1079:
712:
700:
378:
58:
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40:
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that lions retained living in prides even when under increasing persecution, particularly in the eastern
Maghreb. The size of prides was likely similar to prides living in sub-Saharan habitats, whereas the density of the Barbary lion population is considered to have been lower than in moister habitats.
898:
In the early 20th century, when
Barbary lions were rare, they were sighted in pairs or in small family groups comprising a male and female lion with one or two cubs. Between 1839 and 1942, sightings of wild lions involved solitary animals, pairs and family units. Analysis of these sightings indicate
646:
distinct, its genetic uniqueness remained questionable. In a comprehensive study about the evolution of lions in 2008, 357 samples of wild and captive lions from Africa and India were examined. Results showed that four captive lions from
Morocco did not exhibit any unique genetic characteristic, but
1030:
introduced subspecies. Many lions in
European and American zoos, which are managed without subspecies classification, are most likely descendants of Barbary lions. Several researchers and zoos supported the development of a studbook of lions directly descended from the King of Morocco's collection.
2335:
Manuel, M. d.; Ross, B.; Sandoval-Velasco, M.; Yamaguchi, N.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Liu, S.; Martin, M. D.; Sinding, M.-H. S.; Mak, S. S. T.; Carøe, C.; Liu, S.; Guo, C.; Zheng, J.; Zazula, G.; Baryshnikov, G.; Eizirik, E.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Antunes, A.; Sicheritz-Ponten,
2116:
Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.;
327:
range in colour from light to dark tawny. Male lion skins had manes of varying colouration and length. Head-to-tail length of stuffed males in zoological collections varies from 2.35 to 2.8 m (7 ft 9 in to 9 ft 2 in), and of females around 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in).
331:
In 19th-century hunter accounts, the
Barbary lion was claimed to be the largest lion, with a weight of wild males ranging from 270 to 300 kg (600 to 660 lb). Yet, the accuracy of such data measured in the field is questionable. Captive Barbary lions were much smaller but kept under such
1029:
originated from this collection and is very likely a descendant of a
Barbary lion. Five lion samples from this collection were not Barbary lions maternally. Nonetheless, genes of the Barbary lion are likely to be present in common European zoo lions, since this was one of the most frequently
343:
status to lion populations. Mane development varies with age and between individuals from different regions, and is therefore not a sufficient characteristic for subspecific identification. The size of manes is not regarded as evidence for
Barbary lions' ancestry. Instead, results of
666:
grouping that also included
Asiatic lion samples. Results provided evidence for the hypothesis that this group developed in East Africa, and about 118,000 years ago traveled north and west in the first wave of lion expansion. It broke up within Africa, and later in
690:
A comprehensive genetic study published in 2016 confirmed the close relationship between the extinct
Barbary lions from Northern Africa and lions from Central and West Africa and in addition showed that the former fall into the same subclade as the Asiatic lion.
328:
Skull size varied from 30.85 to 37.23 cm (1 ft 0.15 in to 1 ft 2.66 in). Some manes extended over the shoulder and under the belly to the elbows. The mane hair was 8 to 22 cm (3.1 in to 8.7 in) long.
356:
to identify captive
Barbary lions. Barbary lions may have developed long-haired manes, because of lower temperatures in the Atlas Mountains than in other African regions, particularly in winter. Results of a long-term study on lions in
1004:
presented lions as gifts to the royal family of Morocco. When the family was forced into exile in 1953, the lions in Rabat, numbering 21 altogether, were transferred to two zoos in the region. Three of these were shifted to a zoo in
1712:
Bertola, L.D.; Jongbloed, H.; Van Der Gaag K.J.; De Knijff, P.; Yamaguchi, N.; Hooghiemstra, H.; Bauer, H.; Henschel, P.; White, P.A.; Driscoll, C.A.; Tende, T.; Ottosson, U.; Saidu, Y.; Vrieling, K. & de Iongh, H. H. (2016).
2956:
Apostola, E. (2014). "Cross-cultural Relations between Egypt and Greece during the Early Iron Age: Representations of Egyptian Lion-Headed Deities in the Aegean". In Pinarello, M.S.; Yoo, J.; Lundock, J.; Walsh, C. (eds.).
255:
for shooting lions. A comprehensive review of hunting and sighting records revealed that small groups of lions may have survived in Algeria until the early 1960s, and in Morocco until the mid-1960s. Today, it is
2342:
1190:
period, showed signs of malnutrition and had probably lived in captivity for many years. The Barbary lion is a symbol in Nubian culture and was often depicted in art and architecture. Nubian deities, such as
811:, the Barbary lion persisted along the coast until the beginning of the 18th century, and was extirpated in Tunisia by 1890. By the mid-19th century, the Barbary lion population had massively declined, since
751:
in this region. Historical sighting and hunting records from the 19th and 20th centuries show that the Barbary lion survived in Algeria until the early 1960s, and in Morocco until the mid-1960s. It inhabited
1129:
was venerated as protector of the country. She represented destructive power, but was also regarded as protector against famine and disease. Lion-headed figures and amulets were excavated in tombs in the
2397:
Bertola, L. D.; Jongbloed, H.; Van Der Gaag, K. J.; De Knijff, P.; Yamaguchi, N.; Hooghiemstra, H.; Bauer, H.; Henschel, P.; White, P. A.; Driscoll, C. A. & Tende, T. (2016).
1826:
Ostéographie ou description iconographique comparée du squelette et du système dentaire des mammifères récents et fossils pour servir de base à la zoologie et la géologie. Vol 2
2143:
2118:
715:
This detail of a map by Jan Janssonius (1588-1664) shows the former "Barbary Coast" of North Africa, known in the 17th century as Barbaria, now covered by Algeria.
