2206:
2229:
2016:
1812:
1758:
1587:
987:
963:
759:
733:
712:
660:
656:
597:
572:
535:
498:
456:
433:
422:
367:
366:("tall bird") is an extinct lineage of birds related to modern day
167:
86:
81:
66:
61:
51:
2030:
1876:
1017:
1016:
However, more recent analyses conclude that it probably favoured
872:
779:
742:, where it shared a macropredatory role with it and mammals like
716:
526:
486:
478:
389:
250:
101:
76:
833:, and some researchers consider it to be the direct ancestor of
818:
One of the youngest of all bathornithid species, recovered form
1581:
1566:
935:
865:
644:
405:
382:
157:
1507:(1985). "The Fossil Record of Birds". In Farner, D. S. (ed.).
895:
The reconstruction published with the original description of
1593:
418:
1511:. Vol. 8. New York: Academic Press. pp. 146–150.
177:
1448:
1360:(PDF). Fundación de Historia Natural Felix de Azara: 1–79.
1319:(PDF). Fundación de Historia Natural Felix de Azara: 1–79.
770:, no less), further examination has shown it to belong to
664:
1393:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1250:
Proceedings of the Colorado Museum of Natural History
1092:"It is remarkable that no Miocene descendants except
1079:
Because Cariamiformes were erroneously classified as
707:
in 1942. An upper Oligocene species from deposits in
2138:
2108:
2078:
2041:
1997:
1949:
1937:
1921:
1910:
1899:
1889:
1844:
1793:
1770:
1731:
1708:
1692:
1682:
1672:
1661:
1650:
1640:
1390:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1452:The White River Badlands: Geology and Paleontology
681:in 1933. Though occurring in the same deposits as
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
999:Due to its longevity and high number of species,
596:. Two birds described alongside it, the putative
2303:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1363:
1474:
1472:
875:; similar fossils have been described from the
588:, the bird was referred as a "cedicnemidid" (a
543:as closer to seriemas than phorusrhacids were.
125:, based on known material and modern seriemas.
1948:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1144:
808:species, which would have co-existed with it.
510:(and its synonyms) as more closely related to
1552:
1437:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1243:"Fossil Birds from the Oligocene of Colorado"
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
496:It is usually considered the sister clade to
1469:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1260:
1159:
400:Though most material is highly incomplete,
1559:
1545:
1348:Gerald Mayr (2009). Paleogene Fossil Birds
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1302:
1223:
934:Several undescribed remains from the late
112:
1497:
1189:
1179:
1110:
766:(in the same paper originally describing
696:
421:and reduced processus acrocoracoideus of
1478:
1283:
1206:"Common Greek and Latin Roots and Terms"
719:, quite possibly a direct descendant of
1331:
1240:
546:
2304:
1123:
1027:is found among rich mammalian faunas.
854:
785:
2211:
2210:
1618:
1540:
1503:
1059:, as well as the fellow cariamiform
636:
1031:is found in close association with
811:
670:
502:, and several authorities consider
13:
1517:10.1016/B978-0-12-249408-6.50011-X
840:
829:. There is a strong similarity to
521:A recent phylogenetic study found
14:
2368:
1619:
942:have been putatively assigned to
723:itself. It is a larger bird than
439:
2337:Paleogene birds of North America
2191:
2186:
2180:
994:
949:
751:
134:
44:
2357:Taxa named by Alexander Wetmore
1426:
1384:
1086:
1073:
121:Hypothetic life restoration of
2347:Miocene birds of North America
1351:
1322:
1198:
1160:Mayr, G.; Noriega, J. (2013).
1130:. Elsevier. pp. 146–151.
929:
477:assemblage that also includes
395:
1:
1171:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1103:
703:A species first described by
677:A species first described by
1455:. Indiana University Press.
1315:Federico L. Agnolin (2009).
321:
7:
847:A species conspecific with
758:Originally referred to the
685:and similar to it in size,
10:
2373:
621:
575:, which also heralded the
555:, its type specimen being
2219:
2177:
2137:
2107:
2077:
2040:
1996:
1936:
1866:
1843:
1792:
1769:
1730:
1707:
1631:
1627:
1614:
1576:
1482:American Museum Novitates
1422:Supplementary Information
1287:American Museum Novitates
1164:Noriegavis santacrucensis
436:to 2 meter tall animals.
336:
329:
256:
249:
235:
228:
131:Scientific classification
129:
120:
111:
23:
2342:Extinct flightless birds
1571:and their extinct allies
1381:doi:10.1017/jpa.2016.45.
1066:
973:was a carnivorous bird.
455:, related to the modern
408:), pelvises and skulls.
1124:Farner, Donald (2012).
