662:
air before it enters the throat and lungs, bez tines set close to the brow tines, distinctive coat patterns, short legs and other adaptations for running long distances, and multiple behaviors suited to tundra, but not to forest (such as synchronized calving and aggregation during rutting and post-calving). As well, many genes, including those for vitamin D metabolism, fat metabolism, retinal development, circadian rhythm, and tolerance to cold temperatures, are found in tundra caribou that are lacking or rudimentary in forest types. For this reason, forest-adapted reindeer and caribou could not survive in tundra or polar deserts, nor could barren-ground or Peary caribou survive (or at least successfully reproduce) in boreal forest, and this explains the rarity of introgression of barren-ground caribou into woodland caribou, and almost none the other way.
627:
which may still be covered in snow or ice, thereby reducing access to food. Caribou give birth in early spring when insect populations are low, to enable sufficient rearing of healthy and strong calves. Early onset of spring temperatures in the Arctic further effect the phenology of the pregnancy time periods of barren-ground caribou. Insect avoidance forces caribou to expend large amounts of energy through migrational avoidance of insects. Changes in the climate can increase parasitic occurrences, thereby providing an additional threat to the subspecies.
444:
Beverly and
Qamanirjuaq Caribou Management Board. The range of the Beverly herd spans the tundra from northern Manitoba and Saskatchewan and well into the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. In 1994 survey there were 276,000 caribou, an all-time record. According to a 2011 survey based on data collected using cutting-edge digital tools and fly-over visual surveillance, there were approximately 124,000 caribou in the Beverly herd and 83,300 in the Ahiak herd. The calving grounds of the Beverly herd are located around
234:
92:
42:
592:, the caribou's main food source. Frozen feeding grounds during winter months results in greater energy expenditure as the caribou attempt to access the lichen locked beneath the ice. This can result in malnutrition, starvation and death. Research has shown that changes in climate can alter the quality of lichen in the Arctic, making it less nutritious. A changing climate also introduces the threat of foreign plant species to the region, creating competition.
69:
1035:"Ahiak Herd, Baffin Island herds, Bathurst Herd, Beverly Herd, Bluenose-East Herd, Bluenose-West Herd, Cape Bathurst Herd, Dolphin and Union Herd, George River Herd, Leaf River Herd, Lorillard and Wager Bay herds, Peary caribou, Pen Islands and Cape Churchill herds, Porcupine Herd, Qamanirjuaq Herd, Southampton Island Herd, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Herd"
380:
order, from Alaska to Hudson Bay, these are the
Porcupine herd, Cape Bathurst herd, Bluenose West herd, Bluenose East herd, Bathurst herd, Ahiak herd, Beverly herd, and Qamanirjuaq herd. About 120 000 other barren-ground caribou live in smaller herds that spend the entire year on the tundra. Half of these are confined to Baffin Island.
448:, but the herd shifted its traditional birthing area. Ross Thompson, executive director of the Beverly and Qamanirjuaq Caribou Management Board, explains the low calving rate mainly on habitat deterioration and disturbance with other factors contributing to the low growth rate â parasites, predation and poor weather.