1599:
1564:
O'Brien, S. J.; Joslin, P.; Smith, G. L.; Wolfe, R.; Schaffer, N.; Heath, E.; Ott-Joslin, J.; Rawal, P. P.; Bhattacharjee, K. K.; Martenson, J. S. (1987).
1013:. The lions at Meknès were moved back to the palace in 1955, but those at Casablanca never came back. In the late 1960s, new lion enclosures were built in
3155:
2987:
2551:
3137:
3336:
588:. In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group subsumed the lion populations in North, West and Central Africa and
2336:
T.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Larson, G.; Yang, H.; O’Brien, S. J.; Hansen, A. J.; Zhang, G.; Marques-Bonet, T. & Gilbert, M. T. P. (2020).
753:
616:
2844:
2280:
Antunes, A.; Troyer, J. L.; Roelke, M. E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Packer, C.; Winterbach, C.; Winterbach, H. & Johnson, W. E. (2008).
1899:
2874:
Wild beasts; a study of the characters and habits of the elephant, lion, leopard, panther, jaguar, tiger, puma, wolf, and grizzly bear
1784:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
2239:
990:
3310:
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found in museum specimens that is thought to be of Barbary lion descent. The presence of this haplotype is considered a reliable
3384:
1504:
978:-dated to around 1280–1385 and 1420−1480. In the 19th century and the early 20th century, lions were often kept in hotels and
3328:
2219:
2178:
2100:
2023:
1976:
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is called the "Atlas Lions", and the supporters are usually seen wearing T-shirts with a lion's face or wearing a lion suit.
3315:
3374:
2119:"A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group"
914:
became scarce in the Atlas Mountains, lions preyed on herds of livestock that were carefully tended. They also preyed on
886:. The growth of civilizations along the Nile and in the Sinai Peninsula by the beginning of the second millennium BC and
2659:
3379:
3369:
3168:
437:
3156:"'I find myself making growling noises while I'm painting' – an interview with Walton Ford, who painted Barbary lions"
457:
3195:
3122:
3097:
671:. Lions in Africa probably constitute a single population that interbred during several waves of migration since the
3341:
2001:
3389:
2887:
Adams, B. (1992). "Two more lions from Upper Egypt: Hierakonpolis and Koptos". In Friedmann, R.; Adams, B. (eds.).
636:
1158:
between the 9th and 6th centuries BC. The remains of seven mostly subadult lions were excavated at the necropolis
1644:
1037:
kept 16 adult lions. With their dark, brown manes extending through the front legs, they looked like Barbary or
843:
population may have survived in remote montane areas into the early 1960s. The last known sighting of a lion in
719:
Fossils of the Barbary lion dating to between 100,000 and 110,000 years were found in the cave of Bizmoune near
2940:
2911:
1373:
1250:
512:
283:
analyses of lion samples from North Africa showed that the Barbary lion does not differ significantly from the
1394:(Linnaeus, 1758); some systematic notes, and an interim list of the specimens preserved in European museums".
611:
analysis using samples from African and Asiatic lions was published in 2006. One of the African samples was a
1114:
2240:"Maintaining the genetic health of putative Barbary lions in captivity: an analysis of Moroccan Royal Lions"
1922:
1443:
Mazák, J. H. (2010). "Geographical variation and phylogenetics of modern lions based on craniometric data".
819:
and neighbouring mountains in Algeria harboured lions until about 1884. The Barbary lion disappeared in the
1417:
1069:
1053:
17:
3045:
2577:
1418:"Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (Pantherinae) Teil 3. Zur Artgeschichte des Löwen
481:
In the 20th and early 21st centuries, there has been much debate and controversy among zoologists on lion
3323:
3115:
Venationes Africanae: Hunting spectacles in Roman North Africa: cultural significance and social function
2144:"Urgent call for further breeding of the relic zoo population of the critically endangered Barbary lion (
1078:
264:
of the Barbary lion dating to between 100,000 and 110,000 years were found in the cave of Bizmoune near
3262:
1309:
1042:
2750:
2731:
2709:
1882:
1859:
1041:. Their ancestors were caught in southwestern Ethiopia as part of a zoological collection for Emperor
3364:
2203:
57:
2974:
Umm el-Qaab: Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof. 3./4. Vorbericht. Abteilung Kairo
2399:"Phylogeographic patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of genetic clades in the Lion (
2214:]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 83–95.
1715:"Phylogeographic patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of genetic clades in the Lion (
628:
1952:
1365:
3186:
848:
820:
358:
3224:
3086:
Fisher, M. M.; Lacovara, P.; Ikram, S.; D'Auria, S.; Yellin, J. W. & Knoblauch, C. (2012).
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516:
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testing on two well-preserved skulls excavated at the Tower in 1936 and 1937. The skulls were
2115:
1319:
465:
2013:
1934:
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2480:
2414:
2396:
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1730:
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1523:
985:. In 1835, the lions in the Tower of London were transferred to improved enclosures at the
797:
643:
539:
490:
408:
336:
276:
2869:
2469:"Examining the Extinction of the Barbary Lion and Its Implications for Felid Conservation"
8:
1997:
1361:
1314:
1098:
953:
828:
412:
362:
324:
2972:
Boessneck, J., von den Driesch, A. (1990). "Die Tierknochenfunde". In Dreyer, G. (ed.).
2552:"Près d'Essaouira, des chercheurs de l'INSAP découvrent des vestiges du lion de l'Atlas"
2484:
2418:
2355:
1734:
1711:
1674:
1527:
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poor conditions that they might not have attained their full potential size and weight.
3068:
3026:
3001:
Callou, C.; Samzun, A.; Zivie, A. (2004). "A lion found in the Egyptian tomb of Maïa".
