312:
236:
requested, were present for the disputation. Within the discussion, Hubmaier proceeded to quote statements by
Zwingli in which he asserted that children should not be baptized until they had been instructed. Zwingli responded that he had been misunderstood. Hubmaier's criticism went further by placing Zwingli's reversal on the issue against Zwingli's reform against the Catholics. Hubmaier wrote, "If you do not , the vicar will complain that you have used against him a sword that you now lay aside."
833:
communicating to the common people who would not have understood Latin. This is evidenced by the fact that his writings were written in German. Further evidence of this comes from this quote of his, "The death of the Lord should be preached after any land’s tongue… It is much better that a single verse of the psalms be spoken in every land after the language of the common people than five entire psalms be sung in a foreign language and not be understood in the church."
31:
276:"I may err – I am a man," he wrote, "but a heretic I cannot be, because I ask constantly for instruction in the word of God." He suffered torture on the rack, and was tried for heresy and convicted. On 10 March 1528, he was taken to the public square and executed by burning. His wife exhorted him to remain steadfast. A monument to "Dr. Balthasar Hubmaier" was erected on Dr.-Karl-Lueger-Platz in Vienna. There is a plaque in the platz.
704:
803:
believer's baptism, i.e. that baptism is an ordinance for those who respond to the gospel. The importance of this point in
Hubmaier's theology is demonstrated by the fact that the first half of his catechism is reserved for clarification of the issue. He further rejected the Catholic doctrine of baptism insofar as it was
311:
841:
Hubmaier's writings dealt a little with the subject of women. He compared God's discipline of his children with a teacher whipping a student, or a man beating his wife. It is unknown if
Hubmaier agreed with the practice of beating one's students or one's wife, for he did not elaborate in his work. As
832:
Having a university education meant that
Hubmaier would have been familiar with Latin, the language in which all official church communication was at that time conducted. Despite his familiarity with the language, he chose to communicate in the vernacular, which for him was German, for the purpose of
807:
and viewed the rite as a symbol of entrance into and accountability to the community of faith. It is not entirely clear what mode of baptism
Hubmaier practiced, but it seems as though he continued practicing affusion as he had himself been baptized and that the mode of immersion among Anabaptists was
264:
In
Nikolsburg, Hubmaier's preaching soon made converts to Anabaptism out of the group of Zwinglians who lived in the area. Political fortunes turned, however, and Ferdinand, to whom Hubmaier had already become an enemy while in Waldshut, gained control of Bohemia, thus placing Hubmaier once again in
215:
and even participated in a disputation there in
October of that same year. In the disputation, he set forth the principle of obedience to the Scriptures, writing, "In all disputes concerning faith and religion, the scriptures alone, proceeding from the mouth of God, ought to be our level and rule."
174:
in 1516. After
Maximilian I's death in 1519, Hubmaier helped orchestrate a violent pogrom against Regensburg's Jews, as well as the total destruction of their synagogue; after the Jews' murder and expulsion, he was instrumental in orchestrating—near the site of the erstwhile synagogue—an image cult
239:
Despite
Hubmaier's arguments, the council sided with the native Zwingli and ruled in Zwingli's favor. The bewildered HĂĽbmaier agreed to recant. But before the congregation the next day, he attested the mental and spiritual anguish brought on by his actions and stated, "I cannot and I will not
802:
Much of
Hubmaier's work centered on the issue of baptism because of the polemical nature of the issue in distinguishing the emerging Anabaptist movement from Zwinglian or other magisterial reform movements. Hubmaier rejected the notion of infant baptism as unscriptural and was a proponent of
235:
In December 1525, Hubmaier again fled to ZĂĽrich to escape the Austrian army. Hoping to find refuge, Zwingli instead had him arrested. While a prisoner, Hubmaier requested a disputation on baptism, which was granted. The disputation yielded some unusual events. Ten men, four of whom Hubmaier
824:. "Of course Mary was the mother of the LORD JESUS, who was God in the flesh—"GOD WITH US EMANUEL". What Hubmaier rejected was the teaching that Mary was co-Redeemer and without sin. He believed that Jesus the Christ was the only sinless being without an earthly Father.
