1562:
735:
2097:
773:
759:
2399:
1835:
1895:
2342:
7329:
960:
2369:
150:
136:
210:
2201:
1865:
196:
233:
105:
119:
2615:
2143:
1070:
180:
2259:
2315:
1446:
2485:
1922:
943:
2803:
1260:
1178:
166:
2237:
2077:
2460:
2429:
1781:
1808:
1974:
2480:
1953:
2181:
3150:
Eme, Laura; Tamarit, Daniel; Caceres, Eva F.; Stairs, Courtney W.; De Anda, Valerie; Schön, Max E.; Seitz, Kiley W.; Dombrowski, Nina; Lewis, William H.; Homa, Felix; Saw, Jimmy H.; Lombard, Jonathan; Nunoura, Takuro; Li, Wen-Jun; Hua, Zheng-Shuang; Chen, Lin-Xing; Banfield, Jillian F.; John, Emily
1547:, two organisms previously thought to be asexual. Since these two species are descendants of lineages that diverged early from the eukaryotic evolutionary tree, core meiotic genes, and hence sex, were likely present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes. Species once thought to be asexual, such as
2870:
previously indicated that eukaryotes were present in these rocks dated at 2.7 billion years old, but these
Archaean biomarkers have been rebutted as later contaminants. The oldest valid biomarker records are only around 800 million years old. In contrast, a molecular clock analysis suggests the
1373:
have neither. They generally occur in groups that give rise to various microtubular roots. These form a primary component of the cytoskeleton, and are often assembled over the course of several cell divisions, with one flagellum retained from the parent and the other derived from it. Centrioles
1031:
which synthesize proteins; these enter the interior space or lumen. Subsequently, they generally enter vesicles, which bud off from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. In most eukaryotes, these protein-carrying vesicles are released and further modified in stacks of flattened vesicles
2840:. The oldest fossils than can unambiguously be assigned to eukaryotes are from the Ruyang Group of China, dating to approximately 1.8-1.6 billion years ago. Fossils that are clearly related to modern groups start appearing an estimated 1.2 billion years ago, in the form of
1616:
with plants with some reservations, it was later realized that they are quite distinct and warrant a separate kingdom. The various single-cell eukaryotes were originally placed with plants or animals when they became known. In 1818, the German biologist
734:
1237:. Others are involved in storing food. Although plastids probably had a single origin, not all plastid-containing groups are closely related. Instead, some eukaryotes have obtained them from others through
1087:
are organelles in eukaryotic cells. The mitochondrion is commonly called "the powerhouse of the cell", for its function providing energy by oxidising sugars or fats to produce the energy-storing molecule
9436:
3662:
4568:
Minnhagen S, Carvalho WF, Salomon PS, Janson S (September 2008). "Chloroplast DNA content in
Dinophysis (Dinophyceae) from different cell cycle stages is consistent with kleptoplasty".
1565:
Tree of eukaryotes showing major subgroups and thumbnail diagrams of representative members of each group. Updated synthesis based on recent (as of 2023) phylogenomic reconstructions.
6939:
9429:
1714:
By 2014, a rough consensus started to emerge from the phylogenomic studies of the previous two decades. The majority of eukaryotes can be placed in one of two large clades dubbed
1704:
proposed to replace
Kingdoms and Domains with "inclusive" names to create a "symbiosis-based phylogeny", giving the description "Eukarya (symbiosis-derived nucleated organisms)".
5593:
Whittaker RH (January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms".
2744:, the earliest multicelluar eukaryote from North China which lived during 1.635 billion years ago, suggests that the crown group eukaryotes would have originated from the late
3752:
Popper ZA, Michel G, Hervé C, Domozych DS, Willats WG, Tuohy MG, Kloareg B, Stengel DB (2011). "Evolution and diversity of plant cell walls: From algae to flowering plants".
4191:
3727:
1279:
provides stiffening structure and points of attachment for motor structures that enable the cell to move, change shape, or transport materials. The motor structures are
9422:
3218:"Picomonas judraskeda Gen. Et Sp. Nov.: The First Identified Member of the Picozoa Phylum Nov., a Widespread Group of Picoeukaryotes, Formerly Known as 'Picobiliphytes'"
1524:. Eukaryotes have lower metabolic rates and longer generation times than prokaryotes, because they are larger and therefore have a smaller surface area to volume ratio.
2836:" which is dated at 2.1 billion years old. However, the status of these structures as fossils is contested, with other authors suggesting that they might represent
4505:
1561:
2871:
emergence of sterol biosynthesis as early as 2.3 billion years ago. The nature of steranes as eukaryotic biomarkers is further complicated by the production of
3151:
St; Reysenbach, Anna-Louise; Stott, Matthew B.; Schramm, Andreas; Kjeldsen, Kasper U.; Teske, Andreas P.; Baker, Brett J.; Ettema, Thijs J. G. (29 June 2023).
1553:
parasites, have a sexual cycle. Amoebae, previously regarded as asexual, may be anciently sexual; while present-day asexual groups could have arisen recently.
911:
have no homology to proteins in other domains of life, but appear to be universal among eukaryotes. They include the proteins of the cytoskeleton, the complex
5902:
7020:
Brocks JJ, Jarrett AJ, Sirantoine E, Hallmann C, Hoshino Y, Liyanage T (August 2017). "The rise of algae in
Cryogenian oceans and the emergence of animals".
3637:
3622:
6670:
El Albani A, Bengtson S, Canfield DE, et al. (July 2010). "Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago".
6635:
Retallack GJ, Krull ES, Thackray GD, Parkinson DH (2013). "Problematic urn-shaped fossils from a
Paleoproterozoic (2.2 Ga) paleosol in South Africa".
8545:
6775:"Zinc enrichment and isotopic fractionation in a marine habitat of the c. 2.1 Ga Francevillian Group: A signature of zinc utilization by eukaryotes?"
4213:
8940:
8550:
2752:); the earliest unequivocal unicellular eukaryotes which lived during approximately 1.65 billion years ago are also discovered from North China:
5697:"Untangling the early diversification of eukaryotes: a phylogenomic study of the evolutionary origins of Centrohelida, Haptophyta and Cryptista"
8408:
4362:
1535:
have proposed that facultative sex was present in the group's common ancestor. A core set of genes that function in meiosis is present in both
5458:
4239:
10144:
6961:
French KL, Hallmann C, Hope JM, Schoon PL, Zumberge JA, Hoshino Y, Peters CA, George SC, Love GD, Brocks JJ, Buick R, Summons RE (May 2015).
4535:
Sato N (2006). "Origin and
Evolution of Plastids: Genomic View on the Unification and Diversity of Plastids". In Wise RR, Hoober JK (eds.).
5486:
6929:
9992:
6819:"Earth's surface oxygenation and the rise of eukaryotic life: Relationships to the Lomagundi positive carbon isotope excursion revisited"
6121:
5796:
Brown MW, Heiss AA, Kamikawa R, Inagaki Y, Yabuki A, Tice AK, Shiratori T, Ishida KI, Hashimoto T, Simpson A, Roger A (19 January 2018).
4042:
721:(468 gigatons) is far larger than that of prokaryotes (77 gigatons), with plants alone accounting for over 81% of the total biomass of
3621:
Cite error: The named reference "Burki Roger Brown
Simpson 2020 pp. 43–55" was defined multiple times with different content (see the
3458:
5991:
Tikhonenkov DV, Mikhailov KV, Gawryluk RM, et al. (December 2022). "Microbial predators form a new supergroup of eukaryotes".
2941:
Tikhonenkov DV, Mikhailov KV, Gawryluk RM, et al. (December 2022). "Microbial predators form a new supergroup of eukaryotes".
2646:, is a milestone in the evolution of life, since eukaryotes include all complex cells and almost all multicellular organisms. The
8646:
6817:
Fakhraee, Mojtaba; Tarhan, Lidya G.; Reinhard, Christopher T.; Crowe, Sean A.; Lyons, Timothy W.; Planavsky, Noah J. (May 2023).
4187:
533:. Eukaryotes represent a small minority of the number of organisms, but given their generally much larger size, their collective
3688:
6538:
Han TM, Runnegar B (July 1992). "Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old negaunee iron-formation, Michigan".
5418:
Moore RT (1980). "Taxonomic proposals for the classification of marine yeasts and other yeast-like fungi including the smuts".
3880:
1427:
are linked together with hemicellulose, embedded in a pectin matrix. The most common hemicellulose in the primary cell wall is
9559:
1496:
phase, with two copies of each chromosome in each cell. The diploid phase is formed by fusion of two haploid gametes, such as
6115:
4946:
4882:
4849:
4665:
4552:
4436:
4073:
4036:
3286:
3350:
871:, "nut" or "kernel", here meaning "nucleus"). Eukaryotic cells have a variety of internal membrane-bound structures, called
2907:
4671:
9925:
7356:
2878:
Whenever their origins, eukaryotes may not have become ecologically dominant until much later; a massive increase in the
17:
4513:
4337:
2889:
has been attributed to the rise of substantial populations of eukaryotes, which preferentially consume and incorporate
3911:
Brocks JJ, Logan GA, Buick R, Summons RE (August 1999). "Archean molecular fossils and the early rise of eukaryotes".
772:
758:
9982:
4384:
Zick M, Rabl R, Reichert AS (January 2009). "Cristae formation-linking ultrastructure and function of mitochondria".
3441:
3344:
468:
5240:
Akopyants NS, Kimblin N, Secundino N, Patrick R, Peters N, Lawyer P, Dobson DE, Beverley SM, Sacks DL (April 2009).
3311:
9987:
7390:
1528:
1440:
6186:
O'Malley MA, Leger MM, Wideman JG, Ruiz-Trillo I (March 2019). "Concepts of the last eukaryotic common ancestor".
5123:"A phylogenomic inventory of meiotic genes; evidence for sex in Giardia and an early eukaryotic origin of meiosis"
10149:
7385:
2647:
1396:, providing the cell with structural support, protection, and a filtering mechanism. The cell wall also prevents
1019:
that allow material to move in and out. Various tube- and sheet-like extensions of the nuclear membrane form the
7304:
9910:
5571:
6306:"A molecular timescale for eukaryote evolution with implications for the origin of red algal-derived plastids"
9898:
7469:
7459:
7442:
6774:
6722:
6773:
Ossa Ossa, Frantz; Pons, Marie-Laure; Bekker, Andrey; Hofmann, Axel; Poulton, Simon W.; et al. (2023).
825:. Eukaryotes are grouped by genomic similarities, so that groups often lack visible shared characteristics.
552:, Bacteria and Archaea, with eukaryotes incorporated among the Archaea. Eukaryotes first emerged during the
10231:
2717:
1101:
996:, can form by budding off other membranes. Many cells ingest food and other materials through a process of
254:
4217:
793:
at least 25 times within the eukaryotes. Complex multicellular organisms, not counting the aggregation of
10108:
8639:
6925:
3811:
2732:-based cytoskeleton, providing the first direct visual evidence of the archaeal ancestry of eukaryotes.
713:—having a volume of around 10,000 times greater. Eukaryotes represent a small minority of the number of
10226:
5494:
4611:
Bodył A (February 2018). "Did some red alga-derived plastids evolve via kleptoplastidy? A hypothesis".
2096:
1521:
1163:, having lost their mitochondria secondarily. They obtain energy by enzymatic action in the cytoplasm.
864:
232:
9414:
8783:
5487:"Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista"
5183:"An expanded inventory of conserved meiotic genes provides evidence for sex in Trichomonas vaginalis"
2825:
2705:. A second, much later endosymbiosis with a cyanobacterium gave rise to the ancestor of plants, with
685:, up to 120 metres (390 ft) tall. Many eukaryotes are unicellular; the informal grouping called
33:
5615:
5242:"Demonstration of genetic exchange during cyclical development of Leishmania in the sand fly vector"
4354:
3933:
2654:, not a single individual. The LECA is believed to have been a protist with a nucleus, at least one
1700:'eukaryotes' will continue to be an acceptable common synonym". In 1996, the evolutionary biologist
611:. In comparison, prokaryotes are typically unicellular. Unicellular eukaryotes are sometimes called
10183:
9969:
9915:
7312:
6868:"The controversial "Cambrian" fossils of the Vindhyan are real but more than a billion years older"
5446:
4539:. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Vol. 23. Springer Netherlands. pp. 75–102.
4243:
2725:
2712:
The presence of eukaryotic biomarkers in archaea points towards an archaeal origin. The genomes of
975:
10100:
4427:(Fourth ed.). Menlo Park, California: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. p.
4267:"Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension"
1350:, characteristically arranged as nine doublets surrounding two singlets. Flagella may have hairs (
10004:
8868:
7474:
7349:
7072:
4654:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (1 January 2002). "Molecular Motors".
4428:
4420:
3645:
2902:
1238:
912:
10175:
5511:
5067:
Dacks J, Roger AJ (June 1999). "The first sexual lineage and the relevance of facultative sex".
