228:
officials ruled that Ligon did not have legal grounds to call a militia and did not provide enough evidence to support the need for one. Mayor Swann instead ordered 200 special policeman to support the existing force on election day. Additionally, Mayor Swann reinforced the existing police force, adding 105 men. The strengthened police force proved to be ineffective, as policemen did little to interfere during outbreaks of violence during election. To prevent violence at the polls, the city wards were redrawn and the number of polling stations increased, but the two parties would freely relocate the polls themselves. The
Democratic Party in Baltimore asked voters to submit evidence of voter suppression by Know-Nothings.
17:
76:, or hostile to immigrants. Nativists feared that the immigrants would use their voting power to elect unsuitable politicians, given the generalization that immigrants were aligned with radical political groups and typically worked in low paying jobs. Know-Nothing policies were highly anti-Catholic, as Know-Nothings feared that Catholics were more loyal to the church than the government. Irish Catholics were the main targets of nativist discrimination in the nineteenth century.
177:. Three Democrats were killed. The same day another riot took place when Know-Nothing affiliated Rip Raps plundered the Democratic New Market Fire Company firehouse in the Lexington Market Area. Two Know-Nothings died in the crossfire. Historian Tracy Matthew Melton argues that the widespread riots of the day signified the deadliest outburst of violence in Baltimore history at that point.
133:
break out during weekend activities such sporting events and festivals. Historian David
Grimsted argues that there was at least one large riot yearly between local fire companies in Baltimore 1856–1861, and the tolerance for this violence by political figures was "but a step to the election riots that disgraced Baltimore."
132:
Baltimore was given the nickname "Mob-Town" because of a longer history of rioting and a poorly staffed police force that did little to stop the violence. Historian Jean H. Baker argues that violence regularly broke out in
Baltimore on days when men did not have to work, and riots were very likely to
236:
Election violence and fraud in
Baltimore continued in the following years despite efforts to stop it. In the 1857 gubernatorial election, riots were less common but voter suppression was employed by Know-Nothings. Know-Nothings would beat anyone who was not voting on a Know-Nothing Ballot, marked by
197:
to be on standby, but it was never put to action during the violence of that day, and Swann refused
Governor Ligon's offering of military reinforcement. Tensions over whether or not the results of the election would be fairly polled resulted in election violence. In Baltimore's 6th ward, a mob fired
155:
September 12, 1856, on the celebration of
Baltimore's founding, local Know-Nothing associated gangs the Blood Tubs, the Wampanoags, and the Rip Raps raided a tavern and fired shots. Two people were killed, and around twenty were injured. This riot solidified Baltimore's reputation of lawlessness in
84:
The Know-Nothing Party gained traction in
Baltimore as the population of immigrants grew during the 1850s, and immigrants competed with native-born Americans for jobs. In 1850, twenty percent of Baltimore's population were immigrants, and by 1854, immigrants made up about twenty-five percent of the
105:
area in
Baltimore By 1857 Know-Nothings dominated cities in eastern and western Maryland. The cities of St. Michaels and St. Fredericks, with larger immigrant populations, were heavily Know-Nothing, showing hostility between native-born and immigrants that lived in the same place. Areas which were
243:
According to Frank Towers, in 1860, the
Democrats took control of the state legislature and they acted forcefully in Baltimore. They took back the city police, the militia, patronage, and the electoral machinery, and prosecuted some Know-Nothings for electoral fraud. By 1861, the remnants of the
219:
On
December 1, 1856, a bill was presented to the City Council that would strengthen the police force. The new force, led by a Marshal, would consist of 397 men of the Mayor's choosing. All officers were to be given a fixed pay, a baton, a gun, and an official uniform. Baltimore would be separated
215:
In the aftermath of the 1856 election riots, charges were pressed against only two men involved. Charges were dropped against one man and the other man was acquitted. Historian Tracy Matthew Melton argues that local street gangs' affiliation with the Know-Nothing or the Democratic parties allowed
164:
The days leading up to the municipal election on October 8, were already marked by violence between the Democrats and Know-Nothings. A riot ensued on October 5, 1856, when Democrats tore down a Know-Nothing flag. The Democrats, trying to ward off the Know-Nothings, took cover in a nearby home and
185:, the New Market's most notorious rowdy. Petty Naff was a target for Know-Nothing rivals as he led the New Market Fire Company. Naff was notorious in Baltimore for his history of conflict with the police, involvement in riots, assault charges, and his alleged connection to the murder of two men.
