83:
983:
1006:
644:
106:
376:
1642:
A description is provided for
Pythium porphyrae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES: Red-rot disease, red-wasting disease. HOSTS: Bangia atropurpurea, Callophyllis adhaerens, Polyopes affinis
913:
into the environment which then grow into full-sized algae, while the gametophyte stage requires two parents to undergo sexual reproduction which leads to the sporophyte stage again. However, these algae were recently discovered to undergo a third,
1797:
Hasan, Amal Hajiya; Van der Aa, Pierrot; Frithjof C., Küpper; Al-Bader, Dhia; Peters, Akira F. (28 July 2022). "Kuwaitiella rubra gen. et sp. nov. (Bangiales, Rhodophyta), a new filamentous genus and species from the north-western Indian Ocean".
2708:
Gibson, Timothy M.; Shih, Patrick M.; Cumming, Vivien M.; Fischer, Woodward W.; Crockford, Peter W.; Hodgskiss, Malcolm S.W.; Wörndle, Sarah; Creaser, Robert A.; Rainbird, Robert H.; Skulski, Thomas M.; Halverson, Galen P. (February 2018).
1911:"Molecular evidence of allodiploidy in F1 gametophytic blades from a cross between Neopyropia yezoensis and a cryptic species of the Neopyropia yezoensis complex (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) by the use of microsatellite markers"
2346:
Reddy, Maggie M.; De Clerck, Olivier; Leliaert, Frederik; Anderson, Robert J.; Bolton, John J. (15 Jan 2018). "A rosette by any other name: species diversity in the
Bangiales (Rhodophyta) along the South African coast".
1005:
559:. Despite the foliose algae being the most commonly farmed species, the filamentous algae are also sometimes consumed. Both types of consumed algae have nutritional value; nori contains nutrients including
2825:
The foliose
Bangiales (Rhodophyta) in the northern part of the North Atlantic and the relationship with the North Pacific foliose Bangiales - diversity, distribution, phylogeny and phylogeography
2013:
Dumilag, Richard V. (September 2019). "Detection of
Pythium porphyrae infecting Philippine Pyropia acanthophora based on morphology and nuclear rRNA internal transcribed spacer sequences".
367:, was discovered in 2022. Ongoing research continues to rearrange species, as recent genetic studies have revealed that many early morphologically classified genera were incorrect.
2221:
2161:
2491:
Kavale, Monica
Gajanan; Kazi, Mudassar Anisoddin; Brodie, Juliet (18 Jan 2021). "Phycocalidia species (Bangiales, Rhodophyta), from the warm West Coast of India".
2326:
507:
735:
The foliose species are similar to large, extremely flat sheets of paper. They are one cell thick, and are most widely used in human consumption due to their
2086:"Integrating transcriptomics and metabolomics to characterize the regulation of EPA biosynthesis in response to cold stress in seaweed Bangia fuscopurpurea"
1113:
974:. In 2011, there were 15 genera and 185 species, however a large reanalysis in 2020 reorganized many genera which brings the total to 22 to 24 as of 2024.
2048:
Iqbal, Khushboo; Chaudhary, Anchal; Sharma, Sandhya; Varma, Ajit; Thakur, Indu
Shekhar; Mishra, Arti (2022). "Algae-based biomaterials for biomedicines".
677:'s filaments are only a few micrometers thick. The largest filamentous species can grow up to 35 centimeters of length. Despite their small size and thin
241:, possibly dating back to 1.6 billion years old. Many species are used today as food in different cultures worldwide. Their sizes range from microscopic (
1109:
1730:
2747:
1734:
327:; however many early genera were later deprecated and recategorized. No new discoveries were made until the late 19th century, where taxa such as
3003:
1121:
901:. The distinction is primarily caused by environmental factors. They were originally proposed to have two phases in its life cycle, the diploid
3042:
1567:
Azmi, R.J. (1998). "Discovery of Lower
Cambrian small shelly fossils and brachiopods from the Lower Vindhyan of Son Valley, Central India".
1759:
Mikami, Koji; Takahashi, Megumu (January 2023). "Life cycle and reproduction dynamics of
Bangiales in response to environmental stresses".
1737:; Sasaki, Minoru (1977). "ノリ赤腐病を起因するPythium porphyrae" [Pythium porphyrae sp. nov. causing red rot of marine algae Porphyra spp.].
659:
As of 2011, there are seven filamentous genera and eight foliose genera, however this has since been increased to fourteen foliose genera.
926:. The conchosporophyte was previously believed to be part of the sporophyte, however modern research suggests otherwise. Despite the
1991:
2977:
3016:
897:
Red algae of the order
Bangiales undergo an unusual triphasic haploid-diploid life cycle; they can alternate between sexual and
2613:
2165:
2850:
2769:
2545:
2065:
3021:
2659:"Three-dimensional preservation of cellular and subcellular structures suggests 1.6 billion-year-old crown-group red algae"
2467:
681:, they are commercially used as food in East Asian cultures, where they can be known as "红毛菜" (hóng máo cài). They include
2609:
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2018. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National
University of Ireland, Galway.
