547:
Yukon, Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in, Inuvialuit Game
Council, the Government of the Northwest Territories and the Government of Canada. The PCMB publish an annual Porcupine Caribou Harvest Report. In their February 2018 report they recorded that a 2017 photocensus (survey) estimated a mean of 218,457 caribou (95% CI = 202,106 to 234,808) caribou, indicative of an increasing trend from 2010 to 2017, from 169,000 to about 218,000. On July 17, 1987, the United States and the Canadian governments signed the "Agreement on the Conservation of the Porcupine Caribou Herd," a treaty designed to protect the subspecies from damage to its habitat and migration routes. Both the
604:
to industrial development shift away from the pipelines and roads." The passage of the provision opening ANWR's 1002 to oil and gas drilling is considered to be a threat. In 2001, some biologists feared development in the Refuge would "push caribou into the foothills, where calves would be more prone to predation." In their 2005 report, Russell and McNeil reiterated concerns that new calving areas would make the herd more vulnerable, as area 1002 provides a much higher quality of diet conditions than the alternatives in Canada.
217:
752:
56:
655:
519:
697:
31:
487:
759:
757:
755:
753:
758:
756:
797:
In 2001, proponents of the development of the oil fields at
Prudhoe Bay and Kuparuk, which would be approximately 60 miles (97 km) west of the refuge, argued that the Central Arctic caribou herd had increased its numbers "in spite of several hundred miles of gravel roads and more than a thousand
529:
Most
Porcupine caribou calves are born in the first week of June and they are at their most vulnerable from their primary predators on the calving ground—golden eagles, grizzly bears and wolves—during the first three weeks when they are dependent on milk from their mothers. About one quarter of them
603:
Climate change and the increased frequency of extreme weather events, such as unprecedented late slow melting, negatively affect the
Porcupine herd. As a result there was "very high early calf mortality." The primary predators for calves are golden eagles, grizzly bears and wolves. "Caribou exposed
1108:
Richardson J (1829) Fauna boreali-americana; or, the zoology of the northern parts of
British America; containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expeditions, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. Vol. 1 Quadrupeds, John Murray, London,
1061:
Yannic G, Pellissier L, Ortego J, Lecomte N, Couturier S, Cuyler C, Dussault C, Hundertmark KJ, Irvine RJ, Jenkins DA, Kolpashikov L, Mager K, Musiani M, Parker KL, Røed KH, Sipko T, Þórisson SG, V.Weckworth B, Guisan A, Bernatchez L, Côté SD (2013) Genetic diversity in caribou linked to past and
774:
protects a portion of the calving grounds of the
Porcupine herd and restricts the number of people who may visit annually. During the calving in May, caribou are at their most vulnerable. Caribou management calls for preservation of calving grounds. Large portions of the calving grounds have been
546:
cooperatively manage the
Porcupine herd. The Porcupine Caribou Management Board (PCMB) advisory board was established under the Porcupine Caribou Management Agreement in 1985, whose members include representatives from the Gwich'in Tribal Council, Na-cho Nyäk Dün, Vuntut Gwitchin, Government of
555:
border the ANWR. The treaty required an impact assessment and required that where activity in one country is "likely to cause significant long-term adverse impact on the
Porcupine Caribou Herd or its habitat, the other Party will be notified and given an opportunity to consult prior to final
312:, which runs through a large part of the range of the Porcupine herd. Though numbers fluctuate, the herd comprises about 218,000 animals (based on a July 2017 photocensus). They migrate over 1,500 mi (2,400 km) a year between their winter range and calving grounds at the
351:
By July 2017, the
Porcupine herd had reached a record high of about 202,000 to 235,000 animals. Sixteen years earlier, in 2001 the same herd was only half as large. While other barren-ground caribou herds have declined by 90%, the Porcupine herd has remained relatively stable.