4785:"Assembly and motility of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Lessons from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii"
4329:
4323:
3565:
3008:"Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya"
845:
834:
10048:
8632:
6481:"1.63-billion-year-old multicellular eukaryotes from the Chuanlinggou Formation in North China"
5610:
3928:
2913:
1726:(formerly bikonts), which includes plants and most algal lineages. A third major grouping, the
1673:
1089:
693:
up to 200 feet (61 m) long. The multicellular eukaryotes include the animals, plants, and
608:
6103:
4938:
4024:
1672:, united by their primitive unicellular nature. Understanding of the oldest branchings in the
1531:
may be a primordial characteristic of eukaryotes. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, Dacks and
903:
Eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes in multiple ways, with unique biochemical pathways such as
10198:
10170:
9096:
8746:
7437:
4025:"Evolutionary Integration of Chloroplast Metabolism with the Metabolic Networks of the Cells"
3658:
2860:
1677:
1537:
1453:
1288:
1020:
790:
596:
518:
10162:
6793:
6741:
6723:"A search for life in Palaeoproterozoic marine sediments using Zn isotopes and geochemistry"
4926:
3073:"Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the origin of Eukarya: phylogenetic classification of life"
1696:
in 1990, uniting all the eukaryote kingdoms in the domain "Eucarya", stating, however, that
1131:
genes that produce RNA which is closer in structure to bacterial RNA than to eukaryote RNA.
974:
Eukaryotic cells are some 10,000 times larger than prokaryotic cells by volume, and contain
10131:
10014:
8761:
7323:
7263:
7204:
7084:
7029:
6974:
6879:
6830:
6789:
6737:
6679:
6644:
6547:
6492:
6425:
6317:
6260:
6195:
6047:
5937:
5858:
5658:
5602:
5253:
5194:
5181:
Malik SB, Pightling AW, Stefaniak LM, Schurko AM, Logsdon JM (August 2007). Hahn MW (ed.).
5134:
5076:
4577:
4468:
4278:
3977:
3920:
3577:
3503:
3229:
3164:
3084:
3019:
2950:
2893:
relative to prokaryotes, approximately a billion years after their origin (at the latest).
2398:
1543:
764:
682:
616:
604:
514:
5925:
5846:
3765:
3473:
1004:
and then pinches off to form a vesicle. Some cell products can leave in a vesicle through
8:
10221:
10086:
9589:
8252:
8036:
2833:
2698:
1575:
1517:
1485:
1449:
1342:, and are entirely distinct from prokaryotic flagella. They are supported by a bundle of
1109:
985:
966:
932:
624:
8624:
7267:
7208:
7088:
7033:
6978:
6883:
6834:
6683:
6648:
6587:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
6551:
6515:
6496:
6480:
6429:
6321:
6264:
6199:
6156:
6076:
6051:
6035:
5662:
5606:
5387:
5350:
5257:
5198:
5138:
5080:
4581:
4472:
4282:
3981:
3924:
3581:
3507:
3233:
3193:
3168:
3152:
3088:
3023:
2954:
1338:
are variously involved in movement, feeding, and sensation. They are composed mainly of
9883:
9805:
9091:
8773:
8262:
7454:
7432:
7420:
7395:
7342:
7227:
7192:
7168:
7141:
7118:
7053:
6997:
6962:
6902:
6867:
6848:
6755:
6703:
6607:
6582:
6456:
6413:
6389:
6364:
6340:
6305:
6286:
6229:
6168:
6016:
5973:
5960:
5894:
5881:
5822:
5797:
5770:
5745:
5721:
5696:
5563:
5531:
5346:
5323:
5298:
5274:
5241:
5217:
5182:
5160:
5100:
5044:
5017:
4809:
4784:
4719:
4694:
4636:
4299:
4290:
4266:
4164:
4139:
4115:
4090:
3861:
3787:
3719:
3611:
3534:
3491:
3433:
3401:
3376:
3252:
3217:
3130:
2974:
2694:
1834:
1669:
1093:
382:
227:
7328:
4990:
4963:
4841:
4000:
3965:
2341:
1365:
Centrioles are often present, even in cells and groups that do not have flagella, but
1155:, appear to lack mitochondria, but all contain mitochondrion-derived organelles, like
250:
10157:
9861:
9777:
9679:
9449:
8883:
8596:
8522:
8503:
8213:
7796:
7464:
7427:
7415:
7405:
7281:
7232:
7173:
7137:
7122:
7110:
7057:
7045:
7002:
6907:
6852:
6759:
6695:
6612:
6563:
6520:
6461:
6394:
6345:
6290:
6278:
6221:
6172:
6160:
6111:
6081:
6063:
6020:
6008:
5977:
5965:
5898:
5886:
5827:
5775:
5726:
5674:
5628:
5555:
5503:
5392:
5374:
5328:
5279:
5222:
5152:
5092:
5049:
4995:
4942:
4927:
4878:
4855:
4845:
4814:
4765:
4724:
4661:
4628:
4593:
4589:
4548:
4486:
4432:
4401:
4333:
4304:
4169:
4120:
4069:
4032:
4005:
3946:
3853:
3779:
3711:
3615:
3603:
3595:
3539:
3521:
3437:
3406:
3340:
3282:
3276:
3257:
3198:
3180:
3112:
3107:
3072:
3047:
3042:
3007:
2978:
2966:
2919:
2845:
2821:
2808:
1894:
1618:
1605:
1241:
or ingestion. The capture and sequestering of photosynthetic cells and chloroplasts,
1116:
1024:
989:
984:
Eukaryote cells include a variety of membrane-bound structures, together forming the
888:
718:
549:
6843:
6818:
6656:
6233:
5567:
5351:"Openly available illustrations as tools to describe eukaryotic microbial diversity"
5164:
4640:
3865:
3826:
Bonev B, Cavalli G (14 October 2016). "Organization and function of the 3D genome".
3791:
3723:
2879:
9159:
9038:
8930:
8873:
8813:
8808:
8736:
8721:
8568:
8514:
8268:
7714:
7379:
7271:
7222:
7212:
7163:
7153:
7100:
7092:
7037:
6992:
6982:
6897:
6887:
6838:
6797:
6745:
6707:
6687:
6652:
6602:
6594:
6555:
6510:
6500:
6451:
6441:
6433:
6384:
6376:
6363:
Koumandou VL, Wickstead B, Ginger ML, van der Giezen M, Dacks JB, Field MC (2013).
6335:
6325:
6268:
6211:
6203:
6152:
6071:
6055:
6000:
5955:
5947:
5876:
5868:
5817:
5809:
5765:
5757:
5716:
5708:
5666:
5620:
5547:
5427:
5400:
5382:
5364:
5318:
5310:
5269:
5261:
5212:
5202:
5142:
5104:
5084:
5039:
5029:
4985:
4975:
4907:
4837:
4804:
4796:
4755:
4714:
4706:
4620:
4585:
4540:
4476:
4393:
4294:
4286:
4159:
4151:
4110:
4102:
3995:
3985:
3938:
3843:
3835:
3769:
3761:
3703:
3654:
3585:
3529:
3511:
3429:
3396:
3388:
3247:
3237:
3188:
3172:
3102:
3092:
3037:
3027:
2958:
2841:
2816:
Structures proposed to represent "large colonial organisms" have been found in the
2745:
2713:
2368:
2310:
1681:
1048:
1012:
557:
553:
545:
541:
478:
421:
306:
10113:
8200:
6179:
5798:"Phylogenomics Places Orphan Protistan Lineages in a Novel Eukaryotic Super-Group"
3942:
2812:, a terrestrial fossil less than 1mm high, from rocks around 2.2 billion years old
2650:(LECA) is the hypothetical origin of all living eukaryotes, and was most likely a
9721:
9332:
9237:
9199:
9154:
9086:
8843:
8803:
8788:
8681:
8441:
7616:
7308:
6380:
5646:
5624:
5369:
5207:
4934:
4397:
4106:
3334:
3242:
3135:
2740:
The timing of the origin of eukaryotes is hard to determine but the discovery of
1864:
1581:
1532:
1404:
1370:
1264:
1210:
1037:
959:
600:
569:
149:
135:
6143:
Gabaldón T (October 2021). "Origin and Early
Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell".
4710:
4544:
4155:
3392:
9770:
9735:
9728:
9707:
9686:
9663:
9543:
9392:
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9327:
9169:
8983:
8935:
8848:
8823:
8818:
8798:
8793:
8696:
8686:
8537:
8527:
8491:
8466:
8155:
7946:
7847:
7769:
7578:
7410:
7197:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6967:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6872:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6802:
6750:
6446:
6437:
6330:
6004:
5951:
5872:
5299:"The chastity of amoebae: re-evaluating evidence for sex in amoeboid organisms"
4968:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4655:
3970:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3590:
3209:
3176:
3012:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2962:
2786:
2609:
2411:
2155:
2118:
1776:
1601:
1389:
1234:
1194:
879:
which defines the cell's organization and shape. The nucleus stores the cell's
853:
849:
794:
658:
534:
494:
371:
366:
274:
7193:"Evolution of bacterial steroid biosynthesis and its impact on eukaryogenesis"
6365:"Molecular paleontology and complexity in the last eukaryotic common ancestor"
6356:
6273:
6248:
6207:
5942:
5863:
5147:
5122:
4964:"Life history biology of early land plants: Deciphering the gametophyte phase"
4481:
4456:
3806:
3153:"Inference and reconstruction of the heimdallarchaeial ancestry of eukaryotes"
1392:, but not animals, are surrounded by a cell wall. This is a layer outside the
10215:
10009:
9937:
9830:
9798:
9784:
9763:
9749:
9700:
9693:
9612:
9485:
9116:
9101:
9063:
8988:
8924:
8910:
8858:
8853:
8767:
8756:
8751:
8731:
8726:
8701:
8573:
8372:
8364:
8194:
8115:
8055:
7966:
7940:
7669:
7158:
6934:
6067:
5378:
4091:"Direct trafficking pathways from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane"
3599:
3525:
3184:
3068:
2702:
2690:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2475:
2253:
2200:
2142:
1917:
1701:
1632:
1609:
1492:
phase, where only one copy of each chromosome is present in each cell, and a
1416:
1393:
1308:
1280:
1218:
1214:
1156:
1120:
1097:
1084:
1073:
1064:
856:
786:
636:
577:
573:
565:
402:
340:
323:
258:
124:
104:
7252:"Tracking the rise of eukaryotes to ecological dominance with zinc isotopes"
7217:
6987:
6892:
6559:
5746:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
5670:
5431:
5404:
5265:
4980:
3516:
3032:
1668:
The protists were at that time thought to be "primitive forms", and thus an
209:
118:
10071:
10026:
9959:
9823:
9791:
9756:
9742:
9714:
9640:
9619:
9312:
9307:
9282:
9257:
9247:
9174:
9043:
8917:
8878:
8863:
8838:
8833:
8778:
8711:
8606:
8433:
8413:
8353:
8257:
8230:
8177:
8135:
8102:
7877:
7655:
7594:
7334:
7285:
7236:
7177:
7114:
7049:
7006:
6911:
6699:
6616:
6598:
6524:
6505:
6465:
6398:
6349:
6282:
6225:
6164:
6085:
6059:
6012:
5969:
5890:
5831:
5779:
5730:
5712:
5559:
5507:
5396:
5355:
5332:
5314:
5283:
5226:
5156:
5096:
5053:
5034:
4999:
4818:
4769:
4728:
4632:
4597:
4490:
4405:
4308:
4173:
4124:
4009:
3990:
3950:
3857:
3783:
3715:
3707:
3607:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3543:
3410:
3261:
3202:
3097:
3003:
2999:
2970:
2837:
2721:
2591:
1934:
1731:
1693:
1689:
1597:
1355:
1335:
1276:
1268:
1254:
1242:
1016:
1001:
916:
876:
592:
561:
498:
6567:
5678:
5632:
4859:
4760:
4743:
3848:
3116:
3051:
2614:
1069:
729:
Eukaryotes range in size from single cells to organisms weighing many tons
195:
10123:
10080:
9888:
9633:
9367:
9342:
9287:
9262:
9184:
9179:
9144:
9134:
8828:
8741:
8497:
8423:
8275:
8239:
8219:
8167:
8141:
8031:
7979:
7952:
7934:
7907:
7674:
7543:
7532:
7105:
5813:
4911:
3839:
3303:
2817:
2706:
2631:
2595:
2314:
2232:
1803:
1501:
1424:
1408:
1351:
1343:
1326:
Many eukaryotes have long slender motile cytoplasmic projections, called
1304:
1226:
1222:
1190:
1186:
1145:
1052:
997:
818:
810:
690:
581:
289:
179:
71:
64:
7096:
7041:
6691:
6414:"Actin cytoskeleton and complex cell architecture in an Asgard archaean"
6412:
Rodrigues-Oliveira T, Wollweber F, Ponce-Toledo RI, et al. (2023).
6216:
3550:
1027:
and maturation. It includes the rough endoplasmic reticulum, covered in
10019:
9966:
9553:
9466:
9400:
9362:
9292:
9272:
9267:
9252:
9222:
9194:
9149:
9139:
9111:
9106:
9048:
9023:
8716:
8691:
8578:
8402:
8393:
8378:
8246:
8183:
8042:
8003:
7998:
7884:
7801:
7696:
7608:
6411:
5649:(1992). "The Early Evolution of Eukaryotes: A Geological Perspective".