2245:
Sutherland; et al. (October 2011). "A New Look at an Ancient Order: Generic Revision of the Bangiales (Rhodophyta)".
739:
size and easier accessibility. They are also called the "bladed" algae, referring to their extreme thinness. They include
324:
922:
grown on the sporophyte, and is thus an asexual manner of reproduction which results in an exact copy of its parent's
2394:
1897:
1877:
1846:
2319:
82:
3114:
2426:
1546:
3047:
1334:
491:
yields have reached three million tonnes as of 2020, with China contributing over three-quarters of the harvests.
2382:
1037:
1942:
Reynolds, Daman; Caminiti, Jeff; Edmundson, Scott; Gao, Song; Wick, Macdonald; Huesemann, Michael (2022-07-12).
3029:
2631:
2084:
Cao, Min; Wang, Dongmei; Mao, Yunxiang; Kong, Fanna; Bi, Guiqi; Xing, Qikun; Weng, Zhen (14 December 2017).
1117:
505:
which severely harms seaweed farms in Japan and Korea. There are other pests to these organisms, including
1305:
2925:
1097:
1049:
2930:
1587:
1437:
1292:
1257:
105:
3142:
3057:
2186:
Bito T, Teng F, Watanabe F (2017). "Bioactive Compounds of Edible Purple Laver Porphyra sp. (Nori)".
1837:
1364:
287:
The first categorization of red algae currently placed inside Bangiales was the now-deprecated genus
1464:
is confirmed to be included in this order, then it would contain the oldest confirmed multicellular
1309:
3119:
1538:
2917:
2710:
2438:
1699:"A pathogen of New Zealand Pyropia plicata (Bangiales, Rhodophyta), Pythium porphyrae (Oomycota)"
1443:
1424:
1206:
1178:
1125:
1057:
652:
249:
3147:
2865:
1400:
1383:
1010:
316:
1253:
2785:
Zhang, Lishu; Liao, Wei; Huang, Yajun; Wen, Yuxi; Chu, Yaoyao; Zhao, Chao (13 October 2022).
1347:
1236:
1219:
1202:
1190:
1174:
1162:
1053:
982:
3093:
3070:
3008:
2951:
2722:
2527:
2500:
2356:
2254:
2143:
2097:
2022:
1198:
1170:
1061:
898:
648:
264:
539:. However, Diehl et al. (2017) have found that the parasite can successfully infect other
306:
8:
2903:
2563:"A unique life cycle transition in the red seaweed Pyropia yezoensis depends on apospory"
1983:
1509:
1487:
1465:
1395:
432:
268:
238:
2726:
2504:
2360:
2258:
2101:
2026:
3101:
2842:
2761:
2685:
2658:
2587:
2562:
2278:
2120:
2085:
2057:
1328:
1194:
1166:
930:
differences of the filamentous and foliose algae, both types reproduce in this manner.
320:
100:
643:
3065:
2938:
2846:
2765:
2711:"Precise age of Bangiomorpha pubescens dates the origin of eukaryotic photosynthesis"
2690:
2657:
Bengtson, Stefan; Sallstedt, Therese; Belivanova, Veneta; Whitehouse, Martin (2017).
2592:
2541:
2463:
2422:
2400:
2390:
2270:
2266:
2203:
2125:
2061:
1965:
1893:
1873:
1842:
1776:
1496:
1351:
1240:
1223:
759:
701:
631:, the edible species will turn green when prepared. This is evident in products like
535:
493:
483:
294:
255:
2610:
3106:
2943:
2838:
2798:
2757:
2730:
2680:
2670:
2582:
2574:
2533:
2508:
2364:
2282:
2262:
2195:
2115:
2105:
2053:
2030:
1955:
1922:
1815:
1807:
1768:
1710:
1672:
1473:
844:
2512:
2368:
1665:
Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi (Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries)
272:
2675:
2617:
2330:
2110:
1772:
1133:
1068:
998:
987:
747:
529:
468:
428:
345:
208:
3034:
1927:
1910:
2888:
2803:
2786:
1865:
1715:
1698:
1621:
1502:
1145:
954:
436:
396:
120:
2823:
2578:
2537:
2034:
339:
were discovered and classified. More modern discoveries include a new family (
298:
3136:
2561:
Mikami, Koji; Li, Chengze; Irie, Ryunosuke; Hama, Yoichiro (August 7, 2019).