728:
criticized the
Republican effort. Since 1977 area 1002, which encompasses much of the Porcupine caribou calving grounds, has been a topic of controversy. The 1,500,000 acres (6,100 km) subsection on the coastal plain, known as the "1002 area" is located between the
569:"We might have just recorded the largest number for this herd since modern scientific monitoring started in the 1970s... Given the state of caribou worldwide right now, it's a positive, shining light in the caribou world — that there are some herds that are doing well."
802:
The 1002 coastal plain provides calving habitat for nearly five times as large as the central Arctic herd, in an area one-fifth as big. Some biologists fear development here could push caribou into the foothills, where calves would be more prone to
498:
after which they are named, to "the river valleys and slopes in the Ogilvie and Richardson Mountains in the Yukon and the southern Brooks Range in Alaska." The calving area is located on 1.5 million acres (0.61 million ha) in the
514:
In the spring the pregnant cows move "northeast from the Alaskan winter ranges or north and northwest from the Canadian winter ranges. If snowmelt is early, they will then move westward along the north slope of the Brooks Range into Alaska."
452:, in Wilson and Mittermeier 2011). Caribou geneticists agree that Alaska/Yukon migratory barren-ground and Canadian barren-ground caribou are barely distinguishable (e.g., Cronin et al. 2005; Yannic et al. 2013). Further history of the name
423:
to all the caribou in Alaska and some in Yukon, thus greatly expanding its range. Subsequently, taxonomists comparing Alaskan or Yukon migratory barren-ground caribou with those of mainland Canada labelled their Alaska/Yukon samples as
316:, the longest land migration route of any land mammal on Earth. Their range spans the Alaska-Yukon border and is a valued resource cooperatively managed by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Canadian wildlife agencies and local
754:
530:
die during this period. Their 1,500-mile (2,400 km) annual land migration between their winter range in the boreal forests of Alaska and Yukon over the mountains to the coastal plain and their calving grounds on the
1071:
Mager KH, Colson KE, Groves P, Hundertmark KJ (2014) Population structure over a broad spatial scale driven by nonanthropogenic factors in a wide-ranging migratory mammal, Alaskan caribou. Molecular Ecology 23:
591:
According to an aerial count reported in July 2017, the size of the Porcupine herd had increased to "between 202,000 and 235,000 animals, nearly twice the number of animals recorded at a low point in 2001.
583:
species, subspecies and their ecotypes, the Porcupine herd is stable at relatively high numbers. Some barren-ground caribou herds have "declined more than 90 per cent from historic averages", causing the
970:
Millais JG (1915) The caribou. In: Carruthers D, Millais JG, Byl PBVD, Wallace HF, Kennion L-CRL, Barklay FG (Eds) The Gun at Home and Abroad. London & Counties Press Association Ltd., London, U.K.,
1546:
1090:
Yannic G, Ortego J, Pellissier L, Lecomte N, Bernatchez L, Côté SD (2018) Linking genetic and ecological differentiation in an ungulate with a circumpolar distribution. Ecography 41: 922-937.
724:
to oil and gas drilling. Opening the Arctic Refuge to drilling "unleashed a torrent of opposition from conservationists and scientists." Democrats and environmentalist groups such as the
595:
A previous peak population occurred in 1989 with 178,000 animals and was followed by a decline by 2001 to 123,000. A recovery was observed in 2010 with an increase to 169,000 animals.
1413:
463:
In a stunning sequel, caribou geneticists discovered that caribou still living at the western end of the Alaskan Peninsula and nearby islands—which contains the type locality of
1052:
Cronin MA, MacNeil MD, Patton JC (2005) Variation in mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite DNA in caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in North America. Journal of Mammalogy 86: 495-505.
1043:
Mattioli S (2011) Family Cervidae: Deer. In: Wilson DE, Mittermeier RA (Eds) Handbook of the mammals of the world 2 Hoofed mammals. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain, 350-443.