2981:
2826:
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2435:
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2374:
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2312:
2281:
2279:
2262:
2170:
1926:
1751:
1714:
1694:
1631:
1539:
1273:
1235:
793:
784:. In Algeria, the Barbary lion was sighted in the forested hills and mountains between
711:
501:
482:
52:
2334:
2051:
1661:
West, P. M.; Packer, C. (2002). "Sexual selection, temperature, and the lion's mane".
777:
3271:
3118:
3093:
3072:
3018:
2936:
2907:
2660:"Ancient DNA analysis indicates the first English lions originated from North Africa"
2508:
2440:
2379:
2317:
2215:
2096:
2029:
2019:
1972:
1930:
1756:
1686:
1636:
1478:
1456:
1187:
804:
704:
624:
345:
2830:
2266:
2174:
1698:
1566:"Evidence for African origins of founders of the Asiatic Lion Species Survival Plan"
1547:
1543:
599:
The Barbary lion was also called North African lion, Atlas lion, and Egyptian lion.
3276:
3060:
3030:
3010:
2818:
2784:
2683:
2671:
2498:
2488:
2430:
2422:
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2359:
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2297:
2254:
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2087:
1960:
1918:
1746:
1738:
1678:
1626:
1618:
1577:
1531:
1452:
1298:
1228:
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836:
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by 1893. The last recorded shooting of a wild Barbary lion took place in 1942 near
672:
520:
353:
340:
335:
The colour and size of lions' manes was long thought to be a sufficiently distinct
215:
180:
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1775:
3087:
3085:
2493:
2302:
1563:
1288:
1159:
1073:
1034:
963:
929:
887:
855:
812:
761:
748:
744:
608:
415:
from North Africa were described and proposed as subspecies in the 19th century:
396:
257:
252:
2237:
377:
2343:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1968:
1887:(Second ed.). London: British Museum of Natural History. pp. 312–313.
1786:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii). p. 41
1131:
1026:
883:
871:
863:
832:
659:
296:
3180:
2822:
2675:
2614:. Alger: Bulletin du Service de la Carte Géologique de l’Algérie. p. 174.
2258:
2166:
2050:
Bauer, H.; Packer, C.; Funston, P. F.; Henschel, P. & Nowell, K. (2017) .
1535:
3358:
3247:
3113:
Sparreboom, A. (2016). "Chapter 2: Procuring beasts for hunting spectacles".
2959:
Current Research in Egyptology: Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Symposium
2687:
2060:
2049:
2009:
1122:
1102:
1001:
875:
679:-wide data of a wild-born historical lion specimen from Sudan clustered with
648:
569:
427:
404:
400:
2657:
2364:
2212:
Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)
2033:
1682:
1502:
803:
In the 1830s, lions may have already been eliminated along the coast of the
699:
3022:
2627:
Le Paysage Animal. L'homme et la Grande Faune: Une Zoogéographie Historique
2512:
2444:
2383:
2321:
1963:; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.).
1760:
1690:
1640:
1622:
1600:"The origin, current diversity and future conservation of the modern lion (
1581:
1329:
1324:
1243:
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1094:
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exhibited characteristics thought typical for the Barbary lion. Nobles and
903:
789:
728:
475:
445:
366:
284:
236:
163:
3169:"History : When London's very first zoo housed Morocco's Atlas Lions"
2805:
Tefera, M. (2003). "Phenotypic and reproductive characteristics of lions (
2582:
The Naturalist's Library. Mammalia Vol. II: the Natural History of Felinae
1807:
Dissertatio inauguralis anatomico-medica de genere felium. Doctoral thesis
311:
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3207:
1204:
1179:
1110:
1049:
975:
967:
879:
773:
769:
655:
292:
139:
756:. The westernmost sighting of a Barbary lion reportedly occurred in the
3064:
3044:
Samzun, A.; Hennet, P.; Lichtenberg, R.; Callou, C.; Zivie, A. (2011).
1880:
1224:
1175:
1006:
986:
937:
874:
and along the maritime coast of the Mediterranean. In the 14th century
757:
348:
research support the genetic distinctness of Barbary lions in a unique
210:
119:
3302:
2794:. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland. pp. Plate I.
2426:
1742:
585:
272:
3117:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam School of Historical Studies. pp. 67–98.
2095:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 17–21.
1038:
997:
982:
959:
915:
824:
785:
720:
668:
651:
349:
316:
291:. This North African/Asian subclade is closely related to lions from
265:
109:
69:
3218:
3014:
2238:
Black, S.; Yamaguchi, N.; Harland, A. & Groombridge, J. (2010).
1565:
1010:
703:
The last photograph of a wild lion in the Atlas Mountains, taken by
3241:
2976:. Berlin: 46. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts.
1897:
1293:
1200:
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925:
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632:
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470:
288:
280:
248:
149:
89:
2971:
2889:
The Followers of Horus. Studies Dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman
854:
Historical accounts indicate that in Egypt, lions occurred in the
2467:
Black, S. A.; Fellous, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Roberts, D. L. (2013).
2015:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1278:
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1196:
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781:
732:
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zoologist Johann Nepomuk Meyer in 1826, was a lion skin from the
423:
240:
232:
129:
3289:
1864:
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College
1598:
Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Barnes, I. & Cooper, A. (2006).
2526:
1505:"Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion
1283:
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1208:
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1139:
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676:
577:
261:
99:
79:
39:
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in the east. It inhabited the forests and wooded hills of the
3043:
2201:
2018:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 546.
1216:
1167:
1151:
1147:
1135:
1118:
1022:
1018:
808:
736:
723:. The Barbary lion lived in the mountains and deserts of the
663:
620:
453:
449:
441:
244:
2642:
The manners and customs of the ancient Egyptians. Volume III
2466:
1597:
2658:
Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Sabin, R. (2008).