2404:
2199:
1868:
1991. Cultivation of attached seaweeds. in Guiry, M.D. and Blunden, G. 1992.
1080:
949:
919:
858:
718:
689:
604:
340:
224:
216:
194:
150:
140:
3083:
2694:
2596:
2274:
2207:
2129:
1969:
1960:
1943:
1780:
1478:
1300:
1264:
1044:
1032:
927:
918:
phase of life cycle known as the conchosporophyte. The conchosporophyte is
881:
795:
741:
723:
707:
556:
552:
472:
460:
243:
1944:"Seaweed proteins are nutritionally valuable components in the human diet"
1500:, with 251 genes comprising one of the largest known plastid genomes, and
276:
2990:
2897:
1677:
1656:
1214:
1104:
1092:
906:
870:
777:
753:
736:
695:
455:
is one of the most farmed seaweeds for human consumption. The farming of
363:
351:
54:
47:
671:
have thin strands. Generally, the filamentous species are much smaller;
1852:
1507:
as the globally second-most-farmed seaweed only behind the brown algae
1469:
1460:
1418:
1378:
1359:
1231:
1185:
1150:
1138:
1085:
1073:
959:
945:
940:
902:
875:
819:
783:
771:
713:
632:
576:
572:
404:
400:
392:
388:
329:
319:. Between 1819 and 1833, there were many discoveries by botanists like
302:
229:
220:
189:
182:
36:
32:
2995:
1820:
1811:
391:, one of only two known living classes of Bangiales, are used to make
2964:
2912:
2734:
2656:
2324:, National Marine Biological Analytical Quality Control Scheme (p 24)
1286:
1248:
873:, with New Zealand alone hosting over 30 species. Some species, like
854:
789:
668:
628:
592:
584:
580:
568:
527:
has only been naturally observed infecting two species in Bangiales:
477:
357:
212:
130:
2982:
2859:
1697:
Diehl, Nora; Kim, Gwang Hoon; Zuccarello, Giuseppe C. (March 2017).
607:. Many seaweed products contain high amounts of heavy elements like
3078:
2882:
1482:
is an extinct genus of algae in Bangiaceae containing one species,
1321:
1279:
1274:
970:
886:
849:
840:
801:
564:
560:
498:
417:
289:
260:
2969:
1796:
411:. Most edible farmed seaweeds within Bangiaceae are made from two
263:. Similar to many other species of red algae, they reproduce both
1491:
1316:
1157:
1024:
993:
915:
807:
765:
624:
620:
588:
423:
335:
61:
28:
1342:
1019:
964:
923:
910:
836:
832:
813:
683:
678:
673:
608:
412:
311:
91:
68:
2345:
1890:
A Check-list and Atlas of the Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland.
2956:
2419:
A Checklist and Atlas of the Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland.
2301:
866:
862:
616:
464:
448:
444:
440:
2787:"Global seaweed farming and processing in the past 20 years"
1941:
1659:[Studies on the Wasting Disease of the Cultured Lavers (
487:
are mainly used to make most edible seaweed products. Total
2472:
612:
600:
596:
512:
463:, however industrial-scale farms only became common in the
408:
380:
2289:
2047:
1622:"Pythium porphyrae. (Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria)"
2707:
2389:. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press. p. 140.
1729:
375:
305:
had been categorized seventeen years prior in 1830 by
2462:
Volume 1 Part 3b. The Natural History Museum, London.
2050:
Algae-Based Biomaterials for Sustainable Development
1486:, which was the first confirmed organism to undergo
178:
843:, living near the shore in shallow water or in the
297:in 1773. Bangiales itself was first categorized by
2752:Higgs, David C. (2009). "The Chloroplast Genome".
1882:
1696:
879:spp., prefer cold water, while other genera, like
2784:
2611:http://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?id=5183
2240:
2238:
2164:. www.hospitalityinfocentre.co.uk. Archived from
3134:
2560:
2490:
2387:New Zealand seaweeds : an illustrated guide
2185:
1870:Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential.
1739:Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan
1536:
1468:, dating to around 1.6 billion years during the
2833:Wehr, John D.; Sheath, Robert G., eds. (2003).
1758:
1490:approximately one billion years ago during the
2821:
2623:
2478:
2235:
2083:
1792:
1790:
511:, another oomycete. These diseases cause over
2484:
2041:
938:Bangiales includes two families and possibly
2179:
2079:
2077:
1761:Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
1787:
962:only contained two genera, the filamentous
459:species have been recorded as early as the
2832:
2411:
2307:
2295:
2244:
1948:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1841:(in Korean). Vol. 13. Beomhan. 2004.
1569:Journal of the Geological Society of India
1566:
853:grow on coastal rocks. They are common in
523:alone may cause crop losses of up to 20%.
81:
2802:
2791:Food Production, Processing and Nutrition
2684:
2674:
2586:
2525:
2452:
2119:
2109:
2074:
1959:
1926:
1819:
1754:
1752:
1714:
1676:
2006:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1004:
981:
642:
374:
2554:
2341:
2339:
2012:
1859:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1654:
1619:
253:). Many of its species are affected by
3135:
2381:
1892:British Phycological Society, London.
1749:
1626:IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria
1613:
1494:period. Modern record-holders include
831:These red algae are found globally in
2864:
2863:
2751:
2620: ; searched on 20 February 2024.
