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496:, Ostrom concluded that hadrosaurs likely developed an acute sense of smell by a lengthening of the nasal passages into long chambers that wound around the skull and were protected by bony crests. He speculated in a subsequent paper that hadrosaurs had need for such an acute sense of smell as a defense against larger carnivorous dinosaurs, of which the hadrosaur body plan had little in the way of armor and speed.
31:
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Due in large part to his earlier research on hadrosaurs—and his conclusion that they were likely upright, terrestrial animals rather than sluggish, swamp-bound lizards—Ostrom was one of the first paleontologists to grasp the implications of the amount of energy it would take such large animals (and
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This hypothesis led Ostrom to further conclude that ecology of hadrosaurs was more likely to be that of dry ground such as conifer forests, rather than swampy, aquatic environments, thought to be the case at the time. This idea was further justified by a 1922 paper that Ostrom rediscovered in 1964,
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was an active predator that clearly killed its prey by leaping and slashing or stabbing with its "terrible claw", the meaning of the animal's genus name. Ostrom also suggested that it had hunted in packs. John Ostrom's work on the functional morphology of dinosaurs found that the claws and tendon
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In considering the possible evolution of flight, Ostrom theorized that birds might have evolved the ability for powered flight as a result of cursorial, or ground-upward movement such as leaping up to capture prey. This position was opposed to the arboreal hypothesis in which activities such as
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have since been destroyed. As early as
October 20, 1884, stones from the Wolcott Quarry, reportedly containing fossils, were used to build a local bridge. In 1969, Ostrom surveyed over 60 bridges to find the missing blocks. They were part of a bridge over Hop Creek at Bridge Street which was
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Ostrom worked in the
Cloverly Formation Site in Montana and Wyoming from 1962 to 1966. Late in 1964, he detected unfamiliar fossils in the Bridger Fossil Area, near the town of Bridger, Montana. In subsequent seasons, his team unearthed four specimens of a small bipedal carnivorous
441:
scheduled for replacement. The highway department allowed Ostrom and his team to examine 400 sandstone blocks to find dinosaur fossils. Despite lobbying to preserve it, a shopping mall was built on the site of the
Charles O. Wolcott Quarry in 2000.
736:. He suggested that dinosaurs, far from becoming extinct, had evolved into a wide variety of descendants in the form of birds. Ostrom's work led to a revolution in the classification of fossils and the understanding of dinosaur-bird lineages.
614:
changed depictions of dinosaurs both by professional illustrators and as perceived by the public eye. Museums worldwide changed their dinosaur bone displays. The altered view of dinosaurs inspired a new generation of dinosaur movies such as
828:(meaning "Ostrom's menace from the clouds") in honour of John Ostrom. The fossil is that of a primitive winged creature with a two-foot wingspan, feathers and a sickle-shaped claw on its second toe designed for slashing prey, similar to
337:
as his advisor. In 1951 Simpson invited Ostrom to spend the summer as a field assistant in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico. Ostrom also worked as a research assistant with
Colbert, who was the Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology at the
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running along the tail, providing a stiff counterbalance for jumping and running. This changed the posture of bipedal dinosaurs to one of agile, fast-running, fearsome predators. He concluded that at least some dinosaurs had a high
640:
by Bakker to describe increased interest in paleontology. The "dinosaur renaissance" continues, with scientists describing new species of dinosaurs every year and expanding the understanding of dinosaur biology.
668:. Ostrom supported this view by noting the correlation of erect posture and locomotion with high metabolism and body temperature in modern mammals and birds, stating that this relationship cannot be accidental.