1503:
Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Barnes, I.; Cooper, A. (2006).
1479:"The North African Barbary Lion and the Atlas Lion Project"
1238:, lions were regularly captured by experienced hunters for
1192:
1166:, dated to the 31st century BC. In 2001, the skeleton of a
890:
contributed to isolating lion populations in North Africa.
859:
589:
299:, and therefore grouped into the northern lion subspecies
1154:. They are associated with Sekhmet and date to the early
1060:, Belfast Zoo opened a new Barbary lion habitat in 2023.
1025:
research revealed in 2006 that a lion kept in the German
971:
765:
2208:
Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola
1884:
Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946
1476:
683:
in mtDNA-based phylogenies, but with a high affinity to
1923:
10.1644/1545-1410(2005)762[0001:PL]2.0.CO;2
1819:
1611:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1057:
271:
Until 2017, the Barbary lion was considered a distinct
2338:"The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions"
1498:
1496:
3138:
Atlas Lions of Morocco win second CHAN title in a row
2792:
Wild Cats: status survey and conservation action plan
2782:
2089:
Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan
1950:
1660:
1052:
has kept three adult Barbary lions, transferred from
839:
in the Moroccan part of the Atlas Mountains. A small
3092:. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press.
2612:Étude géologique de la région de Bône et de La Calle
2594:
2141:
2082:
Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. (1996). "African lion,
193:
2931:
Classical Cats. The Rise and Fall of the Sacred Cat
2901:
2776:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
1493:
815:were paid for shooting lions. The cedar forests of
3182:Moroccan 'Atlas' lion at Parc Sindibad, Casablanca
2928:
2610:Joleaud, L. (1936). "Zoogéographie mammalogique".
1881:Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966).
1426:Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung
694:
3000:
2653:
2651:
2527:"– بلاغ صحفي بقايا عظمية لأسد الأطلس – بلاغ صحفي"
411:. Following Linnaeus's description, several lion
3356:
2876:. New York: C. Scribner's sons. pp. 76–134.
2644:(revised ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead and Co.
2639:
2451:
2328:
1944:
1898:Haas, S.K.; Hayssen, V.; Krausman, P.R. (2005).
1841:Journal of the Bombay Natural Historical Society
1813:
2748:
2707:
2286:revealed by Host and Viral Population Genomics"
2117:Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017).
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
231:. It lived in the mountains and deserts of the
3112:
2845:"Lord Mayor opens New Kingdom at Belfast Zoo!"
2648:
2390:
1828:. Paris: J. B. Baillière et Fils. p. 186.
627:, it grouped with lion skull samples from the
2867:
2757:. London: Rowland Ward Ltd. pp. 607–608.
2738:. London: Rowland Ward Ltd. pp. 564–568.
2716:. London: Rowland Ward Ltd. pp. 562–564.
2137:
2135:
2081:
1838:
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1591:
369:influence the colour and size of lion manes.
2994:
2986:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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2233:
2231:
1857:
1804:
1509:: Implications for its ex situ conservation"
1463:
1442:
1411:
1409:
739:. It was eradicated following the spread of
247:. It was eradicated following the spread of
3089:Ancient Nubia: African Kingdoms on the Nile
2767:
2761:
2624:
2609:
2584:. Edinburgh: W. H. Lizars. pp. 87−123.
2575:
1839:Pocock, R. I. (1930). "The lions of Asia".
1705:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1101:. Statues and statuettes of lions found at
1093:The lion also appeared frequently in early
754:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
617:National Museum of Natural History (France)
584:The Barbary lion was considered a distinct
519:recognized only two lion subspecies in the
3046:"Le lion du Bubasteion à Saqqara (Égypte)"
2861:
2725:
2723:
2132:
1996:
1588:
1415:
1033:At the beginning of the 21st century, the
38:
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2770:London Zoo from Old Photographs 1852–1914
2502:
2492:
2434:
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2363:
2311:
2301:
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2202:Heptner, V. G.; Sludskij, A. A. (1992) .
1851:
1750:
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1406:
1389:
1385:
1383:
2961:. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 100–112.
1891:
1773:
1767:
1343:
1186:. It had probably lived and died in the
1077:
1063:
893:
710:
698:
376:
310:
2742:
2720:
2701:
2282:"The Evolutionary Dynamics of the Lion
2195:
2045:
2043:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1654:
760:in western Morocco. It ranged from the
14:
3357:
2891:. Oxford: Oxbow Press. pp. 69–76.
2804:
2077:
2075:
1380:
1227:, were depicted as lion protectors in
1082:Painting of a lion hunt in Morocco by
928:predators in this region included the
642:While the historical Barbary lion was
619:that originated in the Nubian part of
3223:
3222:
2247:European Journal of Wildlife Research
2155:European Journal of Wildlife Research
2109:
1874:
1390:Mazák, V. (1970). "The Barbary lion,
1360:
485:and validity of proposed subspecies:
2040:
1985:
800:southward into the Aurès Mountains.
2072:
2061:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1477:Yamaguchi, N.; Haddane, B. (2002).
792:plains in the north and the Pic de
602:
468:subordinated the lion to the genus
24:
1121:was depicted with a lion head. In
438:Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville
306:
25:
3401:
3147:
1820:Blainville, H. M. D. de (1843). "
1074:Lion § Cultural significance
1009:, with the rest being shifted to
747:for shooting lions. Today, it is
3189:from the original on 2021-12-22.
3140:, retrieved: February 10th, 2021
2783:Nowell, K.; Jackson, P. (1996).
1951:West, P. M.; Packer, C. (2013).
1860:"A Checklist of African Mammals"
1457:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00694.x
970:were Barbary lions, as shown by
662:. They were all part of a major
637:Democratic Republic of the Congo
56:
3131:
3106:
3079:
3037:
2965:
2949:
2935:. London, New York: Routledge.