2322:A Field Guide to the British Seaweeds
1648:
1523:
662:
467:after the availability of artificial
3058:56af596b-44b3-4f41-b4e0-f6e3e0663cfa
2650:
2632:"Granufilum rivulare X.F.Zhao, 1995"
2458:Brodie, J.A. and Irvine, L.M. 2003.
2336:
1908:
1723:
1685:
1585:
1579:
944:, for a total of 20 to 22 genera in
431:in the ocean in countries including
1828:
847:. Some species of genera including
13:
2843:10.1016/B978-0-12-741550-5.X5000-4
2762:10.1016/B978-0-12-370873-1.00032-0
2603:
2439:"Algaebase :: Species Detail"
2417:Hardy, F.G. and Guiry, M.D. 2003.
2375:
2058:10.1016/B978-0-323-96142-4.00003-8
2015:Journal of General Plant Pathology
1935:
1888:Hardy, F.G. and Guiry, M.D. 2006.
651:, a filamentous species, from the
627:. Despite their classification as
515:10 million annually in damages to
14:
3159:
2835:Freshwater Algae of North America
1600:Biodiversity of the Central Coast
1410:
730:
227:, and possibly the extinct genus
2629:
2526:Necchi Jr, Orlando, ed. (2016).
2267:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01052.x
1872:John Wiley and Sons, Chichester
1547:World Register of Marine Species
1371:
909:. The sporophyte stage releases
839:. Oceanic species are generally
361:. As of 2024, the newest genus,
104:
45:
2778:
2741:
2701:
2519:
2431:
2313:
2214:
2154:
2136:
1994:from the original on 1 Dec 2023
1976:
1909:Niwa, Kyosuke (November 2020).
1902:
1269:Santiañez & M.J.Wynne, 2020
892:
826:
343:) and several new genera, like
2822:Mols-Mortensen, Agnes (2014).
2460:Seaweeds of the British Isles.
2421:British Psychological Society
1560:
638:
1:
2513:10.1080/09670262.2020.1829714
2493:European Journal of Phycology
2369:10.1080/09670262.2017.1376256
1516:
977:
237:. They are one of the oldest
2754:The Chlamydomonas Sourcebook
2676:10.1371/journal.pbio.2000735
2349:European Volume of Phycology
2111:10.1371/journal.pone.0186986
1773:10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.04.004
551:species can be used to make
501:, causes red rot disease or
370:
247:) to up to two meters long (
7:
1928:10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100489
1835:"홍조류" [Red algae].
933:
279:, and are found worldwide.
10:
3164:
2815:
2804:10.1186/s43014-022-00103-2
2222:"laverbread – WalesOnline"
1716:10.4490/algae.2017.32.2.25
1453:
1438:Rafatazmia chitrakootensis
282:
235:Rafatazmia chitrakootensis
2872:
2579:10.1038/s42003-019-0549-5
2538:10.1007/978-3-319-31984-1
2035:10.1007/s10327-018-0815-2
1838:Global World Encyclopedia
1655:Arasaki, Satoshi (1947).
1537:Michael D. Guiry (2024).
991:, a species of the genus
315:even earlier in 1819, by
175:
170:
101:Scientific classification
99:
89:
80:
23:
2200:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04688
1539:"Bangiales Nägeli, 1847"
219:containing the families
2224:. www.walesonline.co.uk
1620:Spencer, M. A. (2004).
1590:Wildemania occidentalis
653:New York Public Library
583:), minerals (including
250:Wildemania occidentalis
2567:Communications Biology
2308:Wehr & Sheath 2003
2296:Wehr & Sheath 2003
1484:Bangiomorpha pubescens
1014:
1011:Bangiomorpha pubescens
1002:
656:
384:
317:Hans Christian Lyngbye
1800:Phycological Research
1594:Porphyra occidentalis
1008:
985:
646:
378:
31:to present, Disputed
2756:. pp. 871–891.
2320:Wells, Emma (2010),
2052:. pp. 251–276.
1961:10.1093/ajcn/nqac190
1678:10.2331/suisan.13.74
899:asexual reproduction
649:Bangia fuscopurpurea
536:Neopyropia yezoensis
508:Olpidiopsis pyropiae
239:eukaryotic organisms
2727:2018Geo....46..135G
2573:(2 ed.): 299.
2505:2021EJPhy..56..337K
2479:Mols-Mortensen 2014
2441:. www.algaebase.org
2361:2018EJPhy..53...67R
2259:2011JPcgy..47.1131S
2194:(49): 10685–10692.
2148:Nagai Nori Co., Ltd
2102:2017PLoSO..1286986C
2027:2019JGPP...85...72D
1915:Aquaculture Reports
1510:Saccharina japonica
1488:sexual reproduction
1466:eukaryotic organism
1396:Granufilum rivulare
721:), and the extinct
619:elements including
271:. They can be both
2616:2018-08-20 at the
2329:2012-03-27 at the
2310:, p. 197–224.