906:is just our old friend
864:is known from the late
1405:10.1098/rspb.2024.0235
1181:10.4202/app.00011.2013
1014:
912:
698:Bathornis geographicus
557:Denver Mus. Nat. Hist.
473:, in turn part of the
417:it possesses a robust
16:Extinct genus of birds
2284:Paleobiology Database
1009:
893:
584:. First described by
447:is the type genus of
1241:Wetmore, A. (1927).
551:The type species is
547:Discovery and naming
1166:(Aves, Cariamidae)"
975:Bathornis grallator
856:Bathornis grallator
787:Bathornis celeripes
691:Bathornis celeripes
410:Bathornis grallator
123:Bathornis grallator
2112:Mesembriornithinae
1774:Eleutherornithidae
1399:(2021). 20240235.
877:Willwood Formation
869:Washakie Formation
561:Philip Reinheinter
2352:White River Fauna
2299:
2298:
2271:Open Tree of Life
2213:Taxon identifiers
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
1712:Ameghinornithidae
1526:978-0-12-249408-6
1462:978-0-253-01608-9
1137:978-0-323-15799-5
979:Bathornis veredus
910:in another guise.
887:reassigned it to
705:Alexander Wetmore
679:Alexander Wetmore
653:Chadron Formation
638:Bathornis veredus
603:and the putative
590:wastebasket taxon
586:Alexander Wetmore
359:
358:
318:
305:
294:
286:
272:
264:
239:Bathornis veredus
224:
2364:
2292:
2291:
2279:
2278:
2266:
2265:
2253:
2252:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2208:
2207:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2140:
2110:
2080:
2043:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1978:Paleopsilopterus
1951:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1923:
1912:
1901:
1891:
1846:
1795:
1772:
1733:
1710:
1694:
1684:
1674:
1663:
1652:
1642:
1629:
1628:
1616:
1615:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1446:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1420:
1411: 11040249.
1388:
1382:
1378:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1313:
1300:
1299:
1281:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1238:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1208:. Archived from
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1183:
1157:
1142:
1141:
1121:
1097:
1094:Bathornis fricki
1090:
1084:
1077:
1023:In either case,
813:Bathornis fricki
672:Bathornis cursor
651:deposits of the
370:, that lived in
316:
300:
292:
278:
270:
262:
219:
212:
199:
139:
138:
116:
106:
43:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2327:Oligocene birds
2302:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2287:
2282:
2274:
2269:
2261:
2256:
2248:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2215:
2205:
2196:
2185:
2163:
2133:
2103:
2073:
2045:Patagornithinae
2036:
1992:
1941:Phorusrhacoidea
1932:
1862:
1839:
1788:
1765:
1726:
1703:
1623:
1610:
1572:
1565:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1502:
1498:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1447:
1438:
1431:
1427:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1303:
1282:
1261:
1245:
1239:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1158:
1145:
1138:
1122:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1039:B. geographicus
997:
952:
932:
900:
859:
845:
842:Bathornis minor
816:
804:and the larger
802:B. geographicus
790:
756:
740:Brule Formation
701:
675:
641:
624:
549:
442:
398:
355:
319:
311:
306:
295:
290:B. geographicus
287:
273:
265:
245:
242:
218:
210:
197:
133:
107:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
38:
37:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2370:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2280:
2267:
2254:
2241:
2225:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2144:
2142:Physornithinae
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2124:
2116:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2005:
2003:
2001:Phorusrhacinae
1991:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1953:Phorusrhacidae
1943:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1919:
1908:
1897:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1852:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1737:
1735:Bathornithidae
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1690:
1680:
1670:
1659:
1648:
1637:
1635:
1633:incertae sedis
1625:
1624:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1496:
1485:(2449): 1–14.
1468:
1461:
1436:
1425:
1383:
1362:
1350:
1330:
1321:
1301:
1290:(2326): 1–46.