119:
Baltimore street gangs formed in the early 19th century but became more formally organized around the 1830s. The New Market Fire Company became notorious in Baltimore, often feuding with the gang called the Rip Raps. Street gangs in Baltimore developed connections with politicians from opposing
141:
Violence on election days was especially common in nineteenth century Baltimore, as polling places were located in predominantly native-born districts, so immigrants traveling to these polling places were often targeted by nativist rivals. Historian Jean H. Baker argues that both Democrats and
227:
ordered George H. Steuart's militia of over 3,000 men because he felt that local authorities did not adequately respond to violence. Ligon was met with criticism by Mayor Swann, who argued that it was unconstitutional for the governor to order a militia without seeking permission first. Local
198:
a cannon at police. In the 2nd ward, Know-Nothings were thrown out of polling stations by Democrats, but Democrats were eventually curbed by Know-Nothings from the 4th ward who provided back-up. 67 people were injured and 17 died in the events of the riot. Know-Nothing Candidate for President
168:
The next day, October 6, 1856, a shootout ensued after Know-Nothings provoked Democrats on Baltimore Street. Know-Nothings also sacked a tavern owned by Democrat Sam McElwee in the Centre Market area. Know-Nothings were about to raid the Democrat "Empire House" but were apprehended by police.
88:
The Party's first meeting in Baltimore took place on August 18, 1853, with about 5,000 people in attendance. The party's central policies called for secularization of public schools, complete separation of church and state, freedom of speech, and regulating immigration. The first Know-Nothing
172:
Election day October 8, 1856, was marked with violence in twenty city wards in Baltimore. Democrats incited a riot in the eighth ward, nicknamed "The Irish Eighth," when Democrats tried to drive Know-Nothings out of the eighth ward's polls, and a shootout occurred on
180:
The partisans involved were overwhelmingly well-known fighting men with deep connections to the street violence of the fire companies. During the fighting at Lexington Market, Rip Raps specifically targeted the tavern owned by
244:
Know-Nothing movement had split over secession and federal forces took control of Baltimore.<ref> Frank Towers, "Violence as a tool of party dominance: election riots and the Baltimore know-nothings, 1854-1860."
85:
total population. Historian Jean H. Baker argues that sixty percent of the state population were Methodists who often associated Catholicism with stereotypes of immoral behavior among immigrants,.
993:
1865:
986:
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into districts where police would surveil the streets at all times. The bill was approved by Mayor Swann on January 1, 1857, and went into effect March 1, 1857.
1009:
287:
979:
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1946:
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Know-Nothings fled from the police towards Jones' Falls, ending in a fifteen-minute shootout on Holliday Street between the rival parties.
52:. The partisans were involved in widespread violence at the polls and across Baltimore during municipal and national elections that year.
202:
was victorious in Baltimore, receiving 16,900 votes. Maryland was the only state in which Fillmore won votes in the electoral college.
1870:
194:
97:
In the 1850s, ethnic groups often separated themselves into "territories" that neither native born or immigrants dared to cross. The
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1669:
1335:
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was elected governor, and assured that he would "Never call on a militia the night before an election," like Governor Ligon did.
1911:
1832:
1018:
862:
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Know-Nothings in Baltimore used "press, pamphlet, and political speech," to promote violence in the name of political gains.
1552:
872:
Levine, Bruce (2001). "Conservatism, Nativism, and Slavery: Thomas R. Whitney and the Origins of the Know Nothing Party".
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841:
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In the city elections of 1857, officials hoped to better prepare to control instances of election violence. Governor
48:
became divided on political grounds, with the Know-Nothing affiliated gangs clashing with gangs affiliated with the
1422:
1221:
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Towers, Frank. "Violence as a tool of party dominance: election riots and the Baltimore know-nothings, 1854-1860."
65:
1941:
1916:
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Ritter, Luke. "The St. Louis Know-Nothing Riot of 1854: Political Violence and the Rise of the Irish."