1657:"アサクサノリの腐敗病に關する研究"
1476:era. In addition,
1338:(uncertain status)
1296:(uncertain status)
1015:
1003:
997:that lives in the
857:areas such as the
663:Filamentous genera
657:
385:
321:Carl Adolph Agardh
301:in 1847. However,
233:with one species,
16:Order of red algae
3130:
3129:
3066:Open Tree of Life
2866:Taxon identifiers
2852:978-0-12-741550-5
2771:978-0-12-370873-1
2547:978-3-319-31983-4
2188:J Agric Food Chem
2067:978-0-323-96142-4
1812:10.1111/pre.12498
1731:Takahashi, Minoru
1586:Fretwell, Kelly.
1497:Porphyra purpurea
1447:
1428:
1404:
1387:
1367:
1355:
1337:
1324:
1312:
1295:
1282:
1270:
1260:
1244:
1227:
1210:
1181:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1040:
1027:
958:. Traditionally,
525:Pythium porphyrae
521:Pythium porphyrae
494:Pythium porphyrae
307:Jean Étienne Duby
256:Pythium porphyrae
211:of multicellular
202:
201:
166:
3155:
3143:Red algae orders
3123:
3122:
3110:
3109:
3097:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3074:
3073:
3061:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3038:
3037:
3035:BMSSYS0000042851
3025:
3024:
3012:
3011:
2999:
2998:
2986:
2985:
2973:
2972:
2960:
2959:
2947:
2946:
2934:
2933:
2921:
2920:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2829:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2735:10.1130/G39829.1
2705:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2678:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2627:
2621:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2590:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2435:
2429:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2343:
2334:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2253:(5): 1131–1151.
2242:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2113:
2096:(12): e0186986.
2081:
2072:
2071:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1988:Seaweed Insights
1980:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1906:
1900:
1886:
1880:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1756:
1747:
1746:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1694:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1534:
1474:Paleoproterozoic
1442:
1423:
1399:
1382:
1363:
1346:
1333:
1320:
1304:
1291:
1278:
1268:
1252:
1235:
1218:
1189:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1048:
1036:
1023:
968:and the foliose
905:and the haploid
845:intertidal zones
475:. Specifically,
180:
164:
109:
108:
85:
75:
71:
64:
57:
50:
44:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3118:
3113:
3105:
3100:
3092:
3090:
3082:
3077:
3069:
3064:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3041:
3033:
3028:
3020:
3015:
3007:
3002:
2994:
2989:
2981:
2976:
2968:
2963:
2955:
2950:
2942:
2937:
2929:
2924:
2916:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2868:
2853:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2746:
2742:
2706:
2702:
2669:(3): e2000735.
2655:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2628:
2624:
2618:Wayback Machine
2608:
2604:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2524:
2520:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2457:
2453:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2416:
2412:
2397:
2380:
2376:
2344:
2337:
2331:Wayback Machine
2318:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2243:
2236:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2144:"About Seaweed"
2142:
2141:
2137:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2046:
2042:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1940:
1936:
1907:
1903:
1887:
1883:
1864:
1860:
1849:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1795:
1788:
1757:
1750:
1735:Ichitani, Takio
1728:
1724:
1695:
1686:
1667:(in Japanese).
1661:Porphyra tenera
1653:
1649:
1635:
1633:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1584:
1580:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1535:
1524:
1519:
1456:
1413:
1374:
1038:N.J.Butterfield
999:intertidal zone
988:Pyropia plicata
980:
936:
895:
829:
733:
665:
641:
530:Pyropia plicata
469:seed production
373:
285:
163:
103:
76:
74:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59:
55:
52:
48:
42:
41:
39:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3161:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3111:
3107:wfo-9000000050
3098:
3088:
3075:
3062:
3052:
3039:
3026:
3013:
3000:
2987:
2974:
2961:
2948:
2935:
2922:
2909:
2894:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2858:
2857:
2851:
2830:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2777:
2770:
2740:
2721:(2): 135–138.
2700:
2649:
2622:
2602:
2553:
2546:
2532:. p. 73.
2518:
2483:
2471:
2451:
2430:
2410:
2395:
2374:
2335:
2312:
2300:
2298:, p. 918.
2288:
2234:
2213:
2178:
2153:
2135:
2073:
2066:
2040:
2005:
1975:
1954:(4): 855–861.
