220:
795:
506:
683:
750:. While the two main chroniclers agree on essential points of the evening—the dancers were dressed as wild men, the king survived, one man fell into a vat and four of the dancers died—there are discrepancies in the details. Froissart wrote that the dancers were chained together, which is not mentioned in the monk's account. The two chroniclers are also at odds about the purpose of the dance. According to the historian Susan Crane, the monk describes the event as a wild
307:
758:
629:
22:
422:
780:(covering the years 1389 to 1400), an account described by scholar Katerina Nara as full of "a sense of pessimism", as Froissart "did not approve of all he recorded." Froissart blamed Orléans for the tragedy, while the monk blamed the instigator, de Guisay, whose reputation for treating low-born servants like animals earned him such universal hatred that "the Nobles rejoiced at his agonizing death".
295:—a venerated and well-educated 92-year-old physician—was summoned to treat him. After Charles regained consciousness and his fever subsided, he was returned to Paris by Harsigny, moving slowly from castle to castle with periods of rest in between. Late in September, Charles was well enough to make a pilgrimage of thanks to
107:. The circumstances of the fire undermined confidence in the king's capacity to rule; Parisians considered it proof of courtly decadence and threatened to rebel against the more powerful members of the nobility. The public's outrage forced Charles and his brother Orléans, whom a contemporary chronicler accused of attempted
807:
of the two. The monk's chronicle is generally accepted as essential for understanding the king's court, however his neutrality may have been affected by his pro-Burgundian and anti-Orléanist stance, causing him to depict the royal couple in a negative manner. A third account was written in the mid-15th century by
806:
Scholars are unsure whether either chronicler was present that evening. According to Crane, Froissart wrote of the event about five years later, and the monk about ten. Veenstra speculates that the monk was an eyewitness (as he was for much of
Charles' reign) and that his account is the more accurate
593:
added to the impression of a court steeped in extravagance, with a king in delicate health and unable to rule. Charles' attacks of illness increased in frequency such that by the end of the 1390s his role was merely ceremonial. By the early 15th century he was neglected and often forgotten, a lack of
501:
over the king to protect him from the sparks. Sources disagree as to whether the duchess moved into the dance and drew the king aside to speak to him, or whether the king moved away toward the audience. Froissart wrote that "The King, who proceeded ahead of , departed from his companions ... and
484:
According to historian Jan
Veenstra, the dancers capered and howled "like wolves", spat obscenities and invited the audience to guess their identities while dancing in a "diabolical" frenzy. Charles's brother Orléans arrived with Philippe de Bar, late and drunk, and they entered the hall carrying lit
489:
wrote of the incident that "the Duke of
Orleance ... put one of the Torches his servants held so neere the flax, that he set one of the Coates on fire, and so each of them set fire on to the other, and so they were all in a bright flame", whereas a contemporary chronicle stated that he "threw"
480:
was attached "so that they appeared shaggy and hairy from head to foot". Masks made of the same materials covered the dancers' faces and hid their identities from the audience. Some chronicles report that the dancers were bound together by chains. Most of the audience were unaware that the king was
573:
Froissart's chronicle of the event places blame directly on Orléans. He wrote: "And thus the feast and marriage celebrations ended with such great sorrow ... and could do nothing to remedy it. We must accept that it was no fault of theirs but of the duke of Orléans." Orléans' reputation was
372:
to shield
Charles VI from the duties of government and leadership. He told the king's advisors to "be careful not to worry or irritate him .... Burden him with work as little as you can; pleasure and forgetfulness will be better for him than anything else." To surround Charles with a festive
549:
The citizens of Paris, angered by the event and at the danger posed to their monarch, blamed
Charles' advisors. A "great commotion" swept through the city as the populace threatened to depose the king's uncles and kill dissolute and depraved courtiers. Greatly concerned at the popular outcry and
720:
was twofold: to entertain the court and to humiliate and rebuke
Isabeau's lady-in-waiting—in an inherently pagan manner, which the Monk of St Denis seemed to dislike. A ritual burning on the wedding night of a woman who was remarrying had Christian origins as well, according to Veenstra. The
602:, had his cousin Orléans assassinated because of "vice, corruption, sorcery, and a long list of public and private villainies"; at the same time Isabeau was accused of having been the mistress of her husband's brother. Orléans' assassination pushed the country into a
614:(known as the Armagnacs) which lasted for several decades. The vacuum created by the lack of central power and the general irresponsibility of the French court resulted in it gaining a reputation for lax morals and decadence that endured for more than 200 years.
