468:. He suggested that content discrimination should not always trigger strict scrutiny. Instead, the Court should consider "First Amendment values," applying strict scrutiny in cases involving "political speech, public forums, and the expression of all viewpoints on any given issue," but use a less strict standard when a case, as here, "primarily involves commercial regulation—namely, debt collection." In Breyer's view, courts should not "use the First Amendment in a way that would threaten the workings of ordinary regulatory programs posing little threat to the free marketplace of ideas."
31:
374:. There, the Fourth Circuit vacated the District Court's ruling and remanded the case for further review. The Fourth agreed in the District Court's concept that there was a rationale to apply the strict scrutiny test for the government-debt speech exemption, but ruled that the District Court's application of the test was incorrect, given the nature of the TCPA was meant to be prohibitive. The Fourth Circuit also found that the amendment was
315:, an industry trade group, and others that desired to use robocalls to make political ads, challenging the exemption unconstitutionally favored debt collection speech over political speech. The Supreme Court, in a complex plurality decision, ruled on July 6, 2020, that the 2015 amendment to the TCPA did unconstitutionally favor debt collection speech over political speech and violated the First Amendment.
355:, such as those that run polls, have generally been adverse to robocall restrictions as it limits their ability to get their message out and to measure how well a candidate is performing in informal surveys, which they feel is an important part of the election process. After the 2015 Bipartisan Budget Bill was passed, a group of advocacy groups filed suit in the
327:(TCPA) was enacted to help consumers deal with growing amounts of unsolicited advertising and messaging they were receiving by telephone systems. One provision was to prohibit the use of any automated call system to contact consumers on a manner which they may be charged for the call, such as on cell phones, without the consumer's prior consent, as outlined at
363:. The groups' tactic was aimed at trying to invalidate § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii) as a whole, and not just the new amendment, by showing that the limitations it placed as a whole were content-based distriction. The District Court granted summary judgement for the government asserting that while there was speech discrimination, it met the basis of
394:
The
Supreme Court issued its ruling on July 6, 2020. The Court affirmed the Fourth Circuit's decision in that the 2015 amendment, in that its exception for the government-debt clause violated the First Amendment, and because the amendment was severable from the rest of the TCPA, invalidated only that
483:
Seven justices followed
Kavanaugh's severability analysis, and would preserve most of the TCPA. Kavanaugh's opinion noted that the TCPA has an express severability clause. Even without this clause, the Court should apply the "presumption of severability" and allow as much of the statute to stand as
500:
stated on
Twitter "...the FCC does not construe the flushing of a toilet immediately after counsel said "what the FCC has said" to reflect a substantive judgment of the Supreme Court, or of any Justice thereof, regarding an agency determination." Though it is not known for certain where the toilet
4842:
1574:
348:
In 2015, Congress passed the
Bipartisan Budget Bill as part of its normal appropriations process. It included a brief amendment to the TCPA that made an exemption to § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii) to allow for automated calls related to debts owned to the federal government.
4810:
4898:
4565:
1964:
2166:
1163:
4890:
1243:
6331:
3614:
6464:
1598:
5917:
4962:
386:
The government asked the
Supreme Court to hear the case, and the Supreme Court granted the petition in January 2020. Oral arguments were heard on May 6, 2020, part of the block of cases that were held via teleconference due to the
391:. Oral arguments focused on how the strict scrutiny tests should apply to the 2015 amendment, and whether that amendment was severable from the entire TCPA, questions that had been brought up from the Fourth Circuit's decision.
484:
possible. As
Kavanaugh wrote, "constitutional litigation is not a game of gotcha against Congress, where litigants can ride a discrete constitutional flaw in a statute to take down the whole, otherwise constitutional statute."
4954:
3622:
2020:
1641:
1251:
1064:
1131:
1684:
487:
Justices
Gorsuch dissented from this part of the ruling, joined by Justice Thomas. These justices would issue an injunction preventing enforcement of the TCPA, allowing political robocalls to go out to cellphones.
1558:
4882:
3820:
4360:
4456:
4312:
2028:
1767:
1203:
1219:
446:
would have gone further than the plurality and argued that the TCPA's entire robocall restriction is a content-based restriction that fails strict scrutiny and thus could not be constitutionally enforced.
6224:
3452:
2052:
6432:
4922:
3868:
6216:
4778:
5749:
5065:
4794:
4581:
2821:
5089:
4834:
3788:
2845:
6299:
5049:
4698:
3606:
356:
1267:
4802:
4786:
3092:
2226:
1040:
4906:
4557:
3836:
3828:
3598:
6384:
6240:
4754:
4722:
4658:
4541:
3919:
3703:
1775:
1582:
1299:
1972:
2941:
4626:
3756:
6517:
6283:
4770:
2202:
1235:
1107:
6291:
6200:
4946:
4384:
4368:
4221:
4213:
3711:
1491:
5909:
5201:
1916:
4858:
4762:
4296:
3695:
3288:
1614:
5802:
4153:
3719:
1283:
5463:
3876:
3780:
3460:
2917:
2579:
2060:
5482:
3992:
3984:
422:. Kavanaugh agreed with the Fourth Circuit's reasoning that the 2015 amendment was a content-based restriction that should be judged by strict scrutiny, as per
4746:
4573:
4023:
3248:
2414:
1155:
695:
5834:
5514:
5121:
5105:
1657:
1331:
963:
674:
531:
371:
79:
6424:
6315:
5826:
5388:
5284:
4714:
2246:
1499:
1195:
6376:
6275:
6051:
5629:
4826:
4666:
4304:
3952:
2255:
1751:
1211:
359:
in May 2016, challenging that that new amendment was unconstitutional as it created a content-based form of discrimination on speech in violation of the
6522:
4485:
4352:
4145:
3663:
2885:
2121:
2044:
1339:
1227:
6456:
6323:
5137:
5057:
4128:
3590:
3508:
979:
904:
360:
278:
4197:
3927:
3256:
1440:
1187:
1171:
1011:
6103:
5858:
5209:
2174:
1606:
642:
5436:
4738:
3364:
1032:
476:
With a majority of justices agreed that the debt-collection amendment was unconstitutional, the question arose whether the amendment could be
5653:
4618:
3892:
2853:
1291:
312:
345:(FCC) was authorized to oversee and fine those that misuse this provision, as well as giving states powers to seek civil remedies in court.
6143:
6059:
5741:
5308:
4084:
3468:
3155:
2965:
496:
The case was also brought to international media attention after a toilet was heard being flushed during oral arguments. The FCC chairman
5952:
5490:
5343:
4850:
2973:
2068:
1464:
1456:
403:
The 6–3 decision was complex. Six justices agreed that the government-debt amendment, or the entire TCPA, violated the First
Amendment.
6512:
4938:
4674:
4047:
3852:
3844:
2909:
2901:
2893:
955:
5645:
5547:
5041:
3968:
3796:
3444:
2805:
2773:
2129:
1347:
1179:
324:
308:
282:
157:
3500:
2669:
1649:
1515:
895:
6507:
5925:
5193:
5113:
4978:
4818:
3671:
2869:
6356:
5404:
5129:
5097:
5081:
4589:
4189:
4137:
4116:
3655:
2877:
2300:
1844:
5960:
5292:
5022:
4336:
4205:
3553:
2837:
1988:
1507:
1048:
6307:
5169:
5153:
4416:
4245:
4173:
2319:
2092:
1531:
1472:
311:(TCPA), but which exemptions had been made by a 2015 amendment for government debt collection. The case was brought by the
6084:
6256:
6005:
5621:
4874:
3772:
3687:
3630:
3100:
2210:
1400:
802:
586:
462:, dissented, stating that strict scrutiny was not the correct standard to use. Justice Breyer disagreed with language in
5874:
5371:
3812:
3051:
2158:
1700:
1590:
1056:
480:
from the rest of the TCPA, or whether the whole law was invalid. The Court ruled 7–2 that the amendment was severable.