626:
An additional stressor on barren-ground caribou is the irritation from insect behavior, which can dictate the movement and health of caribou during the summer months. Increased warming temperatures and early springs result in greater insect numbers. Insect harassment force caribou to migrate to areas
680:
Conversely, Molecular data also revealed that the four western
Canadian montane ecotypes are not woodland caribou as currently classified (in Canada): they share a common ancestor with modern barren-ground/tundra reindeer and caribou, but distantly, having diverged > 60,000 years ago â before the
661:
Archaeologists distinguish âmodernâ tundra reindeer and barren-ground caribou from primitive forms â living and extinct â that did not have adaptations to extreme cold and to long-distance migration. They include a broad, high muzzle to increase the volume of the nasal cavity to warm and moisten the
443:
The
Beverly herd (located primarily in Saskatchewan and the Northwest Territories, with portions in Nunavut, Manitoba and Alberta) and the Qamanirjuaq herd (located primarily in Manitoba and Nunavut, with portions in the southeastern NWT and northeastern Saskatchewan) fall under the auspices of the
609:
The timing of migration periods is closely linked to seasonal changes and as unpredictable climate conditions increase, barren-ground caribou must migrate over larger distances. Migration is dictated by the access to easily available lichen. An increased distance of migration places further stress
339:, with the females weighing around 90 kg (200 lb) and the males around 150 kg (330 lb). However, on some of the smaller islands, the average weight may be less. The large migratory herds of barren-ground caribou take their names from the traditional calving grounds, such as the
2149:
Yannic G, Pellissier L, Ortego J, Lecomte N, Couturier S, Cuyler C, Dussault C, Hundertmark KJ, Irvine RJ, Jenkins DA, Kolpashikov L, Mager K, Musiani M, Parker KL, Røed KH, Sipko T, ĂĂłrisson SG, V.Weckworth B, Guisan A, Bernatchez L, CĂ´tĂŠ SD (2013) Genetic diversity in caribou linked to past and
578:
having a negative impact on the population. Changing climate conditions in the Arctic are predicted to threaten barren-ground caribou in the immediate future. The risks associated with climate change can impact feeding habits, access to food and quality of food, birthing rates and calf rearing,
463:
John Nagy, University of
Alberta's wildlife biologist and researcher, argued that the Beverly herd was robust, not declining. He claimed the herd had moved their calving grounds "near the western Queen Maud Gulf coast to the north of the herd's "traditional" calving ground in the Gary Lakes area
600:
Barren-ground caribou have evolved to match their calving period with the period in which lichen has traditionally bloomed. The phenological process and timing between birthing and easily accessible lichen is critical to the survival rate of the subspecies. The trophic mismatch, due to abnormal
379:
They spend much or all of the year on the tundra from Alaska to Baffin Island. Most, or about 1.2 million, of the barren-ground caribou in Canada live in eight large migratory herds, which migrate seasonally from the tundra to the taiga, sparsely treed coniferous forests south of the tundra. In
439:
during the summer, migrate to the mainland in the fall after the sea ice has formed. At this time, the smaller groups may form into a larger herd and several hundred animals may be seen. Mainland barren-ground caribou herds move to coastal areas for part of each year, with the exception of the
2073:
Bondarev AA, Tesakov AS, Simakova AN, Dorogov AL (2017) Reindeer (Rangifer) from Early
Pleistocene of the south of Western Siberia (in Russian). In: Bogdanov AA, others (Eds) Integrative palaeontology: development prospects for geological objectives, material of the LXIII session of the
403:
The barren-ground caribou usually breeds in the fall and calves in June but may not drop their single calf until July. Usually the female gives birth away from the herd and if possible on a patch of snow. After birth, the female licks the calf clean and eats the tissues and the
669:) diverged from primitive ancestors of tundra/barren-ground caribou not during the last glacial maximum, 26,000â19,000 years ago, as previously assumed, but in the Middle Pleistocene around 357,000 years ago. At that time, modern tundra caribou had not even evolved (see
434:
On the mainland of Canada, the animals may travel in herds of several thousand, but they move in smaller groups (no more than 50) on the islands. They are migratory animals and may travel 1,200 km (750 mi) in a season. Some groups, such as those living on
685:: Evolution). Before Banfield (1961), taxonomists using cranial, dental and skeletal measurements had unequivocally allied these western montane ecotypes with barren-ground caribou, naming them (as in Osgood 1909 Murie, 1935 and Anderson 1946, among others)
677:, had features (robust and short pedicles, smooth antler surface, and high position of second tine) that relate it to forest caribou. Because woodland and barren-ground caribou likely do not share a direct common ancestor, they cannot be conspecific.