484:
Ostrom's work first achieved international attention with his studies of the unique hadrosaur nasal apparatus, which had not been convincingly explained by the early 1960s. By examining the
425:, published over a dozen books for both scientific and lay audiences. He was the recipient of numerous awards and honors. In the 1960s, Ostrom wrote a paleontology themed guide for the
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Ostrom officially retired from Yale in 1992, but continued to write and research as a professor emeritus until his health failed. Ostrom died from complications of
2862:
Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the theropod dinosaur
Microvenator celer from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. American Museum novitates ; no. 3240
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As a result of subsequent research and comparison with more recently found specimens from the
Tiaojushan Formation of China, it was suggested in 2017 that the
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for John Ostrom and Chris Mays. The largest discovered example of this species is 23 feet long and had an estimated live weight over 1000 pounds.
521:. He mapped the site, identifying preserved dinosaur tracks in the sandstone beds of various sizes and species. Ostrom's reading of fossilized
314:, he originally aimed to prepare for medical school in order to become a physician like his father. However, an elective course in geology and
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728:. Ostrom's 1970 paper (and 1972 description) identified it as one of only four specimens known to exist at that time. In his 1973 paper in
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262:(1926). Prior to Ostrom's work, the development of birds was generally believed to have split off early on from that of dinosaurs.
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1608:"The oldest Archaeopteryx (Theropoda: Avialiae): a new specimen from the Kimmeridgian/Tithonian boundary of Schamhaupten, Bavaria"
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732:, "The Ancestry of Birds", Ostrom argued for a coelurosaurian (Theropoda) ancestry of birds, based on the skeletal anatomy of
2219:
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294:, confirming his theories about dinosaurs being progenitors of birds, and the existence of dinosaurs with feathered plumage.
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climates were universally tropical and that such warm climates would be necessary to sustain large animals with lizard-like
506:, which included conifer needles, twigs, fruit and seeds, plant matter that would be consumed in a terrestrial environment.
433:(NNLs) Program. He recommended 20 sites for designation and protection as NNLs, of which 13 became designated landmarks.
1945:"Preserving Fossils: How the National Natural Landmarks Program Advances Resource Management (U.S. National Park Service)"
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The observation that dinosaurs, thought to be uniformly cold-blooded at the time, could not be used as indicators of
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Throughout his career, Ostrom led and organized fossil-hunting expeditions to
Wyoming and Montana. He worked in the
2251:
Getty, Patrick R.; Aucoin, Christopher; Fox, Nathaniel; Judge, Aaron; Hardy, Laurel; Bush, Andrew M. (March 2017).
1837:
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scars in the tail would indicate a running position. Evidence of a truly active lifestyle included long strings of
342:(AMNH), Ostrom earned his doctorate in geology (vertebrate paleontology) in 1960 with a thesis on North American
147:
369:, where he remained throughout his career. As a new professor at Yale, Ostrom was named the assistant curator for
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Ostrom showed more bird-like traits common in dinosaurs and proved that birds themselves are in fact a group of
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559:
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Tarsitano, Samuel F.; Russell, Anthony P.; Horne, Francis; Plummer, Christopher; Millerchip, Karen (2000).
1885:"Days of the Deinos : Did predatory dinosaurs leave clues to their pack-hunting habits at kill sites?"
527:
trackways led him to the conclusion that these duckbilled dinosaurs were gregarious and traveled in herds.
2300:
951:
421:
2253:"Perennial Lakes as an Environmental Control on Theropod Movement in the Jurassic of the Hartford Basin"
416:("because the governor was besieged by letters from schoolchildren swayed into dino-mania by Ostrom".).
2787:"Evolution of Vertebrate Flight: An Aerodynamic Model for the Transition from Gliding to Active Flight"
430:
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Ostrom's interest in the dinosaur-bird connection started with his study of what became known as the
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2580:"Re-evaluation of the Haarlem Archaeopteryx and the radiation of maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs"
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1527:"John Ostrom's Studies on Archaeopteryx, the Origin of Birds, and the Evolution of Avian Flight"
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1131:"Remarkable new birdlike dinosaur (Theropoda: Maniraptora) from the Upper Cretaceous of Montana"
932:"Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana"
349:
In 1952 Ostrom married Nancy Grace
Hartman (d. 2003). They had two daughters, Karen and Alicia.
