Sonia Sotomayor - Knowledge

1200:, whereby he would get to choose roughly one out of every four New York district court seats even though a Republican was in the White House. Moynihan also wanted to fulfill a public promise he had made to get a Hispanic judge appointed for New York. When Moynihan's staff recommended her to him, they said "Have we got a judge for you!" Moynihan identified with her socio-economic and academic background and became convinced she would become the first Hispanic Supreme Court justice. D'Amato became an enthusiastic backer of Sotomayor, who was seen as politically centrist at the time. Of the impending drop in salary from private practice, Sotomayor said: "I've never wanted to get adjusted to my income because I knew I wanted to go back to public service. And in comparison to what my mother earns and how I was raised, it's not modest at all." 2224:

the commonly perceived ideological lines. Specifically, her voting pattern and judicial philosophy has been in close agreement with that of Justices Breyer, Ginsburg and Kagan. During her first couple of years there, Sotomayor voted with Ginsburg and Breyer 90 percent of the time, one of the highest agreement rates on the Court. In a 2015 article titled "Ranking the Most Liberal Modern Supreme Court Justices", Alex Greer identified Sotomayor as representing a more liberal voting pattern than both Elena Kagan and Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Greer placed Sotomayor as having the most liberal voting history of all the current sitting Justices, and slightly less liberal than her predecessors Thurgood Marshall and John Marshall Harlan II on the Court.

1063:(known as the "Tarzan Murderer" who acrobatically entered apartments, robbed them, and shot residents for no reason). She felt lower-level crimes were largely products of socioeconomic environment and poverty, but she had a different attitude about serious felonies: "No matter how liberal I am, I'm still outraged by crimes of violence. Regardless of whether I can sympathize with the causes that lead these individuals to do these crimes, the effects are outrageous." Hispanic-on-Hispanic crime was of particular concern to her: "The saddest crimes for me were the ones that my own people committed against each other." In general, she showed a passion for bringing law and order to the streets of New York, displaying special zeal in pursuing 2721:(2014). Her speeches have tended to give a more defined picture of her worldview than her rulings on the bench. The themes of her speeches have often focused on ethnic identity and experience, the need for diversity, and America's struggle with the implications of its diverse makeup. She has also presented her career achievements as an example of the success of affirmative action policies in university admissions, saying "I am the perfect affirmative action baby" in regard to her belief that her admission test scores were not comparable to those of her classmates. During 2012 while already on the Supreme Court, Sotomayor made two appearances as herself on the children's television program 671: 2656:(2021), a case regarding an abortion law in Texas that allows private citizens to sue abortion providers, Sotomayor wrote a sharp dissenting opinion, joined by justices Breyer and Kagan. By a 5–4 vote, the Supreme Court allowed the Texas law to stay in effect. Sotomayor concluded that "Today's fractured Court evinces no such courage. While the Court properly holds that this suit may proceed against the licensing officials, it errs gravely in foreclosing relief against state-court officials and the state attorney general. By so doing, the Court leaves all manner of constitutional rights more vulnerable than ever before, to the great detriment of our Constitution and our Republic." 2455:

inquiry. States require individuals to buy automobile insurance (implicitly suggesting the unavoidable comparison to health insurance and the fairness of applying the same principle to health insurance as well)." Sotomayor concluded with the incisive rhetorical flourish in the Court directed at the attorneys: "Do you think that if some states decided not to impose an insurance requirement that the federal government would be without power to legislate and require every individual to buy car insurance?" For Toobin, this distinction drawn by Sotomayor was the heart of the argument for the case in which she was part of the prevailing majority opinion.

2081: 685: 1881:(1999), the parents of a black student alleged that he had been harassed due to his race and had been discriminated against when he was transferred from a first grade class to a kindergarten class without parental consent, while similarly situated white students were treated differently. Sotomayor agreed with the dismissal of the harassment claims due to lack of evidence, but would have allowed the discrimination claim to go forward. She wrote in dissent that the grade transfer was "contrary to the school's established policies" as well as its treatment of white students, which "supports the inference that race discrimination played a role". 2156: 1942: 2284:, which the Court decided unanimously, she wrote a separate concurring opinion. Sotomayor's rapport with her clerks is seen as more formalistic than some of the other justices as she requires detailed and rigorous evaluations of cases she is considering with a table of contents attached. When compared to Kagan directly, one of their colleagues stated, "Neither of them is a shrinking violet". Coyle, in her 2013 book on the Roberts Court, stated that: "Both women are more vocal during arguments than the justices whom they succeeded, and they have energized the moderate-liberal side of the bench." 1537:

how her own experiences as a Latina might affect her decisions as a judge. In any case, her background in activism did not necessarily influence her rulings: in a study of 50 racial discrimination cases brought before her panel, 45 were rejected, with Sotomayor never filing a dissent. An expanded study showed that Sotomayor decided 97 cases involving a claim of discrimination and rejected those claims nearly 90 percent of the time. Another examination of Second Circuit split decisions on cases that dealt with race and discrimination showed no clear ideological pattern in Sotomayor's opinions.

1386: 1726:(2004), Sotomayor dissented from her colleagues' decision to uphold a series of strip searches of "troubled adolescent girls" in juvenile detention centers. While Sotomayor agreed that some of the strip searches at issue in the case were lawful, she would have held that due to "the severely intrusive nature of strip searches", they should not be allowed "in the absence of individualized suspicion, of adolescents who have never been charged with a crime". She argued that an "individualized suspicion" rule was more consistent with Second Circuit precedent than the majority's rule. 13679: 12999: 867: 33: 2278:

decisions. In her reading of the constitutionality of the Obama health care law favoring the poor and disabled, she sided with Ginsburg against fellow liberals Breyer and Kagan. In dealing with the Chief Justice, Sotomayor had no difficulty in responding to his statement that "the way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race," by stating, "I don't borrow Chief Justice Roberts's description of what color-blindness is... Our society is too complex to use that kind of analysis." In the manufacturer liability case of

427: 1152:, where she served for four years. There she took a vigorous role in the board's implementation of a voluntary scheme wherein local candidates received public matching funds in exchange for limits on contributions and spending and agreeing to greater financial disclosure. Sotomayor showed no patience with candidates who failed to follow regulations and was more of a stickler for making campaigns follow those regulations than some of the other board members. She joined in rulings that fined, audited, or reprimanded the mayoral campaigns of Koch, 2326: 2803: 2239:) had comprised the identifiable conservative wing of the Court. Although five of the justices on the Supreme Court in 2009 self-identified as having Roman Catholic affiliation, Sotomayor's voting history identifies her singly among them with the liberal bloc of the Court. However, there is a wide divergence among Catholics in general in their approaches to the law. Due to her upbringing and her past jobs and positions, Sotomayor has brought one of the more diverse sets of life experiences to the Court. 1893:(2002), Sotomayor wrote an opinion halting New York City's practice of seizing the motor vehicles of drivers accused of driving while intoxicated and some other crimes and holding those vehicles for "months or even years" during criminal proceedings. Noting the importance of cars to many individuals' livelihoods or daily activities, she held that it violated individuals' due process rights to hold the vehicles without permitting the owners to challenge the city's continued possession of their property. 2665: 3248: 886:, and on the territory's struggles for economic and political self-determination. The 178-page work, "La Historia Ciclica de Puerto Rico: The Impact of the Life of Luis Muñoz Marin on the Political and Economic History of Puerto Rico, 1930–1975", won honorable mention for the Latin American Studies Thesis Prize. As a senior, Sotomayor won the Pyne Prize, the top award for undergraduates, which reflected both strong grades and extracurricular activities. In 1976, she was elected to 2424:, it could not agree on a single rationale. Sotomayor was among four justices, along with Justices Roberts, Ginsburg and Kennedy, who concluded that a statement's falsity is not enough, by itself, to exclude speech from First Amendment protection. Justices Breyer and Kagan concluded that while false statements were entitled to some protection, the act was invalid because it could have achieved its objectives in less restrictive ways. Justices Scalia, Thomas and Alito dissented. 2089:

in sound judgment." When Republican senators confronted her regarding other remarks from her past speeches, she pointed to her judicial record and said she had never let her own life experiences or opinions influence her decisions. Republican senators said that while her rulings to this point might be largely traditional, they feared her Supreme Court rulings—where there is more latitude with respect to precedent and interpretation—might be more reflective of her speeches.

3262: 1638:, Sotomayor wrote the opinion for the Second Circuit panel striking down this order on First Amendment grounds, stating that the media should be free to publish the names of the jurors. Sotomayor held that although it was important to protect the fairness of the retrial, the district court's order was an unconstitutional prior restraint on free speech and violated the right of the press "to report freely on events that transpire in an open courtroom". 17514: 312: 1787:. The city chose not to certify the test results and a lower court had previously upheld the city's right to do this. Several white firefighters and one Hispanic firefighter who had passed the test, including the lead plaintiff who has dyslexia and had put extra effort into studying, sued the City of New Haven, claiming that their rights were violated. A Second Circuit panel that included Sotomayor first issued a brief, unsigned 1912:(2006), an unrelated case brought about by the same town's actions, Sotomayor joined a unanimous panel's summary order to uphold a trial court's dismissal—due to a statute of limitations lapse—of a property owner's objection to his land being condemned for a redevelopment project. The ruling further said that even without the lapse, the owner's petition would be denied due to application of the Supreme Court's recent 1634:. Frank Quattrone had been on trial on charges of obstructing investigations related to technology IPOs. After the first trial ended in a deadlocked jury and a mistrial, some members of the media had wanted to publish the names of the jurors deciding Quattrone's case, and a district court had issued an order barring the publication, even though their names had previously been disclosed in open court. In 552:. Her nomination was confirmed by the Senate in August 2009 by a vote of 68–31. While on the Court, Sotomayor has supported the informal liberal bloc of justices when they divide along the commonly perceived ideological lines. During her Supreme Court tenure, Sotomayor has been identified with concern for the rights of criminal defendants and criminal justice reform as seen in majority opinions such as 2193:, representing the First Amendment issues in the case, Sotomayor challenged him, questioning 19th century rulings of the Court and saying, "What you are suggesting is that the courts, who created corporations as persons, gave birth to corporations as persons, and there could be an argument made that that was the Court's error to start with ... a creature of State law with human characteristics." 2616:, Sotomayor wrote a dissent from the Court's ruling that evidence obtained as a result of an illegal police stop could be admitted if the stopped person was later found to have an outstanding traffic warrant, writing that it was a "remarkable proposition" that the existence of a warrant could justify a stop illegally based on police officers' "whim or hunch". Echoing her earlier dissent in 1656:

Judge Livingston held that the district judge did not abuse her discretion in holding that the student's speech "foreseeably create a risk of substantial disruption within the school environment", which is the precedent in the Second Circuit for when schools may regulate off-campus speech. Although Sotomayor did not write this opinion, she has been criticized by some who disagree with it.

985: 2529:(2012), all nine justices agreed that a warrant was likely to be required before police could place a GPS tracking device on a suspect's car. Most justices sided with a narrow opinion written by Justice Samuel Alito, but Sotomayor (in a lone concurrence) advocated a more expansive view of privacy rights in a digital age, calling for a re-assessment of the longstanding 3276: 1545:, which collected anonymous evaluations of judges by lawyers who appear before them, contained a wide range of reactions to Sotomayor. Comments also diverged among lawyers willing to be named. Attorney Sheema Chaudhry said, "She's brilliant and she's qualified, but I just feel that she can be very, how do you say, temperamental." Defense lawyer 1523:

articles, increased significantly during the length of her appellate judgeship and was greater than that of some other prominent federal appeals court judges. Two academic studies showed that the percentage of Sotomayor's decisions that overrode policy decisions by elected branches was the same as or lower than that of other circuit judges.

1799:. Sotomayor voted with a 7–6 majority not to rehear it and a slightly expanded ruling was issued, but a strong dissent by Cabranes led to the case reaching the Supreme Court in 2009. There it was overruled in a 5–4 decision that found the white firefighters had been victims of racial discrimination when they were denied promotion. 11989: 949:. By her own later evaluation, her performance there was lacking. She did not receive an offer for a full-time position, an experience that she later described as a "kick in the teeth" and one that would bother her for years. In her third year, she filed a formal complaint against the established Washington, D.C., law firm of 2100:. In general, Sotomayor followed the hearings formula of recent past nominees by avoiding stating personal positions, declining to take positions on controversial issues likely to come before the Court, agreeing with senators from both parties, and repeatedly affirming that as a justice she would just apply the law. 333: 7496: 2041:

and was motivated by gun ownership advocates concerned about her interpretation of Second Amendment rights. Some of the fervor with which conservatives and Republicans viewed the Sotomayor nomination was due to their grievances over the history of federal judicial nomination battles going back to the

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did not violate the First Amendment rights of a student when it barred her from running for student government after she called the superintendent and other school officials "douchebags" in a blog post written while off-campus that encouraged students to call an administrator and "piss her off more".

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In the Court of Appeals seat, Sotomayor gained a reputation for vigorous and blunt behavior toward lawyers appealing before her, sometimes to the point of brusque and curt treatment or testy interruptions. She was known for extensive preparation for oral arguments and for running a "hot bench", where

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analysis found that Sotomayor's rulings defied easy ideological categorization, but did show an adherence to precedent and an avoidance of overstepping the circuit court's judicial role. Unusually, Sotomayor read through all the supporting documents of cases under review; her lengthy rulings explored

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experience, the firm recruited her heavily, and she learned quickly on the job. She was eager to try cases and argue in court, rather than be part of a larger law firm. Her clients were mostly international corporations doing business in the United States; much of her time was spent tracking down and

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cases, unusual for the time. She worked 15-hour days and gained a reputation for being driven and for her preparedness and fairness. One of her job evaluations labelled her a "potential superstar". Morgenthau later described her as "smart, hard-working, a lot of common sense," and as a "fearless and

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as the foremost voice on the Court calling for reforming criminal justice adjudication—in particular as it relates misconduct by police and prosecutors, abuses in prisons, concerns about how the death penalty is used, and the potential for loss of privacy—and Tribe has compared her will to reform in

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was permitted to challenge the state's Eminent Domain Procedure Law. A district court subsequently rejected the plaintiff's claims and upon appeal the case found itself again with the Second Circuit. In 2005, Sotomayor ruled with a panel majority that the property owner's due process rights had been

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the following spring. In the speech, she discussed the characteristics of her Latina upbringing and culture and the history of minorities and women ascending to the federal bench. She said the low number of minority women on the federal bench at that time was "shocking". She then discussed at length

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Sotomayor generally kept a low public profile as a district court judge. She showed a willingness to take anti-government positions in a number of cases, and during her first year in the seat, she received high ratings from liberal public-interest groups. Other sources and organizations regarded her

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Sotomayor and Noonan divorced amicably in 1983; they did not have children. She has said that the pressures of her working life were a contributing factor, but not the major factor, in the breakup. From 1983 to 1986, Sotomayor had an informal solo practice, dubbed Sotomayor & Associates, located

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crisis-level crime rates and drug problems in New York, Morgenthau's staff was overburdened with cases, and like other rookie prosecutors, Sotomayor was initially fearful of appearing before judges in court. Working in the trial division, she handled heavy caseloads as she prosecuted everything from

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starting in 1979. She said at the time that she did so with conflicted emotions: "There was a tremendous amount of pressure from my community, from the third world community, at Yale. They could not understand why I was taking this job. I'm not sure I've ever resolved that problem." It was a time of

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wrote, "Sotomayor's concerns tended toward the earthbound and practical. Sometimes, during oral arguments, she would go on tangents involving detailed questions about the facts of cases that would leave her colleagues stupefied, sinking into their chairs. This time, though, she had a simple line of

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In succeeding Justice Souter, Sotomayor did not change the Court's net philosophical and ideological balance. While many cases are decided unanimously or with different voting coalitions, Sotomayor has continued to be a reliable member of the liberal bloc of the court when the justices divide along

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Sotomayor's confirmation hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee began on July 13, 2009, during which she backed away from her "wise Latina" remark, declaring it "a rhetorical flourish that fell flat" and stating that "I do not believe that any ethnic, racial or gender group has an advantage

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that profiled women ten years after college graduation, she said that the bulk of law work was drudgery, and that while she was content with her life, she had expected greater things of herself coming out of college. In 1988 she became a partner at the firm; she was paid well but not extravagantly.

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to have illegitimate merchandise seized, in the latter instance pursuing a fleeing culprit while riding on a motorcycle. She said at the time that Pavia & Harcourt's efforts were run "much like a drug operation", and the successful rounding up of thousands of counterfeit accessories in 1986 was

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made up for her standardized test scores, which she described as "not comparable to her colleagues at Princeton and Yale." She would later say that there are cultural biases built into such testing and praised affirmative action for fulfilling "its purpose: to create the conditions whereby students

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On May 25, Obama informed Sotomayor of his choice; she later said, "I had my over my chest, trying to calm my beating heart, literally." On May 26, 2009, Obama nominated her. She became only the second jurist to be nominated to three different judicial positions by three different presidents. The

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urged Obama not to appoint Sotomayor, writing that "she's not nearly as smart as she seems to think she is," and that "her reputation for being something of a bully could well make her liberal impulses backfire and simply add to the fire power of the Roberts/Alito/Scalia/Thomas wing of the court."

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employee whose employer searched his office computer. She held that, "Even though had some expectation of privacy in the contents of his office computer, the investigatory searches by the DOT did not violate his Fourth Amendment rights" because here "there were reasonable grounds to believe" that

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Over her ten years on the Second Circuit, Sotomayor heard appeals in more than 3,000 cases and wrote about 380 opinions when she was in the majority. The Supreme Court reviewed five of those, reversing three and affirming two—not high numbers for an appellate judge of that many years and a typical

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and her getting unanimous approval from the committee. Then a Republican senator blocked her nomination and that of three others for a while in retaliation for an unrelated block Democrats had put on another nominee. D'Amato objected strongly; some weeks later, the block was dropped, and Sotomayor

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Sotomayor described her time at Princeton as life-changing. Initially, she felt like "a visitor landing in an alien country" coming from the Bronx and Puerto Rico. Princeton had few female students and fewer Latinos (about twenty). She was too intimidated to ask questions during her freshman year;

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describing it as "a compelling and powerfully written memoir about identity and coming of age. ... It's an eloquent and affecting testament to the triumph of brains and hard work over circumstance, of a childhood dream realized through extraordinary will and dedication." She staged a book tour to

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Court staff working for Sotomayor have suggested public institutions such as colleges and libraries where she has held lectures, speeches and other events to buy her books to have available for purchase, which reportedly earned Sotomayor $ 3.7 million. Her court staff has also been promoting

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Sotomayor's nomination won praise from Democrats and liberals, and Democrats appeared to have sufficient votes to confirm her. The strongest criticism of her nomination came from conservatives and some Republican senators regarding a line she had used in similar forms in a number of her speeches,

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doctrine—which allows suits against individuals working for the federal government for constitutional rights violations—could be applied to the case of a former prisoner seeking to sue the private company operating the federal halfway house facility in which he resided. The Supreme Court reversed

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and other sources and organizations. Several lawyers, legal experts, and news organizations identified her as someone with liberal inclinations. The Second Circuit's caseload typically skewed more toward business and securities law rather than hot-button social or constitutional issues. Sotomayor

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described, " embroiled in the sometimes tortured judicial politics of the Senate." Some in the Republican majority believed Clinton was eager to name the first Hispanic Supreme Court justice and that an easy confirmation to the appeals court would put Sotomayor in a better position for a possible

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from 1980 to 1992. There she was a top policy maker who worked actively with the organization's lawyers on issues such as New York City hiring practices, police brutality, the death penalty, and voting rights. The group achieved its most visible triumph when it successfully blocked a city primary

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in the fall of 1976. While she believes she again benefited from affirmative action to compensate for relatively low standardized test scores, a former dean of admissions at Yale has said that given her record at Princeton, it probably had little effect. At Yale she fit in well although she found

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Sotomayor has maintained a public presence, mostly through making speeches, since joining the federal judiciary and throughout her time on the Supreme Court. She gave over 180 speeches between 1993 and 2009, about half of which either focused on issues of ethnicity or gender or were delivered to

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received the most attention during the early nomination discussion, motivated by the Republican desire to focus on the reverse racial discrimination aspect of the case. In the midst of her confirmation process the Supreme Court overturned that ruling on June 29. A third line of Republican attack

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Sotomayor had made similar remarks in other speeches between 1994 and 2003, including one she submitted as part of her confirmation questionnaire for the Court of Appeals in 1998, but they had attracted little attention at the time. The remark now became widely known. The rhetoric quickly became

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to throw out its test for firefighters and start over with a new test, because the city believed the test had a "disparate impact" on minority firefighters. (No black firefighters qualified for promotion under the test, whereas some had qualified under tests used in previous years.) The city was

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after 232 days, the day before the new season was scheduled to begin. The Second Circuit upheld Sotomayor's decision and denied the owners' request to stay the ruling. The decision raised her profile, won her the plaudits of baseball fans, and had a lasting effect on the game. In the preparatory

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As a trial judge, she garnered a reputation for being well-prepared in advance of a case and moving cases along a tight schedule. Lawyers before her court viewed her as plain-spoken, intelligent, demanding, and sometimes somewhat unforgiving; one said, "She does not have much patience for people

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for suggesting during a recruiting dinner that she was at Yale only via affirmative action. Sotomayor refused to be interviewed by the firm further and filed her complaint with a faculty–student tribunal, which ruled in her favor. Her action triggered a campus-wide debate, and news of the firm's

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By the end of her fifth year on the Court, Sotomayor had become especially visible in oral arguments and in passionate dissents from various majority rulings, especially those involving issues of race, gender and ethnic identity. Sotomayor has shown her individuality on the Court in a number of

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for sufferers of AIDS. Despite being the youngest member of a board composed of strong personalities, she involved herself in the details of the operation and was effective. She was vocal in supporting the right to affordable housing, directing more funds to lower-income home owners, and in her

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The confirmation experience left Sotomayor somewhat angry; she said shortly afterwards that during the hearings, Republicans had assumed her political beliefs based on her being a Latina: "That series of questions, I think, were symbolic of a set of expectations that some people had I must be

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editorial page opined that the Clinton administration intended to "get her on to the Second Circuit, then elevate her to the Supreme Court as soon as an opening occurs"; the editorial criticized two of her district court rulings and urged further delay of her confirmation. The Republican block

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classes whom police had suspected of committing two robberies. A police investigator visited J.D.B. at school, where he was interrogated by the investigator, a uniformed police officer, and school officials. J.D.B. subsequently confessed to his crimes and was convicted. J.D.B. was not given a

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Across some 150 cases involving business and civil law, Sotomayor's rulings were generally unpredictable and not consistently pro-business or anti-business. Sotomayor's influence in the federal judiciary, as measured by the number of citations of her rulings by other judges and in law review

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In June 2010, the Bronxdale Houses development, where Sotomayor grew up, was renamed after her. The Justice Sonia Sotomayor Houses and Justice Sonia Sotomayor Community Center comprise 28 buildings with some 3,500 residents. While many New York housing developments are named after

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selection appeared to closely match Obama's presidential campaign promise that he would nominate judges who had "the heart, the empathy, to recognize what it's like to be a teenage mom. The empathy to understand what it's like to be poor, or African-American, or gay, or disabled, or old."

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custody analysis, Sotomayor wrote that "to hold... that a child's age is never relevant to whether a suspect has been taken into custody— and thus to ignore the very real differences between children and adults—would be to deny children the full scope of the procedural safeguards that

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and said, "Those who are bound by our decisions usually believe they can take us at our word ... Not today." Sotomayor stated further her opinion that the decision risked depriving "hundreds of Wheaton's employees and students of their legal entitlement to contraceptive coverage."

3583:. In her 2009 questionnaire response to the Senate Judiciary Committee considering her nomination, she listed "Sonia Sotomayor" as her current name, and "Sonia Maria Sotomayor", "Sonia Sotomayor de Noonan", "Sonia Maria Sotomayor Noonan", and "Sonia Noonan" as former names. See 1863:(2000), Sotomayor, writing for the court, supported the right of an individual to sue a private corporation working on behalf of the federal government for alleged violations of that individual's constitutional rights. Reversing a lower court decision, Sotomayor found that the 1293:

phase of the case, Sotomayor informed the lawyers of both sides that, "I hope none of you assumed ... that my lack of knowledge of any of the intimate details of your dispute meant I was not a baseball fan. You can't grow up in the South Bronx without knowing about baseball."