332:
people, who traditionally built their communities to align with the caribou's migration patterns. They are also routinely hunted by other indigenous peoples, including the
432:
after Banfield's (1961) name change. Because Geist (1998), and others, could find no morphological features to distinguish Alaskan from Canadian barren-ground caribou,
467:
Allen 1902—are genetically distinct from, and do not interbreed with, nearby forms of caribou. Its range encompasses the type locality designated by Allen 1902. Thus,
1025:
Banfield AWF (1961) A revision of the reindeer and caribou, genus Rangifer. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 177, Biological Series No. 66, Ottawa, Ontario, 137 pp.
585:
403:
Grant's caribou was described as a small, pale form occupying a limited range at the west end of the Alaska Peninsula and nearby islands. Originally described as
1081:
Colson KE, Mager KH, Hundertmark KJ (2014) Reindeer introgression and the population genetics of caribou in southwestern Alaska. Journal of Heredity 105: 585-596
1099:
Harding LE (2022) Available names for Rangifer (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Cervidae) species and subspecies. ZooKeys 1119: 117-151. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1119.80233.
1165:
1266:
989:
Osgood WH (1909) Biological investigations in Alaska and Yukon Territory. US Department of Agriculture Biological survey of North American fauna 1: 1-285.
1550:
737:. The plain "stretches west from the Yukon border more than a hundred miles, a flat expanse of tundra laced with tussock wetlands and braided rivers."
1200:"The role of harvest, predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild reindeer herd with some lessons for North America"
556:
decision". This focus on the Porcupine caribou led to the animal becoming a visual rhetoric or symbol of the drilling issue much in the same way the
1434:
1007:
Anderson RM (1946) Catalogue of Canadian Recent mammals. National Museum of Canada Bulletin No. 102, Biological Series 31, Ottawa, Ontario, 238 pp.
224:
Approximate range of Porcupine caribou in yellow. Overlap with other subspecies of caribou is possible for contiguous range. 1. Woodland caribou (
1459:
690:
411:
because its size and form were closer to the barren-ground type than to the larger, darker montane forms in Alaska. When Banfield revised the
1713:
1479:
998:
Murie OJ (1935) Alaska-Yukon caribou. Vol. 54, United States Department of Agriculture Bureau of Biological Survey, Washington D.C., 93 pp.
798:
miles of elevated pipe." However, the Central Arctic herd is much smaller than the Porcupine herd and has a range that is much larger.
1288:"Agreement Between the Government of the United States and the government of Canada on the Conservation of the Porcupine Caribou Herd"
1312:
Agreement Between the Government of the United States and the government of Canada on the Conservation of the Porcupine Caribou Herd
1674:
1700:
835:
792:
1034:
Geist V (1998) Deer of the world: their evolution, behavior, and ecology. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, 421 pp.
725:
471:
was rediscovered in its original, limited range and its type species in the American Museum of Natural History remains valid.
1705:
1496:
980:
Allen JA (1902) A new caribou from the Alaska Peninsula. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History XVI: 119-127
1665:
1386:
823:
649:
612:
The Porcupine caribou are a valued resource as primary sustenance to indigenous peoples in Alaska and northern Canada.
392:
Millais, 1915 after the Ogilvie Mountains, part of its Yukon winter range. It has also been known as Grant's caribou (
914:
764:
1016:
Youngman PM (1975) Mammals of the Yukon Territory. National Museum of Canada, Publications in Zoology No. 10, 192 pp
904:
662:
The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) covers 19 million acres (7.7 million ha) of the northern
1718:
776:
721:
508:
237:
1173:
704:
with The National Petroleum Reserve to the West, the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge with area 1002 to the east.