5551:
5088:
2995:
2749:
2724:
and complex cellular structures characteristic of eukaryotes. In 2022,
2683:
2651:
2583:
2258:
2175:
2072:
1947:
1685:
1549:
1461:
1428:
1005:
949:
884:
822:
806:
798:
778:
749:
740:
702:
670:
522:
393:
361:
333:
328:
51:
9444:
7276:
7251:
6362:
5761:
4800:
4624:
3774:
2484:
1921:
10095:
9626:
9605:
9507:
9317:
9297:
9189:
9068:
9003:
8993:
8978:
8973:
8706:
8477:
8418:
8126:
8091:
8049:
8026:
8008:
7895:
7831:
7706:
7583:
7526:
7513:
7301:
6865:
5013:
4836:. International Review of Cytology. Vol. 106. pp. 227–293.
3689:"Multicellularity arose several times in the evolution of eukaryotes"
2884:
2864:
2776:
2679:
2659:
2655:
2455:
2394:
2138:
1890:
1860:
1734:. The proposed phylogeny below includes only one group of excavates (
1593:
1412:
1397:
1383:
1359:
1347:
1327:
1135:
872:
814:
588:
185:
155:
110:
10042:
7318:
5535:
3377:"The eukaryotic tree of life from a global phylogenomic perspective"
1520:. There is considerable variation in this pattern. Plants have both
1445:
891:
during nuclear division, in the distinctively eukaryotic process of
10065:
9999:
9944:
9531:
9515:
9480:
9372:
9352:
9347:
9322:
9302:
9277:
9242:
9232:
9227:
9058:
9033:
9013:
8673:
8484:
8446:
8347:
8324:
7871:
7866:
7858:
7788:
7663:
7538:
7521:
7499:
7449:
6185:
5990:
2940:
2802:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2442:
2424:
2364:
1847:
1727:
1715:
1662:
1644:
1636:
1623:
1497:
1259:
1160:
1151:
1044:
1033:
1028:
744:
714:
706:
654:
648:
526:
490:
318:
284:
201:
171:
55:
6766:
2236:
2076:
942:
10031:
9949:
9930:
9490:
9475:
9377:
9357:
9053:
9028:
9018:
9008:
8964:
8901:
8600:
8335:
8172:
8018:
7925:
7914:
7778:
7684:
7640:
7548:
5694:
2856:
2849:
2785:, which may be an alga, is as much as 2.1 billion years old. The
2667:
2663:
2623:
2587:
2459:
2428:
2337:
2196:
2092:
2051:
1968:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1723:
1719:
1650:
1639:, in 1866. The eukaryotes thus came to be seen as four kingdoms:
1635:
made it a kingdom encompassing all single-celled eukaryotes, the
1628:
1513:
1509:
1493:
1489:
1473:
1465:
1457:
1366:
1339:
1316:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1230:
1206:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1139:
1105:
993:
908:
904:
892:
802:
710:
698:
686:
662:
628:
620:
612:
530:
345:
313:
301:
165:
141:
78:
10136:
6866:
Bengtson S, Belivanova V, Rasmussen B, Whitehouse M (May 2009).
6663:
5239:
5018:"Energetics and genetics across the prokaryote-eukaryote divide"
3216:
Seenivasan R, Sausen N, Medlin LK, Melkonian M (26 March 2013).
1516:, a division that reduces the number of chromosomes and creates
1076:
are essentially universal in the eukaryotes, and with their own
717:, but, as many of them are much larger, their collective global
9977:
9920:
9905:
9855:
9585:
9217:
9209:
9078:
8193:
7990:
7720:
7622:
7564:
7019:
6669:
6634:
5695:
Burki F, Kaplan M, Tikhonenkov DV, et al. (January 2016).
5297:
Lahr DJ, Parfrey LW, Mitchell EA, Katz LA, Lara E (July 2011).
4834:
The centrosome and its role in the organization of microtubules
4506:"Scientists Shocked To Discover Eukaryote With NO Mitochondria"
3459:"Deep-sea microorganisms and the origin of the eukaryotic cell"
3215:
2872:
2675:
1877:
1585:
1505:
1477:
1469:
1420:
1331:
1320:
1312:
920:
694:
689:
includes many of these, with some multicellular forms like the
666:
632:
510:
502:
354:
85:
6303:
5180:
4567:
4454:
3638:"The evolution of multicellularity: A minor major transition?"
2779:
are known from at least 1.65 billion years ago, and a fossil,
2626:
and an aerobic bacterium created the eukaryotes, with aerobic
1807:
1780:
1323:
of actin filaments, provide dynamic character of the network.
436:
9954:
9581:
9525:
9520:
9126:
8998:
8560:
7073:"Paleoproterozoic sterol biosynthesis and the rise of oxygen"
6405:
6304:
Strassert JF, Irisarri I, Williams TA, Burki F (March 2021).
6108:
Origins and Evolution of Life: An astrobiological perspective
4386:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
2867:
2829:
2729:
2479:
1973:
1830:
1656:
1613:
1589:
1284:
1202:
722:
678:
674:
506:
427:
350:
294:
215:
5923:
5844:
5345:
4898:
Fry SC (1989). "The Structure and Functions of Xyloglucan".
4419:
Watson J, Hopkins N, Roberts J, Steitz JA, Weiner A (1988).
3966:"The origin of the eukaryotic cell: a genomic investigation"
1684:
rather than kingdoms as top level rank being put forward by
1011:
The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane known as the
9893:
9497:
9445:
9164:
8656:
7817:
6816:
6110:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 326–339.
4455:
Karnkowska A, Vacek V, Zubáčová Z, et al. (May 2016).
4029:
Functional Genomics and Evolution of Photosynthetic Systems
2890:
2852:
basin dating back perhaps to 1.6 to 1.7 billion years ago.
2720:
genes, which play a crucial role in the development of the
2671:
2381:
1952:
1209:
as well as mitochondria. Plastids, like mitochondria, have
1128:
1124:
785:
The eukaryotes are a diverse lineage, consisting mainly of
701:. Eukaryotic cells are typically much larger than those of
454:
442:
439:
279:
6772:
4875:
The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life
4418:
3490:
Bar-On, Yinon M.; Phillips, Rob; Milo, Ron (17 May 2018).
3417:
2844:, though recent work suggests the existence of fossilized
2582:
One view of the great kingdoms and their stem groups. The
8654:
6479:
Miao, L.; Yin, Z.; Knoll, A. H.; Qu, Y.; Zhu, M. (2024).
5795:
5688:
4613:
Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
4604:
3751:
2180:
1077:
880:
424:
7071:
Gold DA, Caron A, Fournier GP, Summons RE (March 2017).
7070:
6963:"Reappraisal of hydrocarbon biomarkers in Archean rocks"
6960:
5924:
Schön ME, Zlatogursky VV, Singh RP, et al. (2021).
5845:
Schön ME, Zlatogursky VV, Singh RP, et al. (2021).
4264:
1508:; this may grow into a body, with its cells dividing by
7250:
Isson TT, Love GD, Dupont CL, et al. (June 2018).
7249:
6297:
6101:
6034:
Al Jewari, Caesar; Baldauf, Sandra L. (28 April 2023).
6027:
5296:
4653:
4265:
Saygin D, Tabib T, Bittar HE, et al. (July 1957).
4131:
3910:
3149:
1746:
are a group of microbial predators discovered in 2022.
1245:, occurs in many types of modern eukaryotic organisms.
697:, but again, these groups too contain many unicellular
677:
and measuring up to 33.6 metres (110 ft) long, or
32:"Eukaryotic cell" redirects here. For the journal, see
10188:
6580:
6369:
Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
4355:"Re: Are there eukaryotic cells without mitochondria?"
3563:
5744:
Adl SM, Bass D, Lane CE, et al. (January 2019).
4776:
4735:
3332:
469:
460:
448:
433:
6581:
Knoll AH, Javaux EJ, Hewitt D, Cohen P (June 2006).
5838:
5536:"Protozoa, Protista, Protoctista: what's in a name?"
3483:
1512:, and at some stage produce haploid gametes through
801:, have evolved within only six eukaryotic lineages:
568:
between an anaerobic Asgard archaean and an aerobic
457:
445:
4877:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 69–71.
3281:. Enfield, Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives.
2994:
430:
5120:
4831:
4242:. British Society for Cell Biology. Archived from
4216:. British Society for Cell Biology. Archived from
3635:
3489:
887:; these are separated into two matching sets by a
6630:
6628:
6626:
6106:. In Gargaud M, López-Garcìa P, Martin H (eds.).
6036:"An excavate root for the eukaryote tree of life"
5526:
5524:
3881:"Chromosome Segregation: The Role of Centromeres"
517:are eukaryotes. They constitute a major group of
10213:
8941:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
6033:
5743:
5121:Ramesh MA, Malik SB, Logsdon JM (January 2005).
4383:
4088:
3564:Burki F, Roger AJ, Brown MW, Simpson AG (2020).
2728:demonstrated that Asgard archaea have a complex
1730:, has been abandoned as a formal group as it is
8513:
6104:"The role of symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution"
5478:
5475:(First class. Primordial animals. Protozoa.)
4782:
4692:
4457:"A Eukaryote without a Mitochondrial Organelle"
3496:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3456:
3077:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3063:
3061:
2701:gave rise to the LECA and all eukaryotes, with
1468:phase, with two copies. In eukaryotes, haploid
1358:. Their interior is continuous with the cell's
7190:
7135:
6714:
6623:
6478:
6102:Latorre A, Durban A, Moya A, Pereto J (2011).
5521:
5449:[On the classification of zoophytes].
4961:
4741:
4328:(2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. pp.
3963:
1123:, from which it originated, and which encodes
883:, which is divided into linear bundles called
9430:
8640:
7350:
5791:
5789:
4742:Bardy SL, Ng SY, Jarrell KF (February 2003).
4321:
3424:DeRennaux B (2001). "Eukaryotes, Origin of".
1374:produce the spindle during nuclear division.
1119:, which has close structural similarities to
1104:of which is folded into invaginations called
915:machinery, the membrane-sorting systems, the
7364:
7243:
6930:"Mass extinctions: the microbes strike back"
6583:"Eukaryotic organisms in Proterozoic oceans"
5984:
5926:"Picozoa are archaeplastids without plastid"
5917:
5847:"Picozoa are archaeplastids without plastid"
5451:Isis, Oder, Encyclopädische Zeitung von Oken
4866:
4561:
4095:Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
3957:
3878:
3825:
3798:
3629:
3370:
3368:
3058:
2586:are hard to place, being sister possibly to
1612:in the 18th century. Though he included the
1569:
540:The eukaryotes seemingly emerged within the
9993:Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene
8229:
6537:
5737:
5484:
4660:(4th ed.). New York: Garland Science.
3686:
3428:. Vol. 2. Elsevier. pp. 329–332.
3278:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats
2662:, facultatively aerobic mitochondria, sex (
1738:), and incorporates the 2021 proposal that
1484:Eukaryotes have a life cycle that involves
1388:The cells of plants, algae, fungi and most
1043:Vesicles may be specialized; for instance,
844:The defining feature of eukaryotes is that
576:. A second episode of symbiogenesis with a
9437:
9423:
8647:
8633:
7357:
7343:
7327:
6097:
6095:
5786:
5639:
5530:
5066:
4699:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
4188:"Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth)"
4144:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
4022:
3906:
3904:
3381:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
2594:or being a paraphyletic group external to
1248:
828:
747:, on left) and a single-celled eukaryote,
7607:
7275:
7226:
7216:
7167:
7157:
7104:
6996:
6986:
6901:
6891:
6842:
6801:
6749:
6720:
6606:
6514:
6504:
6455:
6445:
6388:
6339:
6329:
6272:
6215:
6075:
5959:
5941:
5880:
5862:
5821:
5769:
5720:
5614:
5592:
5586:
5411:
5386:
5368:
5322:
5273:
5216:
5206:
5146:
5116:
5114:
5043:
5033:
4989:
4979:
4808:
4783:Silflow CD, Lefebvre PA (December 2001).
4759:
4718:
4480:
4412:
4298:
4163:
4114:
4089:Stalder D, Gershlick DC (November 2020).
3999:
3989:
3932:
3847:
3773:
3589:
3533:
3515:
3423:
3400:
3365:
3339:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3251:
3241:
3192:
3106:
3096:
3041:
3031:
2936:
2934:
537:is much larger than that of prokaryotes.
7512:
6142:
6136:
5447:"Ueber die Classification der Zoophyten"
5176:
5174:
5006:
4924:
4068:. Oxford University Press. p. vii.
3659:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735
3333:van den Hoek C, Mann D, Jahns H (1995).