1574:
The dinosaur heresies: new theories unlocking the mystery of the dinosaurs and their extinction
798:
713:. Discovered in 1855, it was actually the first specimen recovered but, incorrectly labeled as
656:) to stand and move erect. At the first North American Paleontological Convention, held at the
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Further, Ostrom's work made zoologists question whether birds should be considered an order of
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1335:
991:
Ostrom, JH (1972). "Description of the
Archaeopteryx specimen in the Teyler museum, Haarlem".
2025:
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was considered radical at the time, but its ability to resolve outstanding contradictions in
426:
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1129:
Burnham, D. A.; Bakker, R. T.; Currie, P. J.; Ostrom, J. H.; Kraig, L. D.; Zhou, Z. (2000).
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2358:"Shake a tail feather: the evolution of the theropod tail into a stiff aerodynamic surface"
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1982:
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8:
1365:"Creating the Proavis: bird origins in the art and science of Gerhard Heilmann 1913–1926"
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Site in
Montana and Wyoming from 1962 to 1966. By 1964 he had made 10 expeditions to the
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1986:
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inspired him to change his career plans. He earned his bachelor's degree in biology and
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2006:
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In the field of paleontology, Ostrom is responsible for the following key discoveries:
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1998:
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immediately drew many followers, and would be supported by many future discoveries.
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1336:"A short history of research on Archaeopteryx and its relationship with dinosaurs"
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actually represents a separate taxon. The genus has been given the generic name
610:
lizards, which had prevailed since the turn of the century. The implications of
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229:
in 1964, Ostrom challenged the widespread belief that dinosaurs were slow-moving
42:
2748:"On the Evolution of Feathers from an Aerodynamic and Constructional View Point"
766:, after John Ostrom. The Haarlem fossil is now considered to be of the species
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was further validated in 1973 with the discovery of hadrosaur fossils above the
408:
fossils from the Cloverly Formation. In 1966 John H. Ostrom helped to establish
237:, a small two-legged carnivore, would have been fast-moving and warm-blooded.
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2146:"Nasal Cavity Homologies and Cranial Crest Function in Lambeosaurine Dinosaurs"
1005:
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205:
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which described the stomach contents of a mummified specimen of the hadrosaur
480:) paratype YPM 2182 at the Yale University Museum showing its upright posture.
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2002:
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gliding down from trees were suggested to have been a precursor to flight.
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1971:"The Postcranial Skeleton of the Ornithopod Dinosaur Tenontosaurus tilletti"
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2466:"Celebrating dinosaurs: their behaviour, evolution, growth, and physiology"
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607:
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188:
174:
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1756:"Generations: Tracking American Paleontology and Anatomy Over 17 Decades"
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fossils is considered one of the most important fossil finds in history.
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523:
394:
307:
225:
90:
37:
2356:
Pittman, M; Gatesy, SM; Upchurch, P; Goswami, A; Hutchinson, JR (2013).
882:
Ostrom, John H. (1962). "The cranial crests of hadrosaurian dinosaurs".
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2010:
1970:
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688:
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1733:. Notable Scientists. New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. 193–195.
248:. The idea that dinosaurs were similar to birds was first proposed by
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This helped to change the impression of dinosaurs as sluggish, slow,
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277:
273:
2515:"A Yale scientist's research changed our understanding of dinosaurs"
573:, and parts of a larger plant-eating dinosaur. The discovery of the
2802:
2554:
Russell, Dale A. (1973). "The environments of Canadian dinosaurs".