2112:
Cavedon M, Gubili C, Heppenheimer E, vonHoldt B, Mariani S, Hebblewhite M, Hegel T, Hervieux D, Serrouya R, Steenweg R (2019) Genomics, environment and balancing selection in behaviourally bimodal populations: The caribou case. Molecular
Ecology 28:
745:(Millais 1915), after the Ogilvie Mountains that form part of its winter range. Youngman (1975) realized Banfield's mistake and referred the barren-ground caribou of the Porcupine herd (and by implication, to other Alaskan barren-ground herds) to
452:
Most of the caribou populations in the north are cycling down. It's causing a lot of anxiety for a lot of hunters. We want to...give everybody time to work together to come up with solutions for the short term and until the caribou populations
2092:
Prunier J, Carrier A, Gilbert I, Poisson W, Albert V, Taillon J, Bourret V, CĂ´tĂŠ SD, Droit A, Robert C (2021) CNVs with adaptive potential in
Rangifer tarandus: genome architecture and new annotated assembly. Life Science Alliance 5: 1-16.
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from their summer grazing on
Victoria Island to their winter grazing area on the Nunavut-NWT mainland in Canada. It is unusual for North American caribou to cross sea ice seasonally and the only other caribou subspecies to do so is the
587:
Climate change negatively impacts barren-ground caribou's access to food. Extreme weather conditions can cause increased amounts of rain and freezing rain during winter months. This results in an ice layer which blocks access to
815:
In consideration of the voluminous genetic and other data revealing diversity at the species and subspecies levels that is not reflected in the current taxonomy, a recent revision resurrects several species (Greenland caribou,
400:. In general, during the summer, the coat of the caribou is brown, and much lighter in the winter. The neck and rump tend towards a creamy-white colour. However, the general coloration may differ depending on the region.
2168:
Horn R, Marques AJD, Manseau M, Golding B, KlĂźtsch CFC, Abraham K, Wilson PJ (2018) Parallel evolution of site-specific changes in divergent caribou lineages. Ecology and
Evolution 8: 6053-6064. doi:10.1002/ece3.4154.
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Cavedon M, vonHoldt B, Hebblewhite M, Hegel T, Heppenheimer E, Hervieux D, Mariani S, Schwantje H, Steenweg R, Theoret J (2022) Genomic legacy of migration in endangered caribou. PLoS genetics 18: e1009974.
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Millais JG (1915) The caribou. In: Carruthers D, Millais JG, Byl PBVD, Wallace HF, Kennion L-CRL, Barklay FG (Eds) The Gun at Home and Abroad. London & Counties Press Association Ltd., London, U.K.,
709:
From 1898 to 1937, mammalogists named 11 new species (other than Greenland caribou, barren-ground caribou and woodland caribou, which had been named earlier) in Canada and Alaska (see synonymies in
614:, which fragments the migration habitat and creates obstacles, preventing caribou from accessing annual feeding and breeding grounds. Unpredictable migration patterns also have negative impacts on
1639:
Bastille-Rousseau, Guillaume; Schaefer, James A.; Lewis, Keith P.; Mumma, Matthew A.; Ellington, E. Hance; Rayl, Nathaniel D.; Mahoney, Shane P.; Pouliot, Darren; Murray, Dennis L. (2016-03-01).
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north of Baker Lake." He based his findings on data collected from 510 barren-ground caribou tracked with satellite collars in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut from 1993 to 2009.
423:. Caribou have also been observed eating antlers and seaweed and licking salt deposits. There is some evidence to suggest that, on occasion, they also feed on small rodents such as
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and energy expense on the caribou. Warming weather conditions reduce ice thickness over rivers and lakes, making it difficult for caribou to cross. The reduced ice cover creates a
2269:
2122:
Cronin MA, MacNeil MD, Patton JC (2005) Variation in mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite DNA in caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in North America. Journal of Mammalogy 86: 495-505.
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Allen 1902) of the west end of the Alaska Peninsula and nearby islands to all of Alaska and part of Yukon, including the Porcupine herd, which was originally described as
1254:
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temperature variations linked to climate change, have resulted in malnutrition in their young, as well as reduced reproductive rates contributing to population decline.