1133:
956:
939:
709:
1547:"Potential Oil Production from the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Updated Assessment"
205:
1340:
1381:
1602:
1311:
940:"Variation in Mitochondrial DNA and Microsatellite DNA in Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in North America"
574:
Mike Suitor, regional biologist, North Yukon Region with Environment Yukon, Dawson City. 2018. CBC News
233:
870:
55:
679:
1287:
1577:
896:
624:
people traditionally built their communities to align with the caribou's migration patterns. The
617:
325:
229:
1515:
1627:
686:
182:
1572:
1525:
1520:
845:
771:
746:
548:
494:
The Porcupine herd range covers 1,500 mi (2,400 km), from the calving grounds, the
381:
373:
298:
250:
1731:
1316:
780:
552:
8:
675:
1464:
1418:
1273:
701:
543:
317:
50:
1754:
1726:
1249:
920:
910:
637:
345:
1326:"Cox, R. Environmental Communication and the Public Sphere, 2013, Sage Publications"
1139:(Report) (2 ed.). Whitehorse, Yukon: Porcupine Caribou Management Board (PCMB).
474:
A recent revision returns the Porcupine and other herds of barren-ground caribou to
1221:
1211:
951:
840:
1062:
future climate change. Nature Climate Change 4: 132-137. doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE2074.
1607:
500:
495:
309:
308:
Migratory caribou herds are named after their calving grounds, in this case the
1306:
625:
333:
216:
1460:"At Stake in Arctic Refuge Drilling Vote: Money, Wilderness and a Way of Life"
542:
The Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Canadian wildlife agencies, and local
1748:
1650:
1390:
900:
829:
621:
329:
260:
1216:
1199:
924:
633:
341:
1414:"12 House Republicans Urge Congress to Cut ANWR Oil Drilling from Tax Bill"
1356:'It's a positive, shining light in the caribou world,' says Yukon biologist
734:
730:
671:
667:
531:
504:
313:
654:
1687:
1659:
511:. The area runs through a large part of the range of the Porcupine herd.
428:. Youngman (1975) re-assigned it to Canada/Alaska barren-ground caribou,
127:
107:
1612:
613:
321:
1679:
1267:"Porcupine Caribou Harvest Management Plan Annual Harvest Meeting 2018"
682:
629:
557:
337:
282:
1692:
1226:
518:
1435:"Tax Bill Opens Arctic Refuge for Oil, But Years of Delay May Follow"
67:
1621:
1644:
875:, Press release, Juneau, Alaska: Alaska Department of Fish and Game
713:
457:
286:
151:
137:
87:
1384:. "Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act". Fws.gov <
938:
Cronin, Matthew A.; Macneil, Michael D.; Patton, John C. (2005).
906:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
522:
361:
278:
490:
Boundary of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in yellow
1480:
Senate May Approve Drilling In Alaskan Wilderness With Tax Bill
909:(3rd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
663:
377:
365:
302:
290:
97:
77:
43:
407:(Allen, 1902), it was brought under barren-ground caribou as
369:
294:
696:
1261:
1259:
1241:
1197:
716:, into law. The Act contains provisions that would open 1.5
534:
coastal plain, is the longest of any land mammal on earth.
117:
1367:
Burger, Joel. "Adequate science: Alaska's Arctic refuge".
598:
486:
30:
957:
10.1644/1545-1542(2005)86[495:VIMDAM]2.0.CO;2
1256:
779:
in Alaska, United States, and Ivvavik National Park and
708:
On December 22, 2017, President Donald Trump signed the
586:
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada
1280:
436:
was not accepted in the authoritative reference work,
640:
also hunt caribou from this herd on a regular basis.
360:
The Porcupine caribou is a herd of the barren-ground
1516:"For 30 Years, a Political Battle Over Oil and ANWR"
1198:
Kolpashikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. (2014).
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1341:"Porcupine caribou numbers 'highest ever recorded'"
937:
712:, a provision that opened the 1002 area of ANWR to
195:pearyi, fortidens, montanus, osborni, stonei,
170:pearyi, fortidens, montanus, osborni, stonei,
643:
1497:"The ANWR Drilling Rights in the Tax-Reform Bill"
1334:
1332:
1141:This report includes detailed maps of the region.