525:
The scene soon descended into chaos; the dancers shrieked in pain as they burned in their costumes, and the audience, many of them also sustaining burns, screamed as they tried to rescue the burning men. The event was chronicled in uncharacteristic vividness by
665:
Wild men or savages—usually depicted carrying staves or clubs, living beyond the bounds of civilization without shelter or fire, lacking feelings and souls—were then a metaphor for man without God. Common superstition held that long-haired wild men, known as
678:
at harvest or planting time dancers dressed as wild men, to represent demons, were ceremonially captured and then an effigy of them was symbolically burnt to appease evil spirits. The church, however, considered these rituals pagan and demonic.
287:
that lasted for four days. Few believed he would recover; his uncles, the dukes of
Burgundy and Berry, took advantage of the king's illness and quickly seized power, re-established themselves as regents and dissolved the Marmouset council.
530:, who wrote that "four men were burned alive, their flaming genitals dropping to the floor ... releasing a stream of blood". Only two dancers survived: the king, thanks to the quick reactions of the Duchess of Berry, and the Sieur de
546:, lingered with painful burns for two days. The instigator of the affair, Huguet de Guisay, survived a day longer, described by Tuchman as bitterly "cursing and insulting his fellow dancers, the dead and the living, until his last hour."
732:
The event also may have served as a symbolic exorcism of
Charles's mental illness at a time when magicians and sorcerers were commonly consulted by members of the court. In the early 15th century, ritual burning of evil, demonic or
745:
The death of four members of the nobility was sufficiently important to ensure that the event was recorded in contemporary chronicles, most notably by
Froissart and the Monk of St Denis, and subsequently illustrated in copies of
481:
among the dancers. Strict orders forbade the lighting of hall torches and prohibited anyone from entering the hall with a torch during the performance, to minimize the risk of the highly flammable costumes catching fire.
791:), covering about 25 years of Charles' reign. He seemed to disapprove on the grounds that the event broke social mores and the king's conduct was unbecoming, whereas Froissart described it as a celebratory event.
347:, demanding her removal when she entered his chamber, but after his recovery he made arrangements for her to hold guardianship of their children. Isabeau eventually became guardian to her son, the future
826:
includes a miniature depicting the event, titled "Dance of the
Wodewoses", attributed to an unknown painter referred to as the Master of the Harley Froissart. A slightly later edition of Froissart's
208:, his father's traditional counselors. Unlike his uncles, the Marmousets wanted peace with England, less taxation and a strong, responsible central government—policies that resulted in a negotiated
566:
through the city in which the king rode on horseback with his uncles walking in humility. Orléans, who was blamed for the tragedy, donated funds in atonement for a chapel to be built at the
493:
Isabeau, knowing that her husband was one of the dancers, fainted when the men caught fire. Charles, however, was standing at a distance from the other dancers, near his 15-year-old aunt
716:
Because remarriage was often thought to be a sacrilege—common belief was that the sacrament of marriage extended beyond death—it was censured by the community. Thus the purpose of the
464:
On the suggestion of Huguet de Guisay, whom Tuchman describes as well known for his "outrageous schemes" and cruelty, six young men, including Charles, performed a dance in costume as
485:
torches. Accounts vary, but Orléans may have held his torch above a dancer's mask to determine his identity when a spark fell, setting fire to the dancer's leg. In the 17th century,
1407:
737:
forces was not uncommon as shown by Orléans' later persecution of the king's physician Jehan de Bar, who was burned to death after confessing, under torture, to practicing sorcery.