329:
296:
35:
435:
wrote in concurrence. She too would invalidate the government-debt amendment, but stated that the amendment failed on
6408:
5637:
4448:
3976:
3804:
3317:
3018:
2829:
2504:
2193:
342:
6208:
5893:
5073:
4866:
4181:
3428:
2933:
1743:
260:
Breyer (concurring in the judgment with respect to severability and dissenting in part), joined by
Ginsburg, Kagan
5866:
5455:
4914:
4264:
4092:
2981:
2797:
2709:
2350:
507:
alleged it came from
Justice Breyer's microphone due to a history of technical difficulties with Zoom from him.
6480:
5794:
5786:
5717:
5688:
4642:
4517:
4392:
3195:
2547:
2480:
2084:
2012:
1376:
1072:
775:
6248:
5225:
4730:
4682:
4525:
4408:
4108:
4015:
3232:
3059:
1115:
987:
614:
558:
6127:
5613:
5268:
3436:
3333:
3224:
3187:
2466:
2036:
888:
63:
6368:
6014:
5850:
5810:
4055:
3484:
3380:
3131:
2725:
2652:
2539:
2488:
1980:
1523:
54:
William P. Barr, Attorney General, et al., v. American Association of Political Consultants, Inc., et al.
5901:
5241:
4970:
3727:
3264:
2587:
2563:
1003:
6400:
5757:
5605:
5589:
3396:
2949:
2733:
1820:
838:
6111:
5696:
4634:
4610:
4237:
3582:
3561:
3179:
2957:
2741:
2701:
2496:
2471:
2427:
2358:
2305:
1868:
1566:
1323:
1080:
5818:
5778:
4501:
3735:
3325:
3309:
3272:
3123:
3026:
2632:
2531:
2447:
2406:
2374:
2343:
1860:
1836:
881:
669:
424:
6527:
5733:
5185:
4158:
3356:
2661:
2640:
2616:
2422:
1900:
776:"Oyez. Oy vey. Was that a toilet flush in the middle of a Supreme Court live-streamed hearing?"
268:
Gorsuch (concurring in the judgment in part and dissenting in part), joined by Thomas (Part II)
865:
5573:
5335:
4464:
2677:
2390:
2366:
2149:
2004:
678:
535:
436:
74:
4549:
4493:
4376:
3764:
3388:
3372:
3147:
3071:
2789:
2757:
1884:
1808:
1432:
1408:
1147:
918:
333:
847:
527:
8:
6022:
5993:
5933:
5428:
4930:
4650:
4344:
4328:
4272:
3524:
3420:
3139:
2693:
2685:
2571:
2442:
1676:
1088:
873:
455:
191:
367:
serving a compelling government interest, in this case, collecting on debt it was owed.
6232:
6162:
6043:
5968:
5725:
5680:
5412:
5359:
5233:
5161:
4706:
4229:
4100:
3412:
3163:
3075:
3002:
2813:
2765:
2749:
2717:
2555:
2382:
2271:
1948:
1932:
1924:
1908:
1719:
1692:
1642:
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
1424:
1307:
1252:
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
971:
681:
751:
722:
6440:
5842:
5581:
5217:
4994:
4601:
4428:
4280:
4039:
4004:
3679:
3545:
3492:
3476:
3203:
2925:
2861:
2781:
2624:
2522:
1759:
1384:
1315:
1275:
1139:
947:
939:
388:
113:
6416:
6119:
5498:
5380:
5327:
5276:
5260:
5145:
5033:
4843:
Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy
4509:
4320:
3960:
3646:
3516:
3404:
3171:
2595:
2234:
2218:
2076:
1956:
1892:
1852:
1727:
1259:
995:
726:
563:
503:
131:
6392:
6135:
5661:
5597:
5559:
5420:
5351:
5010:
4533:
4440:
4063:
3900:
3884:
3860:
3112:
3084:
3042:
3010:
2454:
2398:
2137:
1876:
1828:
1783:
1735:
1550:
1416:
1392:
1355:
464:
432:
415:
407:
364:
227:
207:
183:
6448:
5522:
5506:
4400:
4288:
4165:
2516:
2113:
1633:
1448:
1123:
647:
619:
451:
352:
195:
6501:
3240:
2434:
2263:
6181:
5396:
5177:
4986:
4690:
4075:
4031:
3347:
1996:
1940:
477:
443:
419:
411:
375:
219:
203:
175:
6472:
5300:
2607:
856:
459:
304:
215:
110:
5769:
5564:
4763:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California
3696:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California
2330:
357:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina
141:
4811:
Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois
2227:
Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania
752:"US Supreme Court hears toilet flush during oral arguments - a first"
700:
86:
4723:
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission
378:
from the original TCPA law, and thus invalidated the new amendment.
6385:
Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.
6241:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
3704:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
2335:
591:
497:
338:
300:
135:
117:
4779:
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. U.S. Olympic Committee
4755:
Zauderer v. Off. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio
4659:
Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council
3599:
Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association
2942:
American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland
4899:
Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co.
4566:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
1965:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
3829:
Board of Regents of the Univ. of Wisconsin System v. Southworth
3712:
Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.
30:
4947:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
4457:
U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers
4385:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
4369:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
4222:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
4214:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
1164:
Levitt v. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty
4891:
Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States
1917:
Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Massachusetts, Inc.
1244:
Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan
6332:
Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party
4627:
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations
3615:
International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee
3289:
City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC
244:
Kavanaugh, joined by Roberts, Alito; Thomas (Parts I and II)
6465:
BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board
4963:
Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA
4771:
Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico
1615:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan v. Acevedo Feliciano
128:
5918:
Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC
5202:
Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett
3720:
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra
2203:
Gonzales v. O Centro EspĂrita Beneficente UniĂŁo do Vegetal
1776:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
1300:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
1284:
Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind
903:
2061:
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission
1492:
Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist.
587:"New 'robocall' rules could leave Americans in the dark"
5803:
Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler
3911:
696:"Supreme Court upholds law banning cellphone robocalls"
643:"Supreme Court Will Hear Robocall Debt Collection Case"
428:, and that it failed to pass the strict scrutiny test.
6518:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
5835:
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.
4955:
Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States
4747:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
4574:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
410:
wrote the plurality decision, joined by Chief Justice
5122:
FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee
5106:
Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC
5003:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
3281:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
1500:
Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette
964:
County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union
832:
Barr v. American Assn. of Political Consultants, Inc.
524:
Barr v. American Assn. of Political Consultants, Inc.
372:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
292:
Barr v. American Assn. of Political Consultants, Inc.
24:
Barr v. American Assn. of Political Consultants, Inc.
6425:
California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited
5827:
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.
3623:
Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes
2415:
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd.
2021:
Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security
559:"Is There a Constitutional Right to Make Robocalls?"
