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850:
257:). The families didn't live in baserri buildings as we know today, but in clusters of small wooden fragile shacks with room enough for the family, the cattle and the stored hay. However, the press house, granaries, pigsty and sheepfolds were located in separate buildings. At this stage, the baserri stands clearly for the whole community behind the economic unit. This period also saw the development of the linguistic counterpart to the baserri for religious matters, the
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403:(master of the house), each with distinctly defined rights, roles and responsibilities. When the couple reaches a certain age upon which they wish to retire, the baserri is formally handed over to a child. Unusually, the parents were by tradition free to choose any child, male or female, firstborn or later born, to assume the role of
359:, a term that originally referred to shepherding shelters. The extension, both structurally and terminologically, of the term to refer to a farmhouse rather than shelter occurred in the 17th and 18th century when further increases in the population led to the development of such summer pasture shelters into farmhouses.
295:
At this transitional stage, the baserri buildings consisted of timbered structures that are barely reminiscent of dwellings, made up often in oak from the surrounding forests. In fact, the central position in the house was occupied by the press, since cider was a very important economic activity for
264:
During the 14th and 15th century, as the population began to grow, agricultural activity increased and so did the linking of agricultural activities and animal husbandry on a baserri, leading to an increase in the number of baserris. The late 15th and the 16th century are a period of peace among
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façades were constructed. Later constructions are virtually all in solid stone (except for the central section above the recessed portal to avoid structural problems). From the 18th century onwards, the remaining half-timbered elements were replaced by using stone arches above the entrances.
828:, witches or devils only operate at night and attaching this flower to the door would lead these beings to assume the sun was shining on the baserri and therefore stay away. By a similar extension of belief, they were also supposed to protect against lightning strikes and storm damage.
510:
Although different building styles exist with features specific to each region, most share a common core design. Most have three floors with stables within the building and a gently sloping roof, stone supporting walls and internal constructions made largely from wood.
285:
in this period. Councils fostered the building activity with tax exemption on tree chopping for baserri construction, which enabled Basque farmers to develop swathes of common land into privately owned baserris. Several of these new baserris were named simply
441:
in France, under which such practices are illegal, greatly upset this tradition in the North. Although the
Basques in the north chose to be "creative" with the new laws, it overall resulted in the breakup and ultimate financial ruin of many baserris.
311:
The first stone farmhouses in
Gipuzkoa (which entailed timber frames anyway) were built during the 15th century and brought admiration and envy from their neighbours. Only the richest farmers could permit themselves the luxury of building a house
90:. The baserris, with their gently sloping roofs and entrance portals, are highly characteristic of the region and form a vital part in traditional Basque societal structures. They are also seen to have played an important role in protecting the
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are characteristically large, in particular on the front façades, but usually much smaller or non-existent on the opposite side. To reduce wind resistance, the north-facing aspect of the roof is often built in a style called
680:) and irrespective of the views. Along with the disappearance of half-timbered façades in the 18th Century, the portals which were originally built in wood gradually disappeared and were replaced by stone-built portals.
217:
provided the grounds for the new small population clusters and villages that dotted the whole region at the turn of the first millennium, after Muslim raids stopped. They are often named after an old landowner, e.g.
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stem from place-names and more especially from baserris. However, these surnames are deceptively older than the baserri-etxe, i.e. the baserri building, referring to the community and site preceding the building.
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In practice the tradition of not breaking up baserris meant that the remaining children had to marry into another baserri, stay on the family baserri as unmarried employees or make their own way in the world
316:("of lime and stone"), paying a team of stonemasons who dug out and worked the stone. Oakwood was, on the other had, cheap and available. The increased building activity led to some of the earliest recorded
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enjoyed in Biscay. The latter practice of displaying the surname is mostly found in the
Southern Basque Country. Both are often also carved with Basque symbols, many of them pre-Christian, such as the
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The baserri is designed to be modular in the sense that additional wings can be added onto the primary structure to allow the building to be extended if necessary. The core building is referred to as
676:
On older baserris, the entrance portal can take up up to a third of the façade's surface, often requiring one or more supporting pillars. It almost invariably faces south-east (i.e. opposite to the
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Although commonly encountered on the ground floor, it is not uncommon for kitchens to be located on the 1st floor. If this was the case in the colder regions of the Basque
Country, the compulsory
230:, etc. In Navarre, parts of Álava and parts of the Northern Basque Country, baserris often form rather spaced out settlements, but virtually never wall-to-wall to minimise fire risks. Baserris in
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The predecessor of the baserri was the farming community of the late Middle Ages in the hilly
Atlantic area, who at one point had learnt and taken up sowing and harvesting (cf. the legend of
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in Basque) had a central role in the everyday life of the baserritarras, being home to activities ranging from a wide variety of social activities to grinding flour and animal slaughtering.