343:
wrote that Charles' illness was so severe that he was "far out of the way; no medicine could help him." During the worst of his illness the king was unable to recognize his wife,
1361:
705:
where the seasonal fertility rite had watered down to courtly entertainment, but where burning had been promoted to a dreadful reality." A 15th-century chronicle describes the
662:
that existed in 14th-century society. According to him, the event "laid bare a great cultural struggle with the past but also became an ominous foreshadowing of the future."
932:
Early medieval folk festivals in Germany and Switzerland included a ritual called the "Expulsion of Death", often performed on the fourth Sunday in Lent, also known as
697:
forbade a belief in wild men or an imitation of them, such as the costumed dance at Isabeau's event. In folkloric rituals the "burning did not happen literally but in
204:, showed little interest in governing. In 1387, the 20-year-old Charles assumed sole control of the monarchy and immediately dismissed his uncles and reinstated the
260:. Convinced that the attempt on Clisson's life was also an act of violence against himself and the monarchy, Charles quickly planned a retaliatory invasion of
439:), showing a dancer in the wine vat in the foreground, Charles huddling under the Duchess of Berry's skirt at middle left, and burning dancers in the center
373:
atmosphere and to protect him from the rigor of governing, the court turned to elaborate amusements and extravagant fashions. Isabeau and her sister-in-law
693:
Veenstra explains that it was believed that by dressing as wild men, villagers ritualistically "conjured demons by imitating them"—although at that period
279:—with whom he had a close relationship—crying, "Forward against the traitors! They wish to deliver me to the enemy!" The king killed four men before his
936:("Sunday of the Dead"). An effigy was "killed" by burning, with the fragments scattered on fields as a fertility ritual. As early as the 8th century in
455:, Catherine de Fastaverin. Tuchman explains that a widow's remarriage was traditionally an occasion for mockery and tomfoolery, often celebrated with a
275:, accompanying his forces on the way to Brittany, Charles drew his weapons without warning and charged his own household knights including his brother
835:
754:
with the audience participating in the dance, whereas Froissart's description suggests a theatrical performance without audience participation.
1404:
1358:
374:
574:
severely damaged by the event, compounded by an episode a few years earlier in which he was accused of sorcery after hiring an
461:
characterized by "all sorts of licence, disguises, disorders, and loud blaring of discordant music and clanging of cymbals".
1685:
1671:
1657:
1632:
1618:
1604:
1586:
1572:
1540:
1526:
1512:
1494:
1473:
1444:
1339:
323:
Charles' sudden onset of insanity was seen by some as a sign of divine anger and punishment, and by others as the result of
670:, who danced to firelight either to conjure demons or as part of fertility rituals, lived in mountainous areas such as the
1718:
103:
The ball was one of a series of events organised to entertain Charles, who the previous summer had suffered an attack of
948:—a leaf- and moss-clad villager representing a wild man—was ceremonially hunted and killed. Chambers (1996 ed.), 183–185
843:
830:, dated to around 1480, contains a miniature of the event, "Fire at a Masked Dance", also attributed to an unidentified
1545:
Gibbons, Rachel. (1996). "Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France (1385–1422): The Creation of an Historical Villainess".
30:
1609:
Nara, Katerina. (2002). "Representations of Female Characters in Jean Froissarts Chroniques". in Kooper, Erik (ed.).
603:
392:(the well-beloved). Blame for unnecessary excess and expense was directed at the foreign queen, who was brought from
502:
went to the ladies to show himself to them ... and so passed by the Queen and came near the Duchess of Berry".