3301:
3067:
2801:
2613:
1742:are close relatives of rhodophytes. The
1560:
1522:haploid and diploid multicellular phases
1444:
1330:, or multiple shorter structures called
1258:
1176:
1068:
9974:Retroelements not elsewhere classified
8672:
7497:
6246:
6092:
5444:
4891:
4872:
4686:
4450:
4448:
3901:
2990:
2988:
2601:
1229:and produce organic compounds (such as
852:. This gives them their name, from the
14:
10214:
8900:
8615:denotes groups with over 1,000 species
7142:"Sterol Synthesis in Diverse Bacteria"
5750:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
5111:
4537:The Structure and Function of Plastids
4137:
3964:Hartman H, Fedorov A (February 2002).
3326:
2931:
2642:The origin of the eukaryotic cell, or
1434:
835:Cell (biology) § Eukaryotic cells
27:Domain of life whose cells have nuclei
10047:
10046:
9418:
8628:
7338:
5645:
5473:"Erste Klasse. Urthiere. Protozoa."
5417:
5171:
4610:
4503:
4063:
3766:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103809
3374:
3353:from the original on 10 February 2023
1476:; two gametes fuse to form a diploid
1080:somewhat resemble prokaryotic cells.
926:
6924:
5905:from the original on 2 February 2024
5574:from the original on 4 February 2020
5012:
4693:Sweeney HL, Holzbaur EL (May 2018).
4534:
4445:
4352:
4315:
4190:. British Society for Cell Biology.
3274:
2985:
2908:List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes
1631:, and this group was expanded until
1271:in green. (The nucleus is in blue.)
1092:. Mitochondria have two surrounding
907:synthesis. The eukaryotic signature
789:. Multicellularity in some form has
9926:Integrative and conjugative element
7191:Hoshino Y, Gaucher EA (June 2021).
6782:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
6730:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
6531:
6157:10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062213
4897:
4832:Vorobjev IA, Nadezhdina ES (1987).
4027:. In Burnap RL, Vermaas WF (eds.).
3636:Grosberg RK, Strathmann RR (2007).
3620:
3492:"The biomass distribution on Earth"
3268:
2758:Shuiyousphaeridium macroreticulatum
1407:making up the primary cell wall of
1225:which, like cyanobacteria, contain
657:that range from microscopic single
548:. This implies that there are only
24:
6124:from the original on 24 March 2019
5461:from the original on 24 March 2019
4962:Taylor TN, Kerp H, Hass H (2005).
4365:from the original on 24 April 2014
4322:Voet D, Voet JC, Pratt CW (2006).
4291:10.1038/scientificamerican0757-131
4194:from the original on 24 March 2019
3804:
3668:from the original on 14 March 2023
3434:10.1016/b978-0-12-384719-5.00174-x
3336:Algae An Introduction to Phycology
2806:Reconstruction of the problematic
1676:only developed substantially with
1193:and produces organic compounds by
544:, and are closely related to the
25:
10243:
9983:Diversity-generating retroelement
7295:
5540:Journal of the History of Biology
5349:; Yana Eglit (21 November 2023).
4744:"Prokaryotic motility structures"
4674:from the original on 8 March 2019
3733:from the original on 25 July 2014
3570:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
3314:from the original on 1 April 2016
9988:Telomerase reverse transcriptase
9560:Microbes with highly unusual DNA
6942:from the original on 8 July 2008
5701:Proceedings: Biological Sciences
5303:Proceedings: Biological Sciences
4590:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01666.x
4045:from the original on 29 May 2016
3466:Japanese Journal of Protozoology
2483:
2478:
2458:
2427:
2397:
2367:
2340:
2313:
2257:
2235:
2199:
2179:
2141:
2095:
2075:
1972:
1951:
1920:
1893:
1863:
1833:
1806:
1779:
1529:evolution of sexual reproduction
1441:Evolution of sexual reproduction
1221:. They usually take the form of
958:
941:
771:
757:
733:
615:. Eukaryotes can reproduce both
420:
231:
208:
194:
178:
164:
148:
134:
117:
103:
62:
7184:
7129:
7064:
7013:
6954:
6918:
6859:
6844:10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104398
6810:
6657:10.1016/j.precamres.2013.05.015
6574:
6472:
6240:
5438:
5339:
5290:
5233:
5060:
4955:
4918:
4825:
4647:
4528:
4497:
4377:
4346:
4258:
4232:
4206:
4180:
4082:
4057:
4016:
3872:
3819:
3745:
3680:
3457:Yamaguchi M, Worman CO (2014).
3450:
2648:last eukaryotic common ancestor
1718:(similar in composition to the
1058:
898:
665:under 3 micrometres across, to
564:theory is they were created by
9911:Defective interfering particle
8094:
8090:
7850:
7846:
6721:El Albani, Abderrazak (2023).
6188:Nature Ecology & Evolution
5069:Journal of Molecular Evolution
4900:Journal of Experimental Botany
3754:Annual Review of Plant Biology
3295:
3143:
3136:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
3123:
1627:to refer to organisms such as
1600:. The lineages were given the
988:. Simple compartments, called
13:
1:
9899:Clonally transmissible cancer
6145:Annual Review of Microbiology
4842:10.1016/S0074-7696(08)61714-3
4657:Molecular Biology of the Cell
4425:Molecular Biology of the Gene
3943:10.1126/science.285.5430.1033
3472:(1, 2): 29–48. Archived from
2925:
2762:Dictyosphaera macroreticulata
1460:phase, with one copy of each
1303:are present in submembranous
1201:Plants and various groups of
1134:Some eukaryotes, such as the
923:in the biochemical pathways.
6381:10.3109/10409238.2013.821444
5802:Genome Biology and Evolution
5625:10.1126/science.163.3863.150
5370:10.1371/JOURNAL.PBIO.3002395
5208:10.1371/journal.pone.0002879
4398:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.06.013
4325:Fundamentals of Biochemistry
4107:10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.001
3566:"The New Tree of Eukaryotes"
3426:Encyclopedia of Biodiversity
3243:10.1371/journal.pone.0059565
2718:Eukaryotic signature protein
1709:
1556:
1400:when water enters the cell.
1377:
642:
521:alongside the two groups of
7:
9452:, and comparable structures
4711:10.1101/cshperspect.a021931
4545:10.1007/978-1-4020-4061-0_4
4156:10.1101/cshperspect.a000539
3812:Online Etymology Dictionary
3393:10.1101/cshperspect.a016147
2896:
1166:
1000:, where the outer membrane
603:. Eukaryotes may be either
10:
10248:
6803:10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118147
6751:10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118169
6438:10.1038/s41586-022-05550-y
6331:10.1038/s41467-021-22044-z
6005:10.1038/s41586-022-05511-5
5952:10.1038/s41467-021-26918-0
5873:10.1038/s41467-021-26918-0
5495:International Microbiology
4023:Linka M, Weber AP (2011).
3687:Parfrey L, Lahr D (2013).
3591:10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008
3177:10.1038/s41586-023-06186-2
2963:10.1038/s41586-022-05511-5
2735:
2607:
1573:
1456:that alternates between a
1438:
1381:
1252:
1170:
1062:
930:
839:
832:
743:(small cylindrical cells,
646:
31:
10055:
9874:
9848:
9815:
9671:
9657:
9650:
9597:
9580:
9573:
9541:
9506:
9464:
9457:
9390:
9208:
9125:
9077:
8962:
8953:
8896:
8668:
8664:
8659:phyla/divisions by domain
8591:
8559:
8536:
8463:
8432:
8392:
8363:
8343:
8334:
8322:
8318:
8163:
8154:
8125:
8110:
8101:
8088:
8084:
8017:
7989:
7974:
7965:
7924:
7903:
7894:
7857:
7844:
7840:
7827:
7814:
7810:
7787:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7705:
7692:
7683:
7650:
7637:
7603:
7592:
7574:
7561:
7508:
7493:
7489:
7373:
7146:Frontiers in Microbiology
6274:10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.052
6208:10.1038/s41559-019-0796-3
5943:10.1101/2021.04.14.439778
5864:10.1101/2021.04.14.439778
5148:10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.003
4482:10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.053
4421:"28: The Origins of Life"
4031:. Springer. p. 215.
3576:(1). Elsevier BV: 43–55.
2826:Francevillian B Formation
2473:
2453:
2446:
2422:
2415:
2392:
2385:
2362:
2355:
2335:
2328:
2308:
2301:
2251:
2230:
2223:
2194:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2090:
2069:
2062:
2055:
1966:
1945:
1938:
1915:
1908:
1888:
1881:
1858:
1851:
1828:
1821:
1801:
1794:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1680:, leading to a system of
1570:History of classification
976:membrane-bound organelles
589:membrane-bound organelles
587:Eukaryotic cells contain
580:created the plants, with
388:
381:
271:
266:
228:Scientific classification
226:
97:
46:
9916:Endogenous viral element
7820:
7816:
7313:Tree of Life Web Project
7159:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00990
4504:Davis JL (13 May 2016).
4138:Hetzer MW (March 2010).
3879:O'Connor, Clare (2008).
2766:Germinosphaera alveolata
2726:cryo-electron tomography
2697:archaean and an aerobic
2630:; a second merger added
1488:, alternating between a
1181:The most common type of
863:, "well" or "good") and
8869:Thermodesulfobacteriota
7307:29 January 2012 at the
7218:10.1073/pnas.2101276118
6988:10.1073/pnas.1419563112
6893:10.1073/pnas.0812460106
6794:2023E&PSL.61118147O
6742:2023E&PSL.61218169E
6560:10.1126/science.1631544
6247:Leander BS (May 2020).
5671:10.1126/science.1585174
5485:Scamardella JM (1999).
5432:10.1515/bot-1980-230605
5266:10.1126/science.1169464
4981:10.1073/pnas.0501985102
3828:Nature Reviews Genetics
3646:Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst
3517:10.1073/pnas.1711842115
3308:The Gymnosperm Database
3033:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576
2903:Eukaryote hybrid genome
2887: million years ago
2799:2.2 billion years old.
2716:archaea have plenty of
1249:Cytoskeletal structures
1239:secondary endosymbiosis
1213:and are developed from
1023:, which is involved in
829:Distinguishing features
6599:10.1098/rstb.2006.1843
6506:10.1126/sciadv.adk3208
6060:10.1126/sciadv.ade4973
5713:10.1098/rspb.2015.2802
5683:Eucarya, or eukaryotes
5315:10.1098/rspb.2011.0289
5035:10.1186/1745-6150-6-35
4140:"The nuclear envelope"
3991:10.1073/pnas.032658599
3708:10.1002/bies.201200143
3304:"Sequoia sempervirens"
3302:Earle CJ, ed. (2017).
3098:10.1073/pnas.93.3.1071
2914:Parakaryon myojinensis
2859:, eukaryotic-specific
2813:
2639:
1584:, the two lineages of
1566:
1481:
1289:actin-binding proteins
1272:
1198:
1081:
497:have a membrane-bound
10171:Paleobiology Database
9097:Neocallimastigomycota
6823:Earth-Science Reviews
6310:Nature Communications
5930:Nature Communications
5851:Nature Communications
4761:10.1099/mic.0.25948-0
4353:Mack S (1 May 2006).
4271:Pulmonary Circulation
2805:
2742:Qingshania magnificia
2652:biological population
2617:
1574:Further information:
1564:
1538:Trichomonas vaginalis
1448:
1439:Further information:
1262:
1180:
1149:, and the amoebozoan
1115:Mitochondria contain
1072:
1021:endoplasmic reticulum
965:Eukaryotic cell with
931:Further information:
833:Further information:
791:evolved independently
787:microscopic organisms
673:, weighing up to 190
647:Further information:
597:endoplasmic reticulum
515:unicellular organisms
474:-ee-ohts, -əts
10015:Transposable element
10005:Spiegelman's Monster
8762:Coprothermobacterota
7324:Encyclopedia of Life
6637:Precambrian Research
6249:"Predatory protists"
4925:Hamilton MB (2009).
3840:10.1038/nrg.2016.112
3375:Burki F (May 2014).
2882:of marine sediments
2770:Valeria lophostriata
2699:alphaproteobacterium
2674:with a cell wall of
2602:Origin of eukaryotes
2596:all other eukaryotes
1722:hypothesis) and the
1544:Giardia intestinalis
1098:phospholipid bilayer
889:microtubular spindle
10232:Biology terminology
8492:Gunflint microbiota
8253:Klebsormidiophyceae
8037:Hyphochytriomycetes
7268:2018Gbio...16..341I
7209:2021PNAS..11801276H
7203:(25): e2101276118.
7097:10.1038/nature21412
7089:2017Natur.543..420G
7042:10.1038/nature23457
7034:2017Natur.548..578B
6979:2015PNAS..112.5915F
6928:(9 February 2008).
6884:2009PNAS..106.7729B
6835:2023ESRv..24004398F
6692:10.1038/nature09166
6684:2010Natur.466..100A
6649:2013PreR..235...71R
6593:(1470): 1023–1038.
6552:1992Sci...257..232H
6497:2024SciA...10K3208M
6447:20.500.11850/589210
6430:2023Natur.613..332R
6322:2021NatCo..12.1879S
6265:2020CBio...30.R510L
6200:2019NatEE...3..338O
6052:2023SciA....9E4973A
5663:1992Sci...256..622K
5607:1969Sci...163..150W
5309:(1715): 2081–2090.