4297:
Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Board of Ed. v. Doyle
3993:
USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International II
3953:
Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington
1132:
Board of Ed. of Central School Dist. No. 1 v. Allen
4353:United States v. National Treasury Employees Union
4146:West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
4024:Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans
3985:USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International I
2886:United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.
2045:Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah
1685:Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley
774:
6457:Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation
6324:New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres
5285:Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee
5058:Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley
3509:Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York
3257:Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board
980:McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union
361:First Amendment of the United States Constitution
6499:
4154:Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Community School Dist.
3928:Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight
3093:Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus
1599:Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich
1012:American Legion v. American Humanist Association
6104:Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath
5859:Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton
5210:American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock
4883:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
4667:Linmark Assoc., Inc. v. Township of Willingboro
3821:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
2175:Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru
1559:Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila
125:Am. Ass'n of Political Consultants, Inc. v. FCC
5437:National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo
4486:Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio
2299:
723:"Supreme Court upholds cellphone robocall ban"
107:Am. Ass'n of Political Consultants v. Sessions
3893:Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association
1292:Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District
889:
641:Reed, John; Merken, Sara (January 10, 2020).
313:American Association of Political Consultants
6144:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
6060:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
5742:Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner
5309:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
4313:Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. Employees Local
3664:West Virginia State Board of Ed. v. Barnette
3469:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
3156:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
2029:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
1768:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
1204:Public Funds for Public Schools v. Marburger
803:"Who flushed? A Supreme Court investigation"
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
398:
5953:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
5344:Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck
4851:Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.
4305:Givhan v. Western Line Consol. School Dist.
2069:Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo
1658:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
1332:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
1220:Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland
6083:
4675:Carey v. Population Services International
4361:Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr
4198:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
4048:Houston Community College System v. Wilson
3453:USPS v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns.
2894:City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.
2854:American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut
2580:Nat'l Socialist Party v. Village of Skokie
1441:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
1033:Walz v. Tax Comm'n of the City of New York
956:Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary
896:
882:
640:
156:The 2015 government-debt exception of the
6523:United States Free Speech Clause case law
6433:Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees
5646:Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia
5042:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
4923:Thompson v. Western States Medical Center
4715:Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n
3969:National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley
3869:Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association
3797:Communications Workers of America v. Beck
2806:United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film
2774:United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs
2130:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
2053:Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton
1348:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
1180:Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist
541:
325:Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991
309:Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991
307:, a practice that had been banned by the
283:Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991
158:Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991
5546:
5491:Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union
2670:United States v. One Book Called Ulysses
1807:
1650:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
1516:Good News Club v. Milford Central School
917:
834:, 591 U.S. ___ (2020) is available from:
800:
6355:
6225:New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York
5992:
5926:Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC
5194:Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan
5114:Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC
5066:FEC v. National Right to Work Committee
4979:Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman
4819:City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network
3853:Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n
3672:Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo
2910:United States v. American Library Ass'n
2870:United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.
2822:Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad
772:
584:
556:
6500:
5961:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
5130:Republican Party of Minnesota v. White
5098:Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce
5090:Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm.
5082:FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life
4835:United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co.
4590:Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement
4190:Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
4138:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
4117:Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb
4085:American Communications Ass'n v. Douds
3789:Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson
3656:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
2966:Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n
2846:Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc.
1845:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
1465:Elk Grove Unif. School Dist. v. Newdow
612:
341:from making calls to cell phones. The
6354:
6300:Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party
6217:Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte
6082:
5991:
5545:
5050:California Medical Association v. FEC
4699:Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association
4337:Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois
3607:Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund
3501:Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.
2838:Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.
2298:
1989:Bob Jones University v. United States
1806:
1049:Bob Jones University v. United States
916:
877:
746:
744:
18:2020 United States Supreme Court case
6308:California Democratic Party v. Jones
5750:Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland
5170:FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.
5154:Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC
4939:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
4246:Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.
4174:Island Trees School District v. Pico
3845:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
2974:FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.
1268:School Dist. of Grand Rapids v. Ball
693:
370:The advocacy groups appealed to the
6257:Christian Legal Society v. Martinez
5622:New York Times Co. v. United States
4875:44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island
4803:State University of New York v. Fox
4787:Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association
3773:Abood v. Detroit Board of Education
3688:Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins
3631:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
3101:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
2211:Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.
1401:Abington School District v. Schempp
1041:California v. Grace Brethren Church
13:
5875:Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox
4907:United States v. United Foods Inc.
4558:Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Assn.
3920:Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co
3837:United States v. United Foods Inc.
3052:Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project
2159:NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago
1701:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
1591:Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church
1057:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
741:
613:Lepore, Jill (November 16, 2015).
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
6539:
6513:United States Supreme Court cases
6409:United Mine Workers v. Pennington
5293:McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n
4795:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
4582:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
4542:Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia Bar
4449:United Public Workers v. Mitchell
4417:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
3977:Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez
3805:Keller v. State Bar of California
3445:Org. for a Better Austin v. Keefe
3318:Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.
3019:Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition
2830:Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville
2505:Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus
2093:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
1583:Kreshik v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
1575:Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
1532:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
1473:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
1457:Santa Fe Ind. School Dist. v. Doe
1065:Corp. of Presiding Bishop v. Amos
824:
343:Federal Communications Commission
6209:Roberts v. United States Jaycees
5894:Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC
5074:FEC v. National Conservative PAC
4867:Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.
4206:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
4182:Bethel School District v. Fraser
3554:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
3429:Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne
2122:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
1508:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
1340:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
801:Feinberg, Ashley (May 8, 2020).
585:Shepard, Steven (May 29, 2015).
381:
144:. granted, 140 S. Ct. 812 (2020)
29:
5867:Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.
5456:NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.
5405:Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach
4915:Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly
4619:Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept.
4265:Pickering v. Board of Education
4093:Garner v. Board of Public Works
3813:Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n
2982:Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton
2798:Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton
2710:MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day
2351:Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten
794:
766:
491:
471:
439:, rather than strict scrutiny.
6508:2020 in United States case law
6481:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
5795:Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts
5787:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
5718:Grosjean v. American Press Co.
5689:Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn
5638:Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart
4643:Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar
4518:Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson
4393:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
3757:Ry. Emps. Department v. Hanson
2548:Terminiello v. City of Chicago
2481:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
2186:Statutory religious exemptions
2085:Fulton v. City of Philadelphia
1377:McCollum v. Board of Education
1073:Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock
715:
694:Wolf, Richard (July 6, 2020).
687:
662:
634:
615:"Politics and the New Machine"
606:
578:
557:Edelman, Gilad (May 6, 2020).
517:
1:
6284:Democratic Party v. Wisconsin
6249:Boy Scouts of America v. Dale
6201:Hishon v. King & Spalding
5226:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
4731:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
4683:Bates v. State Bar of Arizona
4526:Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown
4409:Heffernan v. City of Paterson
4109:Keyishian v. Board of Regents
4016:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
3233:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
3060:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
1744:Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.
1236:New York v. Cathedral Academy
1116:Everson v. Board of Education
1108:Cochran v. Board of Education
988:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
905:United States First Amendment
773:Barbesh, Fred (May 7, 2020).
510:
318:
295:, 591 U.S. ___ (2020), was a
160:violates the First Amendment.