368:
writes that the physician Harsigny, refusing "all pleas and offers of riches to remain," left Paris and ordered the
1504:
1733:
1465:
582:
later testified that Orléans practiced sorcery, and that the fire at the dance represented a failed attempt at
351:(b. 1403), granting her great political power and ensuring a place on the council of regents in the event of a
396:
at the request of the king's uncles. Neither Isabeau nor her sister-in-law Valentina—daughter of the ruthless
510:
494:
429:
153:
41:
831:
388:
The common people thought the extravagances excessive yet loved their young king, whom they called Charles
233:
534:, who jumped into an open vat of wine and remained there until the flames were extinguished. The Count of
296:
1738:
1723:
1596:
276:
97:
1728:
904:
762:
539:
402:
314:
257:
201:
34:
1708:
1713:
854:. The edition has 25 miniatures in the margins; the single full-page illustration is of the
808:
579:
406:
that Charles' uncles were content to allow the frivolities because "so long as the Queen and the
339:, running "howling like a wolf down the corridors of the royal palaces." Contemporary chronicler
149:
923:
claimed the woman had been widowed three times, making it her fourth marriage. See Veenstra, 90
892:
747:
397:
328:
219:
193:
48:
as the dancers tear at their burning costumes. One dancer has leapt into the wine vat; in the
1423:
348:
292:
49:
192:
as "one of the most powerful princes in Europe", became sole regent to the young king after
794:
543:
310:
280:
224:
177:
89:
45:
798:
Detail of the Harley Froissart manuscript (c. 1470–72), double-column French written in a
196:
pillaged the royal treasury and departed to campaign in Italy; Charles' other two uncles,
8:
900:
819:
559:
245:
209:
197:
173:
729:; she is eventually freed of the demon by the burning of the heart and liver of a fish.
407:
327:; modern historians such as Knecht speculate that Charles was experiencing the onset of
1340:"Documents insérés et documents abrégés dans la Chronique du religieux de Saint- Denis"
607:
344:
324:
249:
115:
448:
1743:
1681:
1667:
1653:
1628:
1614:
1600:
1582:
1568:
1536:
1522:
1508:
1490:
1469:
1440:
908:
599:
261:
85:
1639:
The Performance of Self: Ritual, Clothing, and Identity during the Hundred Years War
639:
505:
1501:
The Performance of Self: Ritual, Clothing and Identity During the Hundred Years War
611:
558:
turned against tax collectors—Charles' uncles persuaded the court to do penance at
518:
498:
393:
360:
1437:
Anthoine Vérard: Parisian publisher 1485–1512: Prologues, Poems, and Presentations
957:
The Monk described the event as "contrary to all decency". See Tuchman (1978), 504
1565:
Olivier de Clisson and Political Society in France under Charles V and Charles VI
1411:
1365:
896:
875:
851:
823:
595:
452:
444:
365:
253:
185:
157:
119:
77:
136:, that were commonly represented in medieval Europe and documented in revels of
1531:
Famiglietti, Richard C. (1995). "Juvenal Des Ursins". in Kibler, William (ed).
920:
563:
527:
486:
340:
336:
332:
145:
141:
122:. Scholars believe the dance performed at the ball had elements of traditional
1702:
722:
687:
189:
682:
96:. Four of the dancers were killed in a fire caused by a torch brought in by
655:
400:—were well liked by either the court or the people. Froissart wrote in his
244:, manifested by an "insatiable fury" at the attempted assassination of the
228:
137:
578:
monk to imbue a ring, dagger and sword with demonic magic. The theologian
799:
694:
531:
306:
180:
was crowned king, beginning his minority with his four uncles acting as
757:
567:
240:
In 1392, Charles suffered the first in a lifelong series of attacks of
205:
133:
1554:
Wild Men in the Middle Ages: A Study in Art, Sentiment, and Demonology
628:
617:
941:
834:
painter known as the Master of the Getty Froissart. The 15th-century
725:
partly concerns a woman who had seven husbands murdered by the demon
457:
385:
that reportedly required doorways to be widened to accommodate them.
369:
283:
grabbed him by the waist and subdued him, after which he fell into a
213:
124:
21:
818:
The Froissart manuscript dating from between 1470 and 1472 from the
594:
leadership that contributed to the decline and fragmentation of the
726:
671:
659:
634:
623:
583:
575:
465:
241:
161:
129:
108:
104:
212:, and the Duke of Berry being stripped of his post as governor of
551:
352:
272:
93:
850:
published in Paris around 1508 may have been made expressly for
381:
hairstyles coiled into tall shells and covered with wide double
264:
with the approval of the Marmousets, and within months departed
937:
879:
846:, has a miniature of the event. Another edition of Froissart's
769:
555:
535:
514:
421:
382:
181:
331:. The king continued to be mentally fragile, believing he was
734:
586:
made in retaliation for Charles' attack the previous summer.