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challenged these rules, which were part of the collective bargaining agreement between the NFL and its players, on antitrust grounds. Sotomayor held that Clarett's claim would upset the established "federal labor law favoring and governing the collective bargaining process".

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Sotomayor became the youngest judge in the Southern District and the first Hispanic federal judge in New York State. She became the first Puerto Rican woman to serve as a judge in a U.S. federal court. She was one of seven women among the district's 58 judges. She moved from

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to push the Senate leadership to bring Sotomayor's nomination to a vote. D'Amato, a backer of Sotomayor to begin with and additionally concerned about being up for re-election that year, helped move Republican leadership. Her nomination had been pending for over a year when

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for her children, something unusual in the housing projects. Despite the distance between the two, which became greater after her father's death and which was not fully reconciled until decades later, Sotomayor has credited her mother with being her "life inspiration".

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concurrence had been influential in calling out the need for a new basis in understanding privacy requirements in a world, as she wrote, "in which people reveal a great deal of information about themselves to third parties in the course of carrying out mundane tasks."

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on the island's mineral and ocean rights. She was a semi-finalist in the Barristers Union mock trial competition. She served as the co-chair of a group for Latin, Asian, and Native American students, and continued to advocate for the hiring of more Hispanic faculty.

2386:(holding that a child's age "generates commonsense conclusions about behavior and perception"). Sotomayor also pointed out that the law recognizes that a child's judgment is not the same as an adult's, in the form of legal disqualifications on children as a class ( 1600:, which states that "the United States will no longer contribute to separate nongovernmental organizations which perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning in other nations." Sotomayor held that the policy did not constitute a violation of 1626:

protected speech by the employee "away from the office, on own time", even if that speech was "offensive, hateful, and insulting", and that therefore the employee's First Amendment claim should have gone to trial rather than being dismissed on summary judgment.

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to slow down the Sotomayor nomination, and Leahy attributed that anonymous tactic to GOP reticence about publicly opposing a female Hispanic nominee. The prior month, Leahy had triggered a procedural delay in the confirmation of fellow Second Circuit nominee

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position. While there she created and co-taught a class called the Federal Appellate Externship each semester from 2000 until her departure; it combined classroom, moot court, and Second Circuit chambers work. She became a member of the Board of Trustees of

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because of their concerns that the position might lead to a Supreme Court nomination but she was eventually confirmed in 1998. On the Second Circuit, Sotomayor heard appeals in more than 3,000 cases and wrote about 380 opinions. Sotomayor has taught at the

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Supreme Court nomination (despite there being no vacancy at the time nor any indication the Clinton administration was considering nominating her or any Hispanic). Therefore, the Republican majority decided to slow her confirmation. Radio commentator

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as a strong guarantee of the right of a defendant to confront his or her accusers. Sotomayor's judicial philosophy on the issue is seen as being in parity with Elena Kagan and, unexpectedly for Sotomayor, also in at least partial agreement with the

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every aspect of a case and tended to feature leaden, ungainly prose. Some legal experts have said that Sotomayor's attention to detail and re-examination of the facts of a case came close to overstepping the traditional role of appellate judges.

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said his tracking showed that Sotomayor's questioning patterns were no different from those of other members of the court and added, "Some lawyers just don't like to be questioned by a woman. was sexist, plain and simple." Sotomayor's

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In 1984, she entered private practice, joining the commercial litigation practice group of Pavia & Harcourt in Manhattan as an associate. One of 30 attorneys in the law firm, she specialized in intellectual property litigation,

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in the simultaneously published Spanish edition). It focuses on her life up to 1992, with recollections of growing up in housing projects in New York and descriptions of the challenges she faced. It received good reviews, with

1341:) of the work of freelancers it had published. Sotomayor ruled that the publisher had the right to license the freelancers' work. This decision was reversed on appeal, and the Supreme Court upheld the reversal; two dissenters ( 2777:

as the Vice President of the United States. It was considered historic as Sotomayor is the first woman of color to serve on the Supreme Court and Harris is the first woman, African-American, and Asian-American Vice President.

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claims in state courts by stockbrokers alleging misleading inducement to buy or sell stocks. The Supreme Court handed down an 8–0 decision stating that the Act did preempt such claims, thereby overruling Sotomayor's decision.

1905:

violated by lack of adequate notice to him of his right to challenge a village order that his land should be used for a redevelopment project. However, the panel supported the village's taking of the property for public use.

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organization, which served as a social and political hub and sought more opportunities for Puerto Rican students. She worked in the admissions office, traveling to high schools and lobbying on behalf of her best prospects.

737:

and had a near-perfect attendance record. Although underage, Sotomayor worked at a local retail store and a hospital. Sotomayor has said that she was first inspired by the strong-willed children's book detective character

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On July 28, 2009, the Senate Judiciary Committee voted 13–6 in favor of Sotomayor's nomination, sending it to the full Senate for a final confirmation vote. Every Democrat voted in her favor, as did one Republican,

1132:, which she served on until 1992. As part of one of the largest urban rebuilding efforts in American history, the agency helped low-income people get home mortgages and to provide insurance coverage for housing and 1116:

In addition to her law firm work, Sotomayor found visible public service roles. She was not connected to the party bosses that typically picked people for such jobs in New York, and indeed she was registered as an

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descent, who was appointed to the Court in 1932; however, his roots were uncertain, plus, the term "Hispanic" was not in use as an ethnic identifier at the time, and the Portuguese are generally excluded from its

3070: 1468:—who, although advanced by Clinton and supported by Senator Moynihan, was considered much more acceptable by Republicans—in an unsuccessful effort to force earlier consideration of the Sotomayor confirmation. 5443: 11323: 1541:

judges ask lawyers plenty of questions. Unprepared lawyers suffered the consequences, but the vigorous questioning was an aid to lawyers seeking to tailor their arguments to the judge's concerns. The 2009

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injections. Her father died of heart problems at age 42, when she was nine years old. After that, she became fluent in English. Celina Sotomayor put great stress on the value of education; she bought the

17618: 12049: 10053: 796:. She put in long hours in the library and worked over summers with a professor outside of class, and gained skills, knowledge and confidence. She became a moderate student activist and co-chair of the 17683: 6317: 1874:

doctrine could not be expanded to cover private entities working on behalf of the federal government. Justices Stevens, Souter, Ginsburg, and Breyer dissented, siding with Sotomayor's original ruling.

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said that his interactions with Sotomayor had been "totally antithetical to this perception that has gotten some traction that she is somehow confrontational." Second Circuit Judge and former teacher

11949: 2533:: "It may be necessary to reconsider the premise that an individual has no reasonable expectation of privacy in information voluntarily disclosed to third parties." The following year, federal judge 7161: 1756:

that New York's law prohibiting out-of-state wineries from shipping directly to consumers in New York was constitutional even though in-state wineries were allowed to. The case, which invoked the

17678: 5861: 5390: 4439: 5008: 9160: 1976:'s retirement plans leaked to the press, and Sotomayor received early attention as a possible nominee for Souter's seat to be vacated in June 2009. In May 2009, however, Harvard Law Professor 1526:

Sotomayor was a member of the Second Circuit Task Force on Gender, Racial and Ethnic Fairness in the Courts. In October 2001, she presented the annual Judge Mario G. Olmos Memorial Lecture at

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and other Republican senators denounced such attacks but said that Sotomayor's approach was troubling. Backers of Sotomayor offered a variety of explanations in defense of the remark, and

1688:(1886), the Supreme Court held that the Second Amendment "is a limitation only upon the power of Congress and the national government, and not upon that of the state". With respect to the 1471:

During 1998, several Hispanic organizations organized a petition drive in New York State, generating hundreds of signatures from New Yorkers to try to convince New York Republican senator

2581:(2014), Sotomayor joined Justice Scalia's dissent from an opinion finding no Fourth Amendment violation from a traffic stop and drug seizure based solely on an anonymous tip submitted to 2108:. On August 6, 2009, Sotomayor was confirmed by the full Senate by a vote of 68–31. All Democrats present, along with the Senate's two Independents plus nine Republicans, voted for her. 1849:(2001), she ruled that the license agreement of Netscape's Smart Download software did not constitute a binding contract because the system did not give "sufficient notice" to the user. 17603: 9402: 3444: 1993:

lecture: "I would hope that a wise Latina woman with the richness of her experiences would more often than not reach a better conclusion than a white male who hasn't lived that life."

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During her tenure on the Court, Sotomayor has also become recognizable as being among the Court's strongest voices in supporting the rights of the accused. She has been identified by

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effective prosecutor." She stayed a typical length of time in the post and had a common reaction to the job: "After a while, you forget there are decent, law-abiding people in life."

506: 157: 5612: 1714:, citing the case in their decision turning back a challenge to Chicago's gun laws and noting the Supreme Court precedents remain in force until altered by the Supreme Court itself. 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 10535: 9215: 6605: 12969: 12761: 11124: 9032: 8479: 7289: 3883: 2266:. Sotomayor became the first Hispanic and fourth woman to administer the oath to a president or vice president. On January 20, 2021, Sotomayor administered the oath of office to 2175:

Sotomayor cast her first vote as an associate Supreme Court justice on August 17, 2009, in a stay of execution case. She was given a warm welcome onto the Court and was formally

17688: 12777: 12745: 9786: 8585: 8255: 5972: 832:, saying the school discriminated in its hiring and admission practices. The university began to hire Latino faculty, and Sotomayor established an ongoing dialogue with Bowen. 6420: 4907: 2880:

included Sotomayor on its list of "The 75 Most Influential People of the 21st Century". In 2013, Sotomayor won the Woodrow Wilson Award at her alma mater Princeton University.

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father and a mother who was emotionally distant; she felt closest to her grandmother, who she later said was a source of "protection and purpose". Sotomayor was diagnosed with

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President Obama commissioned Sotomayor on the day of her confirmation, and her swearing-in ceremony took place on August 8, 2009, at the Supreme Court Building. Chief Justice

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on May 26, 2009, and has served since August 8, 2009. She is the third woman, first woman of color, the first Hispanic and the first Latina to serve on the Supreme Court.

11244: 10801: 6494: 5269: 17628: 13018: 12873: 12595: 10022: 3334: 2144: 1969:, to the Supreme Court if a vacancy should arise during his term. The White House first contacted Sotomayor on April 27, 2009, about the possibility of her nomination. 444: 47: 7749: 6443: 13960: 12729: 9829: 6952: 3319: 3087: 2770:'s home, shooting her husband and killing her son. The gunman had subsequently killed himself, after which his detailed planning notes regarding Sotomayor were found. 2116: 726: 5830: 3732: 5790: 3813: 1549:

said, "She used her questioning to make a point, as opposed to really looking for an answer to a question she did not understand." In contrast, Second Circuit Judge

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from 1998 to 2007. There she taught trial and appellate advocacy as well as a federal appellate court seminar. Beginning in 1999, she was also a lecturer in law at

1514:

tended to write narrow, practiced rulings that relied on close application of the law to the facts of a case rather than import general philosophical viewpoints. A

742:, but after her diabetes diagnosis led her doctors to suggest a different career path, she was inspired to pursue a legal career and become a judge by watching the 9991: 9760: 8174: 7715: 5432: 2734:

to publish a memoir about the early part of her life. She received an advance of nearly $ 1.2 million for the work, which was published in January 2013 and titled

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poll showed 58% of the public disagreeing with her "wise Latina" remark but 67% saying the remark should not disqualify her from serving on the Supreme Court. The

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there were few Latino students. She was known as a hard worker but she was not considered among the star students in her class. Yale General Counsel and professor

11313: 11159: 10691: 9890: 9538: 8140: 7780: 7527: 6538: 5228: 4985: 4548: 4100: 11599: 11027: 9305: 8726:"Schumer, Gillibrand make direct appeal to President Obama recommending he nominate the first Latino to the Supreme Court should a vacancy occur during his term" 8457: 3576: 2434: 2208: 1827: 12041: 10045: 9731: 9639: 9055: 8435: 4023: 748:

television series. She reflected in 1998: "I was going to college and I was going to become an attorney, and I knew that when I was ten. Ten. That's no jest."

11356: 8685: 7915: 7588: 7020: 6636: 6309: 4339: 4252: 3299: 1699: 12474: 8806: 5139: 2603:; Sotomayor argued that "By sanctioning a 'shoot first, think later' approach to policing, the Court renders the protections of the Fourth Amendment hollow." 17648: 13758: 12566: 10430: 2002: 1369: 804:

As a student activist, Sotomayor focused on faculty hiring and curriculum, since Princeton did not have a single full-time Latino professor nor any class on

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On August 14, 1976, just after graduating from Princeton, Sotomayor married Kevin Edward Noonan, whom she had dated since high school, in a small chapel at

2242:

There have been some deviations from the ideological pattern. In a 2013 book on the Roberts Court, author Marcia Coyle assessed Sotomayor's position on the

874:

Academically, Sotomayor stumbled her first year at Princeton, but later received almost all A-grades in her final two years of college. Sotomayor wrote her

11469: 11783: 9585: 7199: 7153: 8918: 5853: 5382: 2571:(2013), Sotomayor wrote the majority opinion holding that a warrant is required before police take a nonconsensual blood test of a motorist suspected of 1832: 8021: 6738: 6572: 13716: 11682: 11003: 10166: 10139: 2546: 2512: 1734: 1673: 1060: 6044: 5043: 5018: 4431: 3775: 763:. She graduated as valedictorian in 1972. Meanwhile, the Bronxdale Houses had fallen victim to increasing heroin use, crime, and the emergence of the 11525: 11218: 10894: 9150: 8990: 7990: 6910: 5644: 4144: 3304: 2417: 2247: 2206:. As her first year neared completion, Sotomayor said she felt swamped by the intensity and heavy workload of the job. During the oral arguments for 2186: 1623: 1285: 1192:

Sotomayor had wanted to become a judge since she was in elementary school, and in 1991 she was recommended for a spot by Democratic New York senator

462:, New York City, to Puerto Rican-born parents. Her father died when she was nine, and she was subsequently raised by her mother. Sotomayor graduated 11809: 10371: 9700: 6374: 4058: 1692:

precedent, the panel stated that only the Supreme Court has "the prerogative of overruling its own decisions," and the recent Supreme Court case of

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opinion noted that the Supreme Court has not, so far, ever held that the Second Amendment is binding against state governments. On the contrary, in

17578: 17249: 12019: 11982:"Mayor Bloomberg and New York City Housing Authority Chairman Rhea Rename Bronx Development in Honor of U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor" 11391: 9560: 9117: 5738: 4054: 1990: 1527: 8346: 7413: 7382: 6873: 3588: 17261: 10713: 5543: 4390: 4198: 3294: 2709:

minority or women's groups. While on the Supreme Court she has been invited to give commencement addresses at a number of universities including

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polls showed that the public was now sharply divided, largely along partisan and ideological lines, as to whether Sotomayor should be confirmed.

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reporter at the time that "Princeton is following a policy of benign neutrality and is not making substantive efforts to change." She also wrote

11926: 10284: 5472: 4861: 2705:. On June 19, 2009, Sotomayor resigned from the Belizean Grove after Republican politicians voiced concerns over the group's membership policy. 16040: 13953: 7907: 6822: 3963: 2181: 2027:, saying that while life experience shapes who one is, "ultimately and completely" a judge follows the law regardless of personal background. 1588: 1248:

as a centrist during this period. In criminal cases, she gained a reputation for tough sentencing and was not viewed as a pro-defense judge. A

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hearings, led by a friendly Democratic majority, went smoothly for her in June 1992, with her pro bono activities winning praise from Senator

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released a week after the nomination showed 54% of Americans in favor of Sotomayor's confirmation compared with 28% in opposition. A June 12

1945:

President Barack Obama meets with Judge Sonia Sotomayor and Vice President Joe Biden prior to an announcement in the East Room, May 26, 2009.

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in New York for four and a half years before entering private practice in 1984. She played an active role on the boards of directors for the

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and other Supreme Court Fourth Amendment jurisprudence sent the message "that you are not the citizen of a democracy but the subject of a

17563: 17553: 9859: 7281: 6597: 6286: 6102: 4767: 3990: 3844: 1409: 946: 829: 12109: 10014: 9279: 9095: 9028: 8959: 8773: 8737: 8476: 8317: 7822: 7619: 6250: 6153: 4586: 4175: 3875: 2859: 1445:. After a long wait, she was approved by the committee in March 1998, with only two dissensions. However, in June 1998, the influential 17598: 11886: 8577: 8051: 5936: 5179: 2439: 604: 10747: 8263: 8209: 2212:, Sotomayor showed her increasing familiarity with the Court and its protocols by directing the opening questions of the arguments to 17296: 17233: 13946: 12685: 7673:

The speech recapitulated many thoughts and exact phrases she had previously given before a 1994 panel on women in the judiciary. See

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Confirmation Hearing On The Nomination Of Hon. Sonia Sotomayor, To Be An Associate Justice Of The Supreme Court Of The United States

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and served on the university's student–faculty Discipline Committee, which issued rulings on student infractions. She also ran an

17331: 17255: 17243: 12512: 11088: 8862: 8471: 8089: 7327: 5680: 3551: 1845: 1604:, as "the government is free to favor the anti-abortion position over the pro-choice position, and can do so with public funds." 852: 784: 10797: 10325: 10245: 10112: 9380: 8286: 7940: 7878: 7848: 5103: 3628: 2179:

in a September 8 ceremony. Sotomayor's inaugural case in which she heard arguments was on September 9 during a special session,

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In 2020, Justice Sotomayor was reportedly targeted by the same gunman, an angry lawyer, who entered U.S. District Court Judge

1817:'s eligibility rules requiring players to wait three full seasons after high school graduation before entering the NFL draft. 17698: 17558: 17548: 17475: 12346: 12320: 12292: 12266: 7741: 6944: 6451: 3289: 2885: 2835: 2463: 9818: 7311:

McKinley, James (April 2, 1995). "Tough on the Bench: Judge who issued injunction against owners gets high marks by peers".

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in 2002. She was given the Outstanding Latino Professional Award in 2006 by the Latino/a Law Students Association. In 2008,

2380:(holding that a child's age "would have affected how a reasonable person" would "perceive his or her freedom to leave") and 17673: 17668: 17653: 17593: 11252: 6502: 6215: 5822: 3474: 3253: 2787: 2043: 1477: 1149: 950: 499: 5786: 3801: 17658: 17638: 13236: 13224: 12015: 11443: 11417: 9983: 8663: 8412: 2757: 2263: 1809: 998:

for proper paragraphing. Excessively long, run-on paragraphs need to be split into multiple paragraphs of moderate length

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scheduled the vote. With complete Democratic support, and support from 25 Republican senators including Judiciary chair

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from disadvantaged backgrounds could be brought to the starting line of a race many were unaware was even being run."

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study found that in such cases, Sotomayor generally handed out longer sentences than her colleagues, especially when

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could terminate from his desk job an employee who sent racist materials through the mail. Sotomayor argued that the

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of Illinois, a religiously affiliated university, an exemption from complying with the Affordable Care Act (ACA)'s

1957:

victory, speculation arose that Sotomayor could be a leading candidate for a Supreme Court seat. New York Senators

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liberal. It is stereotyping, and stereotyping is perhaps the most insidious of all problems in our society today."

1003: 619:. Sonia's younger brother, Juan Sotomayor (born c. 1957), later became a physician and university professor in the 522: 11690: 10419: 1106:. At other times, she dealt with dry legal issues such as grain export contract disputes. In a 1986 appearance on 17693: 17633: 17480: 16049: 15727: 15190: 7262:

Shepard, Scott (November 24, 2008). "Speculation Already Under Way on Possible Obama Supreme Court Nominations".

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gave her a unanimous "well qualified" assessment, its highest mark for professional qualification. Following the

2019:

stated that Sotomayor's word choice in 2001 had been "poor". Sotomayor subsequently clarified her remark through

589: 12132: 11465: 9476: 639: 16218: 16072: 13044: 11860: 11773: 9575: 8928: 7456: 7189: 6796: 3035: 2870: 1694: 1515: 968: 593: 8237: 6564: 3178: 1900:(2003 and 2005), a takings case, Sotomayor first ruled in 2003 for a unanimous panel that a property owner in 16026: 12678: 8018: 7359: 4416: 3078: 2827: 2525: 2317:

or children's books. Use of government staff is prohibited for such activities in other government branches.

2120: 1593: 12185: 10162: 10135: 2472:, in which the conservative bloc had prevailed, was opposed by the court's three female members: Sotomayor, 828:

addressing the same issues. Acción Puertorriqueña filed a formal letter of complaint in April 1974 with the

642:

before moving in 1957 to the well-maintained, racially and ethnically mixed, working-class Bronxdale Houses

17414: 17326: 15862: 15216: 15094: 2480:. Writing in dissent, Sotomayor wrote that the case was at odds with the majority's previous statements in 1322: 1260:

was an influence on Sotomayor in adopting a narrow, "just the facts" approach to judicial decision-making.

1176: 860: 744: 13938: 11214: 10891: 8982: 7980: 6906: 5640: 4136: 1487:, Sotomayor was confirmed on October 2, 1998, by a 67–29 vote. She received her commission on October 7. 17223: 16067: 14803: 13098: 11805: 9791: 9696: 7129: 6389: 5538: 4050: 3470: 3466: 2925: 2013: 1163:

Based upon another recommendation from Cabranes, Sotomayor was a member of the board of directors of the

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grounds. While a 6–3 majority of the Court agreed that the law was an unconstitutional violation of the

2189:

and the rights of corporations in campaign finance; Sotomayor dissented. In her vigorous examination of

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Sotomayor was part of the three-judge Second Circuit panel that affirmed the district court's ruling in

16266: 14411: 11000: 8356: 7405: 7374: 6869: 6034: 5533: 2459: 2443: 2020: 1914: 1652: 1619: 1307: 1215: 945:

Following her second year, she gained a job as a summer associate with the prominent New York law firm

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administered the prescribed constitutional and judicial oaths of office, at which time she became the

712: 17213: 16511: 13334: 12663: 12284: 11916: 10274: 7936: 6814: 6141: 5468: 4851: 3955: 2847: 2727:, explaining what a vocational career is in general and then demonstrating how a judge hears a case. 2718: 2271: 1795:, by now a fellow judge on the court, objected to this handling and requested that the court hear it 1236: 1072:

in her Brooklyn apartment. She performed legal consulting work, often for friends or family members.

603:

The two left Puerto Rico separately, met, and married during World War II after Celina served in the

8382: 1389:

Judge Sonia Sotomayor with her godson at the United States Court of Appeals signing ceremony in 1998

1313:. Sotomayor ruled that the public had "a substantial interest" in viewing the note and enjoined the 17152: 16193: 16099: 15140: 15044: 14743: 14627: 13266: 13068: 12671: 11119: 10739: 9580: 9358:

Silva, Mark (June 2, 2009). "Sotomayor's confirmation backed by majority of Americans, poll says".

7644: 7491: 7332: 7194: 6667: 5977: 5571: 2538: 2495: 2408: 2344:, in which the Supreme Court held that age is relevant when determining when a person is in police 2340: 2058: 1965:

wrote a joint letter to Obama urging him to appoint Sotomayor, or alternatively Interior Secretary

1814: 1406: 1257: 840: 783:. She has said she was admitted in part due to her achievements in high school and in part because 15414: 11720: 6219: 5753: 4691: 4498: 3572:

Sotomayor has used Maria as a middle name in the past but seems to have discontinued its use. See

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to serve on the Supreme Court, and is one of six women who have served on the Court, along with

1764:

and was overruled in a 5–4 decision that found the law was discriminatory and unconstitutional.