1112:
1746:
1507:
444:in Wilson and Reeder 2005) and its replacement,
320:. The caribou are the primary sustenance of the
1433:Natter, Ari; Dlouhy, Jennifer A. (2017-12-19).
691:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
415:genus, bringing all reindeer and caribou under
1608:Arctic Refuge Caribou Alaska Fish and Wildlife
1570:
1329:
1193:
1191:
786:
380:. It is included in the subspecies called the
1451:
1131:
507:known as the 1002 area, which is part of the
1432:
1405:
1134:Summer Ecology of the Porcupine Caribou Herd
1302:
1300:
1188:
1571:Smithson, Brandi; Jjumba, Anthony (2006),
1495:Solomon, Christopher (November 16, 2017).
1490:
1488:
1132:Russell, Don E.; McNeil, P. (March 2005).
215:
29:
1246:Porcupine Caribou Management Board (PCMB)
1225:
1215:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
955:
560:has become the symbol of global warming.
388:). The Porcupine caribou was first named
1564:
1514:Shogren, Elizabeth (November 10, 2005).
1457:
1411:
1297:
1163:
868:
864:
862:
860:
750:
740:
695:
685:in the United States and was created by
653:
517:
485:
1573:"Threats to the Porcupine Caribou Herd"
1513:
1494:
1485:
1458:Shankman, Sabrina (November 16, 2017).
836:Caribou herds and populations in Canada
793:Caribou herds and populations in Canada
666:coast, in northeast Alaska between the
599:Potential threats to the Porcupine herd
1747:
1472:
1412:Shankman, Sabrina (December 2, 2017).
1144:
891:
889:
228:), which is subdivided into ecotypes:
1626:
1625:
1539:
1338:
931:
895:
857:
607:
446:Handbook of the mammals of the World
1339:Morin, Philippe (January 4, 2018).
886:
872:Porcupine Caribou Herd shows growth
658:Caribou in the western Brooks range
13:
1603:Porcupine Caribou Management Board
824:Arctic Refuge drilling controversy
650:Arctic Refuge drilling controversy
14:
1766:
1596:
1164:Mitchell, John (August 1, 2001).
765:Becharof National Wildlife Refuge
1582:, Atlas of the Porcupine Caribou
54:
1426:
1374:
1361:
1320:
1234:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1065:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1019:
869:Campbell, Cora (2 March 2011),
777:Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
722:Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
678:to the west. It is the largest
644:Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
588:(COSEWIC), to sound the alarm.
509:Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
1010:
1001:
992:
983:
974:
964:
763:Video of Porcupine caribou in
438:Mammalian Species of the World
419:, he gave the subspecies name
281:of barren-ground caribou, the
1:
1402:>. Retrieved on 2008-8-10.
851:
710:Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
537:
563:
7:
817:
787:Central Arctic caribou herd
525:calving grounds, 1983–2001
355:
275:(Rangifer tarandus arcticus
192:Rangifer arcticus arcticus,
10:
1771:
1482:, NPR (November 18, 2017).
1387:"ANILCA Table of Contents"
790:
744:
647:
1634:
1166:"Oil Field or Sanctuary?"
430:R. tarandus groenlandicus
386:R. tarandus groenlandicus
223:
214:
188:
181:
51:Scientific classification
49:
37:
28:
23:
1666:Rangifer tarandus granti
1636:Rangifer tarandus granti
1549:. US DOE. Archived from
903:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
481:
38:Male Porcupine caribou (
1578:Simon Fraser University
1217:10.5751/ES-07129-200109
815:
768:
705:
659:
577:
526:
503:coastal region of the
491:
1526:All Things Considered
846:Reindeer distribution
800:
772:Ivvavik National Park
762:
747:Ivvavik National Park
741:Ivvavik National Park
720:million acres in the
699:
657:
567:
549:Ivvavik National Park
521:
489:
382:barren-ground caribou
374:Northwest Territories
368:, United States, and
299:Northwest Territories
293:, United States, and
1369:Conservation Biology
1315:New York: UNU. 1987.