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44:
gained traction in Baltimore as native-born residents disliked the growing immigrant population. Local
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Prince, Carl E. "The Great 'Riot Year': Jacksonian Democracy and Patterns of Violence in 1834."
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predominantly Democrat were higher in Catholic and immigrant populations, such as Leonardtown.
1936:
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818:
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National and state elections took place on November 4, 1856. Mayor Swann ordered the
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Hanging Henry Gambrill: The Violent Career of Baltimore's Plug Uglies, 1854-1860
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area was predominantly Democratic while Know-Nothings generally lived in the
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candidate elected into office in Baltimore was Mayor Samuel Hinks in 1855.
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brandished a cannon. Police interfered, arresting several Democrats.
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political parties in the 1830s. The founding members of the
1866:
List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
1773:
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1266:
1002:
528:
114:
159:
815:
Ambivalent Americans: The Know-Nothing Party in Maryland
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697:
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339:
80:
Origins of the Know-Nothing Party in Baltimore, Maryland
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List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
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them to commit acts of violence without consequences.
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in 1856 amidst violence and a heavily disputed ballot.
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A Matter of Allegiances: Maryland from 1850 to 1861
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55:
806:
72:. The Know-Nothing Party's central policies were
40:between September and November of that year. The
1883:
905:. The Press at The Maryland Historical Society.
987:
854:American Mobbing, 1828-1861: Toward Civil War
189:National and state election riot November 4th
283:Know-Nothing Riots in United States politics
994:
980:
1871:Mass racial violence in the United States
64:originated in New York in 1844, when the
946:"Know-Nothingism in Baltimore 1854-1860"
850:
534:
258:1856 United States presidential election
109:
15:
115:The formation of Baltimore street gangs
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160:Municipal election riot on October 8th
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1952:Riots and civil disorder in Baltimore
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661:
555:
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510:
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387:
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237:a red stripe. Know-Nothing candidate
231:
1947:Political riots in the United States
136:
124:street gang were strongly nativist.
34:Baltimore Know-Nothing riots of 1856
1907:1856 disasters in the United States
1010:in the history of the United States
195:Maryland Light Division of Infantry
127:
68:officially split from the American
13:
1833:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
836:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
817:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
14:
1963:
1821:Washington D.C. Know-Nothing Riot
263:Baltimore railroad strike of 1877
93:Geography of politics in Maryland
1553:San Francisco Vigilance Movement
1423:Destruction of Pennsylvania Hall
1336:New York anti-abolitionist riots
1222:Protestant Revolution (Maryland)
1670:Bath anti-Catholic riot of 1854
874:The Journal of American History
303:Xenophobia in the United States
206:Response and continued violence
156:nationwide newspaper coverage.
56:The Know Nothing Party platform
953:The Catholic Historical Review
901:Melton, Tracy Matthew (2005).
807:References and further reading
1:
1827:New Orleans Know-Nothing Riot
1098:New York Slave Revolt of 1712
921:Journal of the Early Republic
293:Presidential Election of 1856
1912:19th-century political riots
1465:1824 Hard Scrabble race riot
1441:Muncy Abolition riot of 1842
1193:Gloucester County Conspiracy
938:Maryland Historical Magazine
246:Maryland Historical Magazine
7:
1446:Philadelphia nativist riots
1175:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
1103:New York Conspiracy of 1741
944:Tuska, Benjamin R. (1925).
857:. Oxford University Press.
832:Evitts, William J. (1974).
251:
10:
1968:
1694:Know-Nothing Riots of 1856
1645:Marais des Cygnes massacre
1639:Battles of Franklin's Fort
1492:1811 German Coast uprising
1169:Philadelphia Election riot
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1801:
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1763:New York City draft riots
1746:New York City Police riot
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1728:Detroit race riot of 1863
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931:Gateway Heritage Magazine
66:American Republican Party
1787:Cincinnati riots of 1855
1470:1831 Snow Town race riot
1387:Cincinnati riots of 1841
1382:Cincinnati riots of 1836
1377:Cincinnati riots of 1829
851:Grimsted, David (1998).
308:
1782:Cincinnati riot of 1853
813:Baker, Jean H. (1977).