473:
469:
378:
265:
81:
1478:
Centerwell, Brandon. (1997). "The Name of the Green Man".
477:
468:. The costumes, which were sewn onto the men, were made of
300:
284:
140:. The event was chronicled by contemporary writers such as
1664:
Magic and Divination at the Courts of Burgundy and France
648:
Magic and Divination at the Courts of Burgundy and France
686:
Wild men depicted in the borders of a late 14th-century
1625:
The Hundred Years War: The English in France 1337–1453
1346:. Vol. 152, No. 2, 375–428. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
92:
performed in a dance with five members of the French
1519:
The Battle of Agincourt: Sources and Interpretations
618:
Folkloric and Christian representations of wild men
410:danced, they were not dangerous or even annoying."
1567:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
776:Froissart wrote about the event in Book IV of his
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
768:, by the Master of the Getty Froissart (c. 1483,
554:of the previous decade—when Parisians armed with
291:The comatose king was returned to Le Mans, where
1700:
1426:. J. Paul Getty Trust. Retrieved January 2, 2012
413:
16:Masquerade ball held on 28 January 1393 in Paris
761:Miniature titled "Fire at a masked dance" from
1662:Veenstra, Jan R. and Laurens Pignon. (1997).
1637:Stock, Lorraine Kochanske. (2004). Review of
1257:
156:. The incident later provided inspiration for
1650:A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century
1298:
1296:
1294:
1092:
1090:
944:in Germany a ritual was performed in which a
361:A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century
118:, held the ball to honor the remarriage of a
111:and sorcery, to offer penance for the event.
1462:The Life and Afterlife of Isabeau of Bavaria
1368:. British Library. Retrieved January 2, 2012
598:dynasty. In 1407, Philip of Burgundy's son,
44:holds her blue skirts over a barely visible
1414:. British Library. Retrieved March 3, 2012
1395:Curry (2000), 128; Famiglietti (1995), 505
1291:
1248:
1227:Wagner (2006), 88; Tuchman (1978), 515–516
1087:
303:, after which he returned again to Paris.
1108:
1099:
899:(commonly known as Philip the Bold), and
891:Three uncles were brothers to Charles V:
538:died at the scene; Yvain de Foix, son of
377:, wore jewel-laden dresses and elaborate
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1008:
1006:
1004:
907:was the brother of Charles VI's mother,
793:
756:
681:
627:
504:
420:
305:
218:
132:, mythical beings often associated with
20:
994:
861:
813:L'Histoire de Charles VI: roy de France
517:, covering a costumed Charles with the
451:to celebrate the third marriage of her
172:In 1380, after the death of his father
1701:
1678:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years' War
1552:Heckscher, William. (1953). Review of
1405:"Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts"
1359:"Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts"
1185:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1032:
1030:
1020:
1018:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
375:Valentina Visconti, Duchess of Orléans
1579:The Valois: Kings of France 1328–1589
1354:
1352:
1062:
1048:
1001:
874:Sources vary whether the event was a
542:, and Aimery of Poitiers, son of the
1344:Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes
1153:
1027:
1015:
971:
783:The monk wrote of the event in the
713:("a dance to ward off the devil").
443:On 28 January 1393, Isabeau held a
216:because of his excessive taxation.
13:
1349:
148:, and illustrated in 15th-century
52:above, musicians continue to play.
14:
1755:
1694:
1680:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
490:the torch at one of the dancers.
1533:Medieval France: An Encyclopedia
1521:. Rochester, NY: Boydell Press.
1505:University of Pennsylvania Press
844:Bibliothèque nationale de France
701:", he writes, "contrary to the
184:. Within two years one of them,
128:, with the dancers disguised as
1581:. London: Hambledon Continuum.
1429:
1417:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1282:
1273:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1176:
1167:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1078:
951:
926:
914:
1466:Johns Hopkins University Press
1453:
1424:"Illuminating the Renaissance"
1039:
885:
868:
550:worried about a repeat of the
248:and leader of the Marmousets,
1:
1593:Persecution, Plague, and Fire
1563:Henneman, John Bell. (1996).