1259:
1222:
1197:
1143:
1136:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1085:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1065:
996:
993:
951:
948:
931:
928:
920:junior synonym
858:
853:
844:
839:
815:
810:
789:
784:
755:
750:
700:
695:
674:
669:
640:
635:
623:
620:
594:Bathornithinae
548:
545:
451:, a family of
449:Bathornithidae
441:
440:Classification
438:
397:
394:
357:
356:
354:
353:
348:
343:
337:
334:
333:
327:
326:
254:
253:
247:
246:
243:
233:
232:
226:
225:
208:
204:
203:
201:Bathornithidae
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
127:
126:
118:
117:
109:
108:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2369:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:Miocene birds
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:Bathornitidae
2310:
2309:
2307:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2160:
2159:
2158:Paraphysornis
2155:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2128:Mesembriornis
2125:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2082:Psilopterinae
2076:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2054:Andalgalornis
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1881:
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1878:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1797:Idiornithidae
1791:
1785:
1784:
1783:Eleutherornis
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1645:Elaphrocnemus
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:Cariamiformes
1617:
1613:
1607:
1606:Cariamiformes
1603:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1509:Avian Biology
1506:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1473:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1418:
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1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
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1367:
1359:
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1343:
1341:
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1318:
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1297:
1293:
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1268:
1266:
1264:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1212:on 2016-05-15
1211:
1207:
1201:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1127:Avian Biology
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1095:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:hyaenodontids
1046:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
995:Palaeoecology
992:
990:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
966:
965:
960:
956:
950:Palaeobiology
947:
945:
941:
937:
927:
925:
921:
917:
911:
909:
905:
901:
898:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
867:
863:
857:
852:
850:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
821:
820:Early Miocene
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
754:
753:Bathornis fax
749:
747:
746:
741:
737:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
639:
634:
632:
631:Cariamiformes
628:
619:
615:
613:
609:
606:
602:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
544:
542:
538:
537:
532:
531:phorusrhacids
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
512:phorusrhacids
509:
505:
501:
500:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:
462:
461:phorusrhacids
458:
454:
453:Cariamiformes
450:
446:
437:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
415:phorusrhacids
411:
407:
403:
393:
391:
388:
384:
381:
377:
376:phorusrhacids
373:
372:North America
369:
365:
364:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
335:
332:
328:
325:
323:
317:Wetmore, 1927
315:
310:
303:
299:
293:Wetmore, 1942
291:
285:
281:
277:
271:Wetmore, 1933
269:
263:Wetmore, 1933
261:
255:
252:
248:
244:Wetmore, 1927
241:
240:
234:
231:
227:
222:
217:
216:
209:
206:
205:
202:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:Cariamiformes
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
128:
124:
119:
115:
110:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
42:
36:
35:Early Miocene
32:
26:
22:
19:
2317:Eocene birds
2220:
2156:
2149:
2126:
2119:
2096:
2089:
2066:
2061:Andrewsornis
2059:
2052:
2029:
2024:Phorusrhacos
2022:
2015:
2008:
1986:Patagorhacos
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1924:
1913:
1902:
1892:
1882:
1875:
1855:
1832:
1827:Occitaniavis
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1781:
1757:
1751:Eutreptornis
1749:
1743:
1742:
1719:
1695:
1685:
1675:
1664:
1653:
1643:
1632:
1598:Superorder:
1508:
1505:Olson, S. L.
1499:
1480:
1451:
1433:wikt:veredus
1428:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1353:
1324:
1285:
1253:
1249:
1214:. Retrieved
1210:the original
1200:
1169:
1163:
1126:
1093:
1088:
1075:
1060:
1044:Merycoidodon
1042:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1005:Great Plains
1000:
998:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
969:
962:
959:B. grallator
958:
954:
953:
943:
933:
923:
916:Neocathartes
915:
913:
907:
904:Neocathartes
903:
902:
897:Neocathartes
896:
894:
888:
885:Storrs Olson
862:B. grallator
861:
860:
855:
848:
846:
841:
834:
831:B. celeripes
830:
827:Willow Creek
825:deposits in
817:
812:
805:
801:
797:
794:South Dakota
791:
786:
775:
771:
767:
763:
757:
752:
743:
732:
728:
724:
720:
709:South Dakota
702:
697:
690:
686:
682:
676:
671:
642:
637:
626:
625:
616:
611:
607:
600:
593:
579:
567:deposits of
552:
550:
540:
534:
522:
520:
515:
507:
504:Neocathartes
503:
497:
495:
491:polyphyletic
471:idiornithids
464:
444:
443:
429:
427:
409:
401:
399:
362:
361:
360:
350:
345:
341:Neocathartes
340:
313:
308:
298:B. grallator
297:
289:
275:
267:
260:B. celeripes
259:
257:
238:
237:
230:Type species
214:
213:
122:
24:
18:
2332:Bird genera
2121:Llallawavis
2098:Psilopterus
2010:Devincenzia
1904:Pseudolarus
1834:Propelargus
1697:Lavocatavis
1677:Similiornis
1600:Australaves
1191:11336/41730
1053:entelodonts
930:Other forms
569:Weld County
475:Australaves
396:Description
387:Burdigalian
39:37–20
31:Late Eocene
2306:Categories
2091:Procariama
2068:Patagornis
1962:Brontornis
1926:Smiliornis
1894:Miocariama
1868:Cariamidae
1848:Salmilidae
1721:Strigogyps
1687:Talantatos
1666:Itaboravis
1655:Gradiornis
1567:Genera of
1256:(2): 1–14.