20:Know-Nothing candidate
1942:Maryland Know Nothings
1917:1850s political events
1699:Baltimore riot of 1861
1497:Nat Turner's Rebellion
1417:Philadelphia race riot
1306:Abolition Riot of 1836
1300:Ursuline Convent riots
268:Baltimore riot of 1861
29:
1922:September 1856 events
1792:Battle of Fort Fizzle
1722:Detroit brothel riots
1615:Pottawatomie massacre
1144:War of the Regulation
1108:Battle of Golden Hill
239:Thomas Holliday Hicks
110:Violence in Baltimore
19:
1932:November 1856 events
1845:Southern bread riots
1758:Buffalo riot of 1862
1633:Battle of Osawatomie
1627:Battle of Fort Titus
1621:Battle of Black Jack
1372:1792 Cincinnati riot
1205:Chesapeake rebellion
1132:Culpeper's Rebellion
1927:October 1856 events
1651:Battle of the Spurs
1609:Sacking of Lawrence
1509:Baltimore bank riot
1435:Lombard Street riot
1092:Leisler's Rebellion
211:Government response
151:September 12th riot
146:1856 Election riots
38:Baltimore, Maryland
1902:1850s in Baltimore
1342:Flour riot of 1837
1150:Battle of Alamance
1114:1788 doctors' riot
1041:1689 Boston revolt
923:5.1 (1985): 1–19.
537:, p. 234-235.
348:, p. 467-468.
278:Know-Nothing Party
232:Continued violence
62:Know-Nothing Party
42:Know-Nothing Party
30:
26:Mayor of Baltimore
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1878:
1854:
1853:
1752:Dead Rabbits riot
1717:1849 Detroit riot
1675:Portland Rum Riot
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1523:
1411:Fries's Rebellion
1405:Whiskey Rebellion
1311:Broad Street Riot
1252:
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1199:Bacon's Rebellion
1046:Boston bread riot
933:32 (2012): 27–35.
864:978-0-19-535366-2
248:93 (1998): 5-37.
137:Election violence
50:Democratic Party
1959:
1892:1856 in Maryland
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1353:Astor Place Riot
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1262:
1138:Cary's Rebellion
1073:Shays' Rebellion
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128:General violence
99:Lexington Market
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1597:Bleeding Kansas
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1578:Charleston riot
1572:Lager Beer Riot
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1547:Squatters' riot
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1503:Blackburn Riots
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1391:
1358:
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1228:Stono Rebellion
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1179:
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1067:Boston Massacre
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1243:Pine Tree Riot
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1124:North Carolina
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999:
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959:(2): 217–251.
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880:(2): 455–488.
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799:, p. 237.
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772:, p. 134.
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760:, p. 133.
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745:, p. 235.
732:
730:, p. 234.
720:
718:, p. 115.
708:
706:, p. 114.
693:
681:
679:, p. 112.
666:
664:, p. 230.
651:
639:
627:
615:
598:
579:
560:
558:, p. 229.
539:
527:
525:, p. 131.
515:
513:, p. 221.
503:
491:
479:
467:
455:
453:, p. 136.
443:
441:, p. 129.
426:
424:, p. 132.
409:
407:, p. 223.
392:
390:, p. 138.
377:
375:, p. 135.
362:
360:, p. 468.
350:
338:
336:, p. 467.
326:
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9:
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1839:Morrisite War
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1347:Anti-Rent War
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1292:Massachusetts
1289:
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1033:Massachusetts
1030:
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912:0-938420-93-3
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843:0-8018-1520-7
839:
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824:0-8018-1906-7
820:
816:
811:
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766:
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729:
724:
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712:
705:
700:
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690:
685:
678:
673:
671:
663:
658:
656:
649:, p. 98.
648:
643:
637:, p. 52.
636:
631:
625:, p. 96.
624:
619:
613:, p. 93.
612:
607:
605:
603:
596:, p. 90.
595:
590:
588:
586:
584:
577:, p. 97.
576:
571:
569:
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557:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
536:
535:Grimsted 1998
531:
524:
519:
512:
507:
501:, p. 43.
500:
495:
489:, p. 22.
488:
483:
477:, p. 19.
476:
471:
465:, p. 14.