778:(of-the-sword) Anabaptist, Hubmaier believed government to be an institution ordained by God. According to the view presented in his writings, Christians have a responsibility to support the secular government and pay taxes. While Hubmaier may be considered a moderate
906:, restitutionism, and rejection of scholastic syllogism and glosses in favour of full, humanist editions of the fathers based on an improved focus on grammar and philology." Although Hubmaier references the Church Fathers in many of his works, his two treatises called
922:; one was called the "absolute" will and could never be changed, also called God's "hidden" will, and another which could be accepted or rejected by people was called the "ordained" will, also titled God's "Revealed" will. The absolute will of God was paired with
1234:, p. 51, "In fact, he does not believe in universal salvation at all. Restored humans, as such, have a free geyst (spirit), which was not affected by the Fall, and a seel (soul) that is strengthened and liberated from the damning effects of its…"
893:
According to historian and theologian Andrew Klager, "Hubmaier not only cognitively accepted the teachings of the fathers on baptism and free will, but embraced them as co-affiliates with himself in the one, holy, apostolic
227:
arrived in Waldshut in 1525, having been driven out of ZĂĽrich. In April Reublin baptized Hubmaier and sixty others. In Waldshut, Hubmaier's increasingly Anabaptist views gained him the disfavor of Prince
786:. Moreover, he believed that Christians should take up the sword if ordered to do so by the ruling government for a just cause. The Christian's use of the sword is the primary distinction between
902:
as per the composition of his ecclesiology." In terms of how Hubmaier accessed the writings of the Church Fathers, he "was inspired by humanist principles, especially
220:, a practice he could not support with Scripture. He held that even where the Scriptures appear to contain contradictions, both truths are to be held simultaneously.
862:
frequently in his works, often to show the historical nature of his arguments. Hubmaier was familiar with the works of at least a dozen Church Fathers, including
232:. It was that rivalry that would eventually lead to Hubmaier's martyrdom. Hubmaier initially went to Schaffhausen in order to find protection against the Prince.
166:, and became the university's vice-rector by 1515. Hubmaier's fame as a pulpiteer was widespread. He left the University of Ingolstadt for a pastorate of the
158:, Switzerland. He returned to Freiburg in 1507 and received both a bachelor's and a master's degree in 1511. In 1512, he received a doctor's degree from the
1201:
Klager, Andrew. "Ingestion and Gestation: Peacemaking, the Lord's Supper, and the Theotokos in the Mennonite-Anabaptist and Eastern Orthodox Traditions."
1272:
Klager, Andrew P. 'Truth is immortal': Balthasar Hubmaier (c. 1480–1528) and the Church Fathers. PhD thesis. Glasgow: University of Glasgow, 2011, p. ii.
1582:
816:
Despite his break from the Catholic Church, Hubmaier never abandoned his belief in the perpetual virginity of Mary and continued to esteem Mary as
1218:. Microfilm of the type-script. Mennonite Library and Archives, North Newton, Kansas, 1939. pp. 75, 709, 710. Found in Wohlers, William Richard.
782:, he clearly stated his beliefs regarding the government's responsibility to defend the righteous, the innocent, and the helpless, in his work,
1632:
1627:
175:
of the Beautiful Maria of Regensburg, which drew pilgrims from all over Europe and was much criticized by Reformers. In 1521 Hubmaier went to
732:
1567:
1622:
1602:
1547:
1657:
1587:
1562:
1542:
240:
recant." Back in prison and under the torture of the rack, he did offer the required recantation. He was then allowed to leave
1652:
1642:
1557:
1359:——— (January 2010), "Radicalizing Luther: How Balthasar Hubmaier (Mis)Read the 'Father of the Reformation'",
1612:
1552:
1409:
1637:
1572:
842:
with any figure in earlier times, however, we cannot judge precisely Hubmaier's view on women based on such a reference.
820:("mother of God"). These two doctrinal stances are addressed in Articles Nine and Ten, respectively, of Hubmaier's work,
256:
in 1526, which includes the statement: "I may err—I am a man—but a heretic I cannot be… O God, pardon me my weakness".
1607:
910:(1526) provide his most systematic and deliberate exploration of the thought of the Fathers on baptism specifically.
725:
1577:
1592:
229:
1501:
Tatiferisches Taufverstandnis: Balthasar Hubmaiers Lehre zwischen Traditioneller und Reformatorischer Theologie.
180:
1446:
A Central European Synthesis of Radical and Magisterial Reform: The Sacramental Theology of Balthasar Hubmaier.