1934:
1901:
1881:
1858:
1847:
1827:
1786:
1748:
1722:
1684:
1647:
1612:
1578:
1559:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1503:Pyropia tenera
1472:period of the
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1430:
1429:
1412:
1411:Incertae sedis
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1389:
1388:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1356:
1339:
1325:
1313:
1297:
1283:
1271:
1261:
1245:
1228:
1211:
1182:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1041:
1028:
979:
976:
955:incertae sedis
935:
932:
894:
891:
828:
825:
732:
731:Foliose genera
729:
664:
661:
647:A specimen of
640:
637:
547:species. Some
497:, a parasitic
471:and synthetic
437:United Kingdom
415:of red algae,
397:edible seaweed
372:
369:
284:
281:
259:, a parasitic
200:
199:
198:
197:
192:
187:
173:
172:
168:
167:
158:
154:
153:
151:Bangiophycidae
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
121:Archaeplastida
118:
111:
110:
97:
96:
87:
86:
78:
77:
67:
60:
53:
46:
43:1047–0 Ma
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3160:
3149:
3148:Bangiophyceae
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2549:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2468:1 898298 87 4
2465:
2461:
2455:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2396:9780987668813
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:Nelson, W. A.
2378:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2239:
2223:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2168:on 2013-11-03
2167:
2163:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:"Pyropia spp"
1979:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1899:
1898:3-906166-35-X
1895:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1878:0-471-92947-6
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1848:89-8048-326-0
1844:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1753:
1745:(3): 279–285.
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:Granufilaceae
1366:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:S.C.Lindstrom
1095:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:S.C.Lindstrom
1047:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1000:
996:
995:
990:
989:
984:
975:
973:
972:
967:
966:
961:
957:
956:
951:
950:Granufilaceae
947:
943:
942:
931:
929:
925:
921:
920:parasitically
917:
912:
908:
904:
900:
890:
888:
884:
883:
878:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:British Isles
856:
852:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
824:
822:
821:
816:
815:
810:
809:
804:
803:
798:
797:
792:
791:
786:
785:
780:
779:
774:
773:
768:
767:
762:
761:
756:
755:
750:
749:
744:
743:
738:
728:
726:
725:
720:
719:Granufilaceae
716:
715:
710:
709:
704:
703:
698:
697:
692:
691:
686:
685:
680:
676:
675:
670:
660:
654:
650:
645:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
615:, along with
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:
532:
531:
526:
522:
519:harvests and
518:
514:
510:
509:
504:
500:
496:
495:
490:
486:
485:
480:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:
420:
419:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
395:, rong biển,
394:
390:
382:
377:
368:
366:
365:
360:
359:
354:
353:
348:
347:
342:
341:Granufilaceae
338:
337:
332:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:
252:
251:
246:
245:
240:
236:
232:
231:
226:
225:Granufilaceae
222:
218:
217:Bangiophyceae
215:of the class
214:
210:
206:
196:
195:Granufilaceae
193:
191:
188:
185:
184:
177:
176:
174:
169:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:Bangiophyceae
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
107:
102:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
79:
72:
65:
58:
51:
38:
34:
30:
22:
19:
2873:
2834:
2824:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2753:
2743:
2718:
2714:
2703:
2666:
2663:PLOS Biology
2662:
2652:
2640:. Retrieved
2635:
2625:
2605:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2528:
2521:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2481:, p. x.
2474:
2459:
2454:
2443:. Retrieved
2433:
2427:0-9527115-16
2418:
2413:
2386:
2377:
2352:
2348:
2321:
2315:
2303:
2291:
2250:
2246:
2226:. Retrieved
2216:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2170:. Retrieved
2166:the original
2162:"Laver nori"
2156:
2147:
2138:
2093:
2089:
2049:
2043:
2021:(1): 72–78.
2018:
2014:
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1987:
1978:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1889:
1884:
1869:
1861:
1851:– via
1836:
1830:
1803:
1799:
1764:
1760:
1742:
1738:
1725:
1709:(1): 29–39.
1706:
1702:
1671:(3): 74–90.
1668:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1641:
1634:. Retrieved
1632:(Sheet 1617)
1629:
1625:
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1599:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1542:
1508:
1501:
1495:
1483:
1479:Bangiomorpha
1477:
1459:
1457:
1436:
1417:
1394:
1377:
1358:
1341:
1327:
1315:
1301:Pseudobangia
1299:
1285:
1273:
1265:Phycocalidia
1263:
1247:
1230:
1213:
1184:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1114:P.Van der Aa
1103:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1045:Boreophyllum
1043:
1033:Bangiomorpha
1031:
1018:
1009:
992:
986:
969:
963:
953:
939:
937:
928:phylogenetic
896:
893:Reproduction
882:Phycocalidia
880:
874:
848:
830:
827:Distribution
818:
812:
806:
800:
796:Phycocalidia
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
742:Boreophyllum
740:
734:
724:Bangiomorpha
722:
712:
708:Pseudobangia
706:
700:
694:
688:
682:
672:
667:Filamentous
666:
658:
567:(especially
557:biomedicines
553:biomaterials
548:
544:
540:
534:
528:
524:
520:
516:
506:
502:
492:
488:
484:N. yezoensis
482:
476:
461:17th century
456:
452:
422:
416:
386:
362:
356:
350:
344:
334:
328:
310:
293:by botanist
288:
286:
254:
248:
244:Bangiomorpha
242:
234:
228:
204:
203:
181:
165:Nägeli, 1847
160:
114:
90:
18:
2991:iNaturalist
2898:Wikispecies
2642:20 February
2638:. AlgaeBase
2630:Zhao, X.F.