6292:Tashjian v. Republican Party
6128:Bates v. City of Little Rock
6034:Protection from prosecution
5614:Lamont v. Postmaster General
5269:Bates v. City of Little Rock
3437:Coates v. City of Cincinnati
3334:Packingham v. North Carolina
3225:Lamont v. Postmaster General
2037:Employment Division v. Smith
866:Supreme Court (slip opinion)
7:
6369:United States v. Cruikshank
6015:United States v. Cruikshank
5910:FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild
5851:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
5811:Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.
4056:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
3485:Ward v. Rock Against Racism
3381:Martin v. City of Struthers
3196:City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.
2726:Quantity of Books v. Kansas
2540:Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
2489:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
2013:O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz
1524:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
297:United States Supreme Court
10:
6544:
5902:FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
5242:FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate
4971:Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.
4859:Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co.
3728:303 Creative LLC v. Elenis
3265:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
2588:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
2564:Gregory v. City of Chicago
1004:Town of Greece v. Galloway
857:Oyez (oral argument audio)
337:. This effectively banned
299:case involving the use of
105:Summary judgment granted,
6401:Edwards v. South Carolina
6363:
6350:
6267:
6192:
6173:
6154:
6095:
6091:
6078:
6033:
6004:
6000:
5987:
5944:
5885:
5768:
5758:Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.
5707:
5672:
5606:Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.
5590:Lovell v. City of Griffin
5558:
5554:
5541:
5474:
5447:
5370:
5319:
5252:
5021:
4600:
4475:
4427:
4256:
4127:
4074:
4003:
3942:
3746:
3645:
3572:
3535:
3397:Edwards v. South Carolina
3344:
3299:
3214:
3111:
3070:
3041:
2992:
2950:United States v. Kilbride
2934:United States v. Williams
2734:Ginzburg v. United States
2651:
2606:
2515:
2465:
2329:
2318:
2314:
2294:
2245:
2192:
2185:
2148:
2103:
1821:Reynolds v. United States
1815:
1802:
1711:
1668:
1625:
1542:
1483:
1366:
1099:
1022:
929:
925:
912:
399:First Amendment challenge
353:Political advocacy groups
277:
272:
264:
256:
248:
240:
235:
169:
164:
155:
150:
99:
94:
69:
59:
49:
42:
28:
23:
6112:Watkins v. United States
5697:Florida Star v. B. J. F.
4635:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
4611:Valentine v. Chrestensen
4238:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
3912:Compelled representation
3877:Knox v. SEIU, Local 1000
3583:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
3562:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
3180:United States v. Eichman
3132:United States v. O'Brien
2958:United States v. Stevens
2742:Memoirs v. Massachusetts
2702:Marcus v. Search Warrant
2497:United States v. Alvarez
2428:clear and present danger
2359:Schenck v. United States
1869:United States v. Ballard
1567:United States v. Ballard
1484:Private religious speech
1324:Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
1081:City of Boerne v. Flores
334:§ 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
6268:Primaries and elections
5819:Time, Inc. v. Firestone
5779:Beauharnais v. Illinois
5464:FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA
4502:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
3781:Ellis v. Railway Clerks
3736:Moody v. NetChoice, LLC
3326:City of Ladue v. Gilleo
3310:Schneider v. New Jersey
3273:Reed v. Town of Gilbert
3124:Stromberg v. California
3027:United States v. Hansen
2633:Elonis v. United States
2532:Cantwell v. Connecticut
2448:imminent lawless action
2407:Dennis v. United States
2375:Abrams v. United States
2344:Alien and Sedition Acts
1861:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
1837:Cantwell v. Connecticut
1543:Internal church affairs
754:. BBC News. May 7, 2020
670:Reed v. Town of Gilbert
425:Reed v. Town of Gilbert
252:Sotomayor (in judgment)
6193:Membership restriction
6085:Freedom of association
6036:and state restrictions
5734:Houchins v. KQED, Inc.
5186:Citizens United v. FEC
4159:substantial disruption
3461:United States v. Grace
3357:Davis v. Massachusetts
3188:Barnes v. Glen Theatre
2662:Rosen v. United States
2641:Counterman v. Colorado
2617:Watts v. United States
2423:Yates v. United States
1973:Thomas v. Review Board
1901:Fowler v. Rhode Island
123:Vacated and remanded,
5945:Copyrighted materials
5574:Patterson v. Colorado
5483:Procunier v. Martinez
5336:Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner
4478:restriction of speech
4465:Broadrick v. Oklahoma
2678:Roth v. United States
2391:Whitney v. California
2367:Debs v. United States
2167:Hosanna-Tabor v. EEOC
2150:Ministerial exception
2104:Exclusion of religion
2005:Goldman v. Weinberger
454:, joined by Justices
437:intermediate scrutiny
85:140 S. Ct. 2335; 207
5548:Freedom of the press
5372:Official retaliation
5026:and political speech
4550:Freedman v. Maryland
4494:Cox v. New Hampshire
4377:Garcetti v. Ceballos
3765:Machinists v. Street
3389:Niemotko v. Maryland
3373:Thornhill v. Alabama
3249:Butterworth v. Smith
3148:Spence v. Washington
2790:Miller v. California
2758:Ginsberg v. New York
2106:from public benefits
1981:United States v. Lee
1885:Niemotko v. Maryland
1809:Free Exercise Clause
1433:Edwards v. Aguillard
1409:Epperson v. Arkansas
1156:Lemon v. Kurtzman II
1148:Tilton v. Richardson
919:Establishment Clause
395:portion of the law.