662:. The extended family got together frequently and regularly visited Puerto Rico during summers. 650:(which has over time been thought as part of both the East Bronx and South Bronx). In 2010, the 558:, and is known for her impassioned dissents on issues of race and ethnic identity, including in 17543: 17276: 17112: 16854: 16649: 16566: 16536: 16446: 16416: 16411: 16326: 16296: 16138: 15480: 14975: 14839: 14798: 14531: 14501: 14084: 13580: 13512: 13384: 13062: 12852: 12508: 12499: 12338: 11985: 11954: 11526:"The Bronx, the Bench and the Life in Between: 'My Beloved World,' a Memoir by Sonia Sotomayor" 11049:"WHOLE WOMAN'S HEALTH ET AL. v. JACKSON, JUDGE, DISTRICT COURT OF TEXAS, 114TH DISTRICT, ET AL" 10457:

Alex Greer. "Ranking the Most Liberal Modern Supreme Court Justices". July 6, 2015. InsideGov.

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weighed in that Sotomayor was an ultraliberal who was on a "rocket ship" to the highest court.

1327: 1179:, a Manhattan-based non-profit group which focused on improving the quality of maternity care. 1121:. Instead, District Attorney Morgenthau, an influential figure, served as her patron. In 1987, 938: 848: 805: 11048: 9855: 9271: 8951: 8765: 8309: 7814: 7611: 6671: 6242: 6145: 6098: 4578: 4277:

Shallwani, Pervaiz (May 27, 2009). "Resident in Sotomayor's old Bronx apartment feels pride".

4167: 3986: 3099: 2884:

well-known people, this was only the second to be named after a former resident. In 2011, the

2084:

Sotomayor before the Senate Judiciary Committee for the first day of hearings on July 13, 2009

1196:. Moynihan had an unusual bipartisan arrangement with his fellow New York senator, Republican 17355: 17291: 17271: 17157: 16979: 16859: 16829: 16556: 16366: 16271: 16188: 15994: 15681: 15272: 15236: 15074: 14859: 14612: 14571: 14541: 14441: 14436: 14359: 14284: 13658: 13408: 13315: 13260: 13230: 13218: 13140: 12848: 12312: 12101: 11778: 11318: 9091: 8725: 8616: 7227: 6800: 5928: 5171: 3329: 2669: 2416:(a federal law that criminalized false statements about having received a military medal) on 2198: 2155: 2140: 1562:

regarded her as a valuable and strong mentor, and she said that she viewed them like family.

1281: 1277: 1169: 879: 856: 655: 627: 341: 14935: 11894: 11081:"Judge Sonia Sotomayor, former adjunct professor at NYU Law, nominated to the Supreme Court" 8048: 6659: 3144: 2008:

calling Sotomayor a "racist" (although the latter later backtracked from that claim), while

1760:, was appealed and attached to another case. The case reached the Supreme Court later on as 1385: 17538: 17147: 16759: 16526: 16291: 16198: 16163: 16083: 15989: 15691: 15399: 15373: 15292: 14864: 14617: 14079: 13414: 13359: 13352: 13296: 13254: 12880: 12371: 11623:"Report: Supreme Court Justice Sotomayor Targeted By Gunman Who Killed Federal Judge's Son" 11155: 10744: 8729: 8206: 7157: 7076: 5893: 5708: 5175: 4343: 2972: 2961: 2947: 2863: 2819: 2694: 2530: 2305:

wrote that an "unexpected civil libertarian alliance" was developing between Sotomayor and

2243: 1434: 1228: 1122: 1108: 897: 780: 631: 612: 526: 491: 469: 282: 15969: 13678: 12998: 10798:"The Supreme Court sided against birth control again, and Sotomayor is not happy about it" 3149:

The International Judge: An Introduction to the Men and Women who Decide the World's Cases

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acted as an early mentor to her to successfully transition and work within "the system".

8: 17456: 17442: 17336: 17281: 17142: 17122: 16864: 16571: 16426: 16386: 16168: 16158: 16077: 15908: 15882: 15221: 15195: 15114: 15109: 15034: 14965: 14955: 14945: 14854: 14778: 14506: 14431: 14374: 14211: 14151: 14141: 14024: 14019: 13610: 13560: 13446: 13434: 13372: 13366: 13346: 13188: 12864: 12494:

Supreme Court Associate Justice Nomination Hearings on Sonia Maria Sotomayor in July 2009

12258: 12219: 12137: 11890: 10714:"Supreme Court Justice Sotomayor's staff prodded colleges and libraries to buy her books" 8801: 8043: 4657: 2896: 2851: 2823: 2710: 2685: 2567: 2473: 2280: 2164: 2128: 2097: 1791:(not written by Sotomayor) affirming the lower court's ruling. Sotomayor's former mentor 1684: 1643: 1447: 1249: 1118: 1103: 956: 535: 9953: 6978: 6181: 5706: 5495: 4794:

Smith, Jennifer (May 27, 2009). "Discipline, drive push Sotomayor from Bronx to bench".

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Sotomayor, Sonia (1999). "La Independencia Judicial: Que Necesitamos Para Conservarla".

1792: 1672:, which at the time were illegal in New York; Maloney argued that this law violated his 909: 17407: 17132: 17014: 16984: 16969: 16954: 16849: 16441: 16421: 16376: 16311: 16243: 15867: 15818: 15793: 15722: 15666: 15620: 15559: 15544: 15460: 14960: 14910: 14895: 14788: 14758: 14687: 14657: 14642: 14637: 14561: 14491: 14476: 14426: 14406: 14274: 14232: 13694: 13458: 13396: 13212: 13080: 12528: 12456: 12306: 12251: 11921: 11594: 11530: 11182: 10977: 10376: 10240: 10107: 10046:"Amy Coney Barrett confirmed to the Supreme Court, giving conservatives a 6-3 majority" 9664: 9554: 9238: 9111: 8721: 8690: 7962: 7353: 5897: 5732: 4815: 4410: 3267: 3124: 2874: 2831: 2751: 2600: 2520: 2438:(2012), Sotomayor was part of a 5–4 majority that upheld most of the provisions of the 2421: 2395: 2309:"in defense of robust due process rights and skepticism of law enforcement overreach." 2096:

as following applicable precedent. When asked whom she admired, she pointed to Justice

2032: 1962: 1774: 1614: 1597: 1546: 1417: 1253: 1212: 824: 760: 620: 608: 597: 192: 14990: 11080: 10235: 10102: 8278: 3543: 3393:

The five Catholics serving at the time Sotomayor joined the Court were: John Roberts,

2928:, awarded annually to "an individual who has had a transformative impact on society." 684: 17517: 17180: 17167: 16974: 16834: 16804: 16586: 16396: 16173: 16148: 15964: 15928: 15898: 15737: 15549: 15328: 15257: 15241: 15200: 15185: 15155: 15069: 14829: 14813: 14622: 14607: 14390: 14074: 14069: 13652: 13574: 13567: 13548: 13476: 13452: 13402: 13308: 13302: 13278: 13242: 13152: 13146: 12960: 12558: 12375: 12342: 12316: 12288: 12262: 12075: 10330: 9406: 9376: 9360: 8658: 8625: 8342: 7932: 7882: 7133: 7126:

Warring factions: interest groups, money, and the new politics of Senate confirmation

6777: 6675: 6660: 5135: 5113: 4018: 3620: 3380: 3156: 3013: 2988: 2911: 2907: 2839: 2677: 2613: 2391: 2355: 2136: 2066: 1752: 1707: 1550: 1465: 1402: 1342: 1224: 1204: 1077: 1064: 1043: 768: 607:. Juan Sotomayor had a third-grade education, did not speak English, and worked as a 510: 180: 137: 11314:"Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor sings New York's praises at NYU commencement" 10192: 8606:

Didden v. Village of Port Chester, 173 Fed.Appx. 931, 2006 WL 898093 (2d Cir. 2006).

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United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary: Questionnaire for Judicial Nominees

1084:. She later said, "I wanted to complete myself as an attorney." Although she had no 17400: 17065: 17055: 17039: 17029: 17024: 16794: 16749: 16724: 16669: 16634: 16591: 16436: 16431: 16223: 16153: 16133: 15803: 15686: 15671: 15579: 15569: 15529: 15465: 15445: 15282: 15226: 15170: 15089: 15039: 14925: 14849: 14707: 14576: 14526: 14461: 14456: 14421: 14369: 14300: 14089: 14009: 13488: 13322: 12944: 12752: 11950:"Sotomayor '76 wins Woodrow Wilson Award, Rawlings GS '70 wins James Madison Medal" 11746: 11521: 9926: 9916: 9644: 9472: 8351: 7852: 7337: 7263: 6734: 6385: 5496:"United States Senate Committee on Judiciary - Questionnaire for Judicial Nominees" 5144: 4374: 3809: 3439: 3372: 3281: 3116: 3107: 3100:"Statehood and the Equal Footing Doctrine: The Case for Puerto Rican Seabed Rights" 3043: 3003: 2802: 2746: 2736: 2631: 2623: 2587: 2413: 2074: 1648: 1085: 1056: 917: 809: 730: 659: 651: 647: 560: 482: 439: 367: 286: 16018: 9787:"Sotomayor Confirmed as First Hispanic Supreme Court Justice in Victory for Obama" 8889: 7106:

Murray, Frank J. (May 29, 1998). "Leahy pushes in public, undermines in private".

2376:

guarantees to adults". Sotomayor's opinion cited the Court's earlier decisions in

1358:(also in 1997), Sotomayor ruled that a book of trivia from the television program 670: 17428: 17127: 17070: 17019: 17004: 16899: 16894: 16874: 16824: 16799: 16789: 16774: 16714: 16689: 16674: 16576: 16561: 16551: 16481: 16461: 16456: 16406: 16316: 16228: 15999: 15872: 15857: 15798: 15651: 15625: 15564: 15429: 15389: 15348: 15343: 15267: 15262: 15150: 15124: 15059: 14995: 14970: 14940: 14874: 14834: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14672: 14647: 14521: 14496: 14416: 14216: 14195: 14190: 14044: 14004: 13646: 13604: 13592: 13536: 13470: 13421: 13290: 13206: 13170: 13038: 12964: 12896: 12832: 12800: 12756: 12467: 12463: 11686: 11352: 11031: 11007: 10987: 10958: 10898: 10865: 10751: 9921: 8733: 8717: 8483: 8241: 8213: 8055: 8025: 7919: 6012: 5348: 5274: 4317:"Judge's Journey to Top: Bronx' Sotomayor Rose From Projects to Court of Appeals" 3598: 3580: 3406: 3398: 3009: 2855: 2807: 2731: 2714: 2689: 2608: 2534: 2511:

On the Court, Sotomayor has taken positions in favor of an expansive view of the

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in its efforts to obtain and publish a photocopy of the last note left by former

1039: 922: 904: 892: 702: 616: 572: 566: 477: 292: 32: 17624:

Judges of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York

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was unveiled at the Smithsonian's National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C.

2697:

in 2006, concluding her term in 2011. In 2008, Sotomayor became a member of the

2325: 513:

in 1991; confirmation followed in 1992. In 1997, she was nominated by President

17308: 17185: 17137: 17117: 17107: 17102: 17080: 17060: 17034: 16964: 16934: 16924: 16909: 16819: 16809: 16779: 16769: 16739: 16654: 16601: 16541: 16381: 16238: 16233: 16183: 16143: 15979: 15974: 15938: 15813: 15732: 15717: 15676: 15600: 15554: 15363: 15312: 15287: 15180: 15160: 15064: 14920: 14915: 14869: 14753: 14748: 14738: 14728: 14712: 14697: 14692: 14677: 14667: 14662: 14566: 14551: 14546: 14471: 14466: 14364: 14094: 14054: 14049: 13616: 13586: 13554: 13524: 13500: 13482: 13390: 13340: 13328: 13128: 13122: 13110: 13050: 12912: 12816: 12784: 12772: 12740: 12578: 12548: 12437:"Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court – Sonia Sotomayor – Questionnaire" 12330: 12302: 10528:"Justice Sonia Sotomayor to administer vice presidential oath to Kamala Harris" 10279: 10270: 9189: 8081: 7073:"The Estrada Nomination: The Misquote Of Senator Patrick Leahy, On Filibusters" 5221:"Federal Judge Sonia Sotomayor Likely to Be on Obama's Supreme Court Shortlist" 4466: 3871: 3394: 2984: 2815: 2702: 2698: 2664: 2639: 2554: 2516: 2451: 2364: 2288: 2236: 2203: 2105: 1977: 1919: 1703: 1566: 1364:

infringed on the copyright of the show's producer and did not constitute legal

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On the recommendation of Cabranes, Sotomayor was hired out of law school as an

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Sotomayor was raised a Catholic and grew up in Puerto Rican communities in the

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On January 20 and 21, 2013, Sotomayor administered the oath to Vice President

2119:

justice (99th associate justice) of the Supreme Court. Sotomayor is the first

17532: 17500: 17449: 17421: 16994: 16989: 16884: 16784: 16754: 16624: 16521: 16506: 16501: 16491: 16476: 16466: 16451: 16401: 16361: 16286: 16248: 16208: 16203: 15954: 15923: 15877: 15773: 15742: 15712: 15696: 15661: 15656: 15630: 15574: 15490: 15485: 15419: 15409: 15368: 15353: 15338: 15333: 15307: 15175: 14985: 14980: 14950: 14879: 14844: 14808: 14702: 14682: 14602: 14536: 14446: 14237: 14115: 14110: 14034: 14029: 13378: 13182: 13176: 13164: 13056: 13031: 12980: 12768: 12736: 12363: 12215: 8914: 8162: 7737: 7277: 7080: 5673:"Hispanics Praise Selection of Sotomayor for Supreme Court; Republicans Wary" 5383:"Washington Is Home (for Now at Least), but Sotomayor Stays True to New York" 3376: 2774: 2723: 2627: 2572: 2506: 2503:

anti-illegal immigration law were preempted by federal immigration statutes.

2267: 2232: 2024: 2005: 1998: 1788: 1472: 1456: 1423: 1197: 1157: 1153: 875: 859:

for local children, and volunteered as an interpreter for Latino patients at

819: 734: 12133:"Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor Named 2024 Radcliffe Medal Recipient" 10420:"SCOTUSblog Statpack for the 2009 Term, chart of agreement between justices" 7551:"Sotomayor's Appellate Opinions Are Unpredictable, Lawyers and Scholars Say" 6352: 6204: 4372:

Burch, Audra D.S. (May 28, 2009). "Sonia Sotomayor's mom shares spotlight".

3511:"Sotomayor Would Be Sixth Catholic Justice, but the Pigeonholing Ends There" 2595:, that an officer who fired six shots at a fleeing fugitive in a high-speed 2442:(while being part of a dissent against the reliance upon the Constitution's 1569:

as an acceptable nominee to fill the seat of retiring Supreme Court Justice

792:

her writing and vocabulary skills were weak and she lacked knowledge in the

17362: 17175: 16944: 16939: 16929: 16919: 16914: 16879: 16729: 16719: 16699: 16684: 16664: 16659: 16629: 16596: 16531: 16486: 16471: 16391: 16351: 16123: 15984: 15959: 15903: 15778: 15757: 15752: 15747: 15635: 15615: 15610: 15539: 15475: 15470: 15455: 15450: 15145: 15119: 15104: 15079: 15054: 14900: 14733: 14632: 14556: 14511: 14320: 14315: 14305: 14258: 14253: 14136: 14064: 14039: 14014: 13968: 13640: 13622: 13598: 13494: 13464: 13428: 13116: 13086: 13074: 12976: 12948: 12932: 12916: 12884: 12836: 12620: 12588: 12276: 11187: 10275:"After Stevens. What will the Supreme Court be without its liberal leader?" 9669: 9243: 9212:"Republicans Begin to Find Voice on Racial Aspects of Sotomayor Nomination" 6005:"National Hispanic Heritage Month 2000: Profile -- Week 4: Sonia Sotomayor" 5929:"Little Information Given About Solo Law Practice Run by Sotomayor in '80s" 5352: 4820: 3402: 2767: 2550: 2466:. The ruling, which came the immediate wake of the Court's 5–4 decision in 2306: 2190: 2112: 2016: 1973: 1950: 1836: 1394: 1310: 964: 764: 549: 542: 514: 473: 464: 452: 296: 125: 94: 82: 12411: 12042:"The Women Of The Supreme Court Now Have The Badass Portrait They Deserve" 11713:"Obama taps Northeastern honorary degree recipient for U.S. Supreme Court" 11277: 9462: 8839: 8653: 8497: 7449: 4432:"Dreams live on at Sotomayor's old school, Blessed Sacrament in the Bronx" 3837:"In Puerto Rico, Supreme Court Pick With Island Roots Becomes a Superstar" 1565:

In 2005, Senate Democrats suggested Sotomayor, among others, to President

1503:

Sotomayor's circuit court rulings led to her being considered a political

1433:, Sotomayor parried strong questioning from some Republican members about 866: 17190: 17162: 17075: 16999: 16904: 16839: 16764: 16734: 16709: 16704: 16694: 16619: 16546: 16516: 16356: 16213: 16178: 16128: 15933: 15605: 15404: 15394: 15231: 15165: 15099: 14793: 14592: 14481: 14451: 14059: 13999: 13634: 13530: 13272: 13158: 13134: 13104: 12928: 12900: 12820: 12804: 12788: 12648: 12426: 12415: 10557: 10231: 7976: 7232: 6039: 5707:

Powell, Michael, Kovaleski, Serge F., and Buettner, Russ (July 9, 2009).

5172:"Princeton alumna Sonia Sotomayor nominated to the Supreme Court: Images" 3430: 2900: 2477: 2293: 2252: 2176: 2168: 2132: 2050: 2009: 1966: 1647:

that unanimously affirmed, in an opinion written by Second Circuit Judge

1509: 1484: 1460: 1405:. Her nomination was initially expected to have smooth sailing, with the 1219: 1125: 1081: 1048: 10453: 10451: 10077:"Ketanji Brown Jackson Becomes First Black Female Supreme Court Justice" 5854:"As He Seeks a 4th Term, Morgenthau Confronts First Sustained Criticism" 443:; born June 25, 1954) is an American lawyer and jurist who serves as an 17435: 17393: 17085: 16959: 16869: 16844: 16679: 16639: 16581: 16496: 16371: 16281: 15788: 15783: 15595: 15297: 15084: 14930: 14905: 14597: 14516: 14310: 14279: 14146: 13542: 13440: 12868: 12072:"Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor Honored With 2015 Hepburn Medal" 10426: 9060: 8170: 7745: 6406: 2390:, limitations on a child's ability to marry without parental consent). 2171:. O'Connor is not wearing a robe because she is retired from the Court. 1678: 1480: 1438: 1338: 836: 739: 698: 12693: 3767: 3128: 17513: 16889: 16814: 16644: 16321: 16276: 16104: 15918: 15302: 15049: 14486: 13248: 12724: 10448: 10049: 9087: 9029:"White House Seeks to Pave Smooth Path to Confirmation for Sotomayor" 8923: 5104:"At Princeton, Sotomayor '76 excelled at academics, extracurriculars" 4816:"Princeton University holds the key to understanding Sonia Sotomayor" 3344: 3325:

List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 3)

2596: 2259: 1669: 1559: 1102:

celebrated by "Fendi Crush", a destruction-by-garbage-truck event at

1098: 635: 585: 459: 56: 12368:

Breaking in: the rise of Sonia Sotomayor and the politics of justice

11653:"Harris to be sworn in as vice president by Justice Sonia Sotomayor" 6243:"A Long Record on Campaign Finance, Often in Support of Regulations" 5569: 4014:"Supreme Court nominee's brother hails from Syracuse suburb of Clay" 2888:, a public high school complex in Los Angeles, was named after her. 2363:

warning during the interrogation, nor an opportunity to contact his

17619:

Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit

17374: 17301: 17009: 16306: 15913: 15358: 12720: 12395: 11282: 9883:"Sotomayor Becomes First Hispanic Justice in Supreme Court History" 9467: 8867: 8834: 8234: 6760:

Silverman v. Major League Baseball Player Relations Committee, Inc.

3120: 2301: 2054: 1504: 1365: 1360: 1274:

Silverman v. Major League Baseball Player Relations Committee, Inc.

851:

and politics. Sotomayor joined the governance board of Princeton's

793: 17684:

United States district court judges appointed by George H. W. Bush

12503: 11115:"Obama picks Columbia lecturer Sotomayor as Supreme Court nominee" 9606: 8686:"Sonia Sotomayor: Obama's Supreme Court Replacement for Ginsburg?" 7447: 5973:"Nominee's civil practice was with a small, but specialized, firm" 4245:"Woman in the News; Strike-Zone Arbitrator — Sonia Sotomayor" 3147:. In Terris, Daniel; Romano, Cesare P. R.; Swigart, Leigh (eds.). 2810:

Memorial Lecture at Arizona State University as the guest of honor

2458:

In 2014, Sotomayor dissented from a 6–3 ruling that granted

2143:(since 2022). Sotomayor's appointment gave the Court a record six 1141:, although in the end she voted in favor of most of the projects. 158:

United States District Court for the Southern District of New York

16744: 12475:"SCOTUSBlog: Judge Sotomayor's Appellate Opinions in Civil Cases" 10827: 10018: 9531:"Sotomayor Emphasizes Objectivity, Explains 'Wise Latina' Remark" 9403:"Public Support for Sotomayor Falls After Supreme Court Reversal" 9186:"Gibbs Says Sotomayor Word Choice in Speech Was 'Poor' (Update1)" 4728:"Cricket, Ivy League classmates startled student Sonia Sotomayor" 4499:"Sotomayor was schoolgirl with focus, determination, friends say" 3876:"Sotomayor Opens Up About Childhood, Marriage In 'Beloved World'" 3771: 1796: 1618:(2002), Sotomayor dissented from her colleagues' ruling that the 1145: 1133: 1052: 844: 706: 588:. Her father was Juan Sotomayor (c. 1921–1964), from the area of 9529:

Barnes, Robert, Kane, Paul, and Goldstein, Amy (July 15, 2009).

9269: 6276: 6099:"Sotomayor is tough judge with breadstick habit, colleagues say" 3199:"A Latina Judge's Voice (Judge Mario G. Olmos Memorial Lecture)" 1203:

Sotomayor was thus nominated on November 27, 1991, by President

1093:

goods. In some cases, Sotomayor went on-site with the police to

17679:

United States court of appeals judges appointed by Bill Clinton

12430: 11001:

Police Violence, Constitutional Complicity, and Another Vantage

9236: 4340:"Latina pride presents challenge and opportunity for Sotomayor" 4165: 2314: 1742:

the search would reveal evidence of "work-related misconduct".

1094: 900:, which would be reflected in her later speeches and writings. 812:

in her sophomore year saw no results, with Sotomayor telling a

8797:"Inside Obama's Court Deliberations: Sotomayor Most Mentioned" 8766:"Speeches Show Judge's Steady Focus on Diversity and Struggle" 8226: 8224: 8222: 6444:"Sotomayor's District Court Bid Aided by D'Amato and Moynihan" 4897: 3340:

List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office

3071:"Returning Majesty to the Law and Politics: A Modern Approach" 1231:

on August 11, 1992, and received her commission the next day.

17387: 11559:"Shuttling justice: Sotomayor administers oaths, sells books" 11414:"Sesame Street: Sonia Sotomayor: "The Justice Hears a Case."" 11148:"Eight new trustees named, Hall to chair executive committee" 10925: 10684:"The unexpected alliance of Sonia Sotomayor and Neil Gorsuch" 9086: 4975: 4689: 2582: 2196:

Sotomayor's first major written opinion was a dissent in the

1750:

In 2004, Sotomayor was part of the judge panel that ruled in

1090: 937:). She published a law review note on the effect of possible 592:, and her mother was Celina Báez (1927–2021), an orphan from 12190:

Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University

11311: 10326:"Sotomayor votes reliably with Supreme Court's liberal wing" 9092:"Sotomayor's 'wise Latina' comment a staple of her speeches" 6657: 6032: 5570:

Weiser, Benjamin & Rashbaum, William K. (June 7, 2009).

3654: 3371:

Some sources claim that this distinction belongs to Justice

1055:, assaults, and murders. She also worked on cases involving 521:. Her appointment to the court of appeals was slowed by the 417: 12596:

Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

9609:"Queries on Abortion and Guns Fail to Break Judge's Stride" 9607:

Stolberg, Sheryl Gay & Lewis, Neil A. (July 15, 2009).

9576:"Republican senators question Sotomayor on abortion issues" 9377:"FOX News Poll: 46 Percent Would Vote To Confirm Sotomayor" 8219: 7742:"Judge Sotomayor and Race – Results from the Full Data Set" 7448:

Henning, Anna C. & Thomas, Kenneth R. (June 19, 2009).