964:
811:in his biography of Charles,
740:
433:
430:Master of Anthony of Burgundy
335:, and according to historian
210:three-year truce with England
167:
154:Master of Anthony of Burgundy
1547:The Royal Historical Society
1489:. Mineola, New York: Dover.
1245:Tuchman (1978), 516, 537–538
815:, not published until 1614.
654:reveals the tension between
562:, preceded by an apologetic
313:attacking his knights, from
271:On a hot August day outside
234:Grandes Chroniques de France
7:
1648:Tuchman, Barbara. (1978).
1597:University of Chicago Press
1218:Veenstra (1997), 60, 91, 95
1141:qtd. in Tuchman (1978), 503
1084:qtd. in Tuchman (1978), 498
711:una corea procurance demone
540:Gaston FĂ©bus, Count of Foix
80:held on 28 January 1393 in
29:depicted in a 15th-century
10:
1760:
1719:European court festivities
1485:Chamber, E.R. (1996 ed.)
1173:qtd. in MacKay (2011), 167
1114:qtd. in Seward (1987), 144
621:
1645:. Vol. 79, No. 1. 158–161
1623:Seward, Desmond. (1978).
1611:The Medieval Chronicle VI
1560:. Vol. 35, No. 3. 241–243
1435:Winn, Mary Beth. (1997).
1338:Guenée, Bernard. (1994).
1045:qtd. in Knecht (2007), 42
911:. See Tuchman (1978), 367
513:, wearing a high conical
268:with a force of knights.
258:John IV, Duke of Brittany
188:, described by historian
1652:. New York: Ballantine.
1577:Knecht, Robert. (2007).
1439:. Geneva: Library Droz.
1311:qtd. in Nara (2002), 230
1254:Centerwell (1997), 27–28
1209:qtd. in Nara (2002), 237
1096:Henneman (1996), 173–175
497:, who swiftly threw her
277:Louis I, Duke of Orléans
231:in the mid-15th century
152:by painters such as the
98:Louis I, Duke of Orléans
1676:Wagner, John. (2006).
1591:MacKay, Ellen. (2011).
1556:by Richard Bernheimer.
1460:Adams, Tracy. (2010).
1075:Tuchman (1978), 496–499
998:Tuchman (1979), 503–505
809:Jean Juvenal des Ursins
748:illuminated manuscripts
658:beliefs and the latent
150:illuminated manuscripts
100:, the king's brother.
64:Ball of the Burning Men
1613:. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
1499:Crane, Susan. (2002).
1270:Veenstra (1997), 92–94
1012:Veenstra (1997), 89–91
803:
802:with decorative border
785:Histoire de Charles VI
773:
690:
643:
522:
495:Joan, Duchess of Berry
440:
329:paranoid schizophrenia
320:
237:
53:
1734:14th century in Paris
1627:. New York: Penguin.
1535:. New York: Garland.
1517:Curry, Anne. (2000).
1302:Crane (2002), 155–159
1123:Gibbons (1996), 57–59
797:
789:History of Charles VI
760:
685:
631:
508:
424:
309:
293:Guillaume de Harsigny
222:
24:
1666:. New York: Brill.