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A large attic for storing produce and indoor activities requiring more space; this attic space is often open or partially open to the outside on the front of the house to ensure ventilation.
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The floorplan is almost invariably rectangular, with a narrow end forming the façade. The façade usually has windows on all three floors and at least one large entrance, often two.
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In areas where baserris grouped together in loose settlements, the portal was transformed into a large doorway, usually with a two-wing door which was also split horizontally.
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replaced the earlier shingled roofs and the first person to have a tiled roof being singled out for this fact. Wood-shingle roofs mainly survive in the mountainous parts of
596:, with only the opening facing into the kitchen to minimise fire risks. In the more temperate regions, the bread oven was usually separate from the main baserri building.
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and
Andalusian conquest opened new opportunities, with small fortunes made by Basque venturers, which propelled the construction of baserris, thriving in the hundreds.
300:, cattle stall and granary, eventually complementing or even replacing its original function with the dwelling. A well-known example of this type of baserri is the
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Sleeping quarters on the first floor, usually above the stable to minimise the need for heating. On the outside, this floor often also has one or more balconies.
281:. While private land ownership had been known if not widespread in the southern parts of Álava and Navarre since Roman times, most land further north was still
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warring nobiliary factions after years of clashes, in which exactions and abuses on farmers had been rife, leading to a time of optimism and stability. The
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A baserri represents the core unit of traditional Basque society, as the ancestral home of a family. Traditionally, the household is administered by the
163:'baserri house'), its dwellers and the whole estate. The originally wide connotation of the term is related to the inherent ambiguity of the Basque word
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A considerable number also have apple-presses and barrel storage facilities built into the structure of the baserri for the production of Basque
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in Basque) was the centre of activity and social interaction. Originally the fire was located in the centre of the kitchen (similar to
Scottish
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and ox blood, although today commercial paints are often used. The white between the timbers was achieved by painting the surface with
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The present-day term baserri in Basque has a fairly restricted meaning, denoting the building and its occupants, especially in the
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The stables for cattle on the ground floor on one side of the building, the kitchen, washroom and sitting room on the other
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in 1657 which forbade the cutting of young trees and required anyone felling a tree to plant two new trees in its place.
126:"settlement" and denotes a farmstead not located in a village or town. People who live on a baserri are referred to as
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baserri (built 1530), now an interactive museum and exhibition space, hosting events related to cider making (e.g.
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suffering from high snowfall, as wooden roofs allow for more steeply angled roofs which prevent buildup of snow.
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activities formed the mainstay of the inhabitants of a baserri but due to recent economic and societal changes,
581:) with a wall-mounted iron rotatable arm but were eventually replaced by fireplaces built into the wall with a
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Some baserris seem to defy the normal definition of a baserri. In many cases, these are the result of the
471:(door head). The lintel stone usually states who built the house and the year in which it was built. The
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in periods of persecution by providing the language with a very dispersed but substantial speaker base.
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either states the name of the village or valley or the family's surname and is often in the style of a
824:) to the doors of a baserri for good fortune. Folklore has it that certain unwelcome spirits such as
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The wood in half-timbered façades was traditionally stained red with a paint made from olive oil,
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The crest stone above the Orbe baserri in
Angiozar, Spain, displaying the coat of arms of the
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which can be translated as "land", "home", "people" or "settlement" depending on the context.
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Although on most baserris produce is stored inside the main building, some have stand-alone
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901:(If the same type of house is known by alternative names, it may be linked more than once.)