5258:2009Sci...324..265A
5199:2008PLoSO...3.2879M
5139:2005CBio...15..185R
5081:1999JMolE..48..779D
4929:Population genetics
4873:Howland JL (2000).
4582:2008EnvMi..10.2411M
4516:on 17 February 2019
4473:2016CBio...26.1274K
4283:1957SciAm.197a.131S
4246:on 13 November 2017
4220:on 13 November 2017
3982:2002PNAS...99.1420H
3925:1999Sci...285.1033B
3919:(5430): 1033–1036.
3582:2020TEcoE..35...43B
3508:2018PNAS..115.6506B
3234:2013PLoSO...859565S
3169:2023Natur.618..992E
3089:1996PNAS...93.1071M
3071:(6 February 1996).
3024:1990PNAS...87.4576W
2955:2022Natur.612..714T
2834:Francevillian biota
2691:endosymbiotic union
1592:were recognized by
1576:History of taxonomy
1518:genetic variability
1486:sexual reproduction
1464:in the cell, and a
1450:Sexual reproduction
1435:Sexual reproduction
1110:aerobic respiration
986:endomembrane system
967:endomembrane system
933:Endomembrane system
807:symbiomycotan fungi
572:, which formed the
560:cells. The leading
550:two domains of life
18:Eukaryotic organism
9884:Bio-like structure
9806:Tolecusatellitidae
9092:Blastocladiomycota
8263:Coleochaetophyceae
7643:
7639:
7567:
7563:
6938:. pp. 40–43.
5814:10.1093/gbe/evy014
5707:(1823): 20152802.
5552:10.1007/BF00139515
5347:Patrick J. Keeling
5089:10.1007/PL00013156
4912:10.1093/jxb/40.1.1
4570:Environ. Microbiol
3139:. Merriam-Webster.
2875:by some bacteria.
2814:
2795:has been found in
2640:
1670:evolutionary grade
1567:
1482:
1273:
1267:are shown in red,
1263:The cytoskeleton.
1199:
1082:
1055:in the cytoplasm.
927:Internal membranes
10227:Domains (biology)
10209:
10208:
10158:Open Tree of Life
10049:Taxon identifiers
10040:
10039:
9870:
9869:
9844:
9843:
9840:
9839:
9778:Portogloboviridae
9680:Alphasatellitidae
9574:Non-cellular life
9569:
9568:
9450:non-cellular life
9412:
9411:
9408:
9407:
9386:
9385:
8949:
8948:
8892:
8891:
8884:Verrucomicrobiota
8622:
8621:
8587:
8586:
8523:Spironematellidae
8504:Meteora sporadica
8459:
8458:
8455:
8454:
8388:
8387:
8314:
8313:
8310:
8309:
8306:
8305:
8302:
8301:
8298:
8297:
8294:
8293:
8290:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8214:Prasinodermophyta
8150:
8149:
8080:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8072:
8071:
8068:
8067:
8064:
8063:
7961:
7960:
7797:Centroplasthelida
7755:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7747:
7746:
7743:
7742:
7739:
7738:
7735:
7734:
7731:
7730:
7633:
7632:
7557:
7556:
7277:10.1111/gbi.12289
7083:(7645): 420–423.
7028:(7669): 578–581.
6973:(19): 5915–5920.
6878:(19): 7729–7734.
6678:(7302): 100–104.
6424:(7943): 332–339.
6259:(10): R510–R516.
6117:978-0-521-76131-4
5999:(7941): 714–719.
5762:10.1111/jeu.12691
5657:(5057): 622–627.
5252:(5924): 265–268.
4974:(16): 5892–5897.
4948:978-1-4051-3277-0
4884:978-0-19-511183-5
4851:978-0-12-364506-7
4801:10.1104/pp.010807
4754:(Pt 2): 295–304.
4667:978-0-8153-3218-3
4625:10.1111/brv.12340
4554:978-1-4020-4060-3
4467:(10): 1274–1284.
4438:978-0-8053-9614-0
4214:"Golgi Apparatus"
4075:978-0-19-963851-2
4038:978-94-007-1533-2
3805:Harper, Douglas.
3502:(25): 6506–6511.
3479:on 9 August 2017.
3288:978-0-85112-235-9
3163:(7967): 992–999.
3018:(12): 4576–4579.
2949:(7941): 714–719.
2920:Vault (organelle)
2846:filamentous algae
2822:Palaeoproterozoic
2809:Diskagma buttonii
2693:between a motile
2622:, a merger of an
2618:In the theory of
2579:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2540:
2532:
2531:
2523:
2522:
2514:
2513:
2505:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2290:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2212:
2211:
2108:
2107:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2031:
2023:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1619:Georg A. Goldfuss
1311:of microtubules,
1189:, which contains
1049:digestive enzymes
1025:protein transport
953:
477:) constitute the
412:
411:
358:
298:
262:
16:(Redirected from
10239:
10202:
10201:
10192:
10191:
10179:
10178:
10166:
10165:
10153:
10152:
10140:
10139:
10127:
10126:
10117:
10116:
10104:
10103:
10091:
10090:
10089:
10076:
10075:
10074:
10044:
10043:
9655:
9654:
9595:
9594:
9578:
9577:
9462:
9461:
9439:
9432:
9425:
9416:
9415:
9160:Anthocerotophyta
9039:Hemimastigophora
8960:
8959:
8931:Nitrososphaerota
8898:
8897:
8874:Thermomicrobiota
8814:Kiritimatiellota
8809:Ignavibacteriota
8774:Deferribacterota
8737:Campylobacterota
8722:Bdellovibrionota
8670:
8669:
8666:
8665:
8649:
8642:
8635:
8626:
8625:
8569:Collodictyonidae
8515:Hemimastigophora
8511:
8510:
8470:
8341:
8340:
8332:
8331:
8328:
8320:
8319:
8269:Zygnematophyceae
8227:
8226:
8207:
8191:
8190:
8161:
8160:
8108:
8107:
8099:
8098:
8095:
8086:
8085:
7972:
7971:
7901:
7900:
7855:
7854:
7851:
7842:
7841:
7825:
7824:
7821:
7812:
7811:
7785:
7784:
7772:
7765:
7764:
7761:
7760:
7715:Choanoflagellata
7690:
7689:
7648:
7647:
7644:
7605:
7604:
7601:
7600:
7597:
7572:
7571:
7568:
7510:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7502:
7495:
7494:
7491:
7490:
7402:
7382:
7359:
7352:
7345:
7336:
7335:
7331:
7290:
7289:
7279:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7230:
7220:
7188:
7182:
7181:
7171:
7161:
7140:(24 June 2016).
7133:
7127:
7126:
7108:
7068:
7062:
7061:
7017:
7011:
7010:
7000:
6990:
6958:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6922:
6916:
6915:
6905:
6895:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6846:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6779:
6770:
6764:
6763:
6753:
6727:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6632:
6621:
6620:
6610:
6578:
6572:
6571:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6518:
6508:
6485:Science Advances
6476:
6470:
6469:
6459:
6449:
6409:
6403:
6402:
6392:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6343:
6333:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6276:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6219:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6099:
6090:
6089:
6079:
6046:(17): eade4973.
6040:Science Advances
6031:
6025:
6024:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5963:
5945:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5884:
5866:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5825:
5793:
5784:
5783:
5773:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5724:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5618:
5601:(3863): 150–60.
5590:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5528:
5519:
5518:
5517:on 14 June 2011.
5516:
5510:. Archived from
5491:
5482:
5476:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5457:(6): 1008–1019.
5445:Goldfuß (1818).
5442:
5436:
5435:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5390:
5372:
5363:(11): e3002395.
5343:
5337:
5336:
5326:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5277:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5220:
5210:
5178:
5169:
5168:
5150:
5118:
5109:
5108:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5047:
5037:
5010:
5004:
5003:
4993:
4983:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4932:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4812:
4789:Plant Physiology
4780:
4774:
4773:
4763:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4722:
4695:"Motor Proteins"
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4512:. Archived from
4501:
4495:
4494:
4484:
4452:
4443:
4442:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4302:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4167:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4118:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4064:Marsh M (2001).
4061:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4003:
3993:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3936:
3908:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3891:
3885:Nature Education
3876:
3870:
3869:
3851:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3777:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3732:
3693:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3667:
3642:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3619:
3593:
3561:
3548:
3547:
3537:
3519:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3463:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3255:
3245:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3196:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3100:
3083:(3): 1071–1076.
3065:
3056:
3055:
3045:
3035:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2938:
2888:
2880:zinc composition
2855:The presence of
2746:Paleoproterozoic
2487:
2482:
2462:
2449:
2448:
2431:
2418:
2417:
2401:
2388:
2387:
2371:
2358:
2357:
2344:
2331:
2330:
2317:
2311:Hemimastigophora
2304:
2303:
2261:
2239:
2226:
2225:
2203:
2183:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2145:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2099:
2079:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2057:
1976:
1955:
1941:
1940:
1924:
1911:
1910:
1897:
1884:
1883:
1867:
1854:
1853:
1837:
1824:
1823:
1810:
1797:
1796:
1783:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1699:
1621:coined the word
1472:are produced by
1423:. The cellulose
1371:flowering plants
1336:These organelles
1051:that break down
1013:nuclear envelope
962:
948:
945:
775:
761:
737:
554:Paleoproterozoic
546:Heimdallarchaeia
473:
467:
466:
463:
462:
459:
456:
451:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
406:
397:
348:
307:Hemimastigophora
292:
248:
236:
235:
212:
198:
182:
168:
152:
138:
121:
107:
92:
88:
81:
74:
67:
61:
50:Temporal range:
44:
43:
21:
10247:
10246:
10242:
10241:
10240:
10238:
10237:
10236:
10212:
10211:
10210:
10205:
10197:
10195:
10187:
10182:
10174:
10169:
10161:
10156:
10148:
10143:
10135:
10130:
10122:
10120:
10112:
10107:
10099:
10094:
10085:
10084:
10079:
10070:
10069:
10064:
10051:
10041:
10036:
9876:
9866:
9836:
9811:
9722:Finnlakeviridae
9667:
9646:
9588:
9584:
9565:
9537:
9502:
9453:
9443:
9413:
9404:
9382:
9333:Gnathostomulida
9238:Xenacoelomorpha
9204:
9200:Flowering plant
9155:Marchantiophyta
9121:
9087:Chytridiomycota
9073:
8945:
8888:
8844:Planctomycetota
8804:Gemmatimonadota
8789:Elusimicrobiota
8682:Acidobacteriota
8660:
8653:
8623:
8618:
8583:
8555:
8546:Ancyromonadidae
8532:
8509:
8464:
8451:
8442:Malawimonadidae
8428:
8384:
8359:
8323:
8282:
8225:
8198:
8197:
8189:
8146:
8121:
8089:
8060:
8013:
7985:
7957:
7920:
7890:
7845:
7836:
7815:
7806:
7783:
7768:
7727:
7701:
7679:
7638:
7629:
7593:
7588:
7562:
7553:
7498:
7485:
7484:
7400:
7378:
7369:
7363:
7309:Wayback Machine
7298:
7293:
7248:
7244:
7189:
7185:
7136:Wei JH, Yin X,
7134:
7130:
7069:
7065:
7018:
7014:
6959:
6955:
6945:
6943:
6923:
6919:
6864:
6860:
6815:
6811:
6777:
6771:
6767:
6725:
6719:
6715:
6668:
6664:
6633:
6624:
6579:
6575:
6546:(5067): 232–5.
6536:
6532:
6491:(4): eadk3208.
6477:
6473:
6410:
6406:
6361:
6357:
6302:
6298:
6253:Current Biology
6245:
6241:
6184:
6180:
6141:
6137:
6127:
6125:
6118:
6100:
6093:
6032:
6028:
5989:
5985:
5922:
5918:
5908:
5906:
5843:
5839:
5794:
5787:
5742:
5738:
5693:
5689:
5644:
5640:
5616:10.1.1.403.5430
5591:
5587:
5577:
5575:
5529:
5522:
5514:
5489:
5483:
5479:
5471:From p. 1008:
5464:
5462:
5443:
5439:
5420:Botanica Marina
5416:
5412:
5344:
5340:
5295:
5291:
5238:
5234:
5179:
5172:
5127:Current Biology
5119:
5112:
5065:
5061:
5011:
5007:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4935:Wiley-Blackwell
4923:
4919:
4896:
4892:
4885:
4871:
4867:
4852:
4830:
4826:
4781:
4777:
4740:
4736:
4691:
4687:
4677:
4675:
4668:
4652:
4648:
4609:
4605:
4566:
4562:
4555:
4533:
4529:
4519:
4517:
4502:
4498:
4461:Current Biology
4453:
4446:
4439:
4417:
4413:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4366:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4320:
4316:
4263:
4259:
4249:
4247:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4223:
4221:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4197:
4195:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4136:
4132:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4062:
4058:
4048:
4046:
4039:
4021:
4017:
3962:
3958:
3934:10.1.1.516.9123
3909:
3902:
3889:
3887:
3877:
3873:
3834:(11): 661–678.