1182:Stock (2004) 159–160
1132:Tuchman (1978), p502
1059:Knecht (2007), 42–47
921:The Monk of St Denis
862:Notes and references
836:Gruuthuse manuscript
560:Notre Dame Cathedral
544:Count of Valentinois
528:the Monk of St Denis
297:Notre-Dame de Liesse
256:but orchestrated by
225:Charles VI of France
142:the Monk of St Denis
74:Ball of the Wild Men
46:Charles VI of France
1377:Veenstra (1997), 22
1288:Veenstra (1997), 67
1279:Veenstra (1997), 94
1236:Tuchman (1978), 516
1200:Tuchman (1978), 380
1164:Veenstra (1997), 91
1150:Tuchman (1978), 504
1036:Tuchman (1978), 367
1024:Tuchman (1978), 503
832:early Netherlandish
820:Harleian Collection
646:Veenstra writes in
246:Constable of France
174:Charles V of France
1739:French royal court
1724:Scandals in France
1487:The Medieval Stage
1482:. Vol. 108. 25–33
1410:2014-07-14 at the
1364:2020-08-01 at the
1105:Seward (1987), 143
897:Philip of Burgundy
804:
774:
691:
674:. In some village
644:
523:
441:
345:Isabeau of Bavaria
321:
250:Olivier de Clisson
238:
186:Philip of Burgundy
176:, the 12-year-old
116:Isabeau of Bavaria
54:
1686:978-0-313-32736-0
1672:978-90-04-10925-4
1658:978-0-345-34957-6
1633:978-1-101-17377-0
1619:978-90-420-2674-2
1605:978-0-226-50019-5
1587:978-1-85285-522-2
1573:978-0-8122-3353-7
1541:978-0-8240-4444-2
1527:978-0-85115-802-0
1513:978-0-8122-1806-0
1495:978-0-486-29229-8
1474:978-0-8018-9625-5
1464:. Baltimore, MD:
1445:978-2-600-00219-6
1386:Adams (2010), 124
1329:Crane (2002), 157
909:Jeanne of Bourbon
600:John the Fearless
1751:
1729:Masquerade balls
1641:by Susan Crane.
1558:The Art Bulletin
1549:, Vol. 6. 51–73
1503:. Philadelphia:
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511:Duchess of Berry
499:voluminous skirt
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364:, the historian
252:—carried out by
202:Louis of Bourbon
160:'s short story "
69:Bal des Sauvages
42:Duchess of Berry
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449:HĂ´tel Saint-Pol
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426:Bal des Ardents
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415:Bal des Ardents
366:Barbara Tuchman
254:Pierre de Craon
170:
158:Edgar Allan Poe
120:lady-in-waiting
114:Charles' wife,
90:King Charles VI
78:masquerade ball
59:Bal des Ardents
27:Bal des Ardents
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509:Detail of the
487:William Prynne
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606:between the
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521:of her dress
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472:soaked with
466:wood savages
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390:le bien-aimé
389:
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229:Jean Fouquet
227:depicted by
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35:Froissart's
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1595:. Chicago:
1454:Works cited
608:Burgundians
570:monastery.
532:Nantouillet
349:Charles VII
281:chamberlain
88:, at which
1703:Categories
965:References
876:masquerade
848:Chronicles
840:Chronicles
828:Chronicles
778:Chronicles
765:Chronicles
741:Chronicles
676:charivaris
612:Orléanists
580:Jean Petit
445:masquerade
403:Chronicles
317:Chronicles
311:Charles VI
206:Marmousets
178:Charles VI
168:Background
134:demonology
66:), or the
37:Chronicles
942:Thuringen
752:charivari
656:Christian
650:that the
635:wodewoses
604:civil war
568:Celestine
476:to which
458:charivari
370:courtiers
214:Languedoc
125:charivari
76:), was a
31:miniature
1744:Wild men
1643:Speculum
1480:Folklore
1408:Archived
1362:Archived
946:pfingstl
727:Asmodeus
672:Pyrenees
660:paganism
624:Wild man
610:and the
584:regicide
576:apostate
262:Brittany
242:insanity
162:Hop-Frog
130:wild men
109:regicide
105:insanity
94:nobility
735:Satanic
699:effigie
556:mallets
447:at the
428:by the
394:Bavaria
383:hennins
379:braided
353:relapse
325:sorcery
273:Le Mans
182:regents
50:gallery
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938:Saxony
880:masque
770:Bruges
668:lutins
642:(1499)
596:Valois
536:Joigny
515:hennin
86:France
40:. The
878:or a
519:train
474:resin
470:linen
299:near
266:Paris
82:Paris
33:from
1682:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1629:ISBN
1615:ISBN
1601:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1537:ISBN
1523:ISBN
1509:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1441:ISBN
940:and
589:The
478:flax
301:Laon
285:coma
200:and
144:and
56:The
25:The
1507:.
709:as
358:In
164:."
1705::
1599:.
1468:.
1351:^
1342:.
1293:^
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973:^
903:.
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858:.
434:c.
355:.
84:,
882:.
787:(
772:)
432:(
72:(
62:(
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