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673:: Evolution). Woodland caribou are likely more related to extinct forest caribou subspecies than to barren-ground caribou. For example, the extinct caribou
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originated Late Pliocene and diversified in the Early Pleistocene, a 2+ million-year period of multiple glacier advances and retreats. The oldest undoubted
2189:
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modern barren-ground ecotype had evolved its cold- and darkness-adapted physiologies and mass-migration and aggregation behaviors, (see
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408:. This may serve two purposes, to replace nutrients lost from birthing and to help remove the scent that would attract predators.
2439:
2321:
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1016:
514:). Wolves may follow the herd for many miles. The caribou has poor eyesight and hearing, but is capable of outrunning the wolf.
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Geist V (1998) Deer of the world: their evolution, behavior, and ecology. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, 421 pp.
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Approximate range of barren-ground caribou. Overlap with other subspecies of caribou is possible for contiguous range. 1.
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574:(SARA) registry placed barren-ground caribou under the status of "special concern". Their status was a result of
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Variation in Mitochondrial DNA and Microsatellite DNA in caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in North America.
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352:
210:
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320:
335:. The barren-ground caribou is a medium-sized caribou, smaller and lighter-colored than the
2400:
2290:
1999:
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713:, 1946). Banfield (1961) synonymized them down to one species with four living subspecies (
8:
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2003:
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greater distance of migration, thinning ice during migration and insect disturbances.
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future climate change. Nature Climate Change 4: 132-137. doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE2074.
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fossil is from Omsk, Russia) dated to 2.1-1.8 Ma. The oldest North American
2273:
2012:
1879:
1795:
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991:
638:âevolved as a mountain deer, ...exploiting the subalpine and alpine meadows...â.
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445:
360:
340:
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Technical Thematic Report No. 10. - Northern caribou population trends in Canada
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fossil is from the Yukon, 1.6 million years before present (BP). Several named
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and the nearby mainland. They are endemic to Canada. They migrate across the
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355:(Beverly Lake in western Nunavut), the Bluenose East herd (southwest of
163:
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In Canada about fifty percent of all caribou are barren-ground caribou.
2418:
721:), but most specialists did not accept this and continued to recognize
416:
300:
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1933:
1479:
701:, respectively, and this phylogeny was confirmed by genetic analysis.
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and North America predate the evolution of modern tundra reindeer.
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1298:"COSEWIC Assessment and Update Status Report on the Peary Caribou
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Current taxonomy recognizes just one species of reindeer/caribou:
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communities who depend on caribou as a source of income and food.
897:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
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424:
316:
2405:
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Beverly caribou decline not as drastic as once feared: new study
900:(3rd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
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412:
397:
332:
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1852:
1769:
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The barren-ground caribou, one of several subspecies called
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Harper, Francis (21 October 1955), Hall, E. Raymond (ed.),
153:
1985:
2317:
Beverly and Qamanirjuaq Caribou Management Board website
2278:
Terrestrial Mammals of Nunavut by Ingrid Anand-Wheeler.
1382:
Canada, Government of Canada, Environment (2011-04-27).
1204:
Terrestrial Mammals of Nunavut by Ingrid Anand-Wheeler.
1514:
928:
Cronin, M. A., M. D. Macneil, and J. C. Patton (2005).
532:, are a migratory population of barren-ground caribou (
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The Beverly Caribou Herdâs headlong rush to extinction
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The Dolphin-Union caribou herd, locally known as the
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1341:
506:The major predator of barren-ground caribou is the
1222:
1256:Species at Risk in the Northwest Territories 2012
2498:
2322:Map of the Beverly and Qamanirjuaq caribou range
1451:Mallory, Conor D.; Boyce, Mark S. (2017-06-28).
1768:
733:). Banfield (1961) had extended the tiny, pale
1131:"Another caribou herd in steep decline: study"
1919:
557:), which are smaller in size and population.
517:
1450:
1411:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1102:
1100:
940:
938:
828:) in North America) and several subspecies.