4935: 4852:"Latin student groups assail university hiring performance" 4538: 4483: 3956:"Woman in the News: Sotomayor, a Trailblazer and a Dreamer" 3335:

List of Roman Catholic United States Supreme Court justices

2701:, an invitation-only women's group modeled after the men's 1918:

ruling. The Second Circuit's reasoning drew criticism from

1530:; titled "A Latina Judge's Voice"; it was published in the 1175:

During 1985 and 1986, Sotomayor served on the board of the

445:

associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

408: 402: 396: 385: 376: 48:

Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

17604:

Current justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

12511:

2009-08-06, National Records and Archives Administration,

11832:"Bronx Native Sotomayor Presented With Honorary Doctorate" 10193:"Sotomayor Issues Challenge to a Century of Corporate Law" 10015:"In a NY Minute: Kagan Quickly Confirmed to Supreme Court" 9665:"Left and right both let down by Sonia Sotomayor hearings" 9497: 9056:"Sotomayor Repeatedly Referenced 'Wise Woman' in Speeches" 8010: 8008: 7154:"U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 105th Congress – 2nd Session" 7013:"After Delay, Senate Approves Judge for Court in New York" 6694: 4615:"Sotomayor says she was 'perfect affirmative action baby'" 3320:

List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

2507:

Fourth Amendment, privacy rights, & qualified immunity

1239:, back to the Bronx in order to live within her district. 751:

Sotomayor passed the entrance tests for and then attended

17368: 13734:

U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York

12335:

Uncertain Justice: The Roberts Court and the Constitution

11562: 10531: 8890:"Letter from Laurence H. Tribe to President Barack Obama" 8716: 7450:"Judge Sonia Sotomayor: An Analysis of Selected Opinions" 6411:"Why did George H.W. Bush pick Sotomayor for the courts?" 5757: 4695: 4658:"On a Supreme Court Prospect's Résumé: 'Baseball Savior'" 3879: 2924:

In 2024, Sotomayor received the Radcliffe Medal from the

2367:. In determining that a child's age properly informs the 2070: 1355:

Castle Rock Entertainment, Inc. v. Carol Publishing Group

1209:

U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York

755:

in the Bronx. At Cardinal Spellman, Sotomayor was on the

548:

to the Supreme Court following the retirement of Justice

507:

U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York

414: 382: 13724: 9573: 9270:

Herszenhorn, David M. & Hulse, Carl (June 2, 2009).

8458:

Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. v. Dabit

6277:

Hernandez, Raymond & Chen, David W. (May 28, 2009).

2862:(2014), and an honorary doctorate of human letters from 1828:

Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. v. Dabit

1702:

panel, including the prominent and heavily cited judges

1412:

giving her a "well qualified" professional assessment.

9757:"Senate Confirms Sonia Sotomayor to U.S. Supreme Court" 9697:"Senate Judiciary Committee votes to confirm Sotomayor" 9237:

Vogel, Kenneth P. & Gerstein, Josh (June 1, 2009).

8919:"Sotomayor says Obama's job offer set her heart racing" 8005: 7712:"'Latina woman' remark may dominate Sotomayor hearings" 7406:"Inside the Moderately Liberal Mind of Sonia Sotomayor" 7304: 6662:

Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia

6308:

Barnes, Robert & Shear, Michael D. (May 29, 2009).

6033:

Carter, Terry; Stephanie Francis Ward (November 2008).

5201:"ΦΒΚ Member Sonia Sotomayor Joins U.S. Supreme Court". 4199:"Close Read: A Motorcycle, a playground, and a justice" 4166:

Alvarez, Lizette & Wilson, Michael (May 29, 2009).

2435:

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius

2394:

Samuel Alito, jointed by three other justices, wrote a

2354:

purposes. J.D.B. was a 13-year-old student enrolled in

2209:

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius

1393:

On June 25, 1997, Sotomayor was nominated by President

17689:

United States federal judges appointed by Barack Obama

11349:"Yale awards 10 honorary degrees at 2013 Commencement" 11272: 11270: 10952:

Sonia Sotomayor Takes a Stand Against Police Brutality

8983:"Sotomayor hearing: Republicans get their last chance" 8763: 7881:. Fox News Channel. September 22, 2005. Archived from 7812: 7612:"Uncertain Evidence for 'Activist' Label on Sotomayor" 6495:"Sotomayor no stranger to Senate confirmation process" 6212:"Board Members – New York City Campaign Finance Board" 4898:

Nicholas, Peter & Oliphant, James (May 30, 2009).

3621:"Judge of the United States Courts – Sotomayor, Sonia" 3300:

Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States

2255:

reading of Antonin Scalia when applied to the clause.

1870:

Sotomayor's ruling in a 5–4 decision, saying that the

12308:

The Oath: The Obama White House and The Supreme Court

12281:

In the Balance: Law and Politics on the Roberts Court

12152: 10824:"Supreme Court upholds portions of Arizona's SB 1070" 9914: 9856:"Sotomayor takes oath, becomes Supreme Court justice" 8198: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8167:"Judge Sotomayor's Appellate Opinions in Civil Cases" 8126: 8124: 7815:"Sotomayor's Blunt Style Raises Issue of Temperament" 6815:"Sotomayor's Baseball Ruling Lingers, 14 Years Later" 6441: 6310:"Abortion Rights Backers Get Reassurances on Nominee" 5823:"Sotomayor was nudged into judgeship, associates say" 5572:"Sotomayor Is Recalled as a Driven Rookie Prosecutor" 5307: 4976:

Goldstein, Amy & MacGillis, Alex (June 1, 2009).

4757: 4690:

Ludden, Jennifer & Weeks, Linton (May 26, 2009).

1831:(2005), Sotomayor wrote a unanimous opinion that the 1783:

concerned that minority firefighters might sue under

1441:, and her level of respect for Supreme Court Justice 1370:

United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit

1280:, preventing it from unilaterally implementing a new 654:

were renamed in her honor. Her relative proximity to

393: 390: 379: 373: 339:

Sonia Sotomayor delivers the opinion of the Court in

103:

United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit

17584:

Cardinal Spellman High School (New York City) alumni

12253:

The Roberts Court: The Struggle for the Constitution

12178: 11917:"The 75 Most Influential People of the 21st Century" 11492:"Justice Sotomayor gets over $ 1 million for memoir" 10495:

Nakamura, David; Barnes, Robert (January 20, 2013).

9302:"Did Firefighters Stand a Chance Against Sotomayor?" 8498:"Are Browse Wrap (Terms of Use) Agreements Binding?" 7849:"Taking the measure of Sotomayor's courtroom manner" 6979:"Sotomayor rated 'well qualified' by lawyers' group" 6697:"Nominee's Criminal Rulings Tilt to Right of Souter" 6658:

Ruíz, Vicki; Korrol, Virginia Sánchez, eds. (2006).

5101: 3953: 3655:

Shane, Scott & Fernandez, Mandy (May 27, 2009).

3243: 2313:

Sotomayor's commercial events aimed to sell her own

1276:, Sotomayor issued a preliminary injunction against 1172:

boundaries diminished the power of minority voters.

767:

gang. In 1970, the family found refuge by moving to

399: 16048: 11267: 10497:"Obama officially begins his second term with oath" 9724:"Sotomayor confirmed by Senate judiciary committee" 9498:Quinn, Andrew & Vicini, James (July 14, 2009). 9272:"Parties Plot Strategy as Sotomayor Visits Capitol" 9151:"Gingrich backtracks on calling Sotomayor a racist" 8710: 8615: 8383:"US top court rules against city on race promotion" 8111: 8109: 8107: 7328:"Sotomayor: A liberal record – but not entirely so" 5926: 5754:"Sotomayor's Real-World Schooling In Law And Order" 5751: 5605:"A Small Whittling Down Of Federal Bench Vacancies" 4936:Kantor, Jodi & Gonzalez, David (June 6, 2009). 4539:Goldstein, Amy & Markon, Jerry (May 27, 2009). 3987:"Family hails Sonia Sotomayor's Puerto Rican roots" 3984: 3367: 3365: 1833:

Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act of 1998

584:Sotomayor was born in the New York City borough of 411: 405: 370: 17629:Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States 12250: 12161:"Justice Sonia Sotomayor at Harvard Radcliffe Day" 11440:"Sesame Street: Sonia Sotomayor and Abby – Career" 10892:Sonia Sotomayor Stands Up for the Fourth Amendment 10319: 10317: 10315: 10226: 10224: 10222: 10220: 10136:"Supreme Court begins new term with a new justice" 10044:Wu, Nicholas; Hayes, Christal (October 26, 2020). 9954:"Was a Hispanic Justice on the Court in the '30s?" 9434:"CNN Poll: Do Americans want Sotomayor confirmed?" 8949: 8341: 8279:"Justices to Hear White Firefighters' Bias Claims" 8189: 8133:"Conservative Judges Echo Sotomayor in Gun Ruling" 8121: 7674: 6727:"Study: Sotomayor tough on white-collar criminals" 6695:Bravin, Jess & Koppel, Nathan (June 5, 2009). 6339: 6337: 6335: 6180:Savage, Charlie; Powell, Michael (June 18, 2009). 5787:"Sotomayor Gives Intimate Look Into Personal Life" 5531: 5218: 5134: 4391:"Sonia Sotomayor is Obama's Supreme Court nominee" 4276: 4045: 4043: 4041: 3538: 3536: 13669:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States 11743:"Sotomayor urges anxious grads to embrace future" 11112: 9917:"First Hispanic justice? Some say it was Cardozo" 9574:Mauro, Tony & Ingram, David (July 15, 2009). 9431: 8310:"New Scrutiny of Judge's Most Controversial Case" 7846: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7639: 7637: 6812: 6279:"Nominee's Links With Advocates Fuel Her Critics" 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4938:"For Sotomayor and Thomas, Paths Diverge at Race" 4725: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4371: 3508: 3305:George W. Bush judicial appointment controversies 2814:Sotomayor has received honorary law degrees from 2338:In 2011, Sotomayor wrote the majority opinion in 1641:In 2008, Sotomayor was on a three-judge panel in 600:, a rural area on Puerto Rico's southwest coast. 17530: 12131:Healy, S. Mac; Sundar, Saketh (March 23, 2024). 12034: 10791: 10789: 10323: 10265: 10263: 9329:"Old Confirmation Wars Fueling Some Critics Now" 8104: 7375:"Record Shows Rulings Within Liberal Mainstream" 7105: 6945:"G.O.P., Its Eyes On High Court, Blocks a Judge" 6272: 6270: 6268: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6120: 5638: 5430: 5270:"At Yale, Sotomayor was sharp but not outspoken" 5006: 4760:"Sotomayor's Focus on Race Issues May Be Hurdle" 4685: 4683: 4579:"Videos Shed New Light on Sotomayor's Positions" 4462:"The President's Nominee: Judge Sonia Sotomayor" 4397:. Archived from the original on October 14, 2009 3362: 2622:(2014), and citing the works of figures such as 2220:who was representing the government's position. 1930: 1772:Sotomayor was involved in the high-profile case 1380: 835:Sotomayor also successfully persuaded professor 11857:"American Philosophical Society Member History" 11683:"Commencement 2003: Honorary Degree Recipients" 11312:Wills, Kerry; Siemaszko, Corky (May 16, 2012). 11278:"Sotomayor's speeches detail life, uncertainty" 10312: 10217: 9463:"Sotomayor denies bias in 'wise Latina' remark" 9180: 9178: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7609: 6592: 6590: 6528: 6332: 6240: 6146:"Sotomayor Rose on Merit Alone, Her Allies Say" 6140: 5709:"To Get to Sotomayor's Core, Start in New York" 5634: 5632: 5630: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5297: 4978:"Sotomayor Was a Passionate but Civil Activist" 4793: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4576: 4134: 4038: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3533: 3295:Bill Clinton judicial appointment controversies 2730:In July 2010, Sotomayor signed a contract with 2543:bulk collection of Americans' telephony records 1668:(2009). Maloney was arrested for possession of 896:with an A.B. in history. She was influenced by 12064: 11183:"Sonia Sotomayor found friends in elite group" 11145: 11108: 11106: 10978:The Supreme Court, 2015 Term — Leading Cases: 10973: 10971: 10915: 10913: 10911: 10886: 10884: 10882: 10880: 10878: 10775: 10773: 10494: 10160: 9951: 9880: 9326: 8980: 8913: 8764:Baker, Peter & Becker, Jo (June 4, 2009). 8759: 8757: 8755: 8376: 8374: 8161: 8130: 8079: 7908:Center for Reproductive Law and Policy v. Bush 7813:Becker, Jo & Liptak, Adam (May 28, 2009). 7736: 7699: 7634: 7548: 7183: 7181: 7179: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6562: 6182:"In New York, Sotomayor Put Focus on the Poor" 6065: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 5641:"Sotomayor learned the ropes on 'Tarzan' case" 5565: 5563: 5561: 5065: 4960: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4692:"Sotomayor: 'Always Looking Over My Shoulder'" 4655: 4517: 4496: 4337: 4090: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3725:"A Breakthrough Judge: What She Always Wanted" 2537:cited this concurrence in his ruling that the 2185:. It involved the controversial aspect of the 2182:Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission 1589:Center for Reproductive Law and Policy v. Bush 1337:inclusion in an electronic archival database ( 1187: 1148:in 1988 as one of the founding members of the 967:from Yale Law School. She was admitted to the 16034: 13954: 13710: 12679: 12453:materials given to Senate Judiciary Committee 10786: 10372:"Supreme Court Moving Beyond Its Old Divides" 10260: 9784: 9780: 9778: 9751: 9749: 9374: 9131: 9129: 9127: 9023: 9021: 8651: 7871: 7842: 7840: 7770: 7517: 7190:"Critics pounce on Sotomayor's reversal rate" 6972: 6970: 6907:"Sotomayor's resume, record on notable cases" 6524: 6522: 6520: 6265: 6117: 5820: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5426: 5424: 5214: 5212: 4849: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4680: 4429: 4196: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 3795: 3793: 3657:"A Judge's Own Story Highlights Her Mother's" 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 2794:. He became a biologist and a patent lawyer. 2159:The first four women Supreme Court Justices: 2037:against Sotomayor was based on her ruling in 1429:During her September 1997 hearing before the 1165:Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund 492:Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund 17649:New York County Assistant District Attorneys 13759:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit 11343: 11341: 11238: 11236: 11075: 11073: 10919: 10556: 10401: 10399: 10369: 10230: 10190: 10100: 10012: 9559:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9457: 9455: 9239:"Democrats differ on 'wise Latina' defenses" 9175: 9116:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8950:Baker, Peter; Zeleney, Jeff (May 26, 2009). 8495: 8337: 8335: 8307: 8276: 8038: 8036: 8034: 7795: 7520:"Uncommon Detail Marks Rulings by Sotomayor" 7340:. Archived from the original on June 1, 2009 6587: 6558: 6556: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6349:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit 6234: 6179: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6090: 5970: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5922: 5920: 5851: 5781: 5779: 5737:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5666: 5664: 5662: 5627: 5599: 5597: 5493: 5380: 5294: 5267: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5194: 5068:"Germany, Sotomayor receive 1976 Pyne Prize" 5038: 5036: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4714: 4651: 4649: 3978: 3834: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3315:List of Hispanic and Latino American jurists 3069:Sotomayor, Sonia; Gordon, Nicole A. (1996). 2499:(2012), holding that several aspects of the 2030:Of her cases, the Second Circuit rulings in 1767: 1399:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit 947:Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison 519:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit 12210: 12208: 12206: 12130: 11771: 11376: 11374: 11307: 11305: 11245:"Sotomayor's views in speeches scrutinized" 11103: 10968: 10908: 10875: 10851: 10770: 10412: 10133: 9910: 9908: 9853: 9637: 9522: 9491: 9368: 9357: 9053: 8830:"Letter to Obama: Sotomayor not that smart" 8752: 8371: 8256:"Sotomayor and wine: One pro's perspective" 8253: 8203:N.G. & S.G. ex rel. S.C. v. Connecticut 7511: 7484: 7325: 7257: 7255: 7187: 7176: 6976: 6925: 6888: 6765: 6531:"Rigorous Questioning Hasn't Fazed Nominee" 6405: 6307: 6096: 6019: 5997: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5670: 5558: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5164: 5097: 5095: 5061: 5059: 5057: 4922: 4845: 4843: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4612: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4367: 4365: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4011: 3898: 3828: 3747: 2668:Sotomayor with her nephews at the original 2557:were among those who said that Sotomayor's 2274:, the first woman to ever hold the office. 1724:N.G. & S.G. ex rel. S.C. v. Connecticut 1410:Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary 830:Department of Health, Education and Welfare 16041: 16027: 13961: 13947: 13717: 13703: 12686: 12672: 12496:United States Government Publishing Office 11242: 10562:"Sotomayor Finds Her Voice Among Justices" 10550: 10186: 10184: 9945: 9775: 9746: 9662: 9500:"Sotomayor cool under Republican grilling" 9294: 9124: 9018: 8270: 7902: 7900: 7837: 7326:Sherman, Mark; Yost, Pete (May 26, 2009). 7119: 7117: 6967: 6517: 6492: 6345:"Circuit Judges' Biographical Information" 5805: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5421: 5410: 5408: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5209: 4813: 4802: 4746: 4137:"Sonia Sotomayor: A Justice Like No Other" 4115: 4073: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3790: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3489: 3058:Revista Colegio de Abogados de Puerto Rico 2773:In January 2021, Sonia Sotomayor swore in 2756:promote the work, and it debuted atop the 2450:in arriving at the support). Legal writer 2440:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 1717: 1659: 1113:She left in 1992 when she became a judge. 658:led to her becoming a lifelong fan of the 170:August 12, 1992 – October 7, 1998 31: 12655:as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 12640:as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 12627:as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 11338: 11233: 11174: 11139: 11070: 10396: 9984:"Cardozo was first, but was he Hispanic?" 9452: 8332: 8082:"Sotomayor had key role in Doninger case" 8031: 7319: 7282:"The next president could tip high court" 7270: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7006: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6688: 6553: 6479: 6168: 5951: 5917: 5881: 5879: 5776: 5659: 5594: 5256: 5033: 5009:"Anti-Latino discrimination at Princeton" 4876: 4646: 4331: 4310: 4308: 4272: 4270: 3870: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3643: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 1785:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 1676:right to bear arms. The Second Circuit's 1630:In 2005, Sotomayor wrote the opinion for 1607: 1375: 1182: 1022:Learn how and when to remove this message 870:Sotomayor's 1976 Princeton yearbook photo 774: 115:October 7, 1998 – August 6, 2009 12635:Order of precedence of the United States 12509:The NewsHour With Jim Lehrer : WETA 12401:Biographical Directory of Federal Judges 12362: 12203: 12158: 11735: 11520: 11371: 11302: 10795: 10732: 10681: 9976: 9905: 9149:Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (June 4, 2009). 8860: 8827: 7397: 7366: 7310: 7276: 7252: 6872:. First Amendment Center. May 28, 2009. 6776:. Temple University Press. p. 173. 5695: 5532:Barzilay, Jonathan (November 27, 1983). 5463: 5461: 5367: 5092: 5054: 4840: 4782: 4601: 4563: 4362: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4242: 4221: 3802:"Sotomayor Maintains Puerto Rican Roots" 2956:Just Ask! Be Different, Be Brave, Be You 2860:University of Puerto Rico at Río Piedras 2801: 2663: 2591:(2015), a case in which the Court held, 2493:Sotomayor was part of a 5–3 majority in 2324: 2154: 2079: 1940: 1937:Sonia Sotomayor Supreme Court nomination 1925: 1384: 1128:appointed Sotomayor to the board of the 865: 480:in 1979, where she was an editor of the 17579:American people of Puerto Rican descent 17332:Center for Budget and Policy Priorities 12513:American Archive of Public Broadcasting 11091:from the original on September 21, 2009 10384:from the original on September 11, 2018 10248:from the original on September 27, 2015 10181: 10169:from the original on September 13, 2009 10043: 9799:from the original on September 22, 2009 8472:Specht v. Netscape Communications Corp. 8393:from the original on September 18, 2009 7943:from the original on September 25, 2011 7897: 7773:"Judge's Votes Show No Single Ideology" 7677:"Sotomayor's Talk Made No Waves in '01" 7261: 7114: 5520: 5405: 5332: 5310:"Judge's Mentor: Part Guide, Part Foil" 5308:Kirkpatrick, David D. (June 21, 2009). 4442:from the original on September 24, 2020 4382: 3859: 3722: 3667:from the original on September 25, 2018 3179:"A Conversation with Justice Sotomayor" 2944:Just Help! How to Build a Better World. 2790:in New York. She used the married name 2003:Speaker of the House of Representatives 1846:Specht v. Netscape Communications Corp. 1778:that initially upheld the right of the 1326:(1997), freelance journalists sued the 725:For grammar school, Sotomayor attended 17531: 17496:Modern liberalism in the United States 13017: 11786:from the original on February 23, 2012 11633:from the original on February 19, 2021 11420:from the original on February 18, 2016 10932:from the original on December 25, 2013 10922:"How Sotomayor undermined Obama's NSA" 10804:from the original on February 18, 2017 10525: 10269: 10205:from the original on February 15, 2015 10056:from the original on February 15, 2021 9915:Sherman, Mark Sherman (May 26, 2009). 9218:from the original on February 16, 2012 8788: 8776:from the original on September 8, 2015 8633:from the original on November 25, 2017 8537:Gant v. Wallingford Board of Education 8524:Correctional Services Corp. v. Malesko 8380: 7655:from the original on November 23, 2009 7561:from the original on February 28, 2013 7530:from the original on February 13, 2011 7403: 7372: 7214: 7164:from the original on December 10, 2017 7023:from the original on February 18, 2009 6997: 6771: 6639:from the original on February 18, 2009 6442:Francke-Ruta, Garance (May 27, 2009). 6144:; Kovaleski, Serge F. (June 4, 2009). 5876: 5719:from the original on February 15, 2013 5446:from the original on September 7, 2018 5431:Auerbach, Stuart (December 16, 1978). 5044:"Puerto Ricans Find Bias at Princeton" 4758:Kirkpatrick, David D. (May 29, 2009). 4267: 4255:from the original on February 18, 2009 4147:from the original on February 24, 2016 3847:from the original on November 11, 2014 3679: 3604: 3601:, p. 152. Retrieved February 13, 2012. 3521:from the original on November 12, 2011 3429: 2585:. Sotomayor was the lone dissenter in 2427: 2292:general to that of past Chief Justice 1879:Gant v. Wallingford Board of Education 1860:Correctional Services Corp. v. Malesko 1745: 1264:trying to snow her. You can't do it." 954:subsequent December 1978 apology made 808:. A meeting with university president 16022: 15839: 15511: 15016: 14341: 14172: 13981: 13942: 13698: 13016: 12706: 12667: 12539:for the Southern District of New York 12052:from the original on November 4, 2015 11992:from the original on January 30, 2011 11812:from the original on October 15, 2020 11753:from the original on January 26, 2021 11663:from the original on January 17, 2021 11602:from the original on January 26, 2013 11556: 11538:from the original on January 24, 2013 11502:from the original on January 19, 2012 11472:from the original on January 25, 2013 11215:"Sotomayor resigns from women's club" 11180: 11162:from the original on October 20, 2012 10694:from the original on January 28, 2019 10682:Kristian, Bonnie (January 16, 2019). 10538:from the original on January 20, 2021 10526:Ariane, de Vogue (January 20, 2021). 10103:"Sotomayor casts first vote on court" 10074: 9763:from the original on November 2, 2020 9721: 9640:"Sotomayor Deflects Kohl's Questions" 9619:from the original on January 24, 2013 9282:from the original on October 16, 2011 9148: 8962:from the original on February 5, 2017 8794: 8588:from the original on November 8, 2012 8438:from the original on November 8, 2012 8425: 8289:from the original on February 2, 2017 8143:from the original on January 22, 2012 8092:from the original on October 10, 2011 7975: 7783:from the original on February 4, 2011 7687:from the original on January 21, 2015 7622:from the original on November 5, 2012 7225: 7010: 6942: 6825:from the original on November 1, 2011 6575:from the original on January 16, 2018 6541:from the original on February 4, 2011 6320:from the original on November 8, 2012 6253:from the original on November 5, 2012 6192:from the original on November 5, 2012 6047:from the original on January 12, 2009 5615:from the original on February 5, 2017 5458: 5433:"Law Firm Apologizes to Yale Student" 5393:from the original on January 13, 2013 5231:from the original on November 7, 2010 5102:Debenedetti, Gabriel (May 13, 2009). 4988:from the original on November 8, 2012 4948:from the original on December 6, 2020 4864:from the original on December 7, 2010 4770:from the original on November 3, 2012 4589:from the original on November 1, 2012 4541:"Heritage Shapes Judge's Perspective" 4388: 4314: 4285: 4178:from the original on January 21, 2011 4103:from the original on October 27, 2010 3985:Grinberg, Emanuella (July 13, 2009). 3954:Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (May 26, 2009). 3477:from the original on October 14, 2009 3290:Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates 2969:The Beloved World of Sonia Sotomayor. 2886:Sonia M. Sotomayor Learning Academies 2836:Northeastern University School of Law 2227:Chief Justice Roberts, together with 1651:, the district court's judgment that 974: 951:Shaw, Pittman, Potts & Trowbridge 705:at age seven, and began taking daily 638:". The family lived in a South Bronx 438: 17614:Hispanic and Latino American lawyers 13762:(October 7, 1998 – August 6, 2009); 13725:Judicial opinions of Sonia Sotomayor 11947: 11774:"Grads, Families Celebrate Together" 11382:"Distinción a jueza Sonia Sotomayor" 10161:Bream, Shannon (September 8, 2009). 10142:from the original on October 8, 2009 10115:from the original on August 11, 2014 9862:from the original on August 21, 2009 9835:from the original on October 9, 2009 9819:"Transcript of Investiture Ceremony" 9759:. Fox News Channel. August 6, 2009. 9308:from the original on August 26, 2014 8320:from the original on October 4, 2012 8177:from the original on August 12, 2010 7859:from the original on August 14, 2014 7752:from the original on August 12, 2010 7416:from the original on August 12, 2014 7292:from the original on August 26, 2012 7123: 6876:from the original on August 10, 2014 6626: 6289:from the original on October 4, 2012 6216:New York City Campaign Finance Board 6066:Gross, Michael (November 11, 1986). 5927:Kovaleski, Serge F. (July 6, 2009). 5793:from the original on August 12, 2014 5752:Temple-Raston, Dina (June 9, 2009). 5345:"Commencement 2003: Sonia Sotomayor" 5066:Gilinsky, Adam (February 28, 1976). 4243:McKinley, James C. (April 1, 1995). 3799: 3447:from the original on March 14, 2021. 3254:Hispanic and Latino Americans portal 2797: 2320: 2299:In January 2019, Bonnie Kristian of 2044:Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination 1576: 1455:Ranking Democratic committee member 1256:was involved. Fellow district judge 1150:New York City Campaign Finance Board 978: 500:New York City Campaign Finance Board 17609:Hispanic and Latino American judges 13737:(August 12, 1992 – October 7, 1998) 12112:from the original on August 7, 2020 12022:from the original on April 27, 2014 12016:Los Angeles Unified School District 11929:from the original on August 5, 2014 11468:. Knopf Publishers. July 12, 2010. 11466:"Sonia Sotomayor to Publish Memoir" 11290:from the original on August 8, 2014 11025:Justice Sotomayor's Ringing Dissent 10796:McIntyre, Adrianna (July 7, 2014). 10338:from the original on August 6, 2021 10287:from the original on March 16, 2010 10191:Bravin, Jess (September 17, 2009). 10163:"Sotomayor Gets Her Judicial Robes" 10025:from the original on August 6, 2021 9893:from the original on August 3, 2014 9432:Steinhauser, Paul (July 10, 2009). 9304:. Fox News Channel. June 11, 2009. 9090:and Sherman, Emily (June 8, 2009). 8952:"Obama Selects Sotomayor for Court" 8861:Gerstein, Josh (October 28, 2010). 8828:Williams, Pete (October 28, 2010). 8504:from the original on April 15, 2010 8413:Clarett v. National Football League 7675:Bendavid, Naftalie (June 4, 2009). 7645:"Lecture: 'A Latina Judge's Voice'" 7466:from the original on August 4, 2009 7385:from the original on August 6, 2021 7226:Adams, Edward A. (April 30, 2009). 6803:, 880 F. Supp. 246 (S.D. N.Y. 1995) 6762:, 880 F. Supp. 246 (S.D.N.Y. 1995). 6741:from the original on August 6, 2021 6707:from the original on April 10, 2015 5888:Interview on 'Good Morning America' 5789:. Fox News Channel. June 12, 2009. 5320:from the original on March 25, 2011 5140:"Grading Sotomayor's Senior Thesis" 4726:Landau, Elizabeth (July 15, 2009). 4668:from the original on April 29, 2017 4551:from the original on March 27, 2010 4474:from the original on August 6, 2021 4315:Smith, Greg B. (October 24, 1998). 4168:"Up and Out of New York's Projects" 3886:from the original on August 8, 2020 3816:from the original on March 20, 2014 3735:from the original on March 30, 2019 3723:Hoffman, Jan (September 25, 1992). 3631:from the original on April 20, 2017 2917:In 2019, she was inducted into the 2891:In 2013, a painting featuring her, 2659: 2401: 2333: 2264:the inauguration of his second term 2092:Sotomayor defended her position in 1810:Clarett v. National Football League 882:, the first democratically elected 16:US Supreme Court justice since 2009 13: 17564:21st-century American women judges 17554:20th-century American women judges 13842:Supreme Court of the United States 13677: 12997: 12707: 12696:Supreme Court of the United States 12500:Sonya Sotomayor Digital Collection 12356: 11948:Wang, Jasmine (November 4, 2013). 11590:"Best Sellers – February 03, 2013" 11587: 11498:. Associated Press. May 31, 2011. 11286:. Associated Press. June 5, 2009. 11221:from the original on June 20, 2009 11181:Vogel, Kenneth P. (June 4, 2009). 11113:Kirschenbaum, Kim (May 26, 2009). 10920:Serwer, Adam (December 23, 2013). 10507:from the original on March 5, 2017 10436:from the original on July 22, 2010 9964:from the original on June 30, 2012 9933:from the original on July 14, 2014 9826:Supreme Court of the United States 9703:from the original on July 28, 2009 9677:from the original on July 20, 2009 9541:from the original on July 16, 2014 9510:from the original on July 16, 2009 9479:from the original on July 14, 2014 9413:from the original on July 14, 2009 9383:from the original on June 16, 2009 9214:. Fox News Channel. May 31, 2009. 9031:. Fox News Channel. May 29, 2009. 8993:from the original on July 20, 2009 8863:"Tribe trashed Sotomayor to Obama" 8694:. February 6, 2009. Archived from 8563:, 345 F.3d 103 (2d Cir. 2003) and 7879:"Judiciary Panel Approves Roberts" 7847:Neumeister, Larry (June 6, 2009). 7228:"Who Will Replace Justice Souter?" 7202:from the original on July 19, 2009 7053:from the original on March 8, 2016 7011:Lewis, Neil A. (October 3, 1998). 6985:from the original on July 10, 2009 6870:"Sotomayor on the First Amendment" 6859:, 880 F. Supp. 145 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) 6857:Dow Jones v. Department of Justice 6813:Sandomir, Richard (May 26, 2009). 6565:"4 Women Delayed in Rise to Bench" 6423:from the original on July 26, 2014 6388:. 1997. p. 35. Archived from 6156:from the original on April 4, 2015 6105:from the original on July 20, 2009 6078:from the original on March 4, 2016 5939:from the original on July 14, 2014 5833:from the original on June 15, 2009 5764:from the original on June 19, 2009 5647:from the original on July 19, 2009 5582:from the original on July 20, 2014 5475:from the original on July 13, 2011 5469:"Lawyer Sonia Sotomayor De Noonan" 5219:Richburg, Keith B. (May 7, 2009). 4910:from the original on June 11, 2009 4734:from the original on July 16, 2009 4621:from the original on June 15, 2009 4505:from the original on July 14, 2009 3993:from the original on July 14, 2009 3554:from the original on July 22, 2018 3509:Goodstein, Laurie (May 30, 2009). 3350:Puerto Ricans in the United States 2642:, just waiting to be catalogued." 2412:(2012), the Court struck down the 2272:her inauguration as vice president 1884: 1298:Dow Jones v. Department of Justice 1267: 928:Yale Studies in World Public Order 915:Sotomayor became an editor of the 14: 17710: 17599:Constitutional court women judges 14121:Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias 12389: 12226:from the original on May 31, 2009 12159:Krupnick, Max J. (May 24, 2024). 11359:from the original on May 21, 2013 11326:from the original on May 19, 2012 11195:from the original on June 8, 2009 11127:from the original on May 31, 2009 11085:New York University School of Law 10572:from the original on July 6, 2017 10324:Savage, David G. (June 8, 2010). 9994:from the original on May 30, 2009 9881:Goldstein, Amy (August 9, 2009). 9734:from the original on June 2, 2019 9588:from the original on June 7, 2011 9339:from the original on May 11, 2012 9251:from the original on June 3, 2009 9163:from the original on June 7, 2009 9098:from the original on July 1, 2009 9035:from the original on May 31, 2009 8666:from the original on May 28, 2009 7993:from the original on May 30, 2009 7718:from the original on May 31, 2009 7610:Savage, Charlie (June 20, 2009). 7591:from the original on June 1, 2009 7581:"Assessing Sotomayor's Influence" 7499:from the original on July 3, 2009 6913:from the original on May 29, 2009 6629:"Hispanic Nominee for U.S. Bench" 6035:"The Lawyers Who May Run America" 5985:from the original on June 7, 2011 5864:from the original on May 29, 2009 5546:from the original on May 14, 2016 5508:from the original on May 27, 2013 5381:Liptak, Adam (January 13, 2013). 5182:from the original on May 31, 2009 5007:Sotomayor, Sonia (May 10, 1974). 4828:from the original on May 31, 2009 4702:from the original on May 29, 2009 4577:Savage, Charlie (June 10, 2009). 4209:from the original on May 30, 2009 4061:from the original on May 30, 2009 4026:from the original on May 30, 2009 3778:from the original on May 28, 2009 3227:NYU Annual Survey of American Law 2682:New York University School of Law 1997:inflamed, with radio commentator 1910:Didden v. Village of Port Chester 1739:U.S. Department of Transportation 1300:(1995), Sotomayor sided with the 1144:Sotomayor was appointed by Mayor 1130:State of New York Mortgage Agency 963:In 1979, Sotomayor was awarded a 934:Yale Journal of International Law 532:New York University School of Law 496:State of New York Mortgage Agency 17512: 12124: 12094: 12082:from the original on May 2, 2015 12004: 11974: 11941: 11909: 11879: 11849: 11824: 11798: 11765: 11705: 11675: 11645: 11620: 11614: 11581: 11557:Mears, Bill (January 20, 2013). 11550: 11514: 11484: 11458: 11446:from the original on May 5, 2016 11432: 11406: 11394:from the original on May 8, 2014 11207: 11041: 11017: 10993: 10944: 10838: 10816: 10757: 10706: 10675: 10662: 10649: 10636: 10623: 10610: 10597: 10584: 10519: 10488: 10475: 10462: 10363: 10350: 10299: 10236:"The Roberts Court Comes of Age" 10154: 10127: 10101:Litpak, Adam (August 18, 2009). 