864:"Cranial morphology of the hadrosaurian dinosaurs of North America"
841:
762:
661:
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269:
241:
209:
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2108:"John Ostrom, 77; Paleontologist Pursued Dinosaurs' Link to Birds"
2924:"The Continuously Evolving Picture of the World's Largest Raptor"
2842:"How Flight Evolved in Birds: The Flying and Feathered Dinosaurs"
1111:"The Munich specimen of Triceratops with a revision of the genus"
897:"A reconsideration of the paleoecology of hadrosaurian dinosaurs"
754:
707:
489:
323:
1907:"A New Species of Small Dinosaur Reported Found by Yale Curator"
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appeared in 1976. Ostrom lived to see the eventual discovery of
2125:
Lucas, Frederic A. (1904). "The dinosaur Trachodon annectens".
587:
230:
2539:"Terrestrial vertebrates as indicators of Mesozoic climates".
2329:
Predatory dinosaurs of the world: a complete illustrated guide
1340:
Dinosaurs and Other Extinct Saurians: A Historical Perspective
30:
770:. It is the first representative of the basal avialian clade
291:
2745:
2541:
Proceedings of the North American Paleontological Convention
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599:. This position was further popularized by Ostrom's student
272:
dinosaurs. The first of Ostrom's broad-based reviews of the
2165:
10.1666/0094-8373(2006)032[0109:NCHACC]2.0.CO;2
2082:"Mystery Solved: Bones found in Bridge – GeologyWriter.com"
1712:"John H. Ostrom, Influential Paleontologist, Is Dead at 77"
660:
in 1969, Ostrom spoke out against the accepted wisdom that
365:
the following year. In 1961 he accepted a professorship at
346:
that was based on the skull collection housed at the AMNH.
245:
2578:
Foth, Christian; Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2 December 2017).
1128:
845:(a new genus named for the Haarlem specimen, formerly of
698:
2973: (archived May 27, 2006). May 1975. John H. Ostrom.
2195:
The Hot-Blooded Dinosaurs: A Revolution in Palaeontology
1681:"Collection: John H. Ostrom Archives | Archives at Yale"
436:
Others sites such as the Charles O. Wolcott Quarry near
1815:. United States: Elsevier Science. pp. xxix–xxx.
2220:"A Four-Legged Megalosaurus and Swimming Brontosaurs"
1605:
3041:
Presidents of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology
3001:
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease in the United States
2447:"Deinonychus Changed Our Understanding of Dinosaurs"
2424:(Second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1405:
Havstad, Joyce C; Smith, N Adam (1 September 2019).
204:(February 18, 1928 – July 16, 2005) was an American
2250:
1862:John Ostrom | American paleontologist | Britannica
1342:. Geological Society of London. pp. 237–250.
1285:"Influential Paleontologist John Ostrom, 77, Dies"
1135:University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions
1478:"Ornithischian Dinosaurs and the Origin of Birds"
1407:"Fossils with Feathers and Philosophy of Science"
956:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
939:Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History
809:, Robert Gaston, and Donald Burge named a fossil
377:. He became full professor and curator in 1971.
2982:
1167:"The fossil that launched a dinosaur revolution"
1108:
2685:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
619:, which based its murderous "Velociraptors" on
208:who revolutionized the modern understanding of
2681:"Paleobiology and the origins of avian flight"
2301:"Dinosaur Footprints Reservation, Holyoke, MA"
793:its formal name (meaning "fast small hunter").
1606:Rauhut, OWM; Foth, C; Tischlinger, H (2018).
1046:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
1404:
1329:
1327:
781:
310:. As a pre-medical undergraduate student at
2942:"UNIQUE 'DINO-BIRD' FOSSIL FOUND IN AFRICA"
1938:
1936:
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1932:
1930:
1928:
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560:"The Raptor That Made Us Rethink Dinosaurs"
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2335:. New York, N.Y. u.a: Simon and Schuster.
1964:
1962:
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2197:. Great Britain: Blond & Briggs Ltd.
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1090:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
920:
2859:Makovicky, Peter J.; Sues, Hans-Dieter.
2079:
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1942:
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1811:Curie, Philip J.; Padian, Kevin (1997).
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212:. Ostrom's work inspired what his pupil
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1580:(6.print. ed.). New York: Morrow.