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is commonly encountered, although this overlaps to some extent with the Basque concept of
8:
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As such, most baserris have a large stone-carved sign built into the front wall called
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cannot be divided or inherited by more than one person. This is still the case in the
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on the whole are solitary buildings, but generally within view of another baserri.
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dialect. Originally, however, it denoted the building (still called in some places
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to ensure the child most suitable to the role would inherit the ancestral home.
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may also denote an entire settlement in parts of the
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the family's economy. Then, families started to move in for the initially
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Various cultural traditions and superstitions surround the baserri.
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and very reminiscent of such granaries in other parts of the world.
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Overall, they are almost non-existent in the flatter terrains of
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in Basque. These are small, wooden or stone-built structures on
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The 17th century is also the last period in which baserris with
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152:) (street people), i.e., people who live in a town or city.
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A silver thistle on the door of the
Igartubeiti baserri.
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but today in most regions baserri have tiled roofs. The
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621:("the tile house") is seen to stem from that era when
207:). These areas went through a more thorough period of
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with the extension on the left of the main building.
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816:or "sunflower" in Basque, not to be confused with
542:The conventional floor distribution usually has:
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789:has also become a major activity on baserris.
273:from the Americas substituted less productive
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1435:"Baserria. The Basque Farmhouse in Gipuzkoa"
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713:The granary in of the Ibarguren baserri in
118:The term baserri is derived from the roots
106:The half-timbered baserri of Lizarralde in
1332:Baserrietxea eta Eusko Etxegintza Errikoia
882:
868:
672:. Note also the lack of a recessed portal.
668:An urban baserri with red-stained wood in
569:with an external oven on the first floor.
343:The Baseliza (hermitage) of Iturriotz in
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765:in Basque) razed following centuries of
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16:Basque traditional housebarn farmhouse
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1404:. San Sebastian: Editorial Txertoa.
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757:of Biscay and Gipuzkoa ordering the
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379:The lintel stone above a baserri in
1229:Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland
749:, converted from a fortified tower.
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450:, "Church or sea or royal house").
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98:Origins and historical development
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808:One is the habit of fixing dried
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461:stone above the entrance called
457:(crest-stones) and a decorative
328:, such as the law passed by the
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139:), a term which contrasts with
1510:The Igartubeiti baserri museum
1393:
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308:) and traditional rural life.
1:
1548:Culture of the Basque Country
1334:Bizkaiko Aurrezki Kutxa: 1983
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211:, in which the ancient Roman
793:Traditions and superstitions
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437:but the introduction of the
399:(lady of the house) and the
170:In Spanish, mostly the term
7:
1524:Association for Agrotourism
1519:Autonomous Basque Community
1515:Association for Agrotourism
1400:Caro Baroja, Julio (1985).
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427:under traditional law (the
387:on the bottom left and the
10:
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1437:. Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia
1402:Los vascones y sus vecinos
930:
660:Entrance portal and façade
479:, a sign of the universal
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1156:Mas (Provençal farmhouse)
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745:The Aranguren baserri in
448:Iglesia o mar o casa real
420:Marquessate of Valdespina
277:, taking its Basque name
245:A stone-built baserri in
199:and central and southern
174:is used but note that a
1558:Vernacular architecture
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435:Southern Basque Country
355:these are often called
353:Northern Basque Country
71:or stone-built type of
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652:tail) - essentially a
592:was built on a little
573:Indoors, the kitchen (
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136:[bas̺eritarak]
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35:
1381:The History of Basque
1330:Madariaga, Nikola de
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1016:Old Frisian farmhouse
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145:Basque pronunciation:
132:Basque pronunciation:
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44:Basque pronunciation:
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1459:Baskische Geschichte
1348:Bilbao Bizkaia Kutxa
1026:Upper Lusatian house
924:Neolithic long house
767:Basque partisan wars
298:cider producing mill
1011:Middle German house
773:Modern developments
391:on the bottom right
292:, "the new house".
149:[kaletarak]
88:Southwestern France
67:) is a traditional
1109:Dartmoor longhouse
981:East Frisian house
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855:Housing portal
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318:environmental laws
261:or "wild church".