279:U.S. Const. Amend. I
45:Decided July 6, 2020
6357:Freedom to petition
6023:Presser v. Illinois
5994:Freedom of assembly
5934:Bartnicki v. Vopper
5515:Overton v. Bazzetta
5429:Gonzalez v. Trevino
4931:Nike, Inc. v. Kasky
4651:Bigelow v. Virginia
4345:Waters v. Churchill
4329:Rankin v. McPherson
4273:Perry v. Sindermann
3525:McCullen v. Coakley
3421:Adderley v. Florida
3140:Cohen v. California
2995:to criminal conduct
2918:Ashcroft v. ACLU II
2694:Smith v. California
2686:One, Inc. v. Olesen
2572:Cohen v. California
2443:Brandenburg v. Ohio
1677:McGowan v. Maryland
1089:Cutter v. Wilkinson
1023:Statutory religious
781:The Washington Post
456:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
192:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
6316:Clingman v. Beaver
6233:Dallas v. Stanglin
6163:Baggett v. Bullitt
6044:De Jonge v. Oregon
5969:Eldred v. Ashcroft
5726:Branzburg v. Hayes
5681:Time, Inc. v. Hill
5413:Nieves v. Bartlett
5389:Reichle v. Howards
5360:Murthy v. Missouri
5234:Thompson v. Hebdon
5162:Randall v. Sorrell
4707:Friedman v. Rogers
4230:Morse v. Frederick
4101:Speiser v. Randall
3413:Brown v. Louisiana
3164:Dallas v. Stanglin
3003:New York v. Ferber
2902:Ashcroft v. ACLU I
2814:Jenkins v. Georgia
2766:Stanley v. Georgia
2750:Redrup v. New York
2718:Jacobellis v. Ohio
2556:Feiner v. New York
2383:Gitlow v. New York
2272:Ramirez v. Collier
1949:Wisconsin v. Yoder
1933:Sherbert v. Verner
1925:Torcaso v. Watkins
1909:Braunfeld v. Brown
1720:Torcaso v. Watkins
1693:Braunfeld v. Brown
1425:Wallace v. Jaffree
1308:Agostini v. Felton
1196:Wheeler v. Barrera
972:Van Orden v. Perry
180:Associate Justices
43:Argued May 6, 2020
6495:
6494:
6491:
6490:
6441:McDonald v. Smith
6377:Thomas v. Collins
6346:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6276:Cousins v. Wigoda
6074:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6052:Thomas v. Collins
5983:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5843:McDonald v. Smith
5630:Pell v. Procunier
5582:Near v. Minnesota
5537:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5218:McCutcheon v. FEC
4995:Iancu v. Brunetti
4827:Edenfield v. Fane
4602:Commercial speech
4281:Arnett v. Kennedy
4040:Iancu v. Brunetti
3943:Government grants
3938:
3937:
3749:of others' speech
3747:Compelled subsidy
3680:Wooley v. Maynard
3641:
3640:
3546:Widmar v. Vincent
3493:Burson v. Freeman
3477:Frisby v. Schultz
3204:Virginia v. Black
3037:
3036:
2926:Nitke v. Gonzales
2862:People v. Freeman
2782:Kois v. Wisconsin
2625:Virginia v. Black
2301:Freedom of speech
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2256:Sossamon v. Texas
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1760:Bowen v. Kendrick
1752:Larson v. Valente
1626:Taxpayer standing
1385:Zorach v. Clauson
1316:Mitchell v. Helms
1276:Aguilar v. Felton
1212:Meek v. Pittenger
1140:Lemon v. Kurtzman
948:Lynch v. Donnelly
940:Marsh v. Chambers
501:flush came from,
389:COVID-19 pandemic
288:
287:
6535:
6417:Cox v. Louisiana
6352:
6351:
6120:NAACP v. Alabama
6093:
6092:
6080:
6079:
6002:
6001:
5989:
5988:
5560:Prior restraints
5556:
5555:
5543:
5542:
5499:Turner v. Safley
5381:Hartman v. Moore
5328:Marsh v. Alabama
5277:Buckley v. Valeo
5261:NAACP v. Alabama
5253:Anonymous speech
5146:McConnell v. FEC
5034:Buckley v. Valeo
5023:Campaign finance
4510:Kunz v. New York
4321:Connick v. Myers
4257:Public employees
3961:Rust v. Sullivan
3909:
3908:
3647:Compelled speech
3517:Hill v. Colorado
3405:Cox v. Louisiana
3342:
3341:
3172:Texas v. Johnson
2596:Snyder v. Phelps
2327:
2326:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2296:
2295:
2235:Tanzin v. Tanvir
2219:Zubik v. Burwell
2190:
2189:
2101:
2100:
2077:Tandon v. Newsom
1957:McDaniel v. Paty
1893:Kunz v. New York
1853:Jamison v. Texas
1804:
1803:
1728:McDaniel v. Paty
1260:Mueller v. Allen
1228:Wolman v. Walter
996:Salazar v. Buono
927:
926:
914:
913:
898:
891:
884:
875:
874:
870:
864:
861:
855:
852:
846:
843:
837:
818:
817:
815:
813:
798:
792:
791:
789:
787:
778:
770:
764:
763:
761:
759:
748:
739:
738:
736:
734:
727:Associated Press
719:
713:
712:
710:
708:
691:
685:
666:
660:
659:
657:
655:
638:
632:
631:
629:
627:
610:
604:
603:
601:
599:
582:
576:
575:
573:
571:
554:
539:
521:
336:
165:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
20:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6498:
6497:
6496:
6487:
6393:NAACP v. Button
6359:
6338:
6263:
6188:
6169:
6150:
6136:NAACP v. Button
6087:
6066:
6035:
6029:
5996:
5975:
5940:
5886:Broadcast media
5881:
5878:(9th Cir. 2014)
5764:
5709:
5703:
5668:
5662:Tory v. Cochran
5598:Tucker v. Texas
5562:
5550:
5529:
5470:
5443:
5421:Egbert v. Boule
5366:
5352:Lindke v. Freed
5315:
5248:
5138:FEC v. Beaumont
5025:
5017:
5011:Vidal v. Elster
4596:
4534:NAACP v. Button
4477:
4471:
4441:Ex parte Curtis
4432:
4423:
4252:
4123:
4070:
4064:Vidal v. Elster
4006:
3999:
3944:
3934:
3907:
3901:Janus v. AFSCME
3885:Harris v. Quinn
3861:Locke v. Karass
3748:
3742:
3637:
3591:Brown v. Glines
3574:
3568:
3537:
3531:
3346:
3340:
3301:
3300:Content-neutral
3295:
3216:
3210:
3115:
3113:Symbolic speech
3107:
3085:Smith v. Goguen
3074:
3066:
3043:Strict scrutiny
3033:
3011:Osborne v. Ohio
2994:
2993:Speech integral
2988:
2953:(9th Cir. 2009)
2945:(6th Cir. 2009)
2929:(S.D.N.Y. 2005)
2857:(7th Cir. 1985)
2673:(S.D.N.Y. 1933)
2647:
2602:
2520:
2511:
2470:
2461:
2455:Hess v. Indiana
2399:Fiske v. Kansas
2354:(S.D.N.Y. 1917)
2333:
2321:
2310:
2303:
2278:
2241:
2181:
2144:
2138:Carson v. Makin
2105:
2099:
1877:Tucker v. Texas
1829:Davis v. Beason
1811:
1790:
1784:Trump v. Hawaii
1736:Harris v. McRae
1707:
1664:
1621:
1551:Watson v. Jones
1538:
1479:
1417:Stone v. Graham
1393:Engel v. Vitale
1368:
1362:
1356:Carson v. Makin
1095:
1024:
1018:
931:
930:Public displays
921:
908:
902:
868:
862:
859:
853:
850:
844:
841:
835:
827:
822:
821:
811:
809:
799:
795:
785:
783:
771:
767:
757:
755:
750:
749:
742:
732:
730:
721:
720:
716:
706:
704:
692:
688:
667:
663:
653:
651:
639:
635:
625:
623:
611:
607:
597:
595:
583:
579:
569:
567:
555:
542:
538:___ (2020).