418:
1597:
1245:
850:
Hubmaier believed that restored men and women had a free spirit, which was not affected by the Fall of Adam.
680:
466:
1385:
Klager, Andrew P. "Balthasar Hubmaier’s Use of the Church Fathers: Availability, Access and Interaction."
718:
330:
saving his pursuer, an act of mercy that led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake near
1647:
1617:
413:
602:
577:
393:
279:
Three days after his execution, his wife, with a stone tied around her neck, was drowned in the River
1009:
612:
582:
265:
Ferdinand's jurisdiction. Hubmaier and his wife were seized by the Austrian authorities and taken to
159:
758:, who went on to deny the doctrine of the Trinity, or avoided emphasis of the doctrine similar to
592:
461:
151:
132:
1532:
927:
617:
587:
423:
383:
154:
on 1 May 1503. Insufficient funds caused him to leave the university and teach for a time at
1537:
1492:
655:
637:
8:
708:
622:
408:
378:
360:
355:
295:
1513:
930:. In Hubmaier's concept both Determinism & Free Will existed; a form of Theological
1303:
1284:"The Absolute and Ordained Power of God in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Theology"
1246:"Balthasar Hubmaier's Use of the Church Fathers - Availability, Access and Interaction"
887:
779:
144:
49:
131:
leader. He was one of the most well-known and respected Anabaptist theologians of the
1480:
1467:
Scholar, Pastor, Martyr: The Life and Ministry of Balthasar Hubmaier (ca. 1480–1528).
1415:
1405:
871:
755:
632:
270:
1469:
The Hughey Lectures 2006, Prague: International Baptist Theological Seminary, 2008.
1295:
926:
while the ordained will was connected to verses in the Bible which seemed to imply
509:
212:
192:
176:
879:
675:
670:
549:
539:
494:
224:
935:
923:
859:
690:
627:
529:
476:
322:
217:
167:
118:
1526:
1401:
1393:
931:
762:. He was aided in regaining the support of the Nikolsburg preachers against
544:
504:
443:
428:
398:
196:
1355:, Mark A. Lamport, ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2017 (pp. 348-49)
1371:
A Pledge of Love: The Anabaptist Sacramental Theology of Balthasar Hubmaier
759:
554:
524:
350:
327:
155:
1451:
MacGregor, Kirk R. "Hubmaier’s Concord of Predestination with Free Will.”
1419:
1334:
Balthasar Hubmaier: Seine Stellung zu Reformation und Täufertum, 1521–1528
1472:
Potter, G. R. "Anabaptist Extraordinary: Balthasar Hubmaier, 1480–1528.”
919:
433:
388:
335:
241:
92:
1307:
1283:
867:
751:
607:
597:
534:
499:
317:
303:
171:
163:
128:
102:
934:, an idea in Christianity later articulated by Catholic Jesuit priest
1488:
1398:
The Anabaptist Story: An Introduction to Sixteenth-Century Anabaptism
817:
403:
30:
1342:——— (1978), Barnes, Irwin; Estep, William (eds.),
1299:
960:
The Open Appeal of Balthasar of Friedberg to all Christian Believers
208:
1220:
The Anabaptist View of the Family in its Relationship to the Church
763:
660:
519:
438:
766:
by the latter's assertion that Christ was only a "great prophet."
883:
875:
703:
685:
665:
471:
331:
249:
245:
200:
863:
280:
266:
66:
1216:
The Writings of Balthasar Hubmaier translated by G. D Davidson
750:
Hubmaier was more conservative than some Anabaptists, such as
572:
204:
216:
It was evidently here that HĂĽbmaier committed to abandoning
61:
44:
252:. This weakness troubled him deeply and brought forth his
1159:
1030:
Hubmair, Hubmayr, Hubmeier, Huebmör, Hubmör, Friedberger
1147:
1135:
1095:(rev. ed.). New York: Thomas Nelson. p. 329.
1057:
269:. He was held in the castle Gratzenstein (now called "
150:
He attended Latin School at Augsburg, and entered the
1344:
Balthasar Hubmaier: Anabaptist Theologian and Martyr
1183:
1171:
938:(1535–1600) through his idea of "Middle Knowledge."
147:, in 1480. Information on his parentage is lacking.
1225:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1069:
1222:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska, 1976.