1216:2016-05-07
1104:References
1081:Gruiformes
1034:Megacerops
823:Arikareean
776:B. veredus
768:B. veredus
764:Palaeocrex
725:B. veredus
721:B. veredus
683:B. veredus
612:B. veredus
608:Palaeogyps
601:Palaeocrex
581:Phasmagyps
553:B. veredus
483:passerines
466:Strigogyps
380:Priabonian
351:Palaeocrex
346:Palaeogyps
314:B. veredus
2236:Q24259260
2221:Bathornis
2151:Physornis
1970:Macrornis
1820:Oblitavis
1806:Gypsornis
1744:Bathornis
1580:Kingdom:
1491:2246/2658
1296:2246/2536
1057:nimravids
1029:B. cursor
1025:Bathornis
1001:Bathornis
983:Bathornis
971:Bathornis
955:Bathornis
944:Bathornis
940:Oligocene
924:Bathornis
908:Bathornis
889:Bathornis
881:cathartid
849:B. fricki
835:B. fricki
798:B. cursor
772:Bathornis
745:Hyaenodon
729:B. cursor
687:B. cursor
649:Oligocene
627:Bathornis
605:cathartid
577:cathartid
565:Oligocene
541:Bathornis
523:Bathornis
508:Bathornis
445:Bathornis
430:Bathornis
428:Overall,
402:Bathornis
363:Bathornis
276:B. fricki
268:B. cursor
215:Bathornis
154:Kingdom:
148:Eukaryota
25:Bathornis
2230:Wikidata
2017:Kelenken
1813:Idiornis
1759:Paracrax
1588:Chordata
1586:Phylum:
1582:Animalia
1569:Seriemas
1417:38654650
1061:Paracrax
1020:biomes.
988:Paracrax
964:Paracrax
891:in 1985:
806:Paracrax
736:gigantea
734:Paracrax
713:Nebraska
661:Nebraska
657:Colorado
573:Colorado
536:Paracrax
527:seriemas
516:Paracrax
514:than to
499:Paracrax
457:seriemas
434:seriemas
423:coracoid
392:epochs.
368:seriemas
331:Synonyms
322:see text
309:B. minor
194:Family:
168:Chordata
164:Phylum:
158:Animalia
144:Domain:
2276:4131132
2263:1148809
2250:4852391
2031:Titanis
1915:Riacama
1877:Cariama
1857:Salmila
1604:Clade:
1592:Class:
1018:wetland
1012:plains.
873:Wyoming
780:seriema
738:in the
717:Wyoming
622:Species
493:group.
487:parrots
479:falcons
390:Miocene
385:to the
251:Species
221:Wetmore
207:Genus:
184:Order:
174:Class:
1884:Chunga
1523:
1459:
1415:
1134:
1037:, and
936:Eocene
866:Eocene
762:genus
760:rallid
645:Eocene
598:rallid
406:humeri
383:Eocene
304:, 1985
280:Ostrom
223:, 1927
2289:39474
2258:IRMNG
1246:(PDF)
1067:Notes
1041:with
918:as a
563:from
419:jugal
302:Olson
2245:GBIF
1594:Aves
1521:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1413:PMID
1132:ISBN
1055:and
977:and
938:and
727:and
715:and
659:and
647:and
529:and
485:and
469:and
320:and
284:1961
178:Aves
47:PreꞒ
1513:doi
1487:hdl
1409:PMC
1401:doi
1397:291
1292:hdl
1186:hdl
1176:doi
922:of
871:of
665:emu
655:in
2308::
2286::
2273::
2260::
2247::
2232::
1519:.
1471:^
1439:^
1407:.
1395:.
1365:^
1333:^
1304:^
1262:^
1252:.
1248:.
1225:^
1184:.
1174:.
1168:.
1146:^
1112:^
1051:,
946:.
883:,
837:.
782:.
748:.
711:,
614:.
571:,
533:.
481:,
463:,
324:.
282:,
97:Pg
41:Ma
33:-
2139:†
2109:†
2079:†
2042:†
1998:†
1989:?
1981:?
1973:?
1965:?
1950:†
1938:†
1929:?
1922:†
1918:?
1911:†
1907:?
1900:†
1890:†
1845:†
1794:†
1771:†
1762:?
1754:?
1732:†
1709:†
1700:?
1693:†
1683:†
1673:†
1669:?
1662:†
1658:?
1651:†
1641:†
1560:e
1553:t
1546:v
1529:.
1515::
1493:.
1489::
1465:.
1419:.
1403::
1298:.
1294::
1254:7
1219:.
1194:.
1188::
1178::
1140:.
312:†
307:†
296:†
288:†
274:†
266:†
258:†
236:†
211:†
198:†
102:N
92:K
87:J
82:T
77:P
72:C
67:D
62:S
57:O
52:Ꞓ
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