10094: 10068: 10037: 10006: 9874: 9847: 9811: 9785:Wong, Queenie (August 8, 2009). 9715: 9689: 9656: 9631: 9600: 9567: 9425: 9395: 9351: 9327:Lewis, Neil A. (June 25, 2009). 9320: 9263: 9230: 9204: 9142: 9080: 9047: 9005: 8981:Jackson, David (July 16, 2009). 8974: 8943: 8907: 8882: 8854: 8821: 8809:from the original on May 3, 2009 8740:from the original on May 8, 2009 8678: 8645: 8609: 8600: 8570: 8565:Brody v. Village of Port Chester 8561:Brody v. Village of Port Chester 8554: 8542: 8530: 8516: 8489: 8464: 8450: 8419: 8405: 8301: 8247: 8155: 8073: 8061: 8049:Doninger v. Niehoff, 527 F.3d 41 7969: 7955: 7925: 7825:from the original on May 1, 2011 7764: 7730: 7667: 7603: 7573: 7542: 7478: 7441: 7428: 7404:Lacayo, Richard (May 26, 2009). 7240:from the original on May 2, 2009 7146: 7099: 7065: 7035: 6955:from the original on May 9, 2017 6943:Lewis, Neil A. (June 13, 1998). 6862: 6850: 6837: 6806: 6790: 6608:from the original on May 4, 2009 6563:Lewis, Neil A. (July 14, 1992). 6529:MacGillis, Alec (May 28, 2009). 6382:Almanac of the Federal Judiciary 6375:"Past Profiles: Sonia Sotomayor" 6241:Savage, Charlie (May 29, 2009). 5351:. April 21, 2003. Archived from 4850:Liemer, David (April 22, 1974). 4497:Simon, Mallory (July 14, 2009). 4135:Lacayo, Richard (May 28, 2009). 4091:Shulman, Robin (June 16, 2009). 3966:from the original on May 7, 2011 3387: 3274: 3260: 3246: 2869:She was elected a member of the 2781: 1898:Brody v. Village of Port Chester 1543:Almanac of the Federal Judiciary 1459:objected to Republican use of a 1137:skepticism about the effects of 983: 931:publication (later known as the 683: 669: 366: 329: 310: 265: 17589:Catholics from New York (state) 16051:Liberalism in the United States 15191:Harriet Williams Russell Strong 12567:United States Court of Appeals 12242: 11689:. June 10, 2004. Archived from 11146:Quiñones, Eric (June 9, 2011). 10990:, 130 Harv. L. Rev. 337 (2016). 10830:. June 25, 2012. Archived from 10134:Mears, Bill (October 5, 2009). 10013:Siff, Andrew (August 5, 2010). 9952:Lewis, Neil A. (May 26, 2009). 9722:Nasaw, Daniel (July 28, 2009). 9375:Blanton, Dana (June 12, 2009). 8381:Vicini, James (June 29, 2009). 8131:Barnes, Robert (June 3, 2009). 8080:Collins, Steve (May 28, 2009). 7549:Schwartz, John (May 27, 2009). 7083:. March 3, 2003. Archived from 6753: 6719: 6651: 6620: 6598:"Times Topics: Sonia Sotomayor" 6466: 6435: 6399: 6367: 6301: 6059: 5845: 5745: 5487: 5243: 5205:. Phi Beta Kappa: 5. Fall 2009. 5128: 5000: 4656:Lewis, Neil A. (May 14, 2009). 4633: 4490: 4470:(Press release). May 26, 2009. 4454: 4423: 4338:Doyle, Michael (June 5, 2009). 4190: 4159: 4005: 3310:History of women in Puerto Rico 3153:University Press of New England 2931: 2653:Whole Woman's Health v. Jackson 1852: 1330:for copyright infringement for 590:Santurce, San Juan, Puerto Rico 505:Sotomayor was nominated to the 261: 16219:Separation of church and state 14870:Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose 12477:. May 15, 2009. Archived from 11887:"Second Annual Awards Banquet" 11861:American Philosophical Society 11719:. May 26, 2009. Archived from 10075:Karni, Annie (June 30, 2022). 9854:Mears, Bill (August 8, 2009). 8652:Balko, Radley (May 26, 2009). 8567:, 434 F.3d 121 (2d Cir. 2005). 8527:, 299 F.3d 374 (2d Cir. 2000). 8416:, 369 F.3d 124 (2d Cir. 2004). 8347:"How Ricci Almost Disappeared" 8277:Liptak, Adam (April 9, 2009). 7966:, 290 F.3d 143 (2d Cir. 2002). 7771:Markon, Jerry (June 7, 2009). 7518:Markon, Jerry (July 9, 2009). 7457:Congressional Research Service 6797:National Labor Relations Board 5852:Farber, M.A. (June 17, 1985). 5821:Zajac, Andrew (June 6, 2009). 5639:O'Neill, Ann (July 16, 2009). 4900:"Two sides to Sonia Sotomayor" 4430:Daly, Michael (May 28, 2009). 4197:Davidson, Amy (May 27, 2009). 3587:, reprinted in proceedings of 3566: 3451: 3423: 2906:In May 2015, she received the 2871:American Philosophical Society 2488: 2150: 1695:District of Columbia v. Heller 1516:Congressional Research Service 1494: 1: 17664:People from Greenwich Village 17644:New York (state) Independents 17569:American women legal scholars 15840: 15512: 15017: 14342: 14173: 13982: 13971:National Women's Hall of Fame 12537:United States District Court 12421:Sonia Sotomayor Photo Gallery 12106:National Women's Hall of Fame 11442:. YouTube. November 9, 2012. 11416:. YouTube. February 3, 2012. 10370:Liptak, Adam (July 1, 2012). 9638:Harder, Amy (July 14, 2009). 8461:, 395 F.3d 25 (2d Cir. 2005). 8428:"Judges Rule Against Clarett" 8308:Liptak, Adam (June 5, 2009). 7485:Mauro, Tony (June 22, 2009). 7373:Bravin, Jess (May 26, 2009). 6627:King, Wayne (March 2, 1991). 6097:Gross, Doug (July 17, 2009). 5971:Sloan, Karen (May 27, 2009). 5268:Miller, Zeke (May 31, 2009). 4613:Mears, Bill (June 11, 2009). 3835:Cave, Damien (May 29, 2009). 3800:Coto, Danica (May 26, 2009). 3416: 3079:Suffolk University Law Review 3036:"A Tribute to Justice Scalia" 2919:National Women's Hall of Fame 2828:Pace University School of Law 2645: 1813:(2004), Sotomayor upheld the 1733:(2001), Sotomayor rejected a 1349:) took Sotomayor's position. 1168:election on the grounds that 753:Cardinal Spellman High School 579: 240:New York City, New York, U.S. 17699:People from Soundview, Bronx 17559:21st-century American judges 17549:20th-century American judges 17415:The Problem with Jon Stewart 17327:Center for American Progress 15217:Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis 13845:(August 5, 2009 – present); 12423:from The White House website 11772:Shull, Lori (May 17, 2010). 11243:Brune, Tom (June 20, 2009). 9792:U.S. News & World Report 9663:Raju, Manu (July 18, 2009). 9054:Stern, Seth (June 4, 2009). 8551:, 306 F.3d 40 (2d Cir. 2002) 8426:Maske, Mark (May 24, 2004). 8254:Daley, Bill (May 28, 2009). 8118:, 554 F.3d 56 (2d Cir. 2009) 7188:Mauro, Tony (June 1, 2009). 6977:Mears, Bill (July 7, 2009). 5671:Kuznia, Rob (May 26, 2009). 4389:Silva, Mark (May 26, 2009). 4012:Rahme, Dave (May 26, 2009). 3589:Senate Hearing no. 111-503, 3435:"How To Pronounce Sotomayor" 3206:Berkeley la Raza Law Journal 3136: 2981:Turning Pages: My Life Story 1533:Berkeley La Raza Law Journal 1323:New York Times Co. v. Tasini 1242: 1177:Maternity Center Association 861:Trenton Psychiatric Hospital 720: 7: 17674:Princeton University alumni 17669:People with type 1 diabetes 17654:New York University faculty 17594:Columbia University faculty 17309:Rhode Island Suffrage Party 17224:Democratic-Republican Party 15400:Martha Coffin Pelham Wright 14804:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin 12462:September 20, 2006, at the 8496:Zvulony, Gil (March 2005). 7130:Ohio State University Press 7124:Bell, Lauren Cohen (2002). 6493:Brune, Tom (May 27, 2009). 5539:The New York Times Magazine 4814:Smith, Ben (May 29, 2009). 3768:"Judge Sonia Sotomayor bio" 3471:Chicago-Kent College of Law 3467:Legal Information Institute 3239: 3170: 3027: 2926:Harvard Radcliffe Institute 2014:White House Press Secretary 1972:On April 30, 2009, Justice 1931:Nomination and confirmation 1802: 1581: 1381:Nomination and confirmation 1372:upheld Sotomayor's ruling. 1317:from blocking its release. 1188:Nomination and confirmation 1036:assistant district attorney 488:assistant district attorney 10: 17715: 17659:People from Cleveland Park 17639:New York (state) Democrats 16267:American Revolutionary War 14956:Katharine Dexter McCormick 14254:Mary "Mother" Harris Jones 12285:W. W. Norton & Company 10750:November 18, 2017, at the 8795:Stein, Sam (May 1, 2009). 8621:"The Sotomayor Nomination" 8212:November 20, 2011, at the 8024:November 14, 2011, at the 8015:United States v. Quattrone 4323:. New York. Archived from 3379:believed to be of distant 2444:Taxing and Spending Clause 2147:serving at the same time. 2021:Senate Judiciary Committee 1955:2008 presidential election 1934: 1915:Kelo v. City of New London 1710:, unanimously agreed with 1653:Lewis S. Mills High School 1636:United States v. Quattrone 1632:United States v. Quattrone 1620:New York Police Department 1431:Senate Judiciary Committee 1308:Deputy White House Counsel 1216:Senate Judiciary Committee 697:Sotomayor grew up with an 611:; Celina Báez worked as a 555:J. D. B. v. North Carolina 440:[ˈsonjasotomaˈʝoɾ] 17510: 17481:Liberal bias in the media 17467: 17346: 17318: 17234:National Democratic Party 17205: 17093: 17049: 16611: 16343: 16336: 16258: 16115: 16058: 15947: 15891: 15850: 15846: 15835: 15766: 15705: 15644: 15588: 15522: 15518: 15507: 15438: 15382: 15321: 15250: 15209: 15133: 15027: 15023: 15012: 14888: 14822: 14814:Hannah Greenebaum Solomon 14721: 14585: 14399: 14383: 14352: 14348: 14337: 14293: 14267: 14246: 14225: 14204: 14183: 14179: 14168: 14129: 14103: 13992: 13988: 13977: 13853: 13838: 13770: 13755: 13742: 13730: 13675: 13025: 13012: 12995: 12715: 12702: 12645: 12632: 12617: 12609: 12602: 12593: 12585: 12575: 12563: 12555: 12545: 12533: 12525: 12520: 11806:"Doctorats Honoris Causa" 11014:2016 (2016): pp. 157-195. 10957:January 13, 2020, at the 8578:"Sotomayor on the Issues" 8240:January 18, 2012, at the 7937:Americans United for Life 7487:"Sotomayor, word by word" 7358:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6772:Abrams, Roger I. (2001). 4415:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4055:UC Berkeley School of Law 3217:Sotomayor, Sonia (2004). 3197:Sotomayor, Sonia (2004). 3177:Sotomayor, Sonia (2014). 3143:Sotomayor, Sonia (2007). 3098:Sotomayor, Sonia (1979). 3034:Sotomayor, Sonia (2017). 3002:Sotomayor, Sonia (2013). 2979:Sotomayor, Sonia (2018). 2967:Sotomayor, Sonia (2019). 2953:Sotomayor, Sonia (2019). 2848:Paris Nanterre University 2792:Sonia Sotomayor de Noonan 2719:University of Puerto Rico 1768:Employment discrimination 1596:'s implementation of the 1528:UC Berkeley School of Law 1500:percentage of reversals. 1237:Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn 690:Sotomayor as a young girl 676:Sotomayor and her parents 486:. Sotomayor worked as an 472:in 1976 and received her 355: 318: 306: 275: 245: 219: 214: 210: 198: 186: 174: 163: 155: 143: 131: 119: 108: 100: 88: 76: 64: 53: 46: 42: 30: 23: 17476:Liberal bias in academia 17229:Liberal Republican Party 15045:Marjory Stoneman Douglas 14855:Wilhelmina Cole Holladay 14628:Charlotte Perkins Gilman 12611:U.S. order of precedence 11120:Columbia Daily Spectator 11012:The Supreme Court Review 10740:J.D.B. v. North Carolina 9581:The National Law Journal 8054:August 21, 2008, at the 7933:"The Mexico City Policy" 7492:The National Law Journal 7195:The National Law Journal 6668:Indiana University Press 6386:Aspen Law & Business 5978:The National Law Journal 4051:"A Latina judge's voice" 3574:Princeton yearbook image 3355: 3219:"Tribute to John Sexton" 2942:Sotomayor, Sonia (2022) 2936: 2539:National Security Agency 2515:protections relating to 2496:Arizona v. United States 2464:mandate on contraception 2409:United States v. Alvarez 2341:J.D.B. v. North Carolina 2059:American Bar Association 1815:National Football League 1407:American Bar Association 1258:Miriam Goldman Cedarbaum 1089:suing counterfeiters of 771:in the Northeast Bronx. 727:Blessed Sacrament School 17574:American legal scholars 17487:The Liberal Imagination 17287:Rockefeller Republicans 15535:Dorothy Harrison Eustis 15425:Catherine Filene Shouse 15278:Patricia Roberts Harris 14916:Mary Steichen Calderone 14784:Lillian Moller Gilbreth 14653:Frances Wisebart Jacobs 14457:Martha Wright Griffiths 12406:Federal Judicial Center 12404:, a publication of the 12333:; Matz, Joshua (2014). 11717:Northeastern University 11496:San Francisco Chronicle 11030:April 16, 2019, at the 11006:August 6, 2021, at the 10897:August 6, 2021, at the 10859:Pleading for the Fourth 10198:The Wall Street Journal 9156:The Dallas Morning News 7981:"Sotomayor: The Record" 7681:The Wall Street Journal 7379:The Wall Street Journal 7047:The Wall Street Journal 6701:The Wall Street Journal 6416:The Washington Examiner 5534:"The D.A.'s Right Arms" 3625:Federal Judicial Center 3086:: 35–51. Archived from 2844:St. Lawrence University 2788:St. Patrick's Cathedral 2634:, Sotomayor wrote that 2619:Heien v. North Carolina 2612:, a case involving the 2578:Navarette v. California 2378:Stansbury v. California 2145:Roman Catholic justices 1989:particularly in a 2001 1718:Fourth Amendment rights 1660:Second Amendment rights 1592:, Sotomayor upheld the 1401:, which was vacated by 1315:U.S. Justice Department 1288:. Her ruling ended the 1194:Daniel Patrick Moynihan 884:governor of Puerto Rico 759:and was elected to the 713:Encyclopædia Britannica 634:; she calls herself a " 541:In May 2009, President 325:Sonia Sotomayor's voice 37:Official portrait, 2009 17694:Yale Law School alumni 17634:Lawyers from the Bronx 17266:historically, factions 16327:Young America movement 16297:Jeffersonian democracy 16139:Economic progressivism 15481:Rebecca Talbot Perkins 14976:Eunice Kennedy Shriver 14840:Frances Xavier Cabrini 14754:Elizabeth Hanford Dole 14532:Ellen Swallow Richards 14502:Constance Baker Motley 14152:Elizabeth Bayley Seton 14085:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 13682: 13002: 12569:for the Second Circuit 12339:Henry Holt and Company 12249:Coyle, Marcia (2013). 12186:"Radcliffe Medallists" 11986:Mayor of New York City 11955:The Daily Princetonian 11217:. CNN. June 19, 2009. 10986:April 3, 2019, at the 10864:March 4, 2020, at the 9699:. CNN. July 28, 2009. 8917:(September 25, 2009). 8654:"Sotomayor on Takings" 8539:, 195 F.3d 134 (1999). 8482:June 18, 2006, at the 7986:The Washington Monthly 6218:. 2008. Archived from 5901:. 1986. Archived from 5109:The Daily Princetonian 5073:The Daily Princetonian 5014:The Daily Princetonian 4857:The Daily Princetonian 3597:June 16, 2012, at the 3579:March 3, 2016, at the 3469:(Cornell University), 3186:Yale Law Journal Forum 2811: 2806:Sotomayor at the 2017 2673: 2526:United States v. Jones 2469:Burwell v. Hobby Lobby 2383:Yarborough v. Alvarado 2330: 2172: 2085: 2001:and former Republican 1946: 1902:Port Chester, New York 1608:First Amendment rights 1390: 1376:Court of Appeals judge 1328:New York Times Company 1272:On March 30, 1995, in 1183:Federal district judge 939:Puerto Rican statehood 871: 841:Latin American history 806:Latin American studies 775:College and law school 458:Sotomayor was born in 346:Recorded June 22, 2023 17356:The American Prospect 17292:Roosevelt Republicans 17214:Anti-Federalist Party 16272:Civil rights movement 15995:Anna Wessels Williams 15682:Carlotta Walls LaNier 15415:Elisabeth Kübler-Ross 15273:Martha Matilda Harper 15237:Mary Engle Pennington 15075:Frances Oldham Kelsey 14860:Anne Morrow Lindbergh 14613:Jane Cunningham Croly 14542:Katherine Siva Saubel 14437:Marian Wright Edelman 14360:Margaret Bourke-White 14285:Harriet Beecher Stowe 13681: 13001: 12849:Edward Douglass White 11779:Watertown Daily Times 10672:, pp. 10–11, 268–271. 9828:. September 8, 2009. 9652:on September 3, 2010. 9436:. CNN. Archived from 8931:on September 28, 2009 8842:on September 25, 2021 7918:May 30, 2009, at the 7714:. CNN. May 28, 2009. 7043:"The Souter Strategy" 6909:. CNN. May 26, 2009. 6801:Major League Baseball 6015:on February 29, 2004. 5282:on September 20, 2012 3330:List of Puerto Ricans 2975:. ISBN 9781524771171. 2964:. ISBN 9780525514121. 2950:. ISBN 9780593206263. 2805: 2667: 2328: 2199:Berghuis v. Thompkins 2158: 2141:Ketanji Brown Jackson 2131:(from 1993 to 2020), 2127:(from 1981 to 2006), 2083: 1944: 1926:Supreme Court justice 1586:In the 2002 decision 1388: 1282:collective bargaining 1278:Major League Baseball 1170:New York City Council 869: 839:, who specialized in 798:Acción Puertorriqueña 362:Sonia Maria Sotomayor 342:Yegiazaryan v. Smagin 224:Sonia Maria Sotomayor 17297:Moderate Republicans 16985:Roosevelt (Theodore) 16980:Roosevelt (Franklin) 16292:Jacksonian democracy 16199:Legal egalitarianism 16164:Freedom of the press 15692:Mary Harriman Rumsey 15530:St. Katharine Drexel 15374:Mary Burnett Talbert 15369:Blanche Stuart Scott 15354:Mother Marianne Cope 15334:Ruth Fulton Benedict 15293:Mildred Robbins Leet 14991:Angelina Grimké Weld 14865:Maria Goeppert Mayer 14835:Charlotte Anne Bunch 14412:Antoinette Blackwell 14391:Gertrude Belle Elion 14321:Ida B. Wells-Barnett 14090:Helen Brooke Taussig 14080:Margaret Chase Smith 12881:Charles Evans Hughes 12504:Bill Clinton Library 12372:Sarah Crichton Books 12259:Simon & Schuster 12048:. October 28, 2013. 11836:New York Law Journal 11659:. January 16, 2021. 11524:(January 21, 2013). 11156:Princeton University 10872:(November 12, 2015). 10165:. Fox News Channel. 9379:. Fox News Channel. 8730:United States Senate 8500:. Zvulony & Co. 7851:. Fox News Channel. 7158:United States Senate 7108:The Washington Times 7087:on December 28, 2003 7077:United States Senate 6355:on February 10, 2013 6222:on December 29, 2010 5894:Good Morning America 5471:. Justia.com. 1998. 5176:Princeton University 4344:McClatchy Newspapers 4057:. October 26, 2001. 3874:(January 12, 2013). 3548:www.supremecourt.gov 2973:Penguin Random House 2962:Penguin Random House 2948:Penguin Random House 2864:Manhattan University 2820:Princeton University 2695:Princeton University 2545:likely violated the 2531:third-party doctrine 2244:Confrontation Clause 1435:mandatory sentencing 1290:1994 baseball strike 1284:agreement and using 1229:United States Senate 1123:Governor of New York 1109:Good Morning America 1051:and prostitution to 971:the following year. 898:critical race theory 857:after-school program 849:Puerto Rican history 781:Princeton University 527:United States Senate 470:Princeton University 283:Princeton University 264: 1976; 17457:The Washington Post 17443:Talking Points Memo 17337:Roosevelt Institute 17282:Radical Republicans 16975:Roosevelt (Eleanor) 16302:Liberal Republicans 16169:Freedom of religion 16159:Fiscal conservatism 15909:Rebecca S. Halstead 15883:Mary Church Terrell 15570:Barbara A. Mikulski 15298:Patsy Takemoto Mink 15283:Stephanie L. Kwolek 15222:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 15196:Emily Howell Warner 15141:Dorothy H. Andersen 15115:Annie Dodge Wauneka 15110:Mary Edwards Walker 15035:Faye Glenn Abdellah 14966:Edith Nourse Rogers 14946:Shirley Ann Jackson 14921:Mary Ann Shadd Cary 14799:Sandra Day O'Connor 14779:Matilda Joslyn Gage 14375:Florence B. Seibert 14212:Carrie Chapman Catt 14142:Juliette Gordon Low 14025:Elizabeth Blackwell 14020:Mary McLeod Bethune 12865:William Howard Taft 12220:Library of Congress 12138:The Harvard Crimson 12046:The Huffington Post 11891:Columbia University 11569:on January 24, 2013 11058:. December 10, 2021 10999:Allegra M. McLeod, 10965:(November 9, 2015). 10950:Mark Joseph Stern, 10501:The Washington Post 9887:The Washington Post 9535:The Washington Post 8802:The Huffington Post 8617:Epstein, Richard A. 8582:The Washington Post 8477:150 F. Supp. 2d 585 8432:The Washington Post 8231:Leventhal v. Knapek 8137:The Washington Post 8068:Doninger v. Niehoff 8044:Doninger v. Niehoff 7885:on December 9, 2006 7777:The Washington Post 7524:The Washington Post 7313:Dallas Morning News 6535:The Washington Post 6454:on January 12, 2012 6448:The Washington Post 6314:The Washington Post 6009:www.americanbar.org 5611:. August 16, 1992. 5440:The Washington Post 5225:The Washington Post 4982:The Washington Post 4545:The Washington Post 4097:The Washington Post 2897:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 2893:Sandra Day O'Connor 2852:New York University 2824:Brooklyn Law School 2711:New York University 2686:Columbia Law School 2568:Missouri v. McNeely 2428:Affordable Care Act 2281:Williamson v. Mazda 2165:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 2161:Sandra Day O'Connor 2129:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 2125:Sandra Day O'Connor 2098:Benjamin N. Cardozo 1762:Swedenburg v. Kelly 1753:Swedenburg v. Kelly 1746:Alcohol in commerce 1731:Leventhal v. Knapek 1690:Presser v. Illinois 1685:Presser v. Illinois 1644:Doninger v. Niehoff 1594:Bush administration 1571:Sandra Day O'Connor 1448:Wall Street Journal 1303:Wall Street Journal 1286:replacement players 1250:Syracuse University 1104:Tavern on the Green 957:The Washington Post 925:of the student-run 779:Sotomayor attended 609:tool and die worker 546:nominated Sotomayor 536:Columbia Law School 17408:The New York Times 16312:New Deal coalition 16244:Unalienable rights 15868:Barbara Rose Johns 15819:Flossie Wong-Staal 15794:Nicole Malachowski 15723:Lorraine Hansberry 15667:Marcia Greenberger 15621:Mary Joseph Rogers 15560:Coretta Scott King 15545:Abby Kelley Foster 15461:Susan Kelly-Dreiss 15349:Rita Rossi Colwell 15125:Frances E. Willard 14961:Rozanne L. Ridgway 14911:Lydia Moss Bradley 14896:Madeleine Albright 14789:Nannerl O. Keohane 14759:Anne Dallas Dudley 14688:Betty Bone Schiess 14658:Susette La Flesche 14643:Zora Neale Hurston 14638:Helen LaKelly Hunt 14562:Madam C. J. Walker 14477:Mary Putnam Jacobi 14427:Jacqueline Cochran 14407:Ethel Percy Andrus 14275:Barbara McClintock 13683: 13019:Associate justices 13003: 12529:John M. Walker Jr. 12102:"Sotomayor, Sonia" 12078:. April 23, 2015. 11745:. NBC Washington. 11595:The New York Times 11531:The New York Times 10566:The New York Times 10377:The New York Times 10273:(March 22, 2010). 10241:The New York Times 10108:The New York Times 10081:The New York Times 9958:The New York Times 9613:The New York Times 9333:The New York Times 9276:The New York Times 8956:The New York Times 8770:The New York Times 8722:Kirsten Gillibrand 8549:Krimstock v. Kelly 8343:Taylor Jr., Stuart 8314:The New York Times 8283:The New York Times 8086:New Britain Herald 7963:Pappas v. Giuliani 7939:. April 23, 2010. 7819:The New York Times 7649:The New York Times 7616:The New York Times 7585:The New York Times 7555:The New York Times 7017:The New York Times 6949:The New York Times 6819:The New York Times 6633:The New York Times 6602:The New York Times 6569:The New York Times 6283:The New York Times 6247:The New York Times 6186:The New York Times 6150:The New York Times 6072:The New York Times 6068:"Notes on Fashion" 5933:The New York Times 5898:The New York Times 5858:The New York Times 5713:The New York Times 5609:The New York Times 5576:The New York Times 5494:Sotomayor, Sonia. 5387:The New York Times 5314:The New York Times 5136:Taylor Jr., Stuart 5048:The New York Times 5021:on August 14, 2014 4942:The New York Times 4764:The New York Times 4662:The New York Times 4583:The New York Times 4350:on October 2, 2020 4327:on August 3, 2009. 4249:The New York Times 4172:The New York Times 3960:The New York Times 3841:The New York Times 3729:The New York Times 3661:The New York Times 3515:The New York Times 3268:Puerto Rico portal 2832:Hofstra University 2812: 2752:The New York Times 2674: 2601:qualified immunity 2521:search and seizure 2422:Free Speech Clause 2396:dissenting opinion 2331: 2202:case dealing with 2173: 2139:(since 2020), and 2086: 2033:Ricci v. DeStefano 1963:Kirsten Gillibrand 1947: 1891:Krimstock v. Kelly 1775:Ricci v. DeStefano 1615:Pappas v. Giuliani 1598:Mexico City Policy 1547:Gerald B. Lefcourt 1418:The New York Times 1391: 1332:The New York Times 1254:white-collar crime 1213:John M. Walker Jr. 1042:District Attorney 1002:You can assist by 975:Early legal career 903:Sotomayor entered 872: 853:Third World Center 825:Daily Princetonian 785:affirmative action 761:student government 621:Syracuse, New York 613:telephone operator 605:Women's Army Corps 193:John M. Walker Jr. 17526: 17525: 17519:Liberalism portal 17256:Progressive Party 17250:Progressive Party 17244:Progressive Party 17201: 17200: 16690:Clinton (Hillary) 16174:Freedom of speech 16149:Equal opportunity 16016: 16015: 16012: 16011: 16008: 16007: 15970:Kimberlé Crenshaw 15965:Elouise P. Cobell 15929:Katherine Johnson 15899:Octavia E. Butler 15831: 15830: 15827: 15826: 15738:Clare Boothe Luce 15550:Helen Murray Free 15503: 15502: 15499: 15498: 15364:Patricia A. Locke 15329:Florence E. Allen 15313:Sheila E. Widnall 15258:Linda G. Alvarado 15242:Mercy Otis Warren 15201:Victoria Woodhull 15186:Barbara Holdridge 15181:Beatrice A. Hicks 15156:Lydia Maria Child 15070:Leontine T. Kelly 15008: 15007: 15004: 15003: 14830:Louisa May Alcott 14744:Mary Breckinridge 14623:Geraldine Ferraro 14608:Annie Jump Cannon 14333: 14332: 14329: 14328: 14164: 14163: 14160: 14159: 14070:Eleanor Roosevelt 13969:Inductees to the 13936: 13935: 13692: 13691: 13688: 13687: 13008: 13007: 12961:William Rehnquist 12662: 12661: 12658: 12646:Succeeded by 12630: 12576:Succeeded by 12559:J. Daniel Mahoney 12546:Succeeded by 12470:2003 Commencement 12348:978-0-8050-9909-6 12322:978-0-385-52720-0 12294:978-0-393-07344-7 12268:978-1-4516-2751-0 12216:"Sonia Sotomayor" 12076:Bryn Mawr College 12012:"Project Details" 11984:(Press release). 11962:on August 8, 2014 11693:on August 5, 2012 11588:Cowles, Gregory. 11522:Kakutani, Michiko 11152:News at Princeton 10834:on June 30, 2012. 10754:, (U.S.S.C. 2011) 10670:Uncertain Justice 10657:Uncertain Justice 10644:The Roberts Court 10631:The Roberts Court 10605:The Roberts Court 10592:The Roberts Court 10483:Uncertain Justice 10470:The Roberts Court 10407:The Roberts Court 10358:The Roberts Court 10331:Los Angeles Times 10307:The Roberts Court 10234:(June 30, 2010). 9475:. July 14, 2009. 9407:Rasmussen Reports 9361:Los Angeles Times 9137:The Roberts Court 8728:(Press release). 8724:(April 9, 2009). 8698:on April 15, 2009 8345:(July 10, 2009). 8266:on March 3, 2012. 7436:The Roberts Court 7280:(July 19, 2005). 7075:(Press release). 5827:Los Angeles Times 5677:Hispanic Business 5152:on August 8, 2014 5080:on August 8, 2014 5050:. April 23, 1974. 4904:Los Angeles Times 4641:Uncertain Justice 4484:National Archives 4395:Los Angeles Times 4019:The Post-Standard 3544:"Current Members" 3459:"Sonia Sotomayor" 3093:on June 19, 2009. 2912:Bryn Mawr College 2908:Katharine Hepburn 2840:Howard University 2798:Awards and honors 2678:adjunct professor 2676:Sotomayor was an 2614:exclusionary rule 2549:. Law professors 2392:Associate Justice 2356:special education 2329:Sotomayor in 2017 2218:Solicitor General 2137:Amy Coney Barrett 2067:Rasmussen Reports 1780:City of New Haven 1708:Frank Easterbrook 1551:Richard C. Wesley 1466:Chester J. Straub 1403:J. Daniel Mahoney 1397:to a seat on the 1343:John Paul Stevens 1225:unanimous consent 1223:was confirmed by 1207:to a seat on the 1205:George H. W. Bush 1078:international law 1065:child pornography 1044:Robert Morgenthau 1032: 1031: 1024: 511:George H. W. Bush 359: 358: 334: 181:George H. W. Bush 138:J. Daniel Mahoney 17706: 17520: 17516: 17492: 17401:The New Republic 17262:Republican Party 17219:Democratic Party 16835:Kennedy (Robert) 16830:Kennedy (Joseph) 16780:Jackson (Andrew) 16341: 16340: 16224:Social democracy 16194:Internationalism 16154:Environmentalism 16134:Economic freedom 16052: 16043: 16036: 16029: 16020: 16019: 15848: 15847: 15837: 15836: 15804:Louise Slaughter 15728:Victoria Jackson 15687:Philippa Marrack 15672:Barbara Iglewski 15580:Kathrine Switzer 15575:Donna E. Shalala 15520: 15519: 15509: 15508: 15466:Allie B. Latimer 15446:Louise Bourgeois 15420:Judith L. Pipher 15227:Katharine Graham 15171:Marian de Forest 15090:Anna Howard Shaw 15040:Emma Smith DeVoe 15025: 15024: 15014: 15013: 14926:Joan Ganz Cooney 14850:Oveta Culp Hobby 14845:Mary A. Hallaren 14708:Sarah Winnemucca 14577:Gloria Yerkovich 14572:Rosalyn S. Yalow 14527:Jeannette Rankin 14507:Georgia O'Keeffe 14462:Fannie Lou Hamer 14422:Shirley Chisholm 14370:Billie Jean King 14350: 14349: 14339: 14338: 14301:Gwendolyn Brooks 14181: 14180: 14170: 14169: 14010:Susan B. Anthony 13990: 13989: 13979: 13978: 13963: 13956: 13949: 13940: 13939: 13764:by calendar year 13719: 13712: 13705: 13696: 13695: 13671: 13571: 13425: 13363: 13319: 13035: 13014: 13013: 12945:Warren E. Burger 12753:Oliver Ellsworth 12704: 12703: 12694:Justices of the 12688: 12681: 12674: 12665: 12664: 12652: 12641: 12624: 12618:Preceded by 12586:Preceded by 12556:Preceded by 12526:Preceded by 12518: 12517: 12490: 12488: 12486: 12452: 12450: 12448: 12443:on June 11, 2009 12439:. Archived from 12385: 12352: 12326: 12298: 12272: 12256: 12236: 12235: 12233: 12231: 12222:. May 29, 2009. 