1021:, Biodiversity Canada, 2010, archived from
725:(Labrador caribou), Newfoundland caribou (
665:DNA analysis shows that woodland caribou (
419:(sedges) and grasses along with twigs and
323:, in northern Alaska and in south-western
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2330:, a documentary on Barren-ground caribou
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1306:Dolphin and Union population in Canada"
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838:Caribou herds and populations in Canada
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458:2013, Regional biologist Mitch Campbell
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245:, which is subdivided into ecotypes:
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1082:. arctic-caribou.com. Archived from
932:Journal of Mammalogy 86(3): 495â505.
621:
49:Barren-ground caribou herd near the
1974:
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756:. Subspecies in North America are,
24:
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1388:www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca
570:In 2004 the Canadian Government's
396:, both the males and females have
25:
2548:
2300:
1180:George, Jane (30 November 2011),
595:
565:
487:, is a major food source for the
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945:Kavanagh, Maureen, ed. (2005) ,
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2379:Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus
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582:
534:Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus
359:), the Bluenose West herd, the
293:Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus
220:Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus
2093:doi:10.1101/2021.07.22.453386.
1107:Varga, Peter (14 March 2013),
1072:
1040:
1009:
997:
978:
855:
715:caribou, pearyi, groenlandicus
13:
1:
2260:
843:Reindeer hunting in Greenland
2013:10.1371/journal.pone.0150333
1880:10.1371/journal.pone.0172669
1796:10.1371/journal.pone.0127586
951:Canadian Wildlife Service/EC
848:
630:
7:
1053:. taiga.net. Archived from
994:February 22, 2016 Don Jaque
831:
704:
10:
2553:
2328:Caribou of Northern Canada
1302:and Barren-ground Caribou
863:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
521:
518:Dolphin-Union caribou herd
503:) of present-day Nunavut.
253:and mountain woodland; 2.
2347:
1645:Journal of Animal Ecology
1601:10.1007/s00300-017-2248-3
297:recent taxonomic revision
243:Rangifer tarandus caribou
240:
231:
216:
209:
87:Scientific classification
85:
65:
56:
48:
39:
34:
1300:Rangifer tarandus pearyi
894:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
867:explorer.natureserve.org
546:Dolphin and Union Strait
415:, but they also feed on
411:The main food source is
202:R. t. groenlandicus
2532:Endemic fauna of Canada
1666:10.1111/1365-2656.12466
1517:Ecological Applications
711:Rudolph Martin Anderson
675:Torontoceros hypogaeus
337:boreal woodland caribou
311:) that is found in the
2103:doi:10.1111/mec.15039.
1728:10.1093/jmammal/gyw177
1221:Mowat, Farley (2000).
947:"Hinterland Who's Who"
824:; and Arctic caribou,
729:and Osborn's caribou (
461:
390:
35:Barren-ground caribou
2517:Mammals of the Arctic
2307:Barren-ground Caribou
1457:Environmental Reviews
561:Environmental threats
524:Dolphin-Union caribou
450:
377:
321:Northwest Territories
289:barren-ground caribou
18:Barren-ground Caribou
2537:Mammals of Greenland
2312:Hinterland Who's Who
1715:Journal of Mammalogy
1470:10.1139/er-2017-0032
1229:. Steerforth Press.
820:; woodland caribou,
605:Effects on migration
495:bands living in the
386:Hinterland Who's Who
371:Range and population
2522:Arctic land animals
2292:Caribou of Keewatin
2004:2016PLoSO..1150333N
1871:2017PLoSO..1272669R
1787:2015PLoSO..1027586J
1657:2016JAnEc..85..445B
1593:2018PoBio..41..855M
1529:2017EcoAp..27.2061Z
1363:10.14430/arctic3331
1225:Walking on the Land
1080:"The caribou herds"
967:on 24 December 2013
810:R. t. platyrhynchus
770:R. t. groenlandicus
747:R. t. groenlandicus
485:Inuktitut syllabics
345:Baffin Island herds
307:(or the caribou in
295:; but subject to a
274:R. t. groenlandicus
269:R. t. groenlandicus
259:(extinct 1908); 3.