1276:. February 14, 2018.
944:Journal of Mammalogy
781:Vuntut National Park
714:oil and gas drilling
553:Vuntut National Park
476:R. arcticus arcticus
390:Rangifer ogilviensis
289:or caribou found in
166:R. a. arcticus,
1204:Ecology and Society
1170:National Geographic
810:National Geographic
252:R. t. groenlandicus
1465:InsideClimate News
1419:InsideClimate News
1274:Dawson City, Yukon
1176:on January 5, 2008
783:in Yukon, Canada.
769:
726:Wilderness Society
706:
702:Alaska North Slope
660:
608:Indigenous peoples
579:Unlike many other
544:aboriginal peoples
527:
492:
409:R. arcticus granti
318:aboriginal peoples
24:Porcupine caribou
16:Subspecies of deer
1742:
1741:
1727:Open Tree of Life
1628:Taxon identifiers
1293:. New York. 1987.
1250:Whitehorse, Yukon
775:protected in the
760:
674:to the south and
638:Northern Tutchone
478:Richardson 1829.
417:Rangifer tarandus
346:Northern Tutchone
272:Porcupine caribou
268:
267:
236:and mountain, 2.
226:Rangifer caribou
197:dawsoni (extinct)
172:dawsoni (extinct)
1762:
1735:
1734:
1722:
1721:
1709:
1708:
1696:
1695:
1683:
1682:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1623:
1622:
1591:
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1562:
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1559:
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1504:
1492:
1483:
1476:
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1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1389:. Archived from
1378:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1336:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1219:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1172:. Archived from
1161:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1129:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1053:
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1044:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1005:
999:
996:
990:
987:
981:
978:
972:
968:
962:
961:
959:
935:
929:
928:
893:
884:
883:
882:
880:
866:
841:Jonathon Solomon
813:
761:
719:
575:
242:(extinct 1908),
219:
200:
152:R. arcticus
59:
58:
33:
21:
20:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1730:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1630:
1599:
1594:
1585:
1583:
1569:
1565:
1556:
1554:
1553:on 3 April 2009
1545:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1512:
1508:
1493:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1441:
1431:
1427:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1380:United States.
1379:
1375:
1366:
1362:
1349:
1347:
1337:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1269:
1265:
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1196:
1189:
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751:
749:
743:
717:
652:
646:
610:
601:
576:
573:
566:
540:
501:Porcupine River
496:Porcupine River
484:
465:Rangifer granti
405:Rangifer granti
358:
310:Porcupine River
277:) is a herd or
209:
203:
190:
177:
155:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1768:
1758:
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1697:
1684:
1671:
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1610:
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1598:
1597:External links
1595:
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1506:
1484:
1478:Scott Detrow,
1471:
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1307:United Nations
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950:(3): 495–505.
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833:
826:
819:
816:
805:
791:Main article:
788:
785:
745:Main article:
742:
739:
670:to the north,
648:Main article:
645:
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609:
606:
600:
597:
571:
565:
562:
539:
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483:
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357:
354:
266:
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257:R. a. arcticus
246:R. a. arcticus
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186:
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183:Trinomial name
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40:R. a. arcticus
35:
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2:
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1615:Being Caribou
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1439:Bloomberg L.P
1436:
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1408:
1393:on 2008-08-28
1392:
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1382:96th Congress
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830:Being Caribou
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582:
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396:subsequently
395:
394:R. a. granti;
391:
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239:R. a. dawsoni
235:
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57:
52:
48:
45:
42:) grazing in
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1635:
1614:
1584:, retrieved
1576:
1566:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:the original
1541:
1529:. Retrieved
1519:
1509:
1500:
1474:
1463:
1453:
1442:. Retrieved
1438:
1428:
1417:
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1391:the original
1376:
1371:15 (2): 539.