2529:River Algae
1592:, formerly
1552:20 February
1335:Bonnemaison
1329:Spermogonia
1215:Neoporphyra
1105:Kuwaitiella
1093:Fuscifolium
907:gametophyte
871:New Zealand
778:Neoporphyra
754:Fuscifolium
737:macroscopic
696:Kuwaitiella
639:Description
427:. They are
387:Members of
364:Kuwaitiella
352:Neoporphyra
299:Carl Nägeli
273:filamentous
56:Proterozoic
3137:Categories
2499:(3): 337.
2445:2024-02-21
2228:2008-08-10
2190:(Review).
2172:2024-02-20
1921:: 100489.
1866:Kain, J.M.
1853:Wikisource
1821:2164/19385
1806:(4): 192.
1636:10 October
1517:References
1470:Statherian
1461:Rafatazmia
1419:Rafatazmia
1379:Granufilum
1360:Wildemania
1310:R.G.Sheath
1306:K.M.Müller
1232:Neopyropia
1186:Neomiuraea
1151:W.A.Nelson
1139:W.A.Nelson
1126:A.F.Peters
1122:D.Al-Bader
1118:F.C.Küpper
1086:W.A.Nelson
1074:W.A.Nelson
1054:N. Kikuchi
978:Bangiaceae
960:Bangiaceae
946:Bangiaceae
941:Rafatazmia
903:sporophyte
876:Wildemania
820:Wildemania
784:Neopyropia
772:Neomiuraea
714:Granufilum
577:Vitamin B2
573:Vitamin B1
393:laverbread
389:Bangiaceae
379:Sheets of
330:Wildemania
303:Bangiaceae
230:Rafatazmia
221:Bangiaceae
190:Bangiaceae
183:Rafatazmia
147:Subclass:
131:Rhodophyta
127:Division:
37:Statherian
35:from late
33:Rafatazmia
3084:100364835
2913:AlgaeBase
2904:Bangiales
2874:Bangiales
2828:(Thesis).
2797:(23): 2.
2405:841897290
2355:(1): 67.
2247:J. Phycol
1767:: 14–26.
1352:L.-E.Yang
1287:Porphyrea
1258:N.Sánchez
1249:Neothemis
1241:L.-E.Yang
1224:L.-E.Yang
1199:G.Yoshida
1191:N.Kikuchi
1171:G.Yoshida
1163:N.Kikuchi
1110:A.H.Hasan
885:, prefer
855:temperate
790:Neothemis
669:red algae
629:red algae
593:magnesium
585:potassium
581:Vitamin C
569:Vitamin A
503:akasugare
478:P. tenera
371:Human use
358:Neothemis
295:John Hill
265:asexually
213:red algae
205:Bangiales
171:Families
161:Bangiales
24:Bangiales
3079:Tropicos
2889:Q2715035
2883:Wikidata
2748:Page 878
2695:28291791
2614:Archived
2597:31396579
2385:(2013).
2327:Archived
2275:27020195
2208:29161815
2130:29240755
2090:PLOS ONE
1998:28 March
1992:Archived
1990:. 2022.
1970:35820048
1781:35428563
1663:)].
1605:18 March
1444:Bengtson
1425:Bengtson
1401:X.F.Zhao
1384:X.F.Zhao
1348:J.Brodie
1322:J.Agardh
1280:C.Agardh
1275:Porphyra
1254:A.Vergés
1237:J.Brodie
1220:J.Brodie
1203:J.A.Shin
1179:M.Miyata
1177:, &
1175:J.A.Shin
1134:Lysithea
1060:, &
1058:M.Miyata
971:Porphyra
952:, and 1
934:Taxonomy
887:tropical
850:Porphyra
841:littoral
802:Porphyra
760:Lysithea
565:vitamins
561:proteins
549:Porphyra
545:Porphyra
499:oomycete
418:Porphyra
290:Phyllona
269:sexually
261:oomycete
2816:Sources
2723:Bibcode
2715:Geology
2686:5349422
2588:6685973
2501:Bibcode
2357:Bibcode
2283:2779596
2255:Bibcode
2150:. 2015.
2121:5730106
2098:Bibcode
2023:Bibcode
1492:Stenian
1454:Records
1365:De Toni
1317:Pyropia
1158:Miuraea
1146:Minerva
1069:Clymene
1025:Lyngbye
994:Pyropia
948:, 1 in
916:diploid
889:zones.