522:
518:
513:
494:
474:
465:Reed v. Gilbert
433:Sonia Sotomayor
416:Clarence Thomas
408:Brett Kavanaugh
401:
384:
365:strict scrutiny
328:
321:
281:
228:Brett Kavanaugh
218:
208:Sonia Sotomayor
206:
194:
184:Clarence Thomas
90:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
6541:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6493:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6477:
6469:
6461:
6453:
6449:Meyer v. Grant
6445:
6437:
6429:
6421:
6413:
6405:
6397:
6389:
6381:
6373:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6348:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6336:
6328:
6320:
6312:
6304:
6296:
6288:
6280:
6271:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6261:
6253:
6245:
6237:
6229:
6221:
6213:
6205:
6196:
6194:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6158:
6156:
6155:Future Conduct
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6140:
6132:
6124:
6116:
6108:
6099:
6097:
6089:
6088:
6076:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6056:
6048:
6039:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6019:
6010:
6008:
5998:
5997:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5965:
5957:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5930:
5922:
5914:
5906:
5898:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5871:
5863:
5855:
5847:
5839:
5831:
5823:
5815:
5807:
5799:
5791:
5783:
5774:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5754:
5746:
5738:
5730:
5722:
5713:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5693:
5685:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5658:
5650:
5642:
5634:
5626:
5618:
5610:
5602:
5594:
5586:
5578:
5569:
5567:
5552:
5551:
5539:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5523:Beard v. Banks
5519:
5511:
5507:Shaw v. Murphy
5503:
5495:
5487:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5460:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5433:
5425:
5417:
5409:
5401:
5393:
5385:
5376:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5356:
5348:
5340:
5332:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5305:
5297:
5289:
5281:
5273:
5265:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5238:
5230:
5222:
5214:
5206:
5198:
5190:
5182:
5174:
5166:
5158:
5150:
5142:
5134:
5126:
5118:
5110:
5102:
5094:
5086:
5078:
5070:
5062:
5054:
5046:
5038:
5029:
5027:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5007:
4999:
4991:
4983:
4975:
4967:
4959:
4951:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4919:
4911:
4903:
4895:
4887:
4879:
4871:
4863:
4855:
4847:
4839:
4831:
4823:
4815:
4807:
4799:
4791:
4783:
4775:
4767:
4759:
4751:
4743:
4735:
4727:
4719:
4711:
4703:
4695:
4687:
4679:
4671:
4663:
4655:
4647:
4639:
4631:
4623:
4615:
4606:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4586:
4578:
4570:
4562:
4554:
4546:
4538:
4530:
4522:
4514:
4506:
4498:
4490:
4481:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4461:
4453:
4445:
4436:
4434:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4413:
4405:
4401:Lane v. Franks
4397:
4389:
4381:
4373:
4365:
4357:
4349:
4341:
4333:
4325:
4317:
4309:
4301:
4293:
4289:Elrod v. Burns
4285:
4277:
4269:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4242:
4234:
4226:
4218:
4210:
4202:
4194:
4186:
4178:
4170:
4166:Healy v. James
4162:
4150:
4142:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4113:
4105:
4097:
4089:
4080:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4020:
4011:
4009:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3973:
3965:
3957:
3948:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3924:
3915:
3913:
3906:
3905:
3897:
3889:
3881:
3873:
3865:
3857:
3849:
3841:
3833:
3825:
3817:
3809:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3761:
3752:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3651:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3595:
3587:
3578:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3541:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3489:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3409:
3401:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3352:
3350:
3339:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3305:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3136:
3128:
3119:
3117:
3116:versus conduct
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3097:
3089:
3080:
3078:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3056:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2998:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2666:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2568:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2536:
2527:
2525:
2523:heckler's veto
2517:Fighting words
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2476:
2474:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2439:
2431:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2340:
2338:
2324:
2312:
2311:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2198:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2114:Locke v. Davey
2109:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1638:
1634:Flast v. Cohen
1629:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1603:
1595:
1587:
1579:
1571:
1563:
1555:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1453:
1449:Lee v. Weisman
1445:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1372:
1370:
1369:public schools
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1188:Sloan v. Lemon
1184:
1176:
1172:Hunt v. McNair
1168:
1160:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1124:Flast v. Cohen
1120:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1100:Public funding
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1028:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1000:
992:
984:
976:
968:
960:
952:
944:
935:
933:
932:and ceremonies
923:
922:
910:
909:
901:
900:
893:
886:
878:
872:
871:
839:Google Scholar
826:
825:External links
823:
820:
819:
793:
765:
740:
729:. July 6, 2020
714:
686:
661:
648:Bloomberg News
633:
620:The New Yorker
605:
577:
540:
515:
514:
512:
509:
493:
490:
473:
470:
452:Stephen Breyer
400:
397:
383:
380:
320:
317:
286:
285:
275:
274:
270:
269:
266:
265:Concur/dissent
262:
261:
258:
257:Concur/dissent
254:
253:
250:
246:
245:
242:
238:
237:
233:
232:
231:
230:
196:Stephen Breyer
181:
178:
173:
167:
166:
162:
161:
153:
152:
148:
147:
146:
145:
139:
121:
101:
97:
96:
92:
91:
84:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6540:
6529:
6528:Telemarketing
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6366:
6365:
6362:
6358:
6353:
6349:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6259:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6096:Organizations
6094:
6090:
6086:
6081:
6077:
6062:
6061:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6032:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6006:Incorporation
6003:
5999:
5995:
5990:
5986:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5943:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5760:
5759:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5706:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5664:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5544:
5540:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4476:Licensing and
4474:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4129:School speech
4126:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4076:Loyalty oaths
4073:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4002:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:and subsidies
3941:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3745:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3571:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3534:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3298:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3241:Boos v. Barry
3238:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3215:Content-based
3213:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:Bond v. Floyd
2432:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:Holt v. Hobbs
2261:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:Jones v. Wolf
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
990:
989:
985:
982:
981:
977:
974:
973:
969:
966:
965:
961:
958:
957:
953:
950:
949:
945:
942:
941:
937:
936:
934:
928:
924:
920:
915:
911:
906:
899:
894:
892:
887:
885:
880:
879:
876:
867:
858:
849:
840:
833:
829:
828:
808:
804:
797:
782:
777:
769:
753:
747:
745:
728:
724:
718:
703:
702:
697:
690:
683:
680:
676:
672:
671:
665:
650:
649:
644:
637:
622:
621:
616:
609:
594:
593:
588:
581:
566:
565:
560:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
516:
508:
506:
505:
499:
489:
485:
481:
479:
469:
467:
466:
461:
457:
453:
448:
445:
440:
438:
434:
429:
427:
426:
421:
417:
414:and Justices
413:
409:
404:
396:
392:
390:
382:Supreme Court
379:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
344:
340:
335:
331:
326:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:
284:
280:
276:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
236:Case opinions
234:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:Chief Justice
171:
170:
168:
163:
159:
154:
149:
143:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
104:
103:
102:
98:
93:
88:
82:
81:
76:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
6479:
6471:
6463:
6455:
6447:
6439:
6431:
6423:
6415:
6407:
6399:
6391:
6383:
6375:
6367:
6330:
6322:
6314:
6306:
6298:
6290:
6282:
6274:
6255:
6247:
6239:
6231:
6223:
6215:
6207:
6199:
6182:In re Primus
6180:
6174:Solicitation
6161:
6142:
6134:
6126:
6118:
6110:
6102:
6058:
6050:
6042:
6021:
6013:
5967:
5959:
5951:
5932:
5924:
5916:
5908:
5900:
5892:
5873:
5865:
5857:
5849:
5841:
5833:
5825:
5817:
5809:
5801:
5793:
5785:
5777:
5756:
5748:
5740:
5732:
5724:
5716:
5708:Taxation and
5695:
5687:
5679:
5660:
5652:
5644:
5636:
5628:
5620:
5612:
5604:
5596:
5588:
5580:
5572:
5521:
5513:
5505:
5497:
5489:
5481:
5462:
5454:
5435:
5427:
5419:
5411:
5403:
5397:Wood v. Moss
5395:
5387:
5379:
5358:
5350:
5342:
5334:
5326:
5320:State action
5307:
5299:
5291:
5283:
5275:
5267:
5259:
5240:
5232:
5224:
5216:
5208:
5200:
5192:
5184:
5178:Davis v. FEC
5176:
5168:
5160:
5152:
5144:
5136:
5128:
5120:
5112:
5104:
5096:
5088:
5080:
5072:
5064:
5056:
5048:
5040:
5032:
5009:
5002:
5001:
4993:
4987:Matal v. Tam
4985:
4977:
4969:
4961:
4953:
4945:
4937:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4889:
4881:
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4865:
4857:
4849:
4841:
4833:
4825:
4817:
4809:
4801:
4793:
4785:
4777:
4769:
4761:
4753:
4745:
4739:In re R.M.J.