1485:Balthasar Hubmaier: The Leader of the Anabaptists
1353:Encyclopedia of Martin Luther and the Reformation
1524:
1380:Balthasar Hubmaier and the Clarity of Scripture.
1518:Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
1448:Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2006.
1000:(usually translated as, "Truth is Immortal").
769:
179:. In 1524, he married Elizabeth HĂĽgline from
1460:Balthasar Hubmaier: Theologian of Anabaptism.
726:
35:Balthasar Hubmaier on his only known portrait
996:All of his publications contained the motto
918:Hubmaier proposed an idea of God having two
1438:Balthasar Hubmaier's understanding of faith
1428:Balthasar Hubmaier's Doctrine of the Church
1351:Brewer, Brian C. "Hubmaier, Balthasar," in
138:
1363:, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 33–53
733:
719:
310:
186:
29:
1583:16th century in the Old Swiss Confederacy
1430:, Lanham, MD: University Press of America
1086:
1084:
972:Old and New Teachers on Believers Baptism
908:Old and New Teachers on Believers Baptism
811:
1358:
1341:
1336:(in German), Kassel: J. G. Oncken Verlag
1331:
1051:
853:
1090:
1045:
1525:
1479:
1458:Pipkin, H. Wayne & John H. Yoder.
1368:
1281:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1081:
1075:
1063:
1633:People executed by Austria by burning
1628:German expatriates in the Czech lands
1453:Direction: A Mennonite Brethren Forum
1435:
1425:
1392:
1231:
1189:
1177:
790:Anabaptism and the total pacifism of
1382:Eugene: Pickwick Publications, 2013.
898:in protest against the errant papal
827:
978:Twelve Articles of Christian Belief
913:
259:
13:
1568:16th-century executions by Austria
1462:Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1989.
1243:
966:The Christian Baptism of Believers
191:In 1522 he became acquainted with
14:
1669:
1623:German expatriates in Switzerland
1603:Austrian people of German descent
1548:16th-century Anabaptist ministers
1507:
1093:A History of the Christian Church
845:
794:(staff/cane-bearing) Anabaptism.
745:
954:Heretics and Those Who Burn Them
702:
273:" in German), until March 1528.
1658:University of Ingolstadt alumni
1588:16th-century Protestant martyrs
1325:
1288:Journal of the History of Ideas
1275:
1266:
1237:
1208:
1195:
1010:Apostles' Creed § Articles 9–10
1563:16th-century Christian mystics
1543:1520s in the Habsburg monarchy
1476:26, no. 6 (June 1976): 377–84.
1436:——— (1998),
1369:——— (2012),
1022:
808:a somewhat later development.
419:Separation of church and state
1:
1653:University of Freiburg alumni
1643:People from Aichach-Friedberg
1558:16th-century Austrian writers
1205:47, no. 3 (Summer 2012): 452.
1203:Journal of Ecumenical Studies
1038:
797:
1613:Executed people from Bavaria
1553:16th-century Austrian people
1373:, Milton Keynes: Paternoster
1346:, Valley Forge: Judson Press
181:Reichenau, Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
127:) was an influential German
7:
1426:Mabry, Eddie Louis (1994),
1003:
836:
770:On Government and the Sword
414:Priesthood of all believers
10:
1674:
1638:People executed for heresy
1573:16th-century German people
1503:Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1976.
1387:Mennonite Quarterly Review
1361:Mennonite Quarterly Review
1332:Bergsten, Torsten (1961),
603:Mennonite World Conference
394:Nonconformity to the world
1455:35, no. 2 (2006): 279–99.
1091:Qualben, Lars P. (1964).
998:Die warheit ist untödlich
108:
98:
88:
81:
73:
56:
40:
28:
21:
1608:Executed Austrian people
1389:84 (January 2010): 5–65.
1282:Oakley, Francis (1998).
1015:
941:
858:Hubmaier referenced the
286:
160:University of Ingolstadt
139:Early life and education
16:German Anabaptist leader
1578:16th century in Bohemia
990:On Fraternal Admonition
709:Christianity portal
593:Conservative Mennonites
373:Doctrines and practices
316:A 1685 illustration by
187:Reformer and Anabaptist
117:(1480 – 10 March 1528;
1593:Anabaptist theologians
812:On the Mother of Jesus
462:Schleitheim Confession
379:Theology of Anabaptism
152:University of Freiburg
122:
93:Protestant Reformation
1378:Chatfield, Graeme R.