12212: 12201: 12200: 12198: 12196: 12182: 12176: 12175: 12173: 12171: 12165:Harvard Magazine 12156: 12150: 12149: 12147: 12145: 12128: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12117: 12098: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12087: 12068: 12062: 12061: 12059: 12057: 12038: 12032: 12031: 12029: 12027: 12008: 12002: 12001: 11999: 11997: 11988:. June 4, 2010. 11978: 11972: 11971: 11969: 11967: 11958:. Archived from 11945: 11939: 11938: 11936: 11934: 11925:. October 2008. 11913: 11907: 11906: 11904: 11902: 11897:on April 4, 2008 11893:. Archived from 11883: 11877: 11876: 11874: 11872: 11867:on July 15, 2014 11863:. 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July 7, 2010. 10424: 10416: 10410: 10403: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10389: 10367: 10361: 10354: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10343: 10321: 10310: 10303: 10297: 10296: 10294: 10292: 10267: 10258: 10257: 10255: 10253: 10228: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10210: 10188: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10158: 10152: 10151: 10149: 10147: 10131: 10125: 10124: 10122: 10120: 10098: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10087: 10072: 10066: 10065: 10063: 10061: 10041: 10035: 10034: 10032: 10030: 10010: 10004: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9990:. May 27, 2009. 9980: 9974: 9973: 9971: 9969: 9949: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9938: 9927:Associated Press 9912: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9878: 9872: 9871: 9869: 9867: 9851: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9840: 9834: 9823: 9815: 9809: 9808: 9806: 9804: 9782: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9768: 9753: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9739: 9719: 9713: 9712: 9710: 9708: 9693: 9687: 9686: 9684: 9682: 9660: 9654: 9653: 9648:. 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Archived from 8825: 8819: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8792: 8786: 8785: 8783: 8781: 8761: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8718:Schumer, Charles 8714: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8682: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8671: 8649: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8638: 8619:(May 26, 2009). 8613: 8607: 8604: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8574: 8568: 8558: 8552: 8546: 8540: 8534: 8528: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8493: 8487: 8468: 8462: 8454: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8443: 8423: 8417: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8378: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8364: 8359:on July 14, 2009 8355:. Archived from 8352:National Journal 8339: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8305: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8274: 8268: 8267: 8262:. Archived from 8251: 8245: 8228: 8217: 8200: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8182: 8165:(May 15, 2009). 8159: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8128: 8119: 8116:Maloney v. Cuomo 8113: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8077: 8071: 8065: 8059: 8040: 8029: 8012: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7979:(May 27, 2009). 7973: 7967: 7959: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7929: 7923: 7904: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7853:Associated Press 7844: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7810: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7768: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7740:(May 29, 2009). 7734: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7708: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7671: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7660: 7651:. May 14, 2009. 7641: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7587:. 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July 9, 2009. 6735:Associated Press 6723: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6665: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6594: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6560: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6526: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6501:. Archived from 6490: 6477: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6450:. Archived from 6439: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6409:(May 26, 2009). 6403: 6397: 6396: 6395:on July 7, 2011. 6394: 6379: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6351:. Archived from 6341: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6274: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6177: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6138: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6030: 6017: 6016: 6011:. 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May 27, 2009. 3764: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3720: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3652: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3617: 3602: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3540: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3506: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3433:(May 26, 2009). 3427: 3410: 3391: 3385: 3373:Benjamin Cardozo 3369: 3284: 3282:Biography portal 3279: 3278: 3277: 3270: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3235: 3223: 3213: 3203: 3193: 3183: 3166: 3132: 3108:Yale Law Journal 3104: 3094: 3092: 3075: 3065: 3052: 3044:Yale Law Journal 3040: 3023: 3005:My Beloved World 2998: 2761:Best Seller List 2747:Michiko Kakutani 2742:Mi mundo adorado 2737:My Beloved World 2717:(2013), and the 2660:Other activities 2632:Ta-Nehisi Coates 2624:W. E. B. Du Bois 2599:was entitled to 2588:Mullenix v. Luna 2547:Fourth Amendment 2513:Fourth Amendment 2414:Stolen Valor Act 2402:Stolen Valor Act 2334:Miranda warnings 2229:Justices Kennedy 2075:Opinion Research 2039:Maloney v. Cuomo 1835:did not preempt 1793:José A. Cabranes 1735:Fourth Amendment 1712:Maloney v. Cuomo 1674:Second Amendment 1666:Maloney v. Cuomo 1649:Debra Livingston 1602:equal protection 1336: 1086:civil litigation 1061:Richard Maddicks 1057:police brutality 1027: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1007: 987: 986: 979: 918:Yale Law Journal 910:José A. Cabranes 880:Luis Muñoz Marín 810:William G. Bowen 733:, where she was 687: 673: 660:New York Yankees 652:Bronxdale Houses 561:Schuette v. BAMN 525:majority in the 483:Yale Law Journal 442: 437: 433: 432: 431: 430: 423: 420: 419: 416: 413: 410: 407: 404: 401: 398: 395: 392: 388: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 336: 335: 314: 269: 267: 263: 241: 237: 233: 231: 215:Personal details 201: 189: 177: 168: 146: 134: 122: 113: 91: 79: 69: 35: 21: 20: 17714: 17713: 17709: 17708: 17707: 17705: 17704: 17703: 17529: 17528: 17527: 17522: 17518: 17506: 17505: 17504: 17490: 17463: 17462: 17461: 17342: 17341: 17340: 17314: 17313: 17312: 17197: 17196: 17195: 17089: 17045: 17044: 17043: 16785:Jackson (Jesse) 16607: 16606: 16605: 16332: 16331: 16330: 16317:Progressive Era 16254: 16253: 16252: 16229:Social equality 16116:Core principles 16111: 16110: 16109: 16054: 16050: 16047: 16017: 16004: 16000:Serena Williams 15943: 15887: 15873:Henrietta Lacks 15863:Barbara Hillary 15858:Aretha Franklin 15842: 15823: 15809:Sonia Sotomayor 15762: 15701: 15652:Tenley Albright 15640: 15626:Bernice Sandler 15584: 15565:Lilly Ledbetter 15540:Loretta C. Ford 15514: 15495: 15434: 15430:Henrietta Szold 15390:Eleanor K. Baum 15378: 15344:Hillary Clinton 15317: 15268:Gertrude Ederle 15263:Donna de Varona 15246: 15205: 15151:Rosalynn Carter 15129: 15105:Wilma L. Vaught 15060:Crystal Eastman 15055:Sylvia A. Earle 15019: 15000: 14996:Chien-Shiung Wu 14971:Felice Schwartz 14941:Julia Ward Howe 14884: 14875:Maria Tallchief 14818: 14774:Margaret Fuller 14769:Ella Fitzgerald 14764:Mary Baker Eddy 14717: 14673:Antonia Novello 14648:Anne Hutchinson 14581: 14522:Esther Peterson 14497:Wilma Mankiller 14417:Emily Blackwell 14395: 14379: 14344: 14325: 14289: 14263: 14242: 14221: 14217:Frances Perkins 14200: 14196:Sojourner Truth 14191:Margaret Sanger 14175: 14156: 14125: 14099: 14045:Emily Dickinson 14005:Marian Anderson 13984: 13973: 13967: 13937: 13932: 13849: 13834: 13766: 13751: 13738: 13726: 13723: 13693: 13684: 13673: 13672: 13666: 13664: 13566: 13507:J. M. Harlan II 13420: 13358: 13314: 13030: 13021: 13004: 12993: 12992: 12897:Harlan F. Stone 12833:Melville Fuller 12801:Salmon P. Chase 12711: 12698: 12692: 12651: 12639: 12637: 12623: 12599: 12591: 12581: 12572: 12568: 12561: 12551: 12542: 12538: 12531: 12484: 12482: 12481:on June 6, 2009 12473: 12468:Pace University 12464:Wayback Machine 12446: 12444: 12435: 12412:Sonia Sotomayor 12396:Sonia Sotomayor 12392: 12382: 12359: 12357:Further reading 12349: 12331:Tribe, Laurence 12329: 12323: 12313:Doubleday Press 12303:Toobin, Jeffrey 12301: 12295: 12275: 12269: 12248: 12245: 12240: 12239: 12229: 12227: 12214: 12213: 12204: 12194: 12192: 12184: 12183: 12179: 12169: 12167: 12157: 12153: 12143: 12141: 12129: 12125: 12115: 12113: 12100: 12099: 12095: 12085: 12083: 12070: 12069: 12065: 12055: 12053: 12040: 12039: 12035: 12025: 12023: 12010: 12009: 12005: 11995: 11993: 11980: 11979: 11975: 11965: 11963: 11946: 11942: 11932: 11930: 11915: 11914: 11910: 11900: 11898: 11885: 11884: 11880: 11870: 11868: 11855: 11854: 11850: 11840: 11838: 11830: 11829: 11825: 11815: 11813: 11804: 11803: 11799: 11789: 11787: 11770: 11766: 11756: 11754: 11749:. May 8, 2010. 11741: 11740: 11736: 11726: 11724: 11723:on May 30, 2009 11711: 11710: 11706: 11696: 11694: 11687:Pace University 11681: 11680: 11676: 11666: 11664: 11651: 11650: 11646: 11636: 11634: 11619: 11615: 11605: 11603: 11586: 11582: 11572: 11570: 11555: 11551: 11541: 11539: 11519: 11515: 11505: 11503: 11490: 11489: 11485: 11475: 11473: 11464: 11463: 11459: 11449: 11447: 11438: 11437: 11433: 11423: 11421: 11412: 11411: 11407: 11397: 11395: 11380: 11379: 11372: 11362: 11360: 11353:Yale University 11347: 11346: 11339: 11329: 11327: 11310: 11303: 11293: 11291: 11276: 11275: 11268: 11258: 11256: 11241: 11234: 11224: 11222: 11213: 11212: 11208: 11198: 11196: 11179: 11175: 11165: 11163: 11144: 11140: 11130: 11128: 11111: 11104: 11094: 11092: 11079: 11078: 11071: 11061: 11059: 11051: 11047: 11046: 11042: 11032:Wayback Machine 11022: 11018: 11008:Wayback Machine 10998: 10994: 10988:Wayback Machine 10980:Utah v. Strieff 10976: 10969: 10959:Wayback Machine 10949: 10945: 10935: 10933: 10918: 10909: 10905:(July 1, 2016). 10899:Wayback Machine 10889: 10876: 10866:Wayback Machine 10856: 10852: 10843: 10839: 10822: 10821: 10817: 10807: 10805: 10794: 10787: 10778: 10771: 10762: 10758: 10752:Wayback Machine 10737: 10733: 10723: 10721: 10720:. 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6225: 6223: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6195: 6193: 6178: 6169: 6159: 6157: 6142:Powell, Michael 6139: 6118: 6108: 6106: 6095: 6091: 6081: 6079: 6064: 6060: 6050: 6048: 6031: 6020: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5969: 5952: 5942: 5940: 5925: 5918: 5908: 5906: 5885: 5884: 5877: 5867: 5865: 5850: 5846: 5836: 5834: 5819: 5806: 5796: 5794: 5785: 5784: 5777: 5767: 5765: 5750: 5746: 5730: 5729: 5722: 5720: 5705: 5696: 5686: 5684: 5683:on May 30, 2009 5669: 5660: 5650: 5648: 5637: 5628: 5618: 5616: 5603: 5602: 5595: 5585: 5583: 5568: 5559: 5549: 5547: 5530: 5521: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5498: 5492: 5488: 5478: 5476: 5467: 5466: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5435: 5429: 5422: 5413: 5406: 5396: 5394: 5379: 5368: 5358: 5356: 5355:on May 12, 2007 5349:Pace University 5343: 5342: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5306: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5275:Yale Daily News 5266: 5257: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5217: 5210: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5185: 5183: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5155: 5153: 5133: 5129: 5119: 5117: 5116:on May 16, 2009 5100: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5064: 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Knopf 3001: 2995: 2978: 2939: 2934: 2856:Yale University 2800: 2784: 2732:Alfred A. Knopf 2715:Yale University 2690:adjunct faculty 2662: 2648: 2609:Utah v. Strieff 2535:Richard J. Leon 2509: 2501:Arizona SB 1070 2491: 2460:Wheaton College 2448:Commerce Clause 2430: 2418:First Amendment 2404: 2336: 2323: 2321:Notable rulings 2248:Sixth Amendment 2214:Donald Verrilli 2187:First Amendment 2153: 1959:Charles Schumer 1939: 1933: 1928: 1887: 1885:Property rights 1855: 1819:Maurice Clarett 1805: 1770: 1748: 1737:challenge by a 1720: 1700:Seventh Circuit 1662: 1624:First Amendment 1610: 1584: 1579: 1577:Notable rulings 1555:Guido Calabresi 1497: 1478:Majority Leader 1443:Clarence Thomas 1383: 1378: 1334: 1270: 1268:Notable rulings 1245: 1190: 1185: 1040:New York County 1028: 1017: 1011: 1008: 1001: 988: 984: 977: 923:managing editor 921:, and was also 905:Yale Law School 893:summa cum laude 777: 723: 703:type 1 diabetes 695: 694: 693: 692: 691: 688: 679: 678: 677: 674: 644:housing project 617:practical nurse 582: 573:Trump v. Hawaii 567:Utah v. Strieff 478:Yale Law School 465:summa cum laude 435: 426: 425: 389: 369: 365: 351: 350: 349: 348: 347: 345: 337: 330: 327: 302: 293:Yale University 271: 268: 1983) 259: 255: 252: 239: 238: 235: 229: 227: 226: 225: 199: 187: 175: 169: 164: 144: 132: 120: 114: 109: 89: 77: 71: 65: 60: 38: 26: 25:Sonia Sotomayor 17: 12: 11: 5: 17712: 17702: 17701: 17696: 17691: 17686: 17681: 17676: 17671: 17666: 17661: 17656: 17651: 17646: 17641: 17636: 17631: 17626: 17621: 17616: 17611: 17606: 17601: 17596: 17591: 17586: 17581: 17576: 17571: 17566: 17561: 17556: 17551: 17546: 17541: 17524: 17523: 17511: 17508: 17507: 17503: 17498: 17493: 17483: 17478: 17473: 17472: 17471: 17469: 17465: 17464: 17460: 17453: 17446: 17439: 17432: 17425: 17418: 17411: 17404: 17397: 17390: 17385: 17378: 17371: 17366: 17359: 17352: 17351: 17350: 17348: 17344: 17343: 17339: 17334: 17329: 17324: 17323: 17322: 17320: 17316: 17315: 17311: 17306: 17305: 17304: 17299: 17294: 17289: 17284: 17279: 17274: 17272:Black-and-tans 17259: 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15603: 15601:Ina May Gaskin 15598: 15592: 15590: 15586: 15585: 15583: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15555:Billie Holiday 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15526: 15524: 15516: 15515: 15505: 15504: 15501: 15500: 15497: 15496: 15494: 15493: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15442: 15440: 15436: 15435: 15433: 15432: 15427: 15422: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15386: 15384: 15380: 15379: 15377: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15331: 15325: 15323: 15319: 15318: 15316: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15295: 15290: 15288:Dorothea Lange 15285: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15254: 15252: 15248: 15247: 15245: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15213: 15211: 15207: 15206: 15204: 15203: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15161:Bessie Coleman 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15137: 15135: 15131: 15130: 15128: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15042: 15037: 15031: 15029: 15021: 15020: 15010: 15009: 15006: 15005: 15002: 15001: 14999: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14973: 14968: 14963: 14958: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14892: 14890: 14886: 14885: 14883: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14826: 14824: 14820: 14819: 14817: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14749:Eileen Collins 14746: 14741: 14739:Amelia Bloomer 14736: 14731: 14729:Virginia Apgar 14725: 14723: 14719: 14718: 14716: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14698:Nettie Stevens 14695: 14693:Muriel Siebert 14690: 14685: 14680: 14678:Linda Richards 14675: 14670: 14668:Maria Mitchell 14665: 14663:Louise McManus 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14618:Catherine East 14615: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14589: 14587: 14583: 14582: 14580: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14567:Faye Wattleton 14564: 14559: 14554: 14552:Helen Stephens 14549: 14547:Gloria Steinem 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14472:Dolores Huerta 14469: 14467:Dorothy Height 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14403: 14401: 14397: 14396: 14394: 14393: 14387: 14385: 14381: 14380: 14378: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14365:Barbara Jordan 14362: 14356: 14354: 14346: 14345: 14335: 14334: 14331: 14330: 14327: 14326: 14324: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14297: 14295: 14291: 14290: 14288: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14271: 14269: 14265: 14264: 14262: 14261: 14256: 14250: 14248: 14244: 14243: 14241: 14240: 14235: 14233:Belva Lockwood 14229: 14227: 14223: 14222: 14220: 14219: 14214: 14208: 14206: 14202: 14201: 14199: 14198: 14193: 14187: 14185: 14177: 14176: 14166: 14165: 14162: 14161: 14158: 14157: 14155: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14133: 14131: 14127: 14126: 14124: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14107: 14105: 14101: 14100: 14098: 14097: 14095:Harriet Tubman 14092: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14075:Florence Sabin 14072: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14055:Alice Hamilton 14052: 14050:Amelia Earhart 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13996: 13994: 13986: 13985: 13975: 13974: 13966: 13965: 13958: 13951: 13943: 13934: 13933: 13931: 13930: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13854: 13851: 13850: 13839: 13836: 13835: 13833: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13771: 13768: 13767: 13756: 13753: 13752: 13750: 13749: 13743: 13740: 13739: 13731: 13728: 13727: 13722: 13721: 13714: 13707: 13699: 13690: 13689: 13686: 13685: 13676: 13674: 13665: 13663: 13662: 13661:(2022–present) 13656: 13655:(2020–present) 13650: 13649:(2018–present) 13644: 13643:(2017–present) 13638: 13637:(2010–present) 13632: 13631:(2009–present) 13626: 13625:(2006–present) 13620: 13614: 13608: 13607:(1991–present) 13602: 13596: 13590: 13584: 13578: 13572: 13564: 13558: 13552: 13546: 13540: 13534: 13528: 13522: 13516: 13510: 13504: 13498: 13492: 13486: 13480: 13474: 13468: 13462: 13456: 13450: 13444: 13438: 13432: 13426: 13418: 13412: 13406: 13400: 13394: 13388: 13382: 13376: 13370: 13364: 13356: 13350: 13344: 13338: 13332: 13326: 13320: 13312: 13306: 13300: 13294: 13288: 13282: 13276: 13270: 13264: 13258: 13252: 13246: 13240: 13234: 13228: 13222: 13216: 13210: 13204: 13198: 13192: 13186: 13180: 13174: 13168: 13162: 13156: 13150: 13144: 13138: 13132: 13126: 13120: 13114: 13108: 13102: 13096: 13090: 13084: 13078: 13072: 13066: 13060: 13054: 13048: 13042: 13036: 13027: 13026: 13023: 13022: 13010: 13009: 13006: 13005: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12990: 12974: 12958: 12942: 12926: 12913:Fred M. Vinson 12910: 12894: 12878: 12862: 12846: 12830: 12817:Morrison Waite 12814: 12798: 12785:Roger B. Taney 12782: 12766: 12750: 12734: 12717: 12716: 12713: 12712: 12709:Chief justices 12700: 12699: 12691: 12690: 12683: 12676: 12668: 12660: 12659: 12647: 12644: 12631: 12619: 12615: 12614: 12607: 12606: 12601: 12592: 12587: 12583: 12582: 12579:Raymond Lohier 12577: 12574: 12562: 12557: 12553: 12552: 12549:Victor Marrero 12547: 12544: 12532: 12527: 12523: 12522: 12521:Legal offices 12516: 12515: 12506: 12497: 12491: 12471: 12454: 12433: 12424: 12418: 12409: 12391: 12390:External links 12388: 12387: 12386: 12380: 12364:Biskupic, Joan 12358: 12355: 12354: 12353: 12347: 12327: 12321: 12299: 12293: 12273: 12267: 12244: 12241: 12238: 12237: 12202: 12177: 12151: 12123: 12093: 12063: 12033: 12003: 11973: 11940: 11908: 11878: 11848: 11823: 11797: 11764: 11734: 11704: 11674: 11644: 11621:Hart, Robert. 11613: 11580: 11549: 11513: 11483: 11457: 11431: 11405: 11390:(in Spanish). 11370: 11337: 11301: 11266: 11232: 11206: 11173: 11138: 11102: 11069: 11040: 11016: 10992: 10967: 10943: 10907: 10874: 10850: 10837: 10815: 10785: 10769: 10767:, pp. 216–217. 10765:In the Balance 10756: 10731: 10705: 10674: 10661: 10659:, pp. 310–311. 10648: 10635: 10622: 10620:, pp. 198–199. 10618:In the Balance 10609: 10596: 10583: 10568:. p. A1. 10549: 10518: 10487: 10474: 10461: 10447: 10411: 10395: 10380:. p. A1. 10362: 10349: 10311: 10309:, pp. 260–264. 10298: 10280:The New Yorker 10259: 10244:. p. A1. 10216: 10180: 10153: 10126: 10093: 10067: 10036: 10005: 9975: 9944: 9904: 9873: 9846: 9810: 9774: 9745: 9714: 9688: 9655: 9630: 9599: 9566: 9521: 9490: 9451: 9424: 9394: 9367: 9350: 9319: 9293: 9262: 9229: 9203: 9192:. May 29, 2009 9190:Bloomberg News 9174: 9141: 9139:, pp. 254–255. 9123: 9079: 9046: 9017: 9013:In the Balance 9004: 8973: 8942: 8915:Biskupic, Joan 8906: 8881: 8853: 8820: 8787: 8751: 8709: 8677: 8644: 8608: 8599: 8569: 8553: 8541: 8529: 8515: 8488: 8463: 8449: 8434:. p. D3. 8418: 8404: 8370: 8331: 8300: 8269: 8246: 8218: 8188: 8163:Goldstein, Tom 8154: 8120: 8103: 8072: 8060: 8030: 8004: 7968: 7954: 7924: 7922:(2d Cir. 2002) 7896: 7870: 7836: 7794: 7763: 7738:Goldstein, Tom 7729: 7698: 7666: 7633: 7602: 7572: 7541: 7510: 7477: 7440: 7427: 7396: 7365: 7318: 7303: 7278:Biskupic, Joan 7269: 7251: 7213: 7175: 7145: 7138: 7132:. p. 81. 7113: 7098: 7064: 7034: 6996: 6966: 6924: 6887: 6861: 6849: 6836: 6805: 6789: 6782: 6764: 6752: 6718: 6687: 6680: 6650: 6619: 6586: 6552: 6516: 6478: 6474:In the Balance 6465: 6434: 6398: 6366: 6331: 6300: 6264: 6233: 6203: 6167: 6116: 6089: 6058: 6018: 5996: 5950: 5916: 5875: 5844: 5804: 5775: 5744: 5694: 5658: 5626: 5593: 5557: 5519: 5486: 5457: 5420: 5418:, pp. 182–183. 5404: 5366: 5331: 5293: 5255: 5251:In the Balance 5242: 5208: 5193: 5163: 5127: 5091: 5053: 5032: 4999: 4959: 4921: 4875: 4839: 4801: 4781: 4745: 4713: 4679: 4645: 4632: 4600: 4562: 4516: 4489: 4467:whitehouse.gov 4453: 4422: 4381: 4361: 4330: 4284: 4266: 4220: 4203:The New Yorker 4189: 4158: 4114: 4072: 4037: 4004: 3977: 3897: 3858: 3827: 3789: 3746: 3678: 3642: 3603: 3565: 3532: 3488: 3450: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3395:Antonin Scalia 3386: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3271: 3257: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3214: 3194: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3161: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3121:10.2307/795781 3115:(4): 825–849. 3095: 3066: 3053: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3024: 3018: 2999: 2993: 2985:Philomel Books 2976: 2965: 2951: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2816:Lehman College 2799: 2796: 2783: 2780: 2759:New York Times 2703:Bohemian Grove 2699:Belizean Grove 2670:Yankee Stadium 2661: 2658: 2647: 2644: 2640:carceral state 2555:Laurence Tribe 2517:privacy rights 2508: 2505: 2490: 2487: 2452:Jeffrey Toobin 2429: 2426: 2403: 2400: 2365:legal guardian 2335: 2332: 2322: 2319: 2289:Laurence Tribe 2237:Justice Scalia 2231:, Thomas, and 2204:Miranda rights 2152: 2149: 2135:(since 2010), 2106:Lindsey Graham 1978:Laurence Tribe 1935:Main article: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922:commentators. 