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1302:
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1083:"Archaeopteryx and the origin of birds"
687:. Ostrom's reappraisal of dinosaurs as
2983:
2977:, volume 11, number 1, pages 15 to 23.
2902:
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2883:
2865:. American Museum of Natural History.
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2444:
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2211:
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2182:
2080:Williams, David B. (August 19, 2010).
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1703:
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1395:
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1109:Ostrom, J. H.; Wellnhofer, P. (1986).
1080:
1039:
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949:
929:
894:
881:
861:
650:their still larger predators, such as
361:in 1955 before joining the faculty at
2921:
2915:
2877:
2678:
2672:
2244:
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2127:Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
2124:
2118:
2106:Maugh, II, Thomas H. (21 July 2005).
2099:
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2048:
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1804:
1728:
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1234:
644:
2566:
2506:
2421:Dinosaurs: a very short introduction
2325:
2319:
1710:Wilford, John Noble (21 July 2005).
1362:
1165:Stoddart, Charlotte (13 June 2023).
634:", a term coined in a 1975 issue of
306:on February 18, 1928 and grew up in
3006:Deaths from dementia in Connecticut
2179:
1835:
1698:
1356:
1244:Bakker, Robert T. (April 1, 1975).
1066:10.1146/annurev.ea.03.050175.000415
252:in the 1860s, but was dismissed by
13:
2884:Abdale, Jason R. (July 20, 2021).
2470:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
2057:"Dinosaur Expert John Ostrom Dies"
2043:
1975:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1722:
1495:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1970.tb01775.x
1171:Knowable Magazine | Annual Reviews
1102:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1976.tb00244.x
774:to be found outside eastern Asia.
746:, previously known as the Haarlem
455:
340:American Museum of Natural History
14:
3052:
2024:Carlson, Barbara (23 July 2005).
1270:10.1038/scientificamerican0475-58
1216:"The man who saved the dinosaurs"
952:"Were some dinosaurs gregarious?"
630:is credited with triggering the "
448:in July 2005 at the age of 77 in
375:Peabody Museum of Natural History
2903:Abdale, Jason R. (1 July 2022).
2679:Ruben, John (16 February 2010).
2464:Currie, Philip J. (March 2023).
1283:Siegel, Robert (July 21, 2005).
554:
545:
233:(or "saurians"). He argued that
223:Beginning with the discovery of
148:Hayden Memorial Geological Award
3026:Union College (New York) alumni
2934:
2840:Manning, Adam (20 March 2020).
2547:
2532:
2293:
2055:Schudel, Matt (July 22, 2005).
1853:
1829:
1650:
1564:
950:Ostrom, John H. (1 June 1972).
683:by the Canadian paleontologist
515:Dinosaur Footprints Reservation
509:In the 1970s, Ostrom examined
402:. He also discovered and named
2637:Ostrom, John (March 9, 1973).
1995:10.1080/02724634.1990.10011815
1969:Forster, Catherine A. (1990).
1476:Galton, Peter M. (June 1970).
1004:Ostrom, John (March 9, 1973).
530:
392:. Late in 1964, he discovered
357:Ostrom taught for one year at
41:skeleton cast. Photo courtesy
1:
3016:Scientists from New York City
2922:Black, Riley (June 2, 2020).
1146:
1081:Ostrom, John H. (June 1976).
463:
326:from Union College in 1951.
2513:Badwan, Bara (3 June 2019).
2445:Badwan, Bara (3 June 2019).
2383:10.1371/journal.pone.0063115
1754:Dodson, Peter (April 2020).
1729:Gates, Alexander E. (2003).
1040:Ostrom, John H. (May 1975).
976:10.1016/0031-0182(72)90049-1
492:and drawing comparisons via
244:instead of their own class,
7:
2193:Desmond, Adrian J. (1975).
1955:(1). National Park Service.
1369:Archives of Natural History
1338:. In Moody, Richard (ed.).