2920:
2906:. London, New York: Routledge.
2895:
2880:
2837:
2798:
2633:
2618:
2603:
2588:
2569:
2544:
2519:
2142:Burger, J.; Hemmer, H. (2006).
1832:
1809:. Vienna: University of Vienna.
1798:
947:
882:hunted lions in the hills near
807:and near human settlements. In
695:Former distribution and habitat
542:subspecies and synonymous with
458:Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes
3196:"Moroccan lions in zoos today"
2755:Great and small game of Africa
2736:Great and small game of Africa
2714:Great and small game of Africa
1557:
1436:
1396:Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde
1251:Morocco national football team
1170:lion was found in the tomb of
440:in 1843, was a male lion from
47:Barbary lion in Algeria, 1893
13:
1:
3385:Mammal extinctions since 1500
2811:Biodiversity and Conservation
2595:Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1961).
1336:
635:and the northern part of the
365:, nutrition and the level of
2902:Wilkinson, T. A. H. (1999).
2599:. Cape Town: Howard Timmins.
2494:10.1371/journal.pone.0060174
2303:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000251
1070:Cultural depictions of lions
1054:Port Lympne Wild Animal Park
576:for all lion populations in
7:
3375:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2597:Simba: the life of the lion
1366:"The Distribution of Lions"
1256:
1117:. The early Egyptian deity
372:
339:characteristic to accord a
10:
3406:
3208:"Barbary Lion Information"
2753:. In Bryden, H. A. (ed.).
2734:. In Bryden, H. A. (ed.).
2712:. In Bryden, H. A. (ed.).
2128:(Special Issue 11): 71–73.
1310:History of lions in Europe
1067:
1043:Haile Selassie of Ethiopia
951:
523:, namely the African lion
474:, when he wrote about the
3380:Extinct mammals of Africa
3370:Mammals described in 1758
3231:
2676:10.1163/18759866-07701002
2640:Wilkinson, J. G. (1878).
2259:10.1007/s10344-009-0280-5
2167:10.1007/s10344-005-0009-z
1536:10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0
53:Scientific classification
51:
46:
37:
32:
2749:Johnston, H. H. (1899).
2708:Johnston, H. H. (1899).
2664:Contributions to Zoology
2012:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
1125:, the lion-headed deity
831:regions by 1891, and in
629:Central African Republic
534:Some authors considered
287:and falls into the same
3390:Mammals of North Africa
3200:University of Kent Blog
2823:10.1023/A:1023641629538
2809:) at Addis Ababa Zoo".
2772:. London: John Edwards.
2365:10.1073/pnas.1919423117
1683:10.1126/science.1073257
1420:Panthera (Panthera) leo
908:Cervus elaphus barbarus
849:Beni Ourtilane District
823:region by 1890, in the
654:with lion samples from
359:Serengeti National Park
213:of the lion subspecies
2868:Porter, J. H. (1894).
1623:10.1098/rspb.2006.3555
1582:10.1002/zoo.1430060202
1483:International Zoo News
1090:
1056:. In partnership with
958:The lions kept in the
942:Ursus arctos crowtheri
716:
708:
517:Terence Morrison-Scott
444:that had been sent by
389:
320:
315:A Barbary lion in the
295:and northern parts of
2927:Engels, D.W. (2001).
2785:"Wild Cats of Africa"
2732:"The lion in Algeria"
2730:Pease, A. E. (1899).
2710:"The lion in Tunisia"
2068:: e.T15951A115130419.
1858:Allen, G. M. (1939).
1805:Meyer, J. N. (1826).
1774:Linnaeus, C. (1758).
1516:Conservation Genetics
1320:Cats in Ancient Egypt
1115:Early Dynastic Period
1081:
1068:Further information:
1064:Cultural significance
989:on the orders of the
894:Behaviour and ecology
714:
702:
527:and the Asiatic lion
466:Reginald Innes Pocock
380:
314:
219:. It was also called
2904:Early Dynastic Egypt
2768:Edwards, J. (1996).
2625:Planhol, X. (2004).
2576:Jardine, W. (1834).
1370:The Book of the Lion
1265:Wild cats in Africa:
847:occurred in 1956 in
798:Constantine Province
561:were subsumed under
491:Glover Morrill Allen
420:Felis leo barbaricus
413:zoological specimens
409:Constantine, Algeria
325:zoological specimens
2485:2013PLoSO...860174B
2419:2016NatSR...630807B
2356:2020PNAS..11710927D
2350:(20): 10927–10934.
2086:(Linnaeus, 1758)".
1971:. p. 149−159.
1735:2016NatSR...630807B
1675:2002Sci...297.1339W
1669:(5585): 1339–1343.
1617:(1598): 2119–2125.
1528:2006ConG....7..507B
1416:Hemmer, H. (1974).
1376:. pp. 109−147.
1315:Holocene extinction
954:Damnatio ad bestias
870:, in the region of
788:in the west to the
422:, described by the
381:Map shows range of
363:ambient temperature
3194:Black, S. (2014).
3167:Babas, L. (2018).
3154:Marks, T. (2018).
3065:10.5252/az2011n2a4
2407:Scientific Reports
1723:Scientific Reports
1445:Journal of Zoology
1274:African golden cat
1236:Roman North Africa
1091:
991:Duke of Wellington
776:in Algeria to the
717:
709:
685:P. l. melanochaita
456:, and died in the
390:
387:P. l. melanochaita
321:
221:North African lion
3352:
3351:
3225:Taxon identifiers
3053:Anthropozoologica
3009:(6971): 211–212.
2558:(in French). 2022
2533:(in Arabic). 2022
2427:10.1038/srep30807
2221:978-90-04-08876-4
2102:978-2-8317-0045-8
2025:978-0-8018-8221-0
1998:Wozencraft, W. C.