4737:
4729:
4721:
4713:
4705:
4697:
4691:In re Primus
4689:
4681:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4649:
4641:
4633:
4625:
4617:
4609:
4588:
4580:
4572:
4564:
4556:
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4540:
4532:
4524:
4516:
4508:
4500:
4492:
4484:
4463:
4455:
4447:
4439:
4433:similar laws
4415:
4407:
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4220:
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4144:
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4115:
4107:
4099:
4091:
4083:
4062:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4032:Matal v. Tam
4030:
4022:
4014:
3991:
3983:
3975:
3967:
3959:
3951:
3926:
3918:
3899:
3891:
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3859:
3851:
3843:
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3803:
3795:
3787:
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3763:
3755:
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3718:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
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3662:
3654:
3629:
3621:
3613:
3605:
3597:
3589:
3581:
3560:
3552:
3544:
3538:public forum
3523:
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3507:
3499:
3491:
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3475:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3403:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3365:Hague v. CIO
3363:
3355:
3348:public forum
3332:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3302:restrictions
3287:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3217:restrictions
3202:
3194:
3186:
3178:
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3162:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3099:
3091:
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3017:
3009:
3001:
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2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2878:Reno v. ACLU
2876:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2748:
2740:
2732:
2724:
2716:
2708:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2608:True threats
2594:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2472:false speech
2453:
2441:
2433:
2421:
2418:(1955; 1961)
2413:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2003:
1997:Bowen v. Roy
1995:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1941:Cruz v. Beto
1939:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1656:
1648:
1640:
1632:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1354:
1346:
1338:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1282:
1274:
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1250:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1031:
1010:
1002:
994:
986:
978:
970:
962:
954:
946:
938:
831:
810:. Retrieved
806:
796:
784:. Retrieved
780:
768:
756:. Retrieved
731:. Retrieved
717:
705:. Retrieved
699:
689:
668:
664:
652:. Retrieved
646:
636:
624:. Retrieved
618:
608:
596:. Retrieved
590:
580:
568:. Retrieved
562:
523:
519:
502:
495:
492:Toilet flush
486:
482:
475:
472:Severability
463:
449:
444:Neil Gorsuch
441:
430:
423:
420:Samuel Alito
412:John Roberts
405:
402:
393:
385:
369:
351:
347:
322:
291:
290:
289:
273:Laws applied
223:
220:Neil Gorsuch
211:
204:Samuel Alito
199:
187:
176:John Roberts
124:
106:
95:Case history
78:
53:
15:
6473:Doe v. Reed
5654:Lowe v. SEC
5301:Doe v. Reed
3072:Overbreadth
2865:(Cal. 1988)
2320:Unprotected
1367:Religion in
684: (2016)
460:Elena Kagan
305:cell phones
249:Concurrence
216:Elena Kagan
111:F. Supp. 3d
6502:Categories
5770:Defamation
5710:privileges
5565:censorship
4007:as speaker
4005:Government
3536:Designated
2467:Defamation
2331:Incitement
1025:exemptions
526:, No.
511:References
319:Background
60:Docket no.
4429:Hatch Act
3573:Nonpublic
3076:Vagueness
2653:Obscenity
1669:Blue laws
701:USA Today
376:severable
339:robocalls
330:47 U.S.C.
301:robocalls
241:Plurality
87:L. Ed. 2d
70:Citations
5448:Boycotts
2336:sedition
907:case law
830:Text of
592:Politico
498:Ajit Pai
450:Justice
442:Justice
431:Justice
406:Justice
303:made to
136:4th Cir.
118:E.D.N.C.
5673:Privacy
5475:Prisons
4157:(1969,
2446:(1969,
2426:(1957,
812:May 12,
786:May 12,
758:May 12,
733:July 6,
707:July 6,
654:July 6,
626:July 6,
598:July 6,
570:July 6,
478:severed
151:Holding
6484:(2011)
6476:(2010)
6468:(2002)
6460:(1999)
6452:(1988)
6444:(1985)
6436:(1979)
6428:(1972)
6420:(1965)
6412:(1965)
6404:(1963)
6396:(1963)
6388:(1961)
6380:(1945)
6372:(1876)
6335:(2008)
6327:(2008)
6319:(2005)
6311:(2000)
6303:(1997)
6295:(1986)
6287:(1981)
6279:(1975)
6260:(2010)
6252:(2000)
6244:(1995)
6236:(1989)
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6185:(1978)
6166:(1964)
6147:(2021)
6139:(1963)
6131:(1960)
6123:(1958)
6115:(1957)
6107:(1951)
6063:(2021)
6055:(1945)
6047:(1937)
6026:(1886)
6018:(1876)
5972:(2003)
5964:(1985)
5956:(1977)
5937:(2001)
5929:(1997)
5921:(1996)
5913:(1981)
5905:(1978)
5897:(1969)
5870:(1990)
5862:(1989)
5854:(1988)
5846:(1985)
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5822:(1976)
5814:(1974)
5806:(1970)
5798:(1967)
5790:(1964)
5782:(1952)
5761:(1991)
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5745:(1983)
5737:(1978)
5729:(1972)
5721:(1936)
5700:(1989)
5692:(1975)
5684:(1967)
5665:(2005)
5657:(1985)
5649:(1978)
5641:(1976)
5633:(1974)
5625:(1971)
5617:(1965)
5609:(1946)
5601:(1946)
5593:(1938)
5585:(1931)
5577:(1907)
5526:(2006)
5518:(2003)
5510:(2001)
5502:(1987)
5494:(1977)
5486:(1974)
5467:(1990)
5459:(1982)
5440:(2024)
5432:(2024)
5424:(2022)
5416:(2019)
5408:(2018)
5400:(2014)
5392:(2012)
5384:(2006)
5363:(2024)
5355:(2024)
5347:(2019)
5339:(1972)
5331:(1946)
5312:(2021)
5304:(2010)
5296:(1995)
5288:(1982)
5280:(1976)
5272:(1960)
5264:(1958)