59:Conservation status
2272:2007-09-29 at the
1922:Biological Reviews
1546:20.500.11794/17064
990:2020-12-19 at the
784:; and in Eurasia,
512:Canis lupus arctos
327:. It includes the
251:migratory woodland
73:Apparently Secure
27:Subspecies of deer
2527:Mammals of Canada
2494:
2493:
2341:Taxon identifiers
1934:10.1111/brv.12305
1322:978-0-662-37375-9
1269:978-0-7708-0196-0
1137:, 1 December 2008
1025:on August 7, 2018
960:978-0-662-39659-8
754:Rangifer tarandus
727:R. t. terranovae)
622:Insect harassment
491:, especially the
479:, and written as
329:Porcupine caribou
285:
284:
80:
16:(Redirected from
2544:
2487:
2486:
2474:
2473:
2461:
2460:
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2447:
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2434:
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2178:
2169:
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2147:
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2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2075:
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2065:
2062:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2033:
2015:
1983:
1972:
1971:
1945:
1928:(3): 1720â1738.
1917:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1882:
1850:
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1816:
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1567:
1566:
1548:
1537:10.1002/eap.1590
1523:(7): 2061â2073.
1512:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1472:
1448:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1390:. Archived from
1379:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1348:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1310:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1272:, archived from
1261:
1250:
1241:
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1196:
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1192:
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1037:
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1030:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
982:
976:
975:
974:
972:
963:, archived from
942:
933:
926:
920:
919:
884:
878:
877:
875:
873:
859:
818:R. groenlandicus
798:R. t. phylarchus
794:R. t. valentinae
782:R. t. terranovae
459:
388:
365:Qamanirjuaq herd
236:
226:(Borowski, 1780)
222:
188:R. tarandus
95:
94:
74:
71:
70:
44:
32:
31:
21:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2497:
2496:
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2490:
2482:
2477:
2469:
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2456:
2451:
2443:
2438:
2430:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2404:
2399:
2391:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2343:
2303:
2274:Wayback Machine
2263:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2047:
1998:(4): e0150333.
1984:
1975:
1918:
1914:
1865:(3): e0172669.
1851:
1830:
1781:(6): e0127586.
1767:
1744:
1707:
1690:
1637:
1624:
1577:
1570:
1513:
1496:
1449:
1420:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1380:
1376:
1367:
1365:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1308:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1259:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1219:
1215:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1113:
1105:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1057:
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1045:
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1002:
998:
992:Wayback Machine
983:
979:
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968:
961:
943:
936:
927:
923:
908:
885:
881:
871:
869:
861:
860:
856:
851:
834:
806:R. t. sibiricus
790:R. t. buskensis
739:Rangifer granti
707:
695:R. a. fortidens
633:
624:
612:natural barrier
607:
598:
585:
572:Species at Risk
568:
563:
538:Victoria Island
526:
520:
497:Kivalliq Region
481:áášáááá˛áááŚáἠááá
460:
457:
446:Queen Maud Gulf
437:Victoria Island
431:and bird eggs.
427:, fish such as
389:
384:
373:
315:territories of
247:boreal woodland
227:
224:
218:
205:
191:
89:
81:
72:
68:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2519:
2514:
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2369:
2353:
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2319:
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2309:
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2301:External links
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1973:
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1742:
1688:
1651:(2): 445â456.
1622:
1587:(5): 855â864.
1568:
1494:
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1374:
1357:(4): 414â428,
1334:
1321:
1289:
1268:
1242:
1236:978-1586420246
1235:
1213:
1197:
1186:Nunatsiaq News
1172:
1162:, 20 June 2013
1147:
1122:
1096:
1071:
1060:on 9 June 2013
1039:
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977:
959:
934:
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906:
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853:
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850:
847:
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845:
840:
833:
830:
802:R. t. pearsoni
786:R. t. tarandus
743:R. ogilviensis
706:
703:
691:R. a. montanus
632:
629:
623:
620:
606:
603:
597:
596:Calving season
594:
584:
581:
576:climate change
567:
566:Climate change
564:
562:
559:
536:) that occupy
530:island caribou
522:Main article:
519:
516:
455:
440:Beverly herd.