1978:978-1-4081-8996-2
1965:Mammals of Africa
1911:Mammalian Species
1743:10.1038/srep30807
1650:on 8 August 2007.
1422:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
996:The lions in the
805:Mediterranean Sea
705:Marcelin Flandrin
625:mitochondrial DNA
434:Felis leo nubicus
346:mitochondrial DNA
203:
202:
170:
16:(Redirected from
3397:
3365:Panthera leo leo
3345:
3344:
3332:
3331:
3319:
3318:
3306:
3305:
3293:
3292:
3280:
3279:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3263:Panthera leo leo
3252:
3251:
3250:
3233:Panthera leo leo
3220:
3219:
3215:
3203:
3190:
3176:
3163:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3050:
3041:
3035:
3034:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2934:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2817:(8): 1629–1639.
2802:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2686:. Archived from
2655:
2646:
2645:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2629:. Paris: Fayard.
2622:
2616:
2615:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2496:
2464:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2367:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2315:
2305:
2296:(11): e1000251.
2277:
2271:
2270:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2177:. Archived from
2152:
2146:Panthera leo leo
2139:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2094:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2047:
2038:
2037:
1994:
1983:
1982:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1940:on 28 July 2017.
1939:
1933:. Archived from
1908:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1754:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1643:. Archived from
1634:
1608:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1546:. Archived from
1513:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1474:
1461:
1460:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1392:Panthera leo leo
1387:
1378:
1377:
1358:
1299:Black-footed cat
1229:Kushite religion
1088:Hermitage Museum
1084:Eugène Delacroix
934:P. pardus pardus
768:in Morocco, the
673:Late Pleistocene
603:Genetic research
525:Panthera leo leo
521:Palearctic realm
495:F. l. barbaricus
354:molecular marker
301:Panthera leo leo
260:in this region.
216:Panthera leo leo
199:
195:
184:
169:
167:
61:
60:
42:
30:
29:
21:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3314:
3309:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3227:
3206:
3179:
3160:Apollo Magazine
3150:
3145:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3084:
3080:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3015:10.1038/427211a
2999:
2995:
2979:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2900:
2896:
2885:
2881:
2866:
2862:
2853:
2851:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2803:
2799:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2766:
2762:
2747:
2743:
2728:
2721:
2706:
2702:
2693:
2691:
2656:
2649:
2638:
2634:
2623:
2619:
2608:
2604:
2593:
2589:
2574:
2570:
2561:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2536:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2465:
2452:
2395:
2391:
2333:
2329:
2278:
2274:
2242:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2150:
2148:Linnaeus 1758)"
2140:
2133:
2121:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2092:
2080:
2073:
2048:
2041:
2026:
1995:
1986:
1979:
1969:A & C Black
1967:. Vol. 5.
1949:
1945:
1937:
1906:
1896:
1892:
1879:
1875:
1856:
1852:
1837:
1833:
1818:
1814:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1772:
1768:
1710:
1706:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1606:
1596:
1589:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1511:
1501:
1494:
1475:
1464:
1441:
1437:
1414:
1407:
1388:
1381:
1359:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1303:
1289:African wildcat
1259:
1086:, 1855, in the
1076:
1066:
1035:Addis Ababa Zoo
1021:. Results of a
964:Tower of London
956:
950:
930:African leopard
896:
888:desertification
868:Western Deserts
856:Sinai Peninsula
778:Aurès Mountains
762:Atlas Mountains
749:locally extinct
697:
644:morphologically
609:phylogeographic
605:
586:lion subspecies
572:assessors used
551:P. l. barbarica
436:, described by
397:scientific name
375:
309:
307:Characteristics
273:lion subspecies
258:locally extinct
192:
178:
168:
161:
55:
28:
27:Lion population
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3403:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3333:
3320:
3307:
3294:
3281:
3268:
3253:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3217:
3216:
3204:
3191:
3177:
3164:
3149:
3148:External links
3146:
3143:
3142:
3130:
3123:
3105:
3098:
3078:
3036:
2993:
2964:
2948:
2941:
2919:
2912:
2894:
2879:
2860:
2836:
2797:
2775:
2760:
2751:"African bear"
2741:
2719:
2700:
2647:
2632:
2617:
2602:
2587:
2568:
2543:
2518:
2450:
2389:
2327:
2272:
2227:
2220:
2194:
2131:
2108:
2101:
2071:
2039:
2024:
1984:
1977:
1943:
1890:
1873:
1850:
1831:
1822:F. leo nubicus
1812:
1797:
1766:
1704:
1653:
1587:
1556:
1553:on 2006-08-24.
1522:(4): 507–514.
1492:
1462:
1451:(3): 194–209.
1435:
1405:
1379:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1242:spectacles in
1132:Aegean islands
1065:
1062:
949:
946:
895:
892:
872:Wadi El Natrun
833:Batna Province
696:
693:
660:Central Africa
623:. In terms of
604:
601:
582:
581:
566:
547:
544:P. l. massaica
532:
509:
483:classification
462:
461:
431:
403:in 1758 for a
374:
371:
361:indicate that
308:
305:
297:Central Africa
201:
200:
190:
186:
185:
181:P. l. leo
176:
172:
171:
159:
155:
154:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3402:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
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3188:
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3174:
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3165:
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3157:
3152:
3151:
3139:
3134:
3126:
3124:9789463320238
3120:
3116:
3109:
3101:
3099:9789774164781
3095:
3091:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2989:
2983:
2975:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2923:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2890:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2724:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2690:on 2013-12-03
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2652:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2621:
2613:
2606:
2598:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2479:(4): e60174.