3824:
3820:
3803:
3799:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3691:
3685:
3681:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3562:
3551:
3488:
3484:
3476:
3461:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3422:
3418:
3373:
3366:
3356:
3354:
3347:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3275:Wood G (1983).
3273:
3269:
3214:
3210:
3148:
3144:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3066:
3059:
2993:
2986:
2939:
2932:
2928:
2899:
2883:
2738:
2634:, creating the
2612:
2604:
2580:
2570:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2515:
2506:
2497:
2291:
2281:
2272:
2213:
2109:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1986:
1971:(inc. animals)
1749:
1712:
1697:
1578:
1572:
1559:
1443:
1437:
1405:polysaccharides
1390:chromalveolates
1386:
1380:
1346:arising from a
1305:cortical layers
1265:Actin filaments
1257:
1251:
1217:, in this case
1175:
1169:
1067:
1061:
1038:Golgi apparatus
982:
981:
980:
979:
971:
970:
969:
963:
955:
954:
952:, to same scale
946:
935:
929:
901:
842:
837:
831:
781:
776:
767:
762:
753:
738:
653:Eukaryotes are
651:
645:
601:Golgi apparatus
570:proteobacterium
471:
453:
423:
419:
401:
392:
247:
230:
222:
221:
220:
219:
218:
213:
205:
204:
199:
190:
189:
188:
183:
175:
174:
169:
160:
159:
158:
153:
145:
144:
139:
130:
129:
128:
122:
114:
113:
108:
93:
91:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
59:
58:
48:
40:
35:Eukaryotic Cell
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10245:
10235:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10207:
10206:
10204:
10203:
10193:
10180:
10167:
10154:
10141:
10128:
10118:
10105:
10092:
10077:
10061:
10059:
10053:
10052:
10038:
10037:
10035:
10034:
10029:
10024:
10023:
10022:
10012:
10007:
10002:
9997:
9996:
9995:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9972:
9964:
9963:
9962:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9902:
9901:
9896:
9886:
9880:
9878:
9872:
9871:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9864:
9859:
9852:
9850:
9846:
9845:
9842:
9841:
9838:
9837:
9835:
9834:
9827:
9819:
9817:
9813:
9812:
9810:
9809:
9802:
9795:
9788:
9781:
9774:
9771:Polydnaviridae
9767:
9760:
9753:
9746:
9739:
9736:Globuloviridae
9732:
9729:Fuselloviridae
9725:
9718:
9711:
9708:Bicaudaviridae
9704:
9697:
9690:
9687:Ampullaviridae
9683:
9675:
9673:
9669:
9668:
9664:Naldaviricetes
9661:
9659:
9652:
9648:
9647:
9645:
9644:
9637:
9630:
9623:
9616:
9609:
9601:
9599:
9592:
9575:
9571:
9570:
9567:
9566:
9564:
9563:
9557:
9549:
9547:
9544:Incertae sedis
9539:
9538:
9536:
9535:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9512:
9510:
9504:
9503:
9501:
9500:
9495:
9494:
9493:
9488:
9478:
9472:
9470:
9459:
9455:
9454:
9442:
9441:
9434:
9427:
9419:
9410:
9409:
9406:
9405:
9398:
9396:
9393:Incertae sedis
9388:
9387:
9384:
9383:
9381:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9338:Micrognathozoa
9335:
9330:
9328:Acanthocephala
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9214:
9212:
9206:
9205:
9203:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9170:Lycopodiophyta
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9131:
9129:
9123:
9122:
9120:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9083:
9081:
9075:
9074:
9072:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8984:Ancyromonadida
8981:
8976:
8970:
8968:
8957:
8951:
8950:
8947:
8946:
8944:
8943:
8938:
8936:Thermoproteota
8933:
8928:
8921:
8914:
8906:
8904:
8894:
8893:
8890:
8889:
8887:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8849:Pseudomonadota
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8824:Mycoplasmatota
8821:
8819:Lentisphaerota
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8799:Fusobacteriota
8796:
8794:Fibrobacterota
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8697:Armatimonadota
8694:
8689:
8687:Actinomycetota
8684:
8678:
8676:
8662:
8661:
8652:
8651:
8644:
8637:
8629:
8620:
8619:
8617:
8616:
8610:
8603:
8599:excluded from
8592:
8589:
8588:
8585:
8584:
8582:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8565:
8563:
8557:
8556:
8554:
8553:
8551:Planomonadidae
8548:
8542:
8540:
8538:Ancyromonadida
8534:
8533:
8531:
8530:
8528:Paramastigidae
8525:
8519:
8517:
8508:
8507:
8500:
8494:
8488:
8480:
8473:
8471:
8467:Incertae sedis
8461:
8460:
8457:
8456:
8453:
8452:
8450:
8449:
8444:
8438:
8436:
8430:
8429:
8427:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8398:
8396:
8390:
8389:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8382:
8375:
8369:
8367:
8361:
8360:
8358:
8357:
8350:
8344:
8338:
8329:
8316:
8315:
8312:
8311:
8308:
8307:
8304:
8303:
8300:
8299:
8296:
8295:
8292:
8291:
8288:
8287:
8284:
8283:
8281:
8280:
8272:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8243:
8235:
8233:
8224:
8223:
8216:
8210:
8208:
8188:
8187:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8164:
8158:
8156:Archaeplastida
8152:
8151:
8148:
8147:
8145:
8144:
8139:
8131:
8129:
8123:
8122:
8120:
8119:
8111:
8105:
8096:
8082:
8081:
8078:
8077:
8074:
8073:
8070:
8069:
8066:
8065:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8058:
8053:
8046:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8023:
8021:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7995:
7993:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7983:
7975:
7969:
7963:
7962:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7955:
7950:
7947:Dinoflagellata
7943:
7941:Chrompodellida
7938:
7930:
7928:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7918:
7911:
7904:
7898:
7892:
7891:
7889:
7888:
7881:
7874:
7869:
7863:
7861:
7852:
7838:
7837:
7835:
7834:
7828:
7822:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7804:
7799:
7793:
7791:
7782:
7781:
7775:
7773:
7770:Diaphoretickes
7757:
7756:
7753:
7752:
7749:
7748:
7745:
7744:
7741:
7740:
7737:
7736:
7733:
7732:
7729:
7728:
7726:
7725:
7717:
7711:
7709:
7703:
7702:
7700:
7699:
7693:
7687:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7659:
7651:
7645:
7635:
7634:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7627:
7619:
7613:
7611:
7598:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7586:
7581:
7575:
7569:
7559:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7529:
7524:
7518:
7516:
7503:
7487:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7481:
7480:
7479:
7478:
7475:Mesomycetozoea
7472:
7467:
7457:
7447:
7446:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7424:
7423:
7411:Diaphoretickes
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7375:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7368:classification
7362:
7361:
7354:
7347:
7339:
7333:
7332:
7316:
7297:
7296:External links
7294:
7292:
7291:
7262:(4): 341–352.
7242:
7183:
7128:
7063:
7012:
6953:
6917:
6858:
6809:
6765:
6713:
6662:
6622:
6573:
6530:
6471:
6404:
6375:(4): 373–396.
6355:
6296:
6239:
6194:(3): 338–344.
6178:
6151:(1): 631–647.
6135:
6116:
6091:
6026:
5983:
5916:
5837:
5808:(2): 427–433.
5785:
5736:
5687:
5638:
5585:
5546:(2): 277–305.
5520:
5502:(4): 207–221.
5477:
5437:
5426:(6): 361–373.
5410:
5338:
5289:
5232:
5170:
5133:(2): 185–191.
5110:
5075:(6): 779–783.
5059:
5022:Biology Direct
5005:
4954:
4947:
4917:
4890:
4883:
4865:
4850:
4824:
4775:
4734:
4705:(5): a021931.
4685:
4666:
4646:
4619:(1): 201–222.
4603:
4560:
4553:
4527:
4496:
4444:
4437:
4411:
4376:
4345:
4339:978-0471214953
4338:
4314:
4277:(1): 131–144.
4257:
4231:
4205:
4179:
4150:(3): a000539.
4130:
4081:
4074:
4056:
4037:
4015:
3956:
3900:
3871:
3849:2027.42/151884
3818:
3797:
3744:
3702:(4): 339–347.
3679:
3628:
3549:
3482:
3449:
3442:
3416:
3387:(5): a016147.
3364:
3345:
3325:
3294:
3287:
3267:
3208:
3142:
3122:
3057:
2984:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2832:, dubbed the "
2754:Tappania plana
2737:
2734:
2644:eukaryogenesis
2610:Eukaryogenesis
2608:Main article:
2603:
2600:
2577:
2576:
2575:2200 mya
2572:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2286:1600 mya
2283:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2267:1000 mya
2264:
2263:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:1100 mya
2242:
2241:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2156:Archaeplastida
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2119:Diaphoretickes
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2019:1500 mya
2016:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1991:1300 mya
1988:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1777:Ancyromonadida
1773:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1751:
1711:
1708:
1678:DNA sequencing
1666:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1602:taxonomic rank
1571:
1568:
1558:
1555:
1436:
1433:
1398:over-expansion
1382:Main article:
1379:
1376:
1354:), as in many
1309:Motor proteins
1291:, including α-
1281:microfilaments
1253:Main article:
1250:
1247:
1235:photosynthesis
1195:photosynthesis
1171:Main article:
1168:
1165:
1157:hydrogenosomes
1063:Main article:
1060:
1057:
973:
972:
964:
957:
956:
947:
940:
939:
938:
937:
936:
928:
925:
900:
897:
841:
838:
830:
827:
783:
782:
777:
770:
768:
763:
756:
754:
739:
732:
730:
644:
641:
578:cyanobacterium
542:Asgard archaea
535:global biomass
410:
409:
408:
407:
398:
386:
385:
379:
378:
377:
376:
375:
374:
372:Ancyromonadida
369:
367:Malawimonadida
364:
359:
338:
337:
336:
331:
321:
316:
311:
310:
309:
304:
299:
287:
282:
275:Diaphoretickes
269:
268:
264:
263:
242:
238:
237:
224:
223:
214:
207:
206:
200:
193:
192:
191:
184:
177:
176:
170:
163:
162:
161:
154:
147:
146:
140:
133:
132:
131:
123:
116:
115:
109:
102:
101:
100:
99:
98:
95:
94:
84:
77:
70:
63:
60:1650–0 Ma
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10244:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10219:
10217:
10200:
10194:
10190:
10185:
10181:
10177:
10172:
10168:
10164:
10159:
10155:
10151:
10146:
10142:
10138:
10133:
10129:
10125:
10119:
10115:
10110:
10106:
10102:
10097:
10093:
10088:
10082:
10078:
10073:
10067:
10063:
10062:
10060:
10058:
10054:
10050:
10045:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10021:
10018:
10017:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10010:Tandem repeat
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9975:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9965:
9961:
9958:
9957:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9940:
9939:
9938:Nanobacterium
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9891:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9881:
9879:
9873:
9863:
9860:
9857:
9854:
9853:
9851:
9847:
9833:
9832:
9831:Rhizidiovirus
9828:
9826:
9825:
9821:
9820:
9818:
9814:
9808:
9807:
9803:
9801:
9800:
9799:Thaspiviridae
9796:
9794:
9793:
9789:
9787:
9786:
9785:Pospiviroidae
9782:
9780:
9779:
9775:
9773:
9772:
9768:
9766:
9765:
9764:Plasmaviridae
9761:
9759:
9758:
9754:
9752:
9751:
9750:Halspiviridae
9747:
9745:
9744:
9740:
9738:
9737:
9733:
9731:
9730:
9726:
9724:
9723:
9719:
9717:
9716:
9712:
9710:
9709:
9705:
9703:
9702:
9701:Avsunviroidae
9698:
9696:
9695:
9694:Anelloviridae
9691:
9689:
9688:
9684:
9682:
9681:
9677:
9676:
9674:
9670:
9666:
9665:
9660:
9656:
9653:
9649:
9643:
9642:
9638:
9636:
9635:
9631:
9629:
9628:
9624:
9622:
9621:
9617:
9615:
9614:
9613:Duplodnaviria
9610:
9608:
9607:
9603:
9602:
9600:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9587:
9583:
9579:
9576:
9572:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9555:
9551:
9550:
9548:
9546:
9545:
9540:
9533:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9513:
9511:
9509:
9505:
9499:
9496:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9486:Mitochondrion
9484:
9483:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9463:
9460:
9458:Cellular life
9456:
9451:
9447:
9440:
9435:
9433:
9428:
9426:
9421:
9420:
9417:
9403:
9402:
9397:
9395:
9394:
9389:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9215:
9213:
9211:
9207:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9132:
9130:
9128:
9124:
9118:
9117:Basidiomycota
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9102:Glomeromycota
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9084:
9082:
9080:
9076:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9064:Stramenopiles
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8989:Apusomonadida
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8952:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8926:
8925:Nanoarchaeota
8922:
8919:
8915:
8912:
8911:Euryarchaeota
8908:
8907:
8905:
8903:
8899:
8895:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8859:Spirochaetota
8857:
8855:
8854:Rhodothermota
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8784:Dictyoglomota
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8769:
8768:Cyanobacteria
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8757:Chrysiogenota
8755:
8753:
8752:Chloroflexota
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8732:Calditrichota
8730:
8728:
8727:Caldisericota
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8702:Atribacterota
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8679:
8677:
8675:
8671:
8667:
8663:
8658:
8650:
8645:
8643:
8638:
8636:
8631:
8630:
8627:
8614:
8611:
8608:
8604:
8602:
8598:
8595:¹traditional
8594:
8593:
8590:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8574:Mantamonadida
8572:
8570:
8567:
8566:
8564:
8562:
8558:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8543:
8541:
8539:
8535:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8520:
8518:
8516:
8512:
8506:
8505:
8501:
8499:
8495:
8493:
8489:
8487:
8486:
8481:
8479:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8468:
8462:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8437:
8435:
8431:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8404:
8400:
8399:
8397:
8395:
8391:
8381:
8380:
8376:
8374:
8373:Heterolobosea
8371:
8370:
8368:
8366:
8365:Discicristata
8362:
8356:
8355:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8333:
8330:
8326:
8321:
8317:
8278:
8277:
8273:
8271:
8270:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8248:
8244:
8242:
8241:
8237:
8236:
8234:
8232:
8228:
8222:
8221:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8211:
8209:
8205:
8204:
8196:
8195:Viridiplantae
8192:
8186:
8185:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8165:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8153:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8137:
8133:
8132:
8130:
8128:
8124:
8118:
8117:
8116:Microheliella
8113:
8112:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8100:
8097:
8093:
8087:
8083:
8057:
8056:Actinophryida
8054:
8052:
8051:
8047:
8045:
8044:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8020:
8016:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7996:
7994:
7992:
7988:
7982:
7981:
7977:
7976:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7967:Stramenopiles
7964:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7927:
7923:
7917:
7916:
7912:
7909:
7906:
7905:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7893:
7887:
7886:
7882:
7880:
7879:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7860:
7856:
7853:
7849:
7843:
7839:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7826:
7823:
7819:
7813:
7809:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7792:
7790:
7786:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7723:
7722:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7708:
7704:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7682:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7670:Ichthyosporea
7668:
7666:
7665:
7660:
7658:
7657:
7653:
7652:
7649:
7646:
7642:
7636:
7625:
7624:
7620:
7618:
7617:Rotosphaerida
7615:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7599:
7596:
7591:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7579:Apusomonadida
7577:
7576:
7573:
7570:
7566:
7560:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7534:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7504:
7501:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7451:
7448:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7438:Stramenopiles
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7401:(major groups
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7381:
7377:
7376:
7372:
7367:
7360:
7355:
7353:
7348:
7346:
7341:
7340:
7337:
7330:
7326:
7325:
7320:
7317:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7287:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7246:
7238:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7187:
7179:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7132:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7107:
7106:1721.1/128450
7102:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7067:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7016:
7008:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6957:
6941:
6937:
6936:
6935:New Scientist
6931:
6927:
6921:
6913:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6862:
6854:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6813:
6804:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6776:
6769:
6761:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6724:
6717:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6666:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6631:
6629:
6627:
6618:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6577:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6534:
6526:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6475:
6467:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6408:
6400:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6359:
6351:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6300:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6243:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6182:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6139:
6123:
6119:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6098:
6096:
6087:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6030:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5987:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5920:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5841:
5833:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5792:
5790:
5781:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5740:
5732:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5589:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5532:Rothschild LJ
5527:
5525:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5496:
5488:
5481:
5474:
5460:
5456:
5453:(in German).