1289:NPR / All Things Considered
901:American Journal of Science
422:American Journal of Science
333:as a graduate student with
10:
3057:
3021:Columbia University alumni
2956:
2278:10.3390/geosciences7010013
1731:A to Z of Earth Scientists
1662:BBC - Science & Nature
1658:"Dinosaurs in Your Garden"
1571:Bakker, Robert T. (1986).
1363:Ries, C. J. (April 2007).
1334:Wellnhofer, Peter (2010).
1314:Yale Bulletin and Calendar
1310:"In Memoriam: John Ostrom"
802:(meaning "tendon lizard").
787:In 1970, John Ostrom gave
472:Skeleton of the hadrosaur
431:National Natural Landmarks
2785:Norberg, Ulla M. (1985).
2597:10.1186/s12862-017-1076-y
2326:Paul, Gregory S. (1988).
1883:Maxwell, Desmond (2000).
1813:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
1214:Conniff, Richard (2014).
1180:10.1146/knowable-060923-1
993:Proc K Ned Akad van Wet B
851:) was named in his honor.
812:Utahraptor ostrommaysorum
782:Scientific classification
553:
544:
539:
398:fossils near the town of
390:Yellowstone National Park
352:
195:
180:
170:
163:
143:
131:
107:
97:
75:
50:
28:
21:
3036:Brooklyn College faculty
3011:American paleontologists
2909:DINOSAURS AND BARBARIANS
2890:DINOSAURS AND BARBARIANS
2584:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2144:Evans, David C. (2006).
2026:"Bringing shale to life"
1889:Natural History Magazine
930:Ostrom, John H. (1969).
895:Ostrom, John H. (1964).
702:and the origin of flight
320:The Meaning of Evolution
298:Early life and education
256:in his influential book
2905:"Utahraptor: A History"
2791:The American Naturalist
2706:10.1073/pnas.0915099107
2639:"The Ancestry of Birds"
2237:10.15385/jch.2018.2.2.5
2218:Oldham, Jordan (2018).
1943:Orlowski, Jeff (2020).
1525:Cracraft, Joel (1977).
1381:10.3366/anh.2007.34.1.1
1006:"The Ancestry of Birds"
796:Also in 1970, he named
720:, it languished in the
595:and were in some cases
450:Litchfield, Connecticut
438:Manchester, Connecticut
414:Rocky Hill, Connecticut
371:vertebrate paleontology
16:American paleontologist
3031:Beloit College faculty
2483:10.1139/cjes-2022-0131
2418:Norman, David (2017).
1949:Park Paleontology News
1246:"Dinosaur Renaissance"
862:Ostrom, J. H. (1961).
799:Tenontosaurus tilletti
750:
519:Holyoke, Massachusetts
494:comparative morphology
488:apparatuses of modern
481:
388:, in Wyoming, east of
316:George Gaylord Simpson
280:of the primitive bird
1838:"OSTROM, DR. JOHN H."
1760:The Anatomical Record
1461:Heilmann, G. (1926).
1423:10.1093/sysbio/syz010
1320:(1). August 26, 2005.
1042:"The Origin of Birds"
922:10.2475/ajs.262.8.975
856:Selected publications
742:
471:
427:National Park Service
2928:Smithsonian Magazine
1220:Yale Alumni Magazine
871:Bulletin of the AMNH
658:Chicago Field Museum
632:dinosaur renaissance
218:dinosaur renaissance
137:Dinosaur renaissance
2697:2010PNAS..107.2733R
2374:2013PLoSO...863115P
2269:2017Geosc...7...13G
2061:The Washington Post
1987:1990JVPal..10..273F
1836:Courant, Hartford.
1531:The Wilson Bulletin
1465:. London: Witherby.