1214:Hubmaier, Balthasar.
900:ecclesia particularis
854:On the Church Fathers
618:Old Colony Mennonites
99:Tradition or movement
1598:Austrian Anabaptists
896:ecclesia universalis
638:Schwarzenau Brethren
623:Old Order Mennonites
578:Apostolic Christians
467:Dordrecht Confession
211:, HĂĽbmaier met with
207:. In March 1523, in
1499:Windhors, Cristof.
1444:MacGregor, Kirk R.
409:Freedom of religion
361:Sermon on the Mount
356:Radical Reformation
334:in the present-day
1648:Protestant mystics
1618:German Anabaptists
1514:Balthasar Hubmaier
1481:Vedder, Henry Clay
1465:Pipkin, H. Wayne.
1404:: Wm. B Eerdmans,
1168:, pp. 138–40.
888:Augustine of Hippo
633:Russian Mennonites
613:Mennonite Brethren
583:Brethren in Christ
515:Balthasar Hubmaier
384:Believer's baptism
145:Friedberg, Bavaria
115:Balthasar Hubmaier
23:Balthasar Hubmaier
1411:978-0-8028-0886-8
1144:, pp. 81–83.
1066:, pp. 24–25.
948:Eighteen Articles
872:Basil of Caesarea
828:On the Vernacular
756:Leonhard Schiemer
743:
742:
681:Inspirationalists
650:Related movements
271:Burg Kreuzenstein
244:and journeyed to
112:
111:
1665:
1495:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1374:
1364:
1347:
1337:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1250:
1244:Klager, Andrew.
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1212:
1206:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1032:
1026:
914:Two Wills of God
805:ex opere operato
735:
728:
721:
707:
706:
510:Melchior Hoffman
314:
291:
290:
260:Prison and death
213:Huldrych Zwingli
199:'s teacher) and
193:Heinrich Glarean
177:Waldshut-Tiengen
83:Theological work
33:
19:
18:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1523:
1522:
1510:
1412:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1300:10.2307/3653896
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1156:, p. 119n.
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1006:
944:
916:
880:John Chrysostom
856:
848:
839:
830:
814:
800:
772:
748:
739:
701:
696:
695:
671:Radical Pietism
651:
643:
642:
568:
560:
559:
550:Michael Sattler
540:Pilgram Marpeck
495:George Blaurock
490:
482:
481:
457:
449:
448:
374:
366:
365:
346:
338:
320:, published in
289:
262:
225:Wilhelm Reublin
189:
143:He was born in
141:
69:
64:
52:
47:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1671:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1521:
1520:
1509:
1508:External links
1506:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1433:
1423:
1410:
1394:Estep, William
1390:
1383:
1376:
1366:
1356:
1349:
1339:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1294:(3): 437–461.
1274:
1265:
1253:Goshen College
1236:
1224:
1207:
1194:
1192:, p. 137.
1182:
1180:, p. 192.
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1110:
1098:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1005:
1002:
994:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
943:
940:
936:Luis de Molina
924:Predestination
915:
912:
860:Church Fathers
855:
852:
847:
846:On Restoration
844:
838:
835:
829:
826:
813:
810:
799:
796:
771:
768:
747:
746:On the Trinity
744:
741:
740:
738:
737:
730:
723:
715:
712:
711:
698:
697:
694:
693:
691:Neo-Anabaptism
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
656:Schwenkfelders
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
641:
640:
635:
630:
628:River Brethren
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
569:
567:Largest groups
566:
565:
562:
561:
558:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
530:Alexander Mack
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
491:
488:
487:
484:
483:
480:
479:
477:Martyrs Mirror
474:
469:
464:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
364:
363:
358:
353:
347:
344:
343:
340:
339:
323:Martyrs Mirror
315:
307:
306:
300:
299:
288:
285:
261:
258:
218:infant baptism
188:
185:
168:Roman Catholic
140:
137:
110:
109:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
65:
58:
54:
53:
48:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1670:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1474:History Today
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1402:Cambridge, UK
1399:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1269:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1132:, p. 76.
1131:
1126:
1120:, p. 59.
1119:
1114:
1108:, p. 35.
1107:
1102:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1078:, p. 27.