808:Pyropia
766:Miuraea
748:Clymene
702:Minerva
625:arsenic
621:cadmium
603:), and
589:calcium
541:Pyropia
517:Pyropia
489:Pyropia
457:Pyropia
453:Pyropia
433:Ireland
424:Pyropia
346:Clymene
336:Pyropia
325:Gaillon
283:History
277:foliose
157:Order:
137:Class:
63:Archean
29:Stenian
3094:437868
3091:uBio:
3071:999795
3055:NZOR:
2996:151772
2849:
2768:
2693:
2683:
2595:
2585:
2544:
2466:
2425:
2403:
2393:
2281:
2273:
2206:
2128:
2118:
2064:
1968:
1896:
1876:
1845:
1779:
1446:, 2017
1427:, 2017
1403:, 1995
1386:, 1995
1354:, 2020
1350:&
1343:Uedaea
1308:&
1293:Solier
1256:&
1243:, 2020
1239:&
1226:, 2020
1222:&
1209:, 2018
1207:Miyata
1205:&
1195:S.Arai
1167:S.Arai
1128:, 2022
1124:&
1062:Neefus
1020:Bangia
965:Bangia
924:genome
911:spores
869:, and
837:oceans
833:rivers
817:, and
814:Uedaea
684:Bangia
679:thalli
674:Bangia
609:iodine
605:fibers
599:, and
579:, and
447:, and
435:, the
429:farmed
413:genera
407:, and
355:, and
312:Bangia
207:is an
92:Bangia
3115:WoRMS
3048:29216
3022:11490
3009:12103
3004:IRMNG
2970:1BANO
2944:62298
2931:77832
2636:WORMS
2279:S2CID
1703:Algae
1543:WoRMS
1081:Dione
867:Korea
863:Japan
690:Dione
617:toxic
465:1960s
449:China
445:Korea
441:Japan
401:zǐcài
209:order
115:Clade
95:spp.
3043:NCBI
3017:ITIS
2983:1389
2978:GBIF
2965:EPPO
2957:4526
2926:BOLD
2918:4572
2847:ISBN
2766:ISBN
2691:PMID
2644:2024
2593:PMID
2542:ISBN
2464:ISBN
2423:ISBN
2401:OCLC
2391:ISBN
2271:PMID
2204:PMID
2126:PMID
2062:ISBN
2000:2024
1966:PMID
1894:ISBN
1874:ISBN
1843:ISBN
1777:PMID
1643:(syn
1638:2017
1607:2024
1575:(4).
1554:2024
835:and
717:(in
623:and
613:iron
611:and
601:zinc
597:iron
555:for
543:and
533:and
513:US$
481:and
473:nets
421:and
409:nori
381:nori
333:and
323:and
309:and
267:and
70:Had.
49:Pha.
3120:857
3102:WFO
3030:NBN
2952:EoL
2939:CoL
2839:doi
2799:doi
2758:doi
2750:in
2731:doi
2681:PMC
2671:doi
2583:PMC
2575:doi
2534:doi
2509:doi
2365:doi
2263:doi
2196:doi
2116:PMC
2106:doi
2054:doi
2031:doi
1956:doi
1952:116
1923:doi
1816:hdl
1808:doi
1769:doi
1765:134
1711:doi
1673:doi
1630:162
1458:If
633:gim
405:gim
275:or
3139::
3117::
3104::
3081::
3068::
3045::
3032::
3019::
3006::
2993::
2980::
2967::
2954::
2941::
2928::
2915::
2900::
2885::
2845:.
2837:.
2793:.
2789:.
2764:.
2729:.
2719:46
2717:.
2713:.
2689:.
2679:.
2667:15
2665:.
2661:.
2634:.
2591:.
2581:.
2569:.
2565:.
2540:.
2507:.
2497:56
2495:.
2399:.
2363:.
2353:53
2351:.
2338:^
2277:.
2269:.
2261:.
2251:47
2249:.
2237:^
2202:.
2192:65
2146:.
2124:.
2114:.
2104:.
2094:12
2092:.
2088:.
2076:^
2060:.
2029:.
2019:85
2017:.
1986:.
1964:.
1950:.
1946:.
1919:18
1917:.
1913:.
1814:.
1804:70
1802:.
1789:^
1775:.
1763:.
1751:^
1743:18
1741:.
1733:;
1707:32
1705:.
1701:.
1687:^
1669:13
1640:.
1628:.
1624:.
1598:.
1573:52
1571:.
1545:.
1541:.
1525:^
1513:.
1441:?
1422:?
1332:?
1290:?
1201:,
1197:,
1193:,
1173:,
1169:,
1165:,
1120:,
1116:,
1112:,
1056:,
1052:,
865:,
861:,
823:.
811:,
805:,
799:,
793:,
787:,
781:,
775:,
769:,
763:,
757:,
751:,
745:,
727:.
711:,
705:,
699:,
693:,
687:,
635:.
595:,
591:,
587:,
575:,
571:,
563:,
451:.
443:,
439:,
403:,
399:,
349:,
223:,
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2855:.
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2807:.
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2070:.
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1972:.
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186:?
179:†
40:~
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