5245:(2022)
5237:(2019)
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4990:(2017)
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4974:(2011)
4966:(2010)
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4910:(2001)
4902:(1999)
4894:(1999)
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4838:(1993)
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4710:(1979)
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4614:(1942)
4593:(1992)
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4569:(1981)
4561:(1967)
4553:(1965)
4545:(1964)
4537:(1963)
4529:(1957)
4521:(1952)
4513:(1951)
4505:(1943)
4497:(1941)
4489:(1915)
4468:(1973)
4460:(1973)
4452:(1947)
4444:(1882)
4420:(2022)
4412:(2016)
4404:(2014)
4396:(2011)
4388:(2007)
4380:(2006)
4372:(2001)
4364:(1996)
4356:(1995)
4348:(1994)
4340:(1990)
4332:(1987)
4324:(1983)
4316:(1979)
4308:(1979)
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4284:(1974)
4276:(1972)
4268:(1968)
4249:(2021)
4241:(2021)
4233:(2007)
4225:(2007)
4217:(2001)
4209:(1995)
4201:(1990)
4193:(1988)
4185:(1986)
4177:(1982)
4169:(1972)
4149:(1943)
4141:(1940)
4120:(1974)
4112:(1967)
4104:(1958)
4096:(1951)
4088:(1950)
4067:(2024)
4059:(2022)
4051:(2022)
4043:(2019)
4035:(2017)
4027:(2015)
4019:(2009)
3996:(2020)
3988:(2013)
3980:(2001)
3972:(1998)
3964:(1991)
3956:(1983)
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3923:(1944)
3904:(2018)
3896:(2016)
3888:(2014)
3880:(2012)
3872:(2009)
3864:(2008)
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3824:(1997)
3816:(1991)
3808:(1990)
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3792:(1986)
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3776:(1977)
3768:(1961)
3760:(1956)
3739:(2024)
3731:(2023)
3723:(2018)
3715:(2006)
3707:(1995)
3699:(1986)
3691:(1980)
3683:(1977)
3675:(1974)
3667:(1943)
3659:(1940)
3634:(2018)
3626:(1997)
3618:(1992)
3610:(1985)
3602:(1983)
3594:(1980)
3586:(1974)
3565:(2021)
3557:(1995)
3549:(1981)
3528:(2014)
3520:(2000)
3512:(1997)
3504:(1994)
3496:(1992)
3488:(1989)
3480:(1988)
3472:(1984)
3464:(1983)
3456:(1981)
3448:(1971)
3440:(1971)
3432:(1968)
3424:(1966)
3416:(1966)
3408:(1965)
3400:(1963)
3392:(1951)
3384:(1943)
3376:(1940)
3368:(1939)
3360:(1897)
3345:In the
3337:(2017)
3329:(1994)
3321:(1986)
3313:(1939)
3292:(2022)
3284:(2020)
3276:(2015)
3268:(1992)
3260:(1991)
3252:(1990)
3244:(1988)
3236:(1981)
3228:(1965)
3207:(2003)
3199:(2000)
3191:(1991)
3183:(1990)
3175:(1989)
3167:(1989)
3159:(1984)
3151:(1974)
3143:(1971)
3135:(1968)
3127:(1931)
3104:(2018)
3096:(1987)
3088:(1974)
3063:(2015)
3055:(2010)
3030:(2023)
3022:(2002)
3014:(1990)
3006:(1982)
2985:(2025)
2977:(2012)
2969:(2011)
2961:(2010)
2937:(2008)
2921:(2004)
2913:(2003)
2905:(2002)
2897:(2002)
2889:(2000)
2881:(1997)
2873:(1994)
2849:(1980)
2841:(1976)
2833:(1975)
2825:(1975)
2817:(1974)
2809:(1973)
2801:(1973)
2793:(1973)
2785:(1972)
2777:(1971)
2769:(1969)
2761:(1968)
2753:(1967)
2745:(1966)
2737:(1966)
2729:(1964)
2721:(1964)
2713:(1962)
2705:(1961)
2697:(1959)
2689:(1958)
2681:(1957)
2665:(1896)
2644:(2023)
2636:(2015)
2628:(2003)
2620:(1969)
2599:(2011)
2591:(1992)
2583:(1977)
2575:(1971)
2567:(1969)
2559:(1951)
2551:(1949)
2543:(1942)
2535:(1940)
2508:(2014)
2500:(2012)
2492:(1988)
2484:(1964)
2458:(1973)
2438:(1966)
2410:(1951)
2402:(1927)
2394:(1927)
2386:(1925)
2378:(1919)
2370:(1919)
2362:(1919)
2346:(1798)
2322:speech
2306:portal
2275:(2022)
2267:(2015)
2259:(2011)
2247:RLUIPA
2238:(2020)
2230:(2020)
2222:(2016)
2214:(2014)
2206:(2006)
2178:(2020)
2170:(2012)
2162:(1979)
2141:(2022)
2133:(2020)
2125:(2017)
2117:(2004)
2096:(2022)
2088:(2021)
2080:(2021)
2072:(2020)
2064:(2018)
2056:(2002)
2048:(1993)
2040:(1990)
2032:(1989)
2024:(1989)
2016:(1987)
2008:(1986)
2000:(1986)
1992:(1983)
1984:(1982)
1976:(1981)
1968:(1981)
1960:(1978)
1952:(1972)
1944:(1972)
1936:(1963)
1928:(1961)
1920:(1961)
1912:(1961)
1904:(1953)
1896:(1951)
1888:(1951)
1880:(1946)
1872:(1944)
1864:(1943)
1856:(1943)
1848:(1940)
1840:(1940)
1832:(1890)
1824:(1879)
1787:(2018)
1779:(1994)
1771:(1989)
1763:(1988)
1755:(1982)
1747:(1982)
1739:(1980)
1731:(1978)
1723:(1961)
1704:(1985)
1696:(1961)
1688:(1961)
1680:(1961)
1661:(2011)
1653:(2007)
1645:(1982)
1637:(1968)
1618:(2020)
1610:(1979)
1602:(1976)
1594:(1969)
1586:(1960)
1578:(1952)
1570:(1944)
1562:(1929)
1554:(1872)
1535:(2022)
1527:(2022)
1519:(2001)
1511:(1995)
1503:(1995)
1495:(1993)
1476:(2022)
1468:(2004)
1460:(2000)
1452:(1992)
1444:(1990)
1436:(1987)
1428:(1985)
1420:(1980)
1412:(1968)
1404:(1963)
1396:(1962)
1388:(1952)
1380:(1948)
1359:(2022)
1351:(2020)
1343:(2017)
1335:(2011)
1327:(2002)
1319:(2000)
1311:(1997)
1303:(1994)
1295:(1993)
1287:(1986)
1279:(1985)
1271:(1985)
1263:(1983)
1255:(1982)
1247:(1980)
1239:(1977)
1231:(1977)
1223:(1976)
1215:(1975)
1207:(1974)
1199:(1974)
1191:(1973)
1183:(1973)
1175:(1973)
1167:(1973)
1159:(1973)
1151:(1971)
1143:(1971)
1135:(1968)
1127:(1968)
1119:(1947)
1111:(1930)
1092:(2005)
1084:(1997)
1076:(1989)
1068:(1987)
1060:(1985)
1052:(1983)
1044:(1982)
1036:(1970)
1015:(2019)
1007:(2014)
999:(2010)
991:(2009)
983:(2005)
975:(2005)
967:(1989)
959:(1985)
951:(1984)
943:(1983)
869:
863:
860:
854:
851:
848:Justia
845:
842:
836:
673:,
530:,
528:19-631
332:
226:
224:·
222:
214:
212:·
210:
202:
200:·
198:
190:
188:·
186:
127:, 923
109:, 323
64:19-631
3575:forum
1712:Other
807:Slate
677:
564:Wired
534:
504:Slate
138:2019)
120:2018)
100:Prior
77:___ (
5563:and
2521:the
2334:and
2194:RFRA
814:2021
788:2021
760:2021
735:2020
709:2020
679:U.S.
656:2020
628:2020
600:2020
572:2020
536:U.S.
458:and
418:and
323:The
142:Cert
129:F.3d
80:more
75:U.S.
73:591
4431:and
2519:and
2469:and
682:___
675:576
532:591
132:159
114:737
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