1077:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1052:Bergsten 1978
1048:
1044:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1001:
999:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
945:
939:
937:
933:
932:Compatibilism
929:
925:
921:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
851:
843:
834:
825:
823:
819:
809:
806:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
736:
731:
729:
724:
722:
717:
716:
714:
713:
710:
705:
700:
699:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
647:
646:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
564:
563:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
545:Melchior Rink
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
505:Conrad Grebel
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
486:
485:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
453:
452:
445:
444:Simple living
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
399:Nonresistance
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
370:
369:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
342:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:
319:
313:
309:
308:
305:
302:
301:
297:
293:
292:
284:
282:
277:
274:
272:
268:
257:
255:
254:Short Apology
251:
247:
243:
237:
233:
231:
226:
221:
219:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
197:Conrad Grebel
194:
184:
182:
178:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
136:
134:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
107:
104:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
63:
59:
55:
51:
46:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
1533:1480s births
1517:
1500:
1487:, LaVergne,
1484:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1437:
1427:
1397:
1386:
1379:
1370:
1360:
1352:
1343:
1333:
1326:Bibliography
1311:. Retrieved
1291:
1287:
1277:
1268:
1256:. Retrieved
1252:
1239:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1202:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1092:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1029:
1024:
997:
995:
989:
984:On the Sword
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
917:
907:
903:
899:
895:
892:
857:
849:
840:
831:
821:
815:
804:
801:
791:
787:
784:On the Sword
783:
775:
773:
760:Menno Simons
749:
555:Menno Simons
525:Jakob Hutter
514:
424:Foot washing
351:Christianity
328:Dirk Willems
321:
278:
275:
263:
253:
238:
234:
222:
190:
156:Schaffhausen
149:
142:
124:Pacimontanus
123:
114:
113:
82:
1538:1528 deaths
1166:Vedder 2009
1154:Vedder 2009
1142:Vedder 2009
1130:Vedder 2009
1118:Vedder 2009
1106:Vedder 2009
1076:Vedder 2009
1064:Vedder 2009
434:Plain dress
336:Netherlands
242:Switzerland
223:Anabaptist
133:Reformation
1527:Categories
1313:August 12,
1258:August 12,
1232:Mabry 1998
1190:Mabry 1998
1178:Estep 1996
1039:References
868:Tertullian
798:On Baptism
788:Schwertler
776:Schwertler
752:Hans Denck
608:Mennonites
598:Hutterites
535:Felix Manz
500:Hans Denck
489:Key people
345:Background
318:Jan Luyken
304:Anabaptism
246:Nikolsburg
172:Regensburg
170:church at
129:Anabaptist
103:Anabaptism
77:Theologian
74:Occupation
1493:Kessinger
1483:(2009) ,
928:Free will
904:ad fontes
818:theotokos
676:Moravians
588:Bruderhof
456:Documents
429:Holy kiss
404:Free will
389:Lovefeast
230:Ferdinand
60:10 March
50:Friedberg
1396:(1996),
1004:See also
837:On Women
822:Apologia
780:pacifist
764:Hans Hut
661:Baptists
520:Hans Hut
439:Shunning
296:a series
294:Part of
164:John Eck
1308:3653896
992:(1527).
884:Cyprian
876:Ambrose
792:Stäbler
686:Quakers
666:Pietism
472:Ausbund
332:Asperen
250:Moravia
201:Erasmus
1420:000000
1418:
1408:
1306:
986:(1527)
980:(1526)
974:(1526)
968:(1525)
962:(1525)
956:(1524)
950:(1524)
886:, and
864:Origen
281:Danube
267:Vienna
209:ZĂĽrich
162:under
67:Vienna
1304:JSTOR
1249:(PDF)
1028:Also
1016:Notes
942:Works
920:Wills
774:As a
573:Amish
326:, of
287:Views
205:Basel
119:Latin
1416:OCLC
1406:ISBN
1315:2024
1260:2024
754:and
62:1528
57:Died
45:1480
41:Born
1516:in
1296:doi
248:in
203:at
89:Era
1529::
1491::
1489:TN
1414:,
1400:,
1302:.
1292:59
1290:.
1286:.
1251:.
1083:^
890:.
882:,
878:,
874:,
870:,
866:,
298:on
283:.
183:.
135:.
121::
1496:.
1441:.
1432:.
1375:.
1365:.
1348:.
1338:.
1317:.
1298::
1262:.
1054:.
734:e
727:t
720:v
195:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