1463:The origin of birds
1262:1975SciAm.232d..58B
1250:Scientific American
1058:1975AREPS...3...55O
968:1972PPP....11..287O
913:1964AmJS..262..975O
693:dinosaur physiology
637:Scientific American
446:Alzheimer's disease
410:Dinosaur State Park
331:Columbia University
329:Ostrom enrolled at
302:Ostrom was born in
288:feathered dinosaurs
259:The Origin of Birds
250:Thomas Henry Huxley
155:Romer-Simpson Medal
121:Columbia University
2752:American Zoologist
1911:The New York Times
1716:The New York Times
1664:. 18 October 2002.
1625:10.7717/peerj.4191
1411:Systematic Biology
1222:. No. Jul/Aug
790:Microvenator celer
768:Ostromia crassipes
751:
744:Ostromia crassipes
645:Energy and climate
482:
419:Ostrom edited the
382:Cloverly Formation
202:John Harold Ostrom
2112:Los Angeles Times
1913:. 4 December 1964
1349:978-1-86239-311-0
825:Rahonavis ostromi
820:Catherine Forster
653:Tyrannosaurus rex
626:Ostrom's work on
566:
565:
199:
198:
181:Doctoral students
165:Scientific career
61:February 18, 1928
3048:
2950:
2949:
2948:. 18 March 1998.
2938:
2932:
2931:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2726:
2708:
2691:(7): 2733–2734.
2676:
2670:
2669:
2658:10.1038/242136a0
2643:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2599:
2575:
2564:
2563:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2543:: 347–376. 1969.
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2485:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2395:
2385:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2334:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2190:
2177:
2176:
2150:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2052:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2030:Hartford Courant
2021:
2015:
2014:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1940:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1880:
1867:
1866:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1775:
1773:10.1002/ar.24375
1751:
1745:
1744:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1707:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1677:
1666:
1665:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1627:
1603:
1592:
1591:
1579:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1497:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1434:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1211:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1162:
1142:
1125:
1115:
1105:
1087:
1077:
1036:
1025:10.1038/242136a0
1010:
1000:
987:
946:
936:
926:
924:
891:
878:
868:
601:Robert T. Bakker
558:
557:
549:
537:
536:
400:Bridger, Montana
359:Brooklyn College
290:in northeastern
254:Gerhard Heilmann
214:Robert T. Bakker
185:Robert T. Bakker
159:
152:
82:
60:
58:
35:John Ostrom and
33:
19:
18:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3045:
2981:
2980:
2971:Wayback Machine
2959:
2954:
2953:
2946:Chicago Tribune
2940:
2939:
2935:
2920:
2916:
2901:
2897:
2882:
2878:
2857:
2853:
2838:
2834:
2783:
2779:
2744:
2740:
2677:
2673:
2641:
2635:
2631:
2576:
2567:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2511:
2507:
2462:
2458:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2416:
2409:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2305:Allosaurus Roar
2299:
2298:
2294:
2249:
2245:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2191:
2180:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2123:
2119:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2053:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2022:
2018:
1967:
1960:
1941:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1881:
1870:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1843:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1809:
1805:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1727:
1723:
1708:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1669:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1604:
1595:
1588:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1523:
1519:
1474:
1470:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1403:
1396:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1332:
1325:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1281:
1277:
1242:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1212:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1163:
1154:
1149:
1113:
1085:
1008:
934:
866:
858:
822:named a fossil
784:
772:Anchiornithidae
704:
647:
555:
540:External videos
535:
466:
458:
456:Key discoveries
367:Yale University
355:
300:
191:
187:
157:
153:
150:
119:
108:Alma mater
93:
84:
80:
71:
62:
56:
54:
46:
43:Yale University
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3054:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2979:
2978:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2933:
2914:
2895:
2886:"Microvenator"
2876:
2851:
2832:
2803:10.1086/284419
2797:(3): 303–327.
2777:
2758:(4): 676–686.
2738:
2671:
2629:
2565:
2556:Canad. Geog. J
2546:
2531:
2505:
2476:(3): 263–293.