5452:
5448:
5441:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5414:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5293:
5285:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5228:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5175:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5117:
5115:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5063:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5016:(June 2011).
5015:
5009:
5001:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4958:
4950:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4931:
4930:
4921:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4894:
4886:
4880:
4876:
4869:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4820:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4795:(4): 1500–7.
4794:
4790:
4786:
4779:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4689:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4650:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4576:(9): 2411–7.
4575:
4571:
4564:
4556:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4500:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4449:
4440:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4341:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4318:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4261:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4085:
4077:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3976:(3): 1420–5.
3975:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3905:
3897:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3639:
3632:
3624:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3443:9780123847201
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3369:
3352:
3348:
3346:0-521-30419-9
3342:
3338:
3337:
3329:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3228:(3): e59565.
3227:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3006:(June 1990).
3005:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2838:pseudofossils
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2787:"problematic"
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2670:), a dormant
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2620:symbiogenesis
2616:
2611:
2606:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2574:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2537:
2536:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2518:
2510:
2509:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2476:Stramenopiles
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2437:550 mya
2436:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2276:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2254:Viridiplantae
2249:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1950:(inc. fungi)
1949:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1918:Apusomonadida
1913:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1702:Lynn Margulis
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:Ernst Haeckel
1630:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:hemicellulose
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1394:cell membrane
1391:
1385:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1356:Stramenopiles
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1307:and bundles.
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:cyanobacteria
1216:
1215:endosymbionts
1212:
1211:their own DNA
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:bacterial DNA
1118:
1117:their own DNA
1113:
1112:takes place.
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1065:Mitochondrion
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:nuclear pores
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
977:
968:
961:
951:
944:
934:
924:
922:
918:
914:
913:transcription
910:
906:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
855:
851:
847:
836:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
780:
774:
769:
766:
765:Coast redwood
760:
755:
752:
751:
746:
742:
736:
731:
728:
727:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
683:coast redwood
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
650:
640:
638:
637:fertilization
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
609:multicellular
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:symbiogenesis
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:
465:
417:
404:
399:
395:
390:
389:
387:
384:
380:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
356:
352:
347:
344:
343:
342:
341:Scotokaryotes
339:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
325:
324:Discicristata
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
308:
305:
303:
300:
296:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
276:
273:
272:
270:
265:
260:
256:
252:
246:
243:
240:
239:
234:
229:
225:
217:
211:
203:
197:
187:
181:
173:
167:
157:
151:
143:
137:
126:
125:Viridiplantae
120:
112:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
68:
57:
53:
45:
42:
38:
36:
30:
19:
10184:Tree of Life
10056:
10027:Transpoviron
9960:Fungal prion
9936:
9829:
9824:Dinodnavirus
9822:
9804:
9797:
9792:Spiraviridae
9790:
9783:
9776:
9769:
9762:
9757:Ovaliviridae
9755:
9748:
9743:Guttaviridae
9741:
9734:
9727:
9720:
9715:Clavaviridae
9713:
9706:
9699:
9692:
9685:
9678:
9662:
9641:Varidnaviria
9639:
9632:
9625:
9620:Monodnaviria
9618:
9611:
9604:
9552:
9542:
9399:
9391:
9313:Orthonectida
9308:Gastrotricha
9283:Nematomorpha
9258:Chaetognatha
9248:Hemichordate
9175:Pteridophyta
9044:Malawimonada
8954:
8918:Korarchaeota
8879:Thermotogota
8864:Synergistota
8839:Nitrospirota
8834:Nitrospinota
8779:Deinococcota
8712:Bacteroidota
8612:
8607:paraphyletic
8502:
8483:
8465:
8434:Malawimonada
8414:Anaeromonada
8409:Anaeramoebae
8401:
8377:
8354:Tsukubamonas
8352:
8274:
8267:
8258:Charophyceae
8245:
8238:
8231:Streptophyta
8218:
8202:
8182:
8178:Rhodelphidia
8136:Palpitomonas
8134:
8114:
8103:Pancryptista
8048:
8041:
7978:
7945:
7933:
7913:
7883:
7878:Foraminifera
7876:
7719:
7662:
7656:Tunicaraptor
7654:
7621:
7595:Opisthokonta
7531:
7460:Opisthokonta
7365:
7322:
7302:"Eukaryotes"
7259:
7255:
7245:
7200:
7196:
7186:
7149:
7145:
7131:
7080:
7076:
7066:
7025:
7021:
7015:
6970:
6966:
6956:
6944:. Retrieved
6933:
6920:
6875:
6871:
6861:
6826:
6822:
6812:
6785:
6781:
6768:
6733:
6729:
6716:
6675:
6671:
6665:
6640:
6636:
6590:
6586:
6576:
6543:
6539:
6533:
6488:
6484:
6474:
6421:
6417:
6407:
6372:
6368:
6358:
6313:
6309:
6299:
6256:
6252:
6242:
6217:10261/201794
6191:
6187:
6181:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6126:. Retrieved
6107:
6043:
6039:
6029:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5933:
5929:
5919:
5907:. Retrieved
5854:
5850:
5840:
5805:
5801:
5756:(1): 4–119.
5753:
5749:
5739:
5704:
5700:
5690:
5682:
5654:
5650:
5641:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5576:. Retrieved
5543:
5539:
5512:the original
5499:
5493:
5480:
5472:
5463:. Retrieved
5454:
5450:
5440:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5360:
5356:PLOS Biology
5354:
5341:
5306:
5302:
5292:
5249:
5245:
5235:
5193:(8): e2879.
5190:
5186:
5130:
5126:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5025:
5021:
5008:
4971:
4967:
4957:
4928:
4920:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4874:
4868:
4833:
4827:
4792:
4788:
4778:
4751:
4748:Microbiology
4747:
4737:
4702:
4698:
4688:
4676:. Retrieved
4656:
4649:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4536:
4530:
4518:. Retrieved
4514:the original
4509:
4499:
4464:
4460:
4424:
4414:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4367:. Retrieved
4358:
4348:
4324:
4317:
4274:
4270:
4260:
4248:. Retrieved
4244:the original
4234:
4222:. Retrieved
4218:the original
4208:
4196:. Retrieved
4182:
4147:
4143:
4133:
4098:
4094:
4084:
4065:
4059:
4047:. Retrieved
4028:
4018:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3916:
3912:
3895:
3888:. Retrieved
3884:
3874:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3810:
3807:"eukaryotic"
3800:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3735:. Retrieved
3699:
3695:
3682:
3670:. Retrieved
3650:
3644:
3631:
3573:
3569:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3474:the original
3469:
3465:
3452:
3425:
3419:
3384:
3380:
3355:. Retrieved
3335:
3328:
3318:15 September
3316:. Retrieved
3307:
3297:
3277:
3270:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3160:
3156:
3145:
3134:
3125:
3080:
3076:
3015:
3011:
2946:
2942:
2912:
2877:
2854:
2824:such as the
2818:black shales
2815:
2807:
2790:
2780:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2741:
2739:
2722:cytoskeleton
2711:
2707:chloroplasts
2703:mitochondria
2688:
2643:
2641:
2636:green plants
2632:chloroplasts
2628:mitochondria
2605:
2592:Malawimonada
2581:
2474:
2454:
2423:
2393:
2363:
2336:
2309:
2252:
2231:
2195:
2178:(red algae)
2174:
2137:
2091:
2070:
1967:
1946:
1935:Opisthokonta
1916:
1889:
1859:
1829:
1804:Malawimonada
1802:
1775:
1756:
1748:
1732:paraphyletic
1713:
1706:
1694:Mark Wheelis
1690:Otto Kandler
1674:tree of life
1667:
1622:
1598:Theophrastus
1579:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1526:
1504:, to form a
1483:
1425:microfibrils
1402:
1387:
1364:
1352:mastigonemes
1344:microtubules
1325:
1277:cytoskeleton
1274:
1269:microtubules
1255:Cytoskeleton
1243:kleptoplasty
1223:chloroplasts
1200:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1133:
1114:
1085:Mitochondria
1083:
1074:Mitochondria
1059:Mitochondria
1053:biomolecules
1042:
1010:
983:
917:nuclear pore
902:
899:Biochemistry
877:cytoskeleton
868:
860:
843:
784:
748:
652:
591:such as the
586:
582:chloroplasts
574:mitochondria
562:evolutionary
556:, likely as
539:
486:
482:
415:
413:
244:
41:
34:
29:
10081:Wikispecies
9970:microsphere
9889:Cancer cell
9634:Ribozyviria
9368:Brachiopoda
9343:Cycliophora
9288:Onychophora
9263:Kinorhyncha
9185:Ginkgophyta
9180:Cycadophyta
9145:Chlorophyta
9135:Glaucophyta
8829:Myxococcota
8747:Chlorobiota
8742:Chlamydiota
8498:Chitinozoan
8424:Parabasalia
8276:Embryophyta
8240:Chlorokybus
8220:Chlorophyta
8168:Glaucophyta
8142:Cryptophyta
8032:Pirsoniales
7999:Bicosoecida
7980:Platysulcus
7953:Perkinsozoa
7935:Apicomplexa
7908:Colponemida
7675:Pluriformea
7544:Archamoebea
7533:Eumycetozoa
7319:"Eukaryote"
7138:Welander PV
6316:(1): 1879.
5936:(1): 6651.
5909:20 December
5857:(1): 6651.
4906:(1): 1–11.
4510:IFL Science
4392:(1): 5–19.