1368:
1363:
1355:
1348:. Retrieved
1344:
1322:
1310:
1282:
1245:
1236:
1207:
1203:
1178:. Retrieved
1174:the original
1169:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1067:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1012:
1003:
994:
985:
976:
966:
947:
943:
933:
905:
877:, retrieved
871:
828:
809:
801:
796:
770:
735:Beaufort Sea
731:Brooks Range
707:
672:Brooks Range
668:Beaufort Sea
661:
611:
602:
594:
590:
580:
578:
568:
541:
532:Beaufort Sea
528:
513:
505:Beaufort Sea
493:
475:
473:
469:R. a. granti
468:
464:
462:
456:is given in
453:
449:
445:
442:Artiodactyla
441:
437:
433:
429:
426:R. t. granti
425:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
402:
398:R. t. granti
397:
393:
389:
385:
359:
350:
314:Beaufort Sea
307:
274:
271:
269:
262:R. a. pearyi
261:
256:
251:
245:
243:
238:
225:
202:
198:
194:
191:
189:
174:
173:
169:
165:
164:
160:Subspecies:
150:
138:
108:Artiodactyla
39:
18:
1688:iNaturalist
1660:Wikispecies
676:Prudhoe Bay
448:(Mattioli,
128:Capreolinae
124:Subfamily:
1557:2009-03-14
1444:2017-12-20
1397:2008-08-28
1227:10535/9749
879:27 January
852:References
689:under the
683:wilderness
630:Inuvialuit
558:polar bear
538:Management
338:Inuvialuit
283:subspecies
206:Richardson
1617:at NFB.ca
1586:March 21,
1531:March 21,
1350:March 21,
1180:March 21,
1072:6045-6057
897:Grubb, P.
808:Mitchell
803:predation
693:of 1980.
680:protected
564:Herd size
364:found in
234:migratory
146:Species:
74:Kingdom:
68:Eukaryota
1755:Reindeer
1749:Category
1645:Wikidata
1345:CBC News
971:255-280.
925:62265494
899:(2005).
818:See also
806:—
767:, Alaska
733:and the
687:Congress
636:and the
614:Gwichʼin
581:Rangifer
572:—
458:Reindeer
450:Cervidae
440:(Grubb,
413:Rangifer
372:and the
356:Taxonomy
344:and the
322:Gwichʼin
297:and the
287:reindeer
139:Rangifer
118:Cervidae
114:Family:
98:Mammalia
88:Chordata
84:Phylum:
78:Animalia
64:Domain:
1680:5220119
1651:Q786652
1501:Outside
1242:"About"
664:Alaskan
626:Inupiat
523:Caribou
362:caribou
334:Inupiat
285:of the
279:ecotype
134:Genus:
104:Order:
94:Class:
1732:333726
1719:191431
1706:666752
1693:489519
1613:Watch
923:
913:
718:
632:, the
628:, the
454:granti
434:granti
421:granti
378:Canada
366:Alaska
340:, the
336:, the
303:Canada
291:Alaska
230:boreal
208:, 1829
44:Alaska
1580:(SFU)
1291:(PDF)
1270:(PDF)
1137:(PDF)
482:Range
370:Yukon
295:Yukon
259:, 6.
255:, 5.
249:, 4.
1714:NCBI
1701:ITIS
1675:GBIF
1588:2018
1533:2018
1352:2018
1182:2018
921:OCLC
911:ISBN
881:2014
812:2001
700:The
616:, a
551:and
324:, a
270:The
1521:NPR
1222:hdl
1212:doi
952:doi
634:Hän
400:).
342:Hän
244:3.
1751::
1729::
1716::
1703::
1690::
1677::
1662::
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1575:,
1524:.
1518:.
1499:.
1487:^
1462:.
1437:.
1416:.
1354:.
1343:.
1331:^
1309:.
1299:^
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1248:.
1244:.
1220:.
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1190:^
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1422:.
1400:.
1252:.
1230:.
1224::
1214::
1184:.
960:.
954::
927:.
620:/
384:(
328:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