1886: 1883: 1854: 1851: 1804: 1801: 1769: 1766: 1758:21st Amendment 1747: 1744: 1719: 1716: 1704:Richard Posner 1661: 1658: 1609: 1606: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1567:George W. Bush 1496: 1493: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1347:Stephen Breyer 1269: 1266: 1244: 1241: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1139:gentrification 1030: 1029: 991: 989: 982: 976: 973: 890:and graduated 888:Phi Beta Kappa 843:, to create a 820:opinion pieces 815:New York Times 776: 773: 757:forensics team 722: 719: 689: 682: 681: 680: 675: 668: 667: 666: 665: 664: 656:Yankee Stadium 581: 578: 357: 356: 353: 352: 338: 328: 323: 322: 321: 320: 319: 316: 315: 308: 304: 303: 301: 300: 290: 279: 277: 273: 272: 257: 253: 250: 249: 247: 243: 242: 223: 221: 217: 216: 212: 211: 208: 207: 205:Victor Marrero 202: 196: 195: 190: 184: 183: 178: 172: 171: 161: 160: 153: 152: 150:Raymond Lohier 147: 141: 140: 135: 129: 128: 123: 117: 116: 106: 105: 98: 97: 92: 86: 85: 80: 74: 73: 72:August 8, 2009 67:Assumed office 62: 61: 54: 51: 50: 44: 43: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17711: 17700: 17697: 17695: 17692: 17690: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17677: 17675: 17672: 17670: 17667: 17665: 17662: 17660: 17657: 17655: 17652: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17640: 17637: 17635: 17632: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17600: 17597: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17585: 17582: 17580: 17577: 17575: 17572: 17570: 17567: 17565: 17562: 17560: 17557: 17555: 17552: 17550: 17547: 17545: 17544:Living people 17542: 17540: 17537: 17536: 17534: 17521: 17515: 17509: 17502: 17501:American Left 17499: 17497: 17494: 17489: 17488: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17474: 17470: 17466: 17459: 17458: 17454: 17452: 17451: 17450:ThinkProgress 17447: 17445: 17444: 17440: 17438: 17437: 17433: 17431: 17430: 17426: 17424: 17423: 17422:Rolling Stone 17419: 17417: 17416: 17412: 17410: 17409: 17405: 17403: 17402: 17398: 17396: 17395: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17384: 17383: 17379: 17377: 17376: 17372: 17370: 17367: 17365: 17364: 17360: 17358: 17357: 17353: 17349: 17345: 17338: 17335: 17333: 17330: 17328: 17325: 17321: 17317: 17310: 17307: 17303: 17300: 17298: 17295: 17293: 17290: 17288: 17285: 17283: 17280: 17278: 17275: 17273: 17270: 17269: 17267: 17263: 17260: 17257: 17254: 17251: 17248: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17215: 17212: 17208: 17204: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17158:K. B. Jackson 17156: 17154: 17151: 17149: 17146: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17129: 17126: 17124: 17121: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17100: 17096: 17092: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17072: 17069: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17048: 17041: 17038: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17001: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16986: 16983: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16971: 16968: 16966: 16963: 16961: 16958: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16911: 16908: 16906: 16903: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16840:Kennedy (Ted) 16838: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16738: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16711: 16708: 16706: 16705:Cuomo (Mario) 16703: 16701: 16698: 16696: 16693: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16678: 16676: 16673: 16671: 16668: 16666: 16663: 16661: 16658: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16648: 16646: 16643: 16641: 16638: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16614: 16610: 16603: 16600: 16598: 16595: 16593: 16590: 16588: 16585: 16583: 16580: 16578: 16575: 16573: 16570: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16405: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16395: 16393: 16390: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16346: 16344:Intellectuals 16342: 16339: 16335: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16287:Great Society 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16261: 16257: 16250: 16249:Welfare state 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16222: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16209:Republicanism 16207: 16205: 16204:Mixed economy 16202: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16189:Individualism 16187: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16118: 16114: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16085: 16084:Laissez-faire 16081: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16065: 16061: 16057: 16053: 16044: 16039: 16037: 16032: 16030: 16025: 16024: 16021: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15955:Patricia Bath 15953: 15952: 15950: 15946: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15924:Emily Howland 15922: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15912: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15896: 15894: 15890: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15878:Toni Morrison 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15855: 15853: 15849: 15845: 15838: 15834: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15774:Gloria Allred 15772: 15771: 15769: 15765: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15743:Aimee Mullins 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15713:Matilda Cuomo 15711: 15710: 15708: 15704: 15698: 15697:Eleanor Smeal 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15662:Martha Graham 15660: 15658: 15657:Nancy Brinker 15655: 15653: 15650: 15649: 15647: 15643: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15631:Anna Schwartz 15629: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15593: 15591: 15587: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15527: 15525: 15521: 15517: 15510: 15506: 15492: 15491:Kate Stoneman 15489: 15487: 15486:Susan Solomon 15484: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15474: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15443: 15441: 15437: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15410:Winona LaDuke 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15387: 15385: 15381: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15339:Betty Bumpers 15337: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15326: 15324: 15320: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15308:Anne Sullivan 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15255: 15253: 15249: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15214: 15212: 15208: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15176:Althea Gibson 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15138: 15136: 15132: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15032: 15030: 15026: 15022: 15015: 15011: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14986:Florence Wald 14984: 14982: 14981:Beverly Sills 14979: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14951:Shannon Lucid 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14893: 14891: 14887: 14881: 14880:Edith Wharton 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14827: 14825: 14821: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14809:Pat Schroeder 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14726: 14724: 14720: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14703:Oprah Winfrey 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14683:Wilma Rudolph 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14603:Myra Bradwell 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14590: 14588: 14584: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14537:Elaine Roulet 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14447:Betty Friedan 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14404: 14402: 14398: 14392: 14389: 14388: 14386: 14382: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14357: 14355: 14351: 14347: 14340: 14336: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14298: 14296: 14292: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14272: 14270: 14266: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14251: 14249: 14245: 14239: 14238:Lucretia Mott 14236: 14234: 14231: 14230: 14228: 14224: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14209: 14207: 14203: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14188: 14186: 14182: 14178: 14171: 14167: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14134: 14132: 14128: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14116:Margaret Mead 14114: 14112: 14111:Abigail Adams 14109: 14108: 14106: 14102: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14035:Rachel Carson 14033: 14031: 14030:Pearl S. Buck 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13997: 13995: 13991: 13987: 13980: 13976: 13972: 13964: 13959: 13957: 13952: 13950: 13945: 13944: 13941: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13855: 13852: 13848: 13844: 13843: 13837: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13772: 13769: 13765: 13761: 13760: 13754: 13748: 13745: 13744: 13741: 13736: 13735: 13729: 13720: 13715: 13713: 13708: 13706: 13701: 13700: 13697: 13680: 13670: 13660: 13657: 13654: 13651: 13648: 13645: 13642: 13639: 13636: 13633: 13630: 13627: 13624: 13621: 13618: 13615: 13612: 13609: 13606: 13603: 13600: 13597: 13594: 13591: 13588: 13585: 13582: 13579: 13576: 13573: 13570:* (1972–1986) 13569: 13565: 13562: 13559: 13556: 13553: 13550: 13547: 13544: 13541: 13538: 13535: 13532: 13529: 13526: 13523: 13520: 13517: 13514: 13511: 13508: 13505: 13502: 13499: 13496: 13493: 13490: 13487: 13484: 13481: 13478: 13475: 13472: 13469: 13466: 13463: 13460: 13457: 13454: 13451: 13448: 13445: 13442: 13439: 13436: 13433: 13430: 13427: 13424:* (1925–1941) 13423: 13419: 13416: 13413: 13410: 13407: 13404: 13401: 13398: 13395: 13392: 13389: 13386: 13383: 13380: 13377: 13374: 13371: 13368: 13365: 13362:* (1910–1916) 13361: 13357: 13354: 13351: 13348: 13345: 13342: 13339: 13336: 13333: 13330: 13327: 13324: 13321: 13318:* (1894–1910) 13317: 13313: 13310: 13307: 13304: 13301: 13298: 13295: 13292: 13289: 13286: 13283: 13280: 13277: 13274: 13271: 13268: 13265: 13262: 13259: 13256: 13253: 13250: 13247: 13244: 13241: 13238: 13235: 13232: 13229: 13226: 13223: 13220: 13217: 13214: 13211: 13208: 13205: 13202: 13199: 13196: 13193: 13190: 13187: 13184: 13181: 13178: 13175: 13172: 13169: 13166: 13163: 13160: 13157: 13154: 13151: 13148: 13145: 13142: 13139: 13136: 13133: 13130: 13127: 13124: 13121: 13118: 13115: 13112: 13109: 13106: 13103: 13100: 13097: 13094: 13091: 13088: 13085: 13082: 13079: 13076: 13073: 13070: 13067: 13064: 13061: 13058: 13055: 13052: 13049: 13046: 13043: 13040: 13037: 13034:* (1790–1791) 13033: 13029: 13028: 13024: 13020: 13015: 13011: 13000: 12988: 12987: 12982: 12978: 12975: 12972: 12971: 12966: 12962: 12959: 12956: 12955: 12950: 12946: 12943: 12940: 12939: 12934: 12930: 12927: 12924: 12923: 12918: 12914: 12911: 12908: 12907: 12902: 12898: 12895: 12892: 12891: 12886: 12882: 12879: 12876: 12875: 12870: 12866: 12863: 12860: 12859: 12854: 12850: 12847: 12844: 12843: 12838: 12834: 12831: 12828: 12827: 12822: 12818: 12815: 12812: 12811: 12806: 12802: 12799: 12796: 12795: 12790: 12786: 12783: 12780: 12779: 12774: 12770: 12769:John Marshall 12767: 12764: 12763: 12758: 12754: 12751: 12748: 12747: 12742: 12738: 12737:John Rutledge 12735: 12732: 12731: 12726: 12722: 12719: 12718: 12714: 12710: 12705: 12701: 12697: 12689: 12684: 12682: 12677: 12675: 12670: 12669: 12666: 12657: 12656: 12650: 12643: 12642: 12636: 12629: 12628: 12622: 12616: 12613:(ceremonial) 12612: 12608: 12605: 12600:2009–present 12598: 12597: 12590: 12584: 12580: 12571: 12570: 12565:Judge of the 12560: 12554: 12550: 12541: 12540: 12535:Judge of the 12530: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12501: 12498: 12495: 12492: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12469: 12465: 12461: 12458: 12455: 12442: 12438: 12434: 12432: 12428: 12425: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12413: 12410: 12407: 12403: 12402: 12397: 12394: 12393: 12383: 12381:9780374298746 12377: 12373: 12369: 12365: 12361: 12360: 12350: 12344: 12340: 12336: 12332: 12328: 12324: 12318: 12314: 12310: 12309: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12290: 12286: 12282: 12278: 12277:Tushnet, Mark 12274: 12270: 12264: 12260: 12255: 12254: 12247: 12246: 12225: 12221: 12217: 12211: 12209: 12207: 12191: 12187: 12181: 12166: 12162: 12155: 12140: 12139: 12134: 12127: 12111: 12107: 12103: 12097: 12081: 12077: 12073: 12067: 12051: 12047: 12043: 12037: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12007: 11991: 11987: 11983: 11977: 11961: 11957: 11956: 11951: 11944: 11928: 11924: 11923: 11918: 11912: 11896: 11892: 11888: 11882: 11866: 11862: 11858: 11852: 11837: 11833: 11827: 11811: 11807: 11801: 11785: 11781: 11780: 11775: 11768: 11752: 11748: 11744: 11738: 11722: 11718: 11714: 11708: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11678: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11648: 11632: 11628: 11624: 11617: 11601: 11597: 11596: 11591: 11584: 11568: 11564: 11560: 11553: 11537: 11533: 11532: 11527: 11523: 11517: 11501: 11497: 11493: 11487: 11471: 11467: 11461: 11445: 11441: 11435: 11419: 11415: 11409: 11393: 11389: 11388: 11383: 11377: 11375: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11344: 11342: 11325: 11321: 11320: 11315: 11308: 11306: 11289: 11285: 11284: 11279: 11273: 11271: 11254: 11250: 11246: 11239: 11237: 11220: 11216: 11210: 11194: 11190: 11189: 11184: 11177: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11142: 11126: 11122: 11121: 11116: 11109: 11107: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11076: 11074: 11057: 11050: 11044: 11037: 11033: 11029: 11026: 11020: 11013: 11009: 11005: 11002: 10996: 10989: 10985: 10982: 10981: 10974: 10972: 10964: 10960: 10956: 10953: 10947: 10931: 10927: 10923: 10916: 10914: 10912: 10904: 10900: 10896: 10893: 10887: 10885: 10883: 10881: 10879: 10871: 10867: 10863: 10860: 10854: 10847: 10841: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10819: 10803: 10799: 10792: 10790: 10782: 10776: 10774: 10766: 10760: 10753: 10749: 10746: 10742: 10741: 10735: 10719: 10715: 10709: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10678: 10671: 10665: 10658: 10652: 10645: 10639: 10632: 10626: 10619: 10613: 10606: 10600: 10593: 10587: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10553: 10537: 10533: 10529: 10522: 10511:September 14, 10506: 10502: 10498: 10491: 10484: 10478: 10471: 10465: 10459: 10454: 10452: 10432: 10428: 10421: 10415: 10408: 10402: 10400: 10383: 10379: 10378: 10373: 10366: 10359: 10353: 10337: 10333: 10332: 10327: 10320: 10318: 10316: 10308: 10302: 10286: 10282: 10281: 10276: 10272: 10266: 10264: 10247: 10243: 10242: 10237: 10233: 10227: 10225: 10223: 10221: 10209:September 22, 10204: 10200: 10199: 10194: 10187: 10185: 10173:September 22, 10168: 10164: 10157: 10141: 10137: 10130: 10114: 10110: 10109: 10104: 10097: 10082: 10078: 10071: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10040: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10009: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9979: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9948: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9923: 9918: 9911: 9909: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9877: 9861: 9857: 9850: 9831: 9827: 9820: 9814: 9798: 9794: 9793: 9788: 9781: 9779: 9762: 9758: 9752: 9750: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9718: 9702: 9698: 9692: 9676: 9672: 9671: 9666: 9659: 9651: 9647: 9646: 9641: 9634: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9603: 9587: 9583: 9582: 9577: 9570: 9562: 9556: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9525: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9494: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9469: 9464: 9458: 9456: 9439: 9435: 9428: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9398: 9382: 9378: 9371: 9363: 9362: 9354: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9323: 9307: 9303: 9297: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9266: 9250: 9246: 9245: 9240: 9233: 9217: 9213: 9207: 9191: 9187: 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May 4, 2009 8891: 8885: 8870: 8869: 8864: 8857: 8841: 8837: 8836: 8831: 8824: 8808: 8804: 8803: 8798: 8791: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8687: 8681: 8665: 8661: 8660: 8655: 8648: 8637:September 14, 8632: 8628: 8627: 8622: 8618: 8612: 8603: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8573: 8566: 8562: 8557: 8550: 8545: 8538: 8533: 8526: 8525: 8519: 8503: 8499: 8492: 8485: 8481: 8478: 8474: 8473: 8467: 8460: 8459: 8453: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8422: 8415: 8414: 8408: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8377: 8375: 8358: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8344: 8338: 8336: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8304: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8273: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8250: 8243: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8207:382 F.3d. 225 8204: 8199: 8197: 8195: 8193: 8181:September 19, 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8158: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8127: 8125: 8117: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8076: 8069: 8064: 8057: 8053: 8050: 8046: 8045: 8039: 8037: 8035: 8027: 8023: 8020: 8016: 8011: 8009: 7992: 7988: 7987: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7965: 7964: 7958: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7928: 7921: 7917: 7914: 7910: 7909: 7903: 7901: 7884: 7880: 7874: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7843: 7841: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7767: 7756:September 19, 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7733: 7717: 7713: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7670: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7640: 7638: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7606: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7576: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7545: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7514: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7488: 7481: 7462: 7458: 7451: 7444: 7437: 7431: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7400: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7369: 7361: 7355: 7339: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7322: 7314: 7307: 7296:September 14, 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7273: 7265: 7258: 7256: 7239: 7235: 7234: 7229: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7201: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7149: 7141: 7139:0-8142-0891-6 7135: 7131: 7127: 7120: 7118: 7110:. p. A4. 7109: 7102: 7086: 7082: 7081:Patrick Leahy 7078: 7074: 7068: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7038: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7007: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6984: 6980: 6973: 6971: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6912: 6908: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6858: 6853: 6846: 6840: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6809: 6802: 6798: 6793: 6785: 6783:1-56639-890-8 6779: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6756: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6691: 6683: 6681:0-253-34680-0 6677: 6673: 6669: 6664: 6663: 6654: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6623: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6591: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6557: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6475: 6469: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6438: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6408: 6402: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6376: 6370: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6304: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6104: 6100: 6093: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5984: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5921: 5904: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5890: 5889: 5882: 5880: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5848: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5792: 5788: 5782: 5780: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5740: 5734: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5646: 5642: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5598: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5445: 5441: 5434: 5427: 5425: 5417: 5411: 5409: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5286:September 19, 5281: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5252: 5246: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5213: 5204: 5197: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5167: 5151: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5098: 5096: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5037: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5010: 5003: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4863: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4846: 4844: 4827: 4823: 4822: 4817: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4797: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4684: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4650: 4642: 4636: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4485: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4457: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4418: 4412: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4377: 4376: 4368: 4366: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4280: 4273: 4271: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4008: 3992: 3988: 3981: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3794: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3575: 3569: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3537: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3422: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3377:Sephardic Jew 3374: 3368: 3366: 3361: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3272: 3269: 3258: 3255: 3244: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3175: 3174: 3164: 3162:9781584656661 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3140: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3101: 3096: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3037: 3032: 3031: 3021: 3019:9780307594884 3015: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3000: 2996: 2994:9780525514084 2990: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2957: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2929: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2808:John P. Frank 2804: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2782:Personal life 2779: 2776: 2775:Kamala Harris 2771: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2724:Sesame Street 2720: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2688:in a paying, 2687: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2666: 2657: 2655: 2654: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2628:James Baldwin 2625: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2573:drunk driving 2570: 2569: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2327: 2318: 2316: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2297: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2282: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2268:Kamala Harris 2265: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2163:, Sotomayor, 2162: 2157: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2082: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2034: 2028: 2026: 2025:Patrick Leahy 2022: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2006:Newt Gingrich 2004: 2000: 1999:Rush Limbaugh 1994: 1992: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1943: 1938: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1882: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1861: 1850: 1848: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1789:summary order 1786: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1457:Patrick Leahy 1453: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1424:Rush Limbaugh 1420: 1419: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1387: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1240: 1238: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1180: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1158:Rudy Giuliani 1155: 1154:David Dinkins 1151: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1026: 1023: 1015: 1005: 999: 997: 992:This section 990: 981: 980: 972: 970: 966: 961: 959: 958: 952: 948: 943: 940: 936: 935: 930: 929: 924: 920: 919: 913: 911: 906: 901: 899: 895: 894: 889: 885: 881: 877: 876:senior thesis 868: 864: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 833: 831: 827: 826: 821: 817: 816: 811: 807: 802: 799: 795: 789: 786: 782: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 749: 747: 746: 741: 736: 735:valedictorian 732: 728: 718: 715: 714: 708: 704: 700: 686: 672: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 601: 599: 595: 591: 587: 577: 575: 574: 569: 568: 563: 562: 557: 556: 551: 547: 544: 539: 537: 533: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 509:by President 508: 503: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 484: 479: 475: 471: 467: 466: 461: 456: 454: 451:by President 450: 446: 441: 429: 422: 363: 354: 344: 343: 326: 317: 313: 309: 305: 298: 294: 291: 288: 284: 281: 280: 278: 274: 248: 244: 236:(age 70) 234:June 25, 1954 222: 218: 213: 209: 206: 203: 197: 194: 191: 185: 182: 179: 173: 167: 162: 159: 156:Judge of the 154: 151: 148: 142: 139: 136: 130: 127: 124: 118: 112: 107: 104: 101:Judge of the 99: 96: 93: 87: 84: 81: 75: 68: 63: 59: 58: 52: 49: 45: 41: 34: 29: 22: 19: 17485: 17455: 17448: 17441: 17434: 17427: 17420: 17413: 17406: 17399: 17392: 17382:Mother Jones 17380: 17373: 17363:The Atlantic 17361: 17354: 17265: 17050:Commentators 16124:Civil rights 16082: 16073:Conservative 15985:Loretta Ross 15960:Ruby Bridges 15904:Judy Chicago 15808: 15799:Rose O'Neill 15779:Angela Davis 15758:Alice Waters 15753:Janet Rowley 15748:Carol Mutter 15636:Emma Willard 15616:Nancy Pelosi 15611:Kate Millett 15476:Ruth Patrick 15471:Emma Lazarus 15456:Karen DeCrow 15451:Mildred Cohn 15146:Lucille Ball 15120:Eudora Welty 15095:Sophia Smith 15080:Kate Mullany 14936:Sarah Grimké 14901:Maya Angelou 14734:Ann Bancroft 14713:Fanny Wright 14633:Grace Hopper 14557:Lillian Wald 14512:Annie Oakley 14492:Mary Mahoney 14316:Mary Risteau 14306:Willa Cather 14259:Bessie Smith 14137:Dorothea Dix 14065:Helen Keller 14040:Mary Cassatt 14015:Clara Barton 13846: 13840: 13763: 13757: 13732: 13668: 13628: 13367:Van Devanter 13255:J. M. Harlan 12984: 12981:2005–present 12977:John Roberts 12968: 12952: 12936: 12920: 12904: 12888: 12872: 12856: 12840: 12824: 12808: 12792: 12776: 12760: 12744: 12728: 12654: 12653: 12638: 12633: 12626: 12625: 12621:Samuel Alito 12603: 12594: 12589:David Souter 12564: 12534: 12483:. Retrieved 12479:the original 12445:. Retrieved 12441:the original 12399: 12367: 12337:. New York: 12334: 12311:. New York: 12307: 12283:. New York: 12280: 12257:. New York: 12252: 12243:Bibliography 12228:. Retrieved 12193:. Retrieved 12189: 12180: 12168:. Retrieved 12164: 12154: 12142:. Retrieved 12136: 12126: 12114:. Retrieved 12105: 12096: 12084:. Retrieved 12066: 12054:. Retrieved 12045: 12036: 12024:. Retrieved 12006: 11994:. Retrieved 11976: 11964:. Retrieved 11960:the original 11953: 11943: 11931:. Retrieved 11920: 11911: 11899:. Retrieved 11895:the original 11881: 11869:. Retrieved 11865:the original 11851: 11839:. Retrieved 11835: 11826: 11814:. Retrieved 11800: 11788:. 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Retrieved 10902: 10890:Damon Root, 10870:The Atlantic 10869: 10853: 10845: 10840: 10832:the original 10818: 10806:. Retrieved 10780: 10764: 10759: 10745:564 U.S. ___ 10738: 10734: 10722:. Retrieved 10717: 10708: 10696:. Retrieved 10687: 10677: 10669: 10664: 10656: 10651: 10643: 10638: 10630: 10625: 10617: 10612: 10604: 10599: 10591: 10586: 10576:February 12, 10574:. Retrieved 10565: 10558:Liptak, Adam 10552: 10540:. Retrieved 10521: 10509:. Retrieved 10500: 10490: 10482: 10477: 10469: 10464: 10438:. Retrieved 10414: 10409:, pp. 16–17. 10406: 10388:February 12, 10386:. Retrieved 10375: 10365: 10357: 10352: 10340:. Retrieved 10329: 10306: 10301: 10289:. Retrieved 10278: 10252:February 12, 10250:. Retrieved 10239: 10232:Liptak, Adam 10207:. Retrieved 10196: 10171:. Retrieved 10156: 10144:. Retrieved 10129: 10117:. Retrieved 10106: 10096: 10084:. Retrieved 10080: 10070: 10058:. Retrieved 10039: 10027:. Retrieved 10008: 9996:. Retrieved 9987: 9978: 9966:. Retrieved 9957: 9947: 9935:. 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New York: 2980: 2968: 2954: 2943: 2932:Publications 2923: 2916: 2905: 2890: 2882: 2875: 2868: 2858:(2013), the 2813: 2791: 2785: 2772: 2768:Esther Salas 2765: 2758: 2750: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2722: 2707: 2675: 2651: 2649: 2635: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2592: 2586: 2576: 2566: 2564: 2558: 2551:Adam Winkler 2524: 2510: 2494: 2492: 2481: 2467: 2457: 2446:rather than 2433: 2431: 2407: 2405: 2387: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2360: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2311: 2307:Neil Gorsuch 2300: 2298: 2286: 2279: 2276: 2257: 2241: 2235:(and former 2226: 2222: 2207: 2197: 2195: 2191:Floyd Abrams 2180: 2174: 2113:John Roberts 2110: 2102: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2065:overruling, 2062: 2048: 2038: 2031: 2029: 2017:Robert Gibbs 1995: 1991:Berkeley Law 1987: 1983: 1974:David Souter 1971: 1951:Barack Obama 1948: 1913: 1909: 1907: 1897: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1878: 1876: 1871: 1864: 1858: 1856: 1853:Civil rights 1844: 1842: 1837:class action 1826: 1824: 1808: 1806: 1773: 1771: 1761: 1751: 1749: 1730: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1711: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1677: 1665: 1663: 1642: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1613: 1611: 1587: 1585: 1564: 1542: 1539: 1531: 1525: 1521: 1508: 1502: 1498: 1489: 1470: 1454: 1446: 1428: 1416: 1415:However, as 1414: 1395:Bill Clinton 1392: 1359: 1353: 1351: 1331: 1321: 1319: 1311:Vince Foster 1301: 1297: 1295: 1273: 1271: 1262: 1246: 1233: 1227:of the full 1202: 1191: 1174: 1162: 1143: 1115: 1107: 1074: 1070: 1033: 1018: 1009: 996:copy editing 994:may require 993: 969:New York Bar 965:Juris Doctor 962: 955: 944: 932: 926: 916: 914: 902: 891: 873: 834: 823: 813: 803: 797: 790: 778: 765:Black Spades 750: 743: 724: 711: 696: 625: 602: 583: 571: 565: 559: 553: 550:David Souter 543:Barack Obama 540: 515:Bill Clinton 504: 481: 474:Juris Doctor 463: 457: 453:Barack Obama 361: 360: 340: 251:Kevin Noonan 200:Succeeded by 176:Nominated by 165: 145:Succeeded by 126:Bill Clinton 121:Nominated by 110: 95:David Souter 83:Barack Obama 78:Nominated by 66: 55: 18: 17539:1954 births 17319:Think tanks 17277:Half-Breeds 16970:Rockefeller 16860:La Follette 16612:Politicians 16512:Schlesinger 16214:Rule of law 16179:Free market 16129:Due process 16095:Progressive 15990:Sandy Stone 15934:Indra Nooyi 15606:Julie Krone 15405:Swanee Hunt 15395:Julia Child 15359:Maya Y. 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