4250:12 November
4224:12 November
4198:12 November
4101:: 112–125.
4066:Endocytosis
3890:18 February
3760:: 567–590.
3653:: 621–654.
3131:"eukaryote"
2684:peroxisomes
2233:Glaucophyta
1502:spermatozoa
1452:requires a
1409:land plants
1227:chlorophyll
1191:chlorophyll
1187:chloroplast
1146:Trichomonas
1002:invaginates
998:endocytosis
919:, and some
885:chromosomes
846:their cells
823:land plants
819:green algae
811:brown algae
799:slime molds
741:Prokaryotes
703:prokaryotes
605:unicellular
558:flagellated
523:prokaryotes
513:, and many
396:et al. 1990
349:(including
293:(including
73:Proterozoic
10222:Eukaryotes
10216:Categories
10020:Retroposon
9967:Proteinoid
9877:structures
9875:Comparable
9651:Unassigned
9554:Parakaryon
9467:Prokaryota
9401:Parakaryon
9363:Entoprocta
9298:Arthropoda
9293:Tardigrada
9273:Priapulida
9268:Loricifera
9253:Echinoderm
9223:Ctenophora
9195:Gnetophyta
9150:Charophyta
9140:Rhodophyta
9112:Ascomycota
9107:Zygomycota
9049:Metamonada
9024:Euglenozoa
9009:Ciliophora
8717:Balneolota
8692:Aquificota
8579:Rigifilida
8478:Acritarchs
8403:Barthelona
8394:Metamonada
8379:Euglenozoa
8247:Mesostigma
8203:sensu lato
8184:Rhodophyta
8043:Ochrophyta
8004:Placidozoa
7915:Ciliophora
7885:Radiolaria
7802:Haptophyta
7697:Filasterea
7609:Holomycota
7256:Geobiology
6829:: 104398.
6788:: 118147.
6736:: 118169.
5578:4 February
5405:Q123558544
4937:. p.
4359:madsci.org
4240:"Lysosome"
4049:27 October
3775:10379/6762
3069:Margulis L
3004:Wheelis ML
2926:References
2865:Australian
2861:biomarkers
2777:acritarchs
2750:Statherian
2584:Metamonada
2176:Rhodophyta
2073:Metamonada
1948:Holomycota
1757:Eukaryotes
1686:Carl Woese
1550:Leishmania
1462:chromosome
1454:life cycle
1429:xyloglucan
1403:The major
1233:) through
1136:metamonads
1006:exocytosis
950:Prokaryote
873:organelles
779:Blue whale
750:Paramecium
691:giant kelp
671:blue whale
661:, such as
599:, and the
519:life forms
416:eukaryotes
362:Metamonada
334:Percolozoa
329:Euglenozoa
267:Subgroups
52:Statherian
10096:AlgaeBase
10087:Eukaryota
10057:Eukaryota
9627:Riboviria
9606:Adnaviria
9590:Satellite
9508:Eukaryota
9318:Dicyemida
9190:Pinophyta
9069:Telonemia
9004:Cryptista
8994:Breviatea
8979:Amoebozoa
8974:Alveolata
8955:Eukaryote
8707:Bacillota
8419:Fornicata
8325:Excavates
8127:Cryptista
8050:Oomycetes
8027:Developea
8009:Sagenista
7896:Alveolata
7832:Telonemia
7707:Choanozoa
7584:Breviatea
7527:Tubulinea
7514:Amoebozoa
7455:Amoebozoa
7433:Alveolata
7421:Cryptista
7396:Eukaryota
7366:Eukaryote
7123:205254122
7058:205258987
6946:27 August
6853:257761993
6760:258360867
6643:: 71–87.
6291:218710816
6173:236916203
6128:27 August
6068:2375-2548
6021:254436650
5978:233328713
5899:233328713
5611:CiteSeerX
5379:1544-9173
5028:(1): 35.
3929:CiteSeerX
3696:BioEssays
3623:help page
3616:204545629
3600:0169-5347
3526:0027-8424
3185:1476-4687
3000:Kandler O
2979:254436650
2842:red algae
2797:paleosols
2695:anaerobic
2680:cellulose
2660:flagellum
2656:centriole
2456:Alveolata
2395:Telonemia
2256:(plants)
2139:Cryptista
1891:Breviatea
1861:Amoebozoa
1740:picozoans
1710:Phylogeny
1594:Aristotle
1582:antiquity
1557:Evolution
1413:cellulose
1384:Cell wall
1378:Cell wall
1360:cytoplasm
1348:centriole
1161:mitosomes
1096:, each a
1094:membranes
1045:lysosomes
1034:cisternae
1029:ribosomes
815:red algae
715:organisms
681:like the
669:like the
663:picozoans
655:organisms
643:Diversity
617:asexually
491:organisms
487:Eukaryota
290:CAM clade
255:Whittaker
245:Eukaryota
186:Alveolata
156:Amoebozoa
111:Cryptista
47:Eukaryota
37:(journal)
10121:BioLib:
10066:Wikidata
10000:Ribozyme
9945:Phagemid
9672:Families
9532:Protista
9516:Animalia
9481:Bacteria
9378:Annelida
9373:Mollusca
9353:Phoronid
9348:Nemertea
9323:Rotifera
9303:Flatworm
9278:Nematoda
9243:Chordate
9233:Cnidaria
9228:Placozoa
9059:Rhizaria
9034:Haptista
9014:Cercozoa
8674:Bacteria
8601:protists
8597:kingdoms
8485:Grypania
8447:Imasidae
8348:Jakobida
7872:Endomyxa
7867:Cercozoa
7859:Rhizaria
7789:Haptista
7721:Animalia
7664:Bicellum
7539:Variosea
7522:Discosea
7500:Amorphea
7450:Amorphea
7428:Rhizaria
7416:Hacrobia
7406:Excavata
7391:Bacteria
7305:Archived
7286:29869832
7237:34131078
7178:27446030
7115:28264195
7050:28813409
7007:25918387
6940:Archived
6912:19416859
6700:20596019
6617:16754612
6525:38266082
6516:10807817
6466:36544020
6399:23895660
6350:33767194
6283:32428491
6234:67790751
6226:30778187
6165:34343017
6122:Archived
6086:37115919
6077:10146883
6013:36477531
5970:34789758
5903:Archived
5891:34789758
5832:29360967
5780:30257078
5731:26817772
5647:Knoll AH
5572:Archived
5568:32462158
5560:11542176
5534:(1989).
5508:10943416
5465:15 March
5459:Archived
5401:Wikidata
5397:37988341
5388:10662721
5333:21429931
5284:19359589
5227:18663385
5187:PLOS ONE
5165:17013247
5157:15668177
5097:10229582
5054:21714941
5000:15809414
4819:11743094
4770:12624192
4729:29716949
4672:Archived
4641:24613863
4633:28544184
4598:18518896
4491:27185558
4406:18620004
4369:24 April
4363:Archived
4330:547, 556
4309:32166015
4192:Archived
4174:20300205
4125:32317144
4043:Archived
4010:11805300
3951:10446042
3866:31259189
3858:27739532
3792:11961888
3784:21351878
3728:Archived
3724:13872783
3716:23315654
3663:Archived
3608:31606140
3544:29784790
3411:24789819
3351:Archived
3312:Archived
3262:23555709
3222:PLOS ONE
3203:37316666
3194:10307638
2996:Woese CR
2971:36477531
2897:See also
2857:steranes
2792:Diskagma
2782:Grypania
2624:archaean
2565:Bikonts
2443:Halvaria
2425:Rhizaria
2365:Haptista
1848:Amorphea
1728:Excavata
1716:Amorphea
1663:Animalia
1661:Kingdom
1655:Kingdom
1649:Kingdom
1645:Protista
1643:Kingdom
1637:Protista
1629:ciliates
1624:protozoa
1610:Linnaeus
1367:conifers
1328:flagella
1207:plastids
1167:Plastids
1152:Pelomyxa
1047:contain
994:vacuoles
990:vesicles
909:proteins
875:, and a
797:to form
745:bacteria
709:and the
707:bacteria
687:protists
649:Organism
635:fusion (
627:through
625:sexually
619:through
613:protists
529:and the
527:Bacteria
403:Margulis
400:Eukarya
391:Eucarya
383:Synonyms
319:Tsukubea
285:Haptista
259:Margulis
253:, 1925)
241:Domain:
202:Animalia
172:Rhizaria
127:(plants)
10199:5986515
10137:2908256
10032:Xenobot
9950:Plasmid
9931:Jeewanu
9862:Obelisk
9658:Classes
9526:Plantae
9491:Plastid
9476:Archaea
9358:Bryozoa
9054:Provora
9029:Jakobea
9019:Discoba
8965:Protist
8902:Archaea
8655:Extant
8336:Discoba
8201:Plants
8173:Picozoa
8019:Gyrista
7926:Myzozoa
7779:Provora
7685:Filozoa
7641:Holozoa
7549:Cutosea
7465:Animals
7386:Archaea
7321:at the
7264:Bibcode
7228:8237579
7205:Bibcode
7169:4919349
7152:: 990.
7085:Bibcode
7030:Bibcode
6998:4434754
6975:Bibcode
6903:2683128
6880:Bibcode
6831:Bibcode
6790:Bibcode
6738:Bibcode
6708:4331375
6680:Bibcode
6645:Bibcode
6608:1578724
6568:1631544
6548:Bibcode
6540:Science
6493:Bibcode
6457:9834061
6426:Bibcode
6390:3791482
6341:7994803
6318:Bibcode
6261:Bibcode
6196:Bibcode
6048:Bibcode
5961:8599508
5938:bioRxiv
5882:8599508
5859:bioRxiv
5823:5793813
5771:6492006
5722:4795036
5679:1585174
5659:Bibcode
5651:Science
5633:5762760
5603:Bibcode
5595:Science
5324:3107637
5275:2729066
5254:Bibcode
5246:Science
5218:2488364
5195:Bibcode
5135:Bibcode
5105:9441768
5077:Bibcode
5045:3152533
4860:3294718
4810:1540183
4720:5932582
4678:6 April
4578:Bibcode
4469:Bibcode
4300:7052475
4279:Bibcode
4165:2829960
4116:7152905
3978:Bibcode
3921:Bibcode
3913:Science
3737:8 April
3672:8 April
3578:Bibcode
3535:6016768
3504:Bibcode
3402:3996474
3357:7 April
3253:3608682
3230:Bibcode
3165:Bibcode
3117:8577716
3085:Bibcode
3052:2112744
3020:Bibcode
2951:Bibcode
2873:sterols
2850:Vindhya
2848:in the
2820:of the
2789:fossil
2736:Fossils
2668:syngamy
2664:meiosis
2588:Discoba
2338:Provora
2197:Picozoa
2093:Discoba
2052:Diphoda
1969:Holozoa
1744:Provora
1736:Discoba
1724:Diphoda
1720:unikont
1682:domains
1651:Plantae
1606:Kingdom
1586:animals
1514:meiosis
1510:mitosis
1494:diploid
1490:haploid
1474:meiosis
1470:gametes
1466:diploid
1458:haploid
1340:tubulin
1317:kinesin
1301:filamin
1297:fimbrin
1293:actinin
1231:glucose
1185:is the
1183:plastid
1173:Plastid
1140:Giardia
1106:cristae
1036:), the
1015:, with
921:enzymes
905:sterane
893:mitosis
840:Nucleus
803:animals
795:amoebae
719:biomass
711:archaea
699:species
667:animals
629:meiosis
621:mitosis
593:nucleus
531:Archaea
503:animals
499:nucleus
483:Eukarya
355:animals
346:Podiata
314:Jakobea
302:Provora
251:Chatton
142:Discoba
80:Archean
56:Present
10196:uBio:
10176:306691
10163:304358
10114:237393
10072:Q19088
9978:Retron
9921:Fosmid
9906:Cosmid
9856:Nanobe
9816:Genera
9598:Realms
9586:Viroid
9218:Sponge
9210:Animal
8609:groups
7991:Bigyra
7565:Obazoa
7443:Plants
7380:Domain
7284:
7235:
7225:
7176:
7166:
7121:
7113:
7077:Nature
7056:
7048:
7022:Nature
7005:
6995:
6926:Ward P
6910:
6900:
6851:
6758:
6706:
6698:
6672:Nature
6615:
6605:
6566:
6523:
6513:
6464:
6454:
6418:Nature
6397:
6387:
6348:
6338:
6289:
6281:
6232:
6224:
6171:
6163:
6114:
6084:
6074:
6066:
6019:
6011:
5993:Nature
5976:
5968:
5958:
5940:
5897:
5889:
5879:
5861:
5830:
5820:
5778:
5768:
5729:
5719:
5677:
5631:
5613:
5566:
5558:
5506:
5403:
5395:
5385:
5377:
5331:
5321:
5282:
5272:
5225:
5215:
5163:
5155:
5103:
5095:
5052:
5042:
5014:Lane N
4998:
4991:556298
4988:
4945:
4881:
4858:
4848:
4817:
4807:
4768:
4727:
4717:
4664:
4639:
4631:
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