382:
372:
369:
361:Porcupine herd
283:
282:
262:R. t. arcticus
238:
237:
229:
228:
225:
214:
213:
211:Trinomial name
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1721:(1): gyw177.
1720:
1716:
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1701:
1699:
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1684:
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1627:
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1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:Polar Biology
1575:
1573:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1507:
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1503:
1501:
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1466:
1462:
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1437:
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1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
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1423:
1414:
1408:
1394:on 2018-02-07
1393:
1389:
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1378:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1279:on 2015-09-24
1275:
1271:
1265:
1258:
1257:
1249:
1247:
1238:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1217:
1211:
1210:1-55325-035-4
1207:
1201:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1101:
1086:on 2012-01-06
1085:
1081:
1075:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1005:
1000:
993:
989:
986:
981:
966:
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952:
948:
941:
939:
931:
925:
917:
913:
909:
907:0-8018-8221-4
903:
899:
898:
893:
892:Wilson, D. E.
889:
883:
868:
864:
858:
854:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
829:
827:
823:
819:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:R. t. osborni
771:
767:
766:R. t. dawsoni
763:
762:R. t. caribou
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
731:R. t. osborni
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
702:
700:
699:R. a. osborni
696:
692:
688:
684:
678:
676:
672:
668:
663:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
628:
619:
617:
613:
602:
593:
591:
580:
577:
573:
558:
556:
552:
551:Peary caribou
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
525:
515:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
493:Caribou Inuit
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
454:
449:
447:
441:
438:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
401:
399:
395:
394:Peary caribou
387:
381:
376:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:Bathurst herd
346:
342:
338:
334:
331:of Yukon and
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:North America
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
281:
280:
275:
271:
270:
264:
263:
258:
257:
256:R. t. dawsoni
252:
248:
244:
239:
235:
230:
223:
221:
215:
212:
208:
204:
203:
198:
195:
194:
190:
189:
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159:
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155:
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139:
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119:
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64:
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55:
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38:
33:
30:
19:
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2327:
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2240:
2231:
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2203:
2194:
2185:
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2155:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2108:
2098:
2088:
2079:
2069:
2048:
1995:
1991:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1862:
1858:
1778:
1774:
1718:
1714:
1648:
1644:
1584:
1580:
1520:
1516:
1460:
1456:
1396:. Retrieved
1392:the original
1387:
1377:
1366:, retrieved
1354:
1350:
1337:
1326:, retrieved
1315:, May 2004,
1312:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1281:, retrieved
1274:the original
1255:
1224:
1216:
1200:
1189:, retrieved
1185:
1175:
1164:, retrieved
1159:
1150:
1139:, retrieved
1134:
1125:
1114:, retrieved
1109:
1088:. Retrieved
1084:the original
1074:
1062:. Retrieved
1055:the original
1042:
1034:
1027:, retrieved
1023:the original
1017:
1011:
999:
980:
969:, retrieved
965:the original
950:
929:
924:
896:
882:
870:. Retrieved
866:
857:
825:
821:
817:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:in Europe),
793:
789:
785:
781:
778:R. t. pearyi
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
758:R. t. caboti
757:
753:
751:
746:
742:
738:
737:(originally
734:
730:
726:
723:R. t. caboti
722:
718:
714:
708:
698:
694:
690:
687:R. a. stonei
686:
679:
674:
666:
664:
660:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:
625:
608:
599:
586:
583:Food sources
569:
555:R. t. pearyi
554:
540:in Canada's
533:
529:
527:
511:
505:
501:Barren Lands
500:
480:
468:
466:
462:
451:
442:
433:
410:
402:
391:
385:
378:
374:
353:Beverly herd
292:
288:
286:
279:R. t. pearyi
278:
273:
268:
266:
261:
255:
242:
219:
217:
201:
200:
196:Subspecies:
186:
174:
144:Artiodactyla
51:Thelon River
29:
2466:NatureServe
2427:iNaturalist
2373:Wikispecies
2267:NatureServe
1191:27 December
1166:27 December
1141:27 December
1116:27 December
1029:October 30,
971:21 December
826:R. arcticus
654:fossils in
542:High Arctic
508:Arctic wolf
473:Inuinnaqtun
429:Arctic char
164:Capreolinae
160:Subfamily:
77:NatureServe
2501:Categories
2261:References
1480:1807/79796
1398:2018-02-09
1368:31 October
1328:1 November
1283:31 October
1090:2008-01-16
1064:16 January
822:R. caribou
667:R. caribou
616:Indigenous
417:Cyperaceae
341:Ahiak herd
301:subspecies
2113:1946-1963
2022:1932-6203
1952:1469-185X
1889:1932-6203
1805:1932-6203
1737:0022-2372
1675:1365-2656
1609:0722-4060
1555:1939-5582
1489:1181-8700
1463:: 13â25.