2456:
2437:
2430:
2407:
2348:
2342:978-0671619466
2341:
2318:
2292:
2243:
2210:
2204:978-0803737556
2203:
2178:
2159:(1): 109–125.
2136:
2117:
2098:
2086:Geology Writer
2072:
2042:
2016:
1981:(3): 273–294.
1958:
1924:
1898:
1868:
1852:
1828:
1821:
1803:
1766:(4): 649–655.
1746:
1739:
1721:
1697:
1667:
1649:
1593:
1586:
1563:
1537:(3): 488–492.
1517:
1488:(2): 448–462.
1468:
1453:
1417:(5): 840–851.
1394:
1355:
1348:
1323:
1301:
1275:
1233:
1193:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1126:
1106:
1078:
1037:
1001:
988:
962:(4): 287–301.
947:
927:
907:(8): 975–997.
892:
879:
857:
854:
853:
852:
837:
816:
807:James Kirkland
803:
794:
783:
780:
722:Teylers Museum
703:
697:
646:
643:
564:
563:
551:
550:
542:
541:
534:
529:
465:
462:
457:
454:
386:Big Horn Basin
363:Beloit College
354:
351:
299:
296:
267:coelurosaurian
216:has termed a "
206:paleontologist
197:
196:
193:
192:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
161:
160:
145:
141:
140:
133:
132:Known for
129:
128:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
85:
83:(aged 77)
77:
73:
72:
63:
52:
48:
47:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3053:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2965:Archaeopteryx
2961:
2960:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2846:Darwin's Door
2843:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2652:(5393): 136.
2651:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2542:
2535:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2431:9780198795926
2427:
2423:
2422:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2368:(5): e63115.
2367:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2338:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2307:. 7 July 2017
2306:
2302:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1842:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1822:9780080494746
1818:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1740:0-8160-4580-1
1736:
1732:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1686:
1685:Yale Archives
1682:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1589:
1587:0-688-04287-2
1583:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1464:
1457:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1399:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:(2): 91–182.
1095:
1091:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1019:(5393): 136.
1018:
1014:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
948:
944:
940:
933:
928:
923:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
889:
885:
880:
876:
872:
865:
860:
859:
850:
849:
848:Archaeopteryx
844:
843:
838:
835:
834:Archaeopteryx
831:
827:
826:
821:
817:
814:
813:
808:
804:
801:
800:
795:
792:
791:
786:
785:
779:
775:
773:
769:
765:
764:
759:
758:Archaeopteryx
756:
749:
748:Archaeopteryx
745:
741:
737:
735:
734:Archaeopteryx
731:
727:
723:
719:
717:
716:Pterodactylus
712:
711:Archaeopteryx
709:
701:
700:Archaeopteryx
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:Arctic Circle
678:
674:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:
642:
639:
638:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
617:Jurassic Park
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
589:
584:
580:
578:
577:
572:
561:
552:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
526:
525:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
504:
497:
495:
491:
487:
479:
475:
470:
461:
453:
451:
447:
442:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
423:
417:
415:
411:
407:
406:
405:Tenontosaurus
401:
397:
396:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
350:
347:
345:
341:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
312:Union College
309:
305:
295:
293:
289:
285:
284:
283:Archaeopteryx
279:
275:
271:
268:
263:
261:
260:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
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232:
228:
227:
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169:
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156:
149:
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142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
113:
112:Union College
110:
106:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
79:July 16, 2005
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:New York City
53:
49:
44:
40:
39:
32:
27:
20:
2974:
2964:
2945:
2936:
2927:
2917:
2908:
2898:
2889:
2879:
2861:
2854:
2845:
2835:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2649:
2645:
2632:
2587:
2583:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2540:
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2518:
2508:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2451:SciTechDaily
2450:
2440:
2420:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2328:
2321:
2309:. Retrieved
2304:
2295:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2230:(2): 67–76.
2227:
2223:
2213:
2194:
2156:
2153:Paleobiology
2152:
2139:
2130:
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