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2290:PLOS Genetics
2287:
2285:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2184:on 2007-07-03
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2136:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2098:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2076:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2010:Wilson, D. E.
2007:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1917:(762): 1–11.
1916:
1912:
1905:
1903:
1894:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1801:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1770:
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1758:
1753:
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1728:
1724:
1720:
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1708:
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1664:
1657:
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1642:
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1633:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1594:
1592:
1583:
1579:
1576:(2): 99–116.
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1499:
1497:
1489:(8): 465–481.
1488:
1484:
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1473:
1471:
1469:
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1458:
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1326:
1323:
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1297:
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1282:
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1272:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1244:amphitheatres
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:dedicated to
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:in a tomb of
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1123:Ancient Egypt
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:Hierakonpolis
1100:
1096:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1002:Berber people
999:
994:
992:
988:
984:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
955:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
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891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
837:Tizi n'Tichka
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
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763:
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750:
746:
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738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
713:
706:
701:
692:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
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661:
657:
653:
650:
649:mitochondrial
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
607:Results of a
600:
597:
595:
591:
587:
579:
575:
571:
570:IUCN Red List
567:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
545:
541:
537:
536:P. l. nubicus
533:
530:
529:P. l. persica
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:John Ellerman
510:
507:
503:
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:
486:
484:
479:
477:
473:
472:
467:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:
429:
428:Barbary Coast
425:
421:
418:
417:
416:
414:
410:
406:
405:type specimen
402:
401:Carl Linnaeus
398:
394:
388:
384:
379:
370:
368:
364:
360:
355:
351:
347:
342:
338:
337:morphological
333:
329:
326:
323:Barbary lion
318:
313:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:morphological
275:. Results of
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:Egyptian lion
226:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
198:
191:
188:
187:
183:
182:
177:
174:
173:
166:
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135:
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128:
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108:
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101:
98:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
64:
59:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:Barbary lion
31:
19:
3232:
3211:
3199:
3181:
3172:
3159:
3133:
3114:
3108:
3088:
3081:
3059:(2): 63–84.
3056:
3052:
3039:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2973:
2967:
2958:
2951:
2930:
2922:
2903:
2897:
2888:
2882:
2873:
2863:
2852:. Retrieved
2848:
2839:
2814:
2810:
2807:Panthera leo
2806:
2800:
2791:
2778:
2769:
2763:
2754:
2744:
2735:
2713:
2703:
2692:. Retrieved
2688:the original
2667:
2663:
2641:
2635:
2626:
2620:
2611:
2605:
2596:
2590:
2581:
2571:
2560:. Retrieved
2555:
2546:
2535:. Retrieved
2530:
2521:
2476:
2472:
2410:
2406:
2401:Panthera leo
2400:
2392:
2347:
2341:
2330:
2293:
2289:
2284:Panthera leo
2283:
2275:
2253:(1): 21–31.
2250:
2246:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2186:. Retrieved
2179:the original
2161:(1): 54–58.
2158:
2154:
2145:
2125:
2111:
2088:
2084:Panthera leo
2083:
2065:
2059:
2054:Panthera leo
2053:
2014:
2004:Panthera leo
2003:
1964:
1955:Panthera leo
1954:
1946:
1935:the original
1914:
1910:
1902:Panthera leo
1901:
1893:
1883:
1876:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1806:
1800:
1788:. Retrieved
1783:
1777:
1769:
1726:
1722:
1717:Panthera leo
1716:
1707:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1645:the original
1614:
1610:
1602:Panthera leo
1601:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1548:the original
1519:
1515:
1507:Panthera leo
1506:
1486:
1482:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1369:
1362:Pease, A. E.
1330:Lake Akfadou
1325:Lion-baiting
1248:
1233:
1160:Umm El Qa'ab
1113:date to the
1095:Egyptian art
1092:
1058:Panthera.org
1048:Since 2005,
1047:
1032:
995:
957:
948:In captivity
941:
933:
924:
919:
907:
904:Barbary stag
901:
897:
858:, along the
853:
802:
790:Chelif River
774:Amour Ranges
729:North Africa
718:
689:
684:
680:
641:
606:
598:
593:
583:
573:
562:
558:
554:
550:
543:
535:
528:
524:
505:
498:
494:
480:
476:Asiatic lion
469:
463:
446:Antoine Clot
433:
419:
399:proposed by
392:
391:
386:
382:
367:testosterone
334:
330:
322:
300:
285:Asiatic lion
270:
237:North Africa
228:
224:
220:
214:
207:Barbary lion
206:
204:
197:Barbary lion
196:
189:Population:
179:
175:Subspecies:
162:
150:
18:Barbary Lion
3298:iNaturalist
3257:Wikispecies
2849:Belfast Zoo
2670:(1): 7–16.
1961:Kingson, J.
1790:8 September
1570:Zoo Biology
1374:John Murray
1205:Arensnuphis
1180:Tutankhamun
1111:Upper Egypt
1050:Belfast Zoo
1027:Zoo Neuwied
976:radiocarbon
968:Middle Ages
880:Thutmose IV
559:somaliensis
493:considered
341:subspecific
293:West Africa
140:Pantherinae
136:Subfamily:
3359:Categories
3212:Being Lion
2942:0415261627
2913:0415260116
2870:"The Lion"
2854:2023-09-07
2694:2013-11-28
2578:"The Lion"
2562:2022-12-09
2537:2022-12-09
2188:2007-04-04
1847:: 638–665.
1432:: 167–280.
1372:. London:
1337:References
1225:Sebiumeker
1176:necropolis
1099:literature
1039:Cape lions
1007:Casablanca
987:London Zoo
983:menageries
952:See also:
938:Atlas bear
920:Sus scrofa
829:Souk Ahras
758:Anti-Atlas
652:haplotypes
502:synonymous
225:Atlas lion
211:population
120:Feliformia
116:Suborder:
3185:(video).