888:Grubb, P.
849:Footnotes
631:Evolution
477:Inuktitut
421:mushrooms
392:Like the
357:Kugluktuk
325:Greenland
182:Species:
110:Kingdom:
104:Eukaryota
2512:Reindeer
2471:2.737205
2458:14200335
2364:Q1757636
2358:Wikidata
2270:Archived
2226:255-280.
2040:27045587
1992:PLOS ONE
1968:25453156
1960:27730713
1907:28328953
1859:PLOS ONE
1823:26061003
1775:PLOS ONE
1683:26529139
1617:13593141
1563:28653471
1407:cite web
1160:CBC News
988:Archived
916:62265494
890:(2005).
872:30 March
832:See also
792:(called
705:Taxonomy
683:Reindeer
671:Reindeer
652:Rangifer
648:Rangifer
644:Rangifer
640:Rangifer
636:Rangifer
456:â
453:recover.
425:lemmings
406:placenta
383:â
363:and the
319:and the
313:Canadian
305:reindeer
175:Rangifer
154:Cervidae
150:Family:
134:Mammalia
124:Chordata
120:Phylum:
114:Animalia
100:Domain:
2419:5220116
2406:1268552
2031:4821536
2000:Bibcode
1898:5362199
1867:Bibcode
1814:4464525
1783:Bibcode
1653:Bibcode
1589:Bibcode
1525:Bibcode
1313:COSEWIC
656:Eurasia
398:antlers
317:Nunavut
303:of the
299:) is a
170:Genus:
140:Order:
130:Class:
75: (
2445:898935
2432:238268
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1958:
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1351:Arctic
1319:
1266:
1253:GNWT,
1233:
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957:
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780:, and
735:granti
719:granti
590:lichen
413:lichen
351:, the
347:, the
343:, the
333:Alaska
2484:86328
2393:7L2T7
1964:S2CID
1613:S2CID
1347:(PDF)
1309:(PDF)
1277:(PDF)
1260:(PDF)
1058:(PDF)
1051:(PDF)
489:Inuit
469:tuktu
276:; 6.
272:; 5.
2479:NCBI
2440:ITIS
2414:GBIF
2280:ISBN
2036:PMID
2018:ISSN
1956:PMID
1948:ISSN
1903:PMID
1885:ISSN
1819:PMID
1801:ISSN
1733:ISSN
1679:PMID
1671:ISSN
1605:ISSN
1559:PMID
1551:ISSN
1485:ISSN
1413:link
1370:2014
1330:2014
1317:ISBN
1285:2014
1264:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1193:2013
1168:2013
1143:2013
1118:2013
1066:2008
1031:2017
973:2013
955:ISBN
912:OCLC
902:ISBN
874:2022
808:and
717:and
697:and
287:The
2453:MSW
2401:EoL
2388:CoL
2026:PMC
2008:doi
1938:hdl
1930:doi
1893:PMC
1875:doi
1809:PMC
1791:doi
1723:doi
1661:doi
1597:doi
1541:hdl
1533:doi
1475:hdl
1465:doi
1359:doi
1135:CBC
483:in
471:in
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