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1345:27.173 Atsotitzak
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1073:Frisian farmhouse
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557:Kitchen and ovens
48:[bas̺eri]
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1383:Routledge: 1997
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314:"de cal y canto"
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192:(the house).
191:
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186:maison basque
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172:caserío vasco
168:
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78:found in the
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65:maison basque
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57:caserío vasco
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1490:Xamar: 1996
1487:
1458:
1439:. Retrieved
1401:
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1380:
1344:
1339:
1331:
1176:
1146:Bresse house
1099:Bastle house
907:Old European
821:
813:
807:
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779:agricultural
776:
762:
759:tower houses
752:
726:
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695:
694:The portal (
693:
689:lime plaster
682:
678:weather side
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646:miru-buztana
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477:coat of arms
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466:
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428:
425:The baserri
424:
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371:Significance
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204:
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110:. This is a
82:in northern
64:
56:
39:
37:
24:
1553:House types
1457:Kasper, M.
1343:Garate, G.
1036:Waldlerhaus
787:agrotourism
579:blackhouses
525:hiruharriko
515:Basic types
405:etxekoandre
397:etxekoandre
383:; note the
320:concerning
302:Igartubeiti
283:common land
247:Gizaburuaga
184:, the term
122:"wild" and
1543:Farmhouses
1537:Categories
1441:2010-01-30
1278:References
1261:Carpathian
1254:Carpathian
1114:Hall house
1104:Blackhouse
991:Gulf house
818:sunflowers
814:eguzkilore
763:dorretxeak
623:terracotta
608:made from
590:bread oven
409:etxekojaun
401:etxekojaun
389:sun symbol
306:txalaparta
289:Etxeberria
141:kaletarrak
112:hiruarriko
1378:Trask, L.
919:Longhouse
914:Housebarn
892:farmhouse
890:European
820:, called
723:granaries
705:Granaries
618:Telletxea
610:beechwood
535:Floorplan
529:lauarriko
506:Structure
455:armarriak
157:Gipuzkoan
76:farmhouse
73:housebarn
1488:Orhipean
1266:Zakopane
1172:Alqueria
838:Atalburu
832:See also
812:(called
783:pastoral
670:Ortzaize
654:hip-roof
521:biarriko
473:armarria
468:atalburu
463:ate-buru
334:Azkoitia
267:American
259:baseliza
232:Gipuzkoa
228:Amatrain
220:Barbarin
1528:Navarre
1517:in the
1222:Swedish
1206:Italian
1197:Palloza
1177:Baserri
1165:Spanish
1092:British
996:Haubarg
843:Hilarri
826:laminas
822:ekilore
725:called
630:Navarre
594:balcony
583:chimney
575:sukalde
567:Itzalle
485:lauburu
385:lauburu
351:In the
201:Navarre
177:caserío
108:Bergara
53:Spanish
40:baserri
33:Hernani
27:at the
25:baserri
1494:
1465:
1408:
1387:
1354:
1139:French
1130:Chalet
1045:Danish
966:Ansitz
959:German
747:Orozko
696:ataria
481:gentry
459:lintel
429:fueros
330:Batzar
275:millet
236:Biscay
224:Andoin
182:French
61:French
1238:Malta
1192:Masia
1123:Swiss
1061:Dutch
894:types
727:garai
685:ochre
641:eaves
634:Soule
626:tiles
500:cider
490:Many
357:borda
271:Maize
214:fundi
197:Álava
190:etxea
165:herri
124:herri
84:Spain
1492:ISBN
1463:ISBN
1406:ISBN
1385:ISBN
1352:ISBN
781:and
650:kite
639:The
632:and
600:Roof
381:Aria
324:and
279:arto
234:and
120:basa
86:and
23:The
1526:in
465:or
407:or
345:Aia
332:of
322:de-
31:in
1539::
1473:^
1450:^
1420:^
1362:^
1285:^
691:.
656:.
585:.
502:.
226:,
222:,
63::
59:;
55::
51:;
38:A
1444:.
1414:.
883:e
876:t
869:v
761:(
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648:(
446:(
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347:.
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203:(
143:(
130:(
42:(
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