3073:129186181
2982:cite book
2413:: 30807.
2002:"Species
1931:198968757
1778:Felis Leo
1729:: 30807.
1219:, Mehit,
1188:Ptolemaic
1168:mummified
998:Rabat Zoo
960:menagerie
926:Sympatric
916:wild boar
862:, in the
825:Khroumire
786:Ouarsenis
721:Essaouira
681:P. l. leo
669:West Asia
615:from the
594:P. l. leo
574:P. l. leo
568:In 2016,
563:P. l. leo
549:In 2005,
511:In 1951,
506:F. l. leo
489:In 1939,
464:In 1930,
393:Felis leo
383:P. l. leo
350:haplotype
317:Bronx Zoo
266:Essaouira
158:Species:
110:Carnivora
76:Kingdom:
70:Eukaryota
3329:14000229
3242:Wikidata
3187:Archived
3173:Yabiladi
3023:14724625
2831:24543070
2513:23573239
2473:PLOS ONE
2445:27488946
2384:32366643
2322:18989457
2267:44941372
2175:30407194
2126:Cat News
2034:62265494
2000:(2005).
1870:: 1–763.
1761:27488946
1699:15893512
1691:12193785
1641:16901830
1544:24190889
1402:: 34−45.
1364:(1913).
1294:Sand cat
1257:See also
1201:Apedemak
1156:Iron Age
912:gazelles
813:bounties
764:and the
745:bounties
741:firearms
633:Ethiopia
613:vertebra
471:Panthera
460:in 1841.
424:Austrian
395:was the
373:Taxonomy
289:subclade
253:bounties
249:firearms
151:Panthera
126:Family:
100:Mammalia
90:Chordata
86:Phylum:
80:Animalia
66:Domain:
3342:1446311
3290:1273814
3248:Q221094
3031:4422033
2684:7925316
2556:Le Desk
2504:3616087
2481:Bibcode
2436:4973251
2415:Bibcode
2375:7245068
2352:Bibcode
2313:2572142
1752:4973251
1731:Bibcode
1671:Bibcode
1663:Science
1632:1635511
1524:Bibcode
1279:Caracal
1269:Cheetah
1240:venatio
1197:Amesemi
1184:Saqqara
1164:Hor-Aha
1127:Sekhmet
966:in the
962:at the
884:Memphis
864:Eastern
845:Algeria
782:Tunisia
733:Morocco
725:Maghreb
707:in 1925
647:shared
499:nubicus
281:genetic
262:Fossils
241:Morocco
233:Maghreb
146:Genus:
130:Felidae
106:Order:
96:Class:
3316:622059
3303:557485
3121:
3096:
3071:
3029:
3021:
3003:Nature
2939:
2910:
2829:
2682:
2511:
2501:
2443:
2433:
2382:
2372:
2320:
2310:
2265:
2218:
2204:"Lion"
2173:
2099:
2032:
2022:
1975:
1929:
1759:
1749:
1697:
1689:
1639:
1629:
1542:
1284:Serval
1223:, and
1221:Menhit
1213:Bastet
1209:Hathor
1144:Rhodes
1140:Euboea
1107:Koptos
1015:Temara
1011:Meknès
980:circus
936:) and
910:) and
841:relict
817:Chelia
677:Genome
578:Africa
555:nubica
319:, 1897
209:was a
164:P. leo
3277:5K5L8
3069:S2CID
3049:(PDF)
3027:S2CID
2827:S2CID
2788:(PDF)
2680:S2CID
2531:Insap
2263:S2CID
2243:(PDF)
2210:[
2182:(PDF)
2171:S2CID
2151:(PDF)
2122:(PDF)
2093:(PDF)
2008:. In
1959:. In
1957:Lion"
1938:(PDF)
1927:S2CID
1907:(PDF)
1695:S2CID
1648:(PDF)
1607:(PDF)
1551:(PDF)
1540:S2CID
1512:(PDF)
1217:Dedun
1174:in a
1152:Chios
1148:Paros
1136:Crete
1119:Mehit
1023:mtDNA
1019:Rabat
1017:near
902:When
809:Libya
770:Ksour
737:Egypt
731:from
664:mtDNA
621:Sudan
540:valid
504:with
454:Paris
450:Cairo
448:from
442:Nubia
407:from
245:Egypt
239:from
3337:NCBI
3311:ITIS
3119:ISBN
3094:ISBN
3019:PMID
2988:link
2937:ISBN
2908:ISBN
2509:PMID
2441:PMID
2380:PMID
2318:PMID
2216:ISBN
2097:ISBN
2066:2016
2030:OCLC
2020:ISBN
1973:ISBN
1915:2005
1792:2008
1757:PMID
1687:PMID
1637:PMID
1249:The
1193:Amun
1172:Maïa
1150:and
1105:and
1097:and
1072:and
866:and
860:Nile
827:and
821:Bône
794:Taza
772:and
743:and
658:and
656:West
590:Asia
557:and
515:and
497:and
385:and
279:and
251:and
227:and
205:The
3324:MSW
3285:EoL
3272:CoL
3061:doi
3011:doi
3007:427
2819:doi
2672:doi
2499:PMC
2489:doi
2431:PMC
2423:doi
2370:PMC
2360:doi
2348:117
2308:PMC
2298:doi
2255:doi
2163:doi
1919:doi
1824:".
1747:PMC
1739:doi
1679:doi
1667:297
1627:PMC
1619:doi
1615:273
1578:doi
1532:doi
1453:doi
1449:281
1234:In
1182:at
1134:of
1109:in
972:DNA
944:).
922:).
780:in
766:Rif
735:to
727:of
592:to
452:to
243:to
235:of
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