464:
459:
452:
447:
440:
435:
433:
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418:
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71:
67:
63:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
27:
23:
18:
1937:Know Nothing
1603:Wakarusa War
1457:Rhode Island
1429:Buckshot War
1397:Pennsylvania
1281:Bellevue War
1234:
1161:Pennsylvania
1058:
1052:Knowles Riot
1019:Colonial era
1007:civil unrest
956:
952:
937:
930:
920:
902:
877:
873:
853:
833:
814:
777:
765:
723:
711:
684:
642:
630:
618:
530:
518:
506:
494:
482:
470:
458:
446:
353:
341:
329:
317:
298:Thomas Swann
273:Samuel Hinks
245:
235:
225:Thomas Ligon
222:
218:
214:
192:
179:
171:
167:
163:
154:
140:
131:
118:
103:Federal Hill
96:
87:
83:
59:
46:street gangs
36:occurred in
33:
31:
24:was elected
22:Thomas Swann
1811:(1853–1854)
1724:(1855–1859)
1599:(1854–1861)
1555:(1851–1856)
1477:(1841–1842)
1413:(1799–1800)
1407:(1791–1794)
1349:(1839–1845)
1330:Eggnog riot
1146:(1765–1771)
1094:(1689–1691)
1075:(1786–1787)
1048:(1710–1713)
1012:(1607–1865)
716:Melton 2005
704:Melton 2005
689:Melton 2005
677:Melton 2005
647:Evitts 1974
635:Melton 2005
623:Melton 2005
611:Melton 2005
594:Melton 2005
575:Evitts 1974
499:Melton 2005
487:Melton 2005
475:Melton 2005
463:Melton 2005
358:Levine 2001
346:Levine 2001
334:Levine 2001
322:Levine 2001
122:Plug Uglies
1897:1856 riots
1886:Categories
1539:California
797:Tuska 1925
782:Tuska 1925
770:Baker 1977
758:Baker 1977
743:Tuska 1925
728:Tuska 1925
662:Tuska 1925
556:Tuska 1925
523:Baker 1977
511:Tuska 1925
451:Baker 1977
439:Baker 1977
422:Baker 1977
405:Tuska 1925
388:Baker 1977
373:Baker 1977
183:Petty Naff
70:Whig Party
1530:1849–1865
1515:Snow Riot
1275:Honey War
1258:1789–1849
1024:1776–1789
1738:New York
1709:Michigan
1686:Maryland
1564:Illinois
1322:New York
1185:Virginia
1084:New York
965:25012185
252:See also
74:nativist
1859:Related
1059:Liberty
894:2675102
1847:(1863)
1841:(1862)
1835:(1859)
1829:(1858)
1823:(1857)
1817:(1855)
1802:Others
1794:(1863)
1765:(1863)
1754:(1857)
1748:(1857)
1677:(1855)
1653:(1859)
1647:(1856)
1641:(1856)
1635:(1856)
1629:(1856)
1623:(1856)
1617:(1856)
1611:(1856)
1605:(1855)
1589:Kansas
1580:(1864)
1574:(1855)
1549:(1850)
1517:(1835)
1511:(1835)
1505:(1833)
1499:(1831)
1485:Others
1448:(1844)
1437:(1842)
1431:(1838)
1425:(1838)
1419:(1834)
1355:(1849)
1338:(1834)
1332:(1826)
1313:(1837)
1302:(1834)
1283:(1840)
1277:(1839)
1245:(1772)
1239:(1772)
1237:affair
1235:Gaspee
1230:(1739)
1224:(1689)
1215:Others
1207:(1730)
1201:(1677)
1195:(1663)
1171:(1742)
1152:(1771)
1140:(1711)
1134:(1677)
1110:(1770)
1069:(1770)
1063:(1768)
1061:affair
1054:(1747)
963:
925:online
909:
892:
861:
840:
821:
1662:Maine
1003:Riots
961:JSTOR
949:(PDF)
890:JSTOR
309:Notes
1774:Ohio
1364:Ohio
1267:Iowa
1005:and
907:ISBN
859:ISBN
838:ISBN
819:ISBN
60:The
32:The
882:doi
1888::
957:11
955:.
951:.
888:.
878:88
876:.
789:^
750:^
735:^
696:^
669:^
654:^
601:^
582:^
563:^
542:^
429:^
412:^
395:^
380:^
365:^
1021:/
995:e
988:t
981:v
967:.
915:.
896:.
884::
867:.
846:.
827:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
