3809:
401:: -dʒoIaal, -laal, - dʒool, -Ii, -Ie, -aal, -eel, -ool and -l. Most frequently appear -dʒoolaal, -dʒool and -laal. Based on the quantity they refer to, these suffixes can be separated into three different categories: small quantities, medium quantities, and large quantities. However, not only quantity plays a role in the formation of the plural but also the cluster argument. For instance, singular nouns that end with consonant phonemes are not pluralized by adding the suffix -laal because it causes an impermissible consonant cluster, e.g.
482:(far less frequently also in the form of partial or total reduplication). For instance, some animate singular noun stems, parts of the human body, as well as plants take their plural form by the repetition of the stem-final consonant. Two different ways have been identified: (1) singular noun stem + V + CC + V, or (2) singular noun stem + VV + C. The C represents the final consonant that needs to be repeated, have a look at the following examples:
238:, then to Gobba in Bale, and finally to Giddicho, their current settlement area. Giddicho is an island on the big Abaya Lake and Baiso is spoken in two villages there, namely Baiso and Shigima. Today Baiso people, however, also live on the Golmaka island, in the villages Waajjifo and Shink'ik'k'o situated on the north-western shore of the lake, and in the Alge kebele, located in the Mi’rab Abaya District.
3774:
The relative clause can occur either at the beginning of a sentence, hence before the main clause, or it occurs between the subject and predicate of the main clause. Sometimes it is also positioned between subject and object or between object and predicate of the main clause. It is never found at the
523:
Due to the fact that Baiso doesn't allow a word to finish with geminated consonants, a final vowel as shown in (1) needs to be added. Moreover, a vowel (usually an /a/) in between the singular noun stem and the repeated consonant is needed only if the singular noun stem ends with a consonant. In case
241:
This geographic distribution also divides the Baiso people into fifteen different clans, which are the following: Achele, Achegele, Baallaa, Bayso, Dabboottee, Dakartee, Dhaantuu, Fagoo, Gondoo, Golmakaa, Maman kabarraak'as, Maman kat'ee, Mulmalee, Shigima and Warjii. Cooperation and friendship plays
3214:
Just as well does the voiced alveolar nasal implosive /n"/ only appear in word medial position, mostly between the high front vowel /i/, between the mid, front vowel /e/, or between the back vowel /u/.The pronunciation of /n"/ is similar to /ɗ/ with the difference that, instead of a slight push, the
3210:
The voiced bilabial nasal implosive /m"/ has a similar sound to the voiceless glottal stop /ʔ/. It is a phoneme not included in the IPA chart. When articulating it, the air is trapped both at the lips and the glottis, but the air trapped at the glottis is released first which forces the air into the
2580:
As can be seen in the table above, the suffix -ti is attached onto the adjective stem to indicate singular feminine. The suffix -ti is also added to any plural adjective, no matter if the entity the adjective refers to is masculine or feminine. On the other hand, one adds the suffix -ki to indicate
3670:
As you can see, in Baiso there is no rule as to whether the complement (in this case the adjective) follows or precedes the noun in a noun phrase. The same goes for demonstratives or possessive pronouns. In the case of quantifiers, most of them can both precede or follow the noun. An exception are
3227:
Baiso has five ejectives (/p'/, /t'/, /s'/, /k'/, and /t͡ʃ/). The voiceless bilabial ejective /p'/ and the voiceless alveolar ejective /t'/ are amongst the least frequently used phonemes in Baiso. Furthermore, even though the phoneme barely occurs, Baiso is one of very few East
Cushitic languages
622:
The paucal number system refers to a group of a few individuals that are located at a particular place and time. This number system is a unique feature to Baiso as it is very rare for
Cushitic languages. The paucal is formed by adding the suffix -dʒa or, less frequently, -dʒedʒa onto the singular
303:
Nouns in the Baiso language are inflected for number and definiteness. Gender, on the other hand, is not marked on nouns but is rather expressed through an agreement of verbs, adjectives, and demonstratives. Hence, an adjective/verb/demonstrative will agree on the gender of the noun with which it
211:
As the Baiso people are a minority ethnic group in
Ethiopia, their language is endangered. Today, there are between 3 500 and 5 000 mother tongue speakers of Baiso. This number, however, is decreasing. About 95% of the Baiso are multilingual in at least four languages, the most prominent Amharic,
3172:
Special about the voiced bilabial stop /b/ is, that even though it occurs in any word position, it changes sound according to where exactly it is located. Thus, if /b/ occurs between two vowels it is realized as a voiced bilabial fricative or a geminated consonant. However, when it appears in a
2710:
The consonants of the Baiso language have a lot in common with other (Lowland) East
Cushitic languages, e.g. it has a number of glottalized consonants, and lacks the voiced labiodental fricative /v/. However, there's elements that are not common for the language family and that are only found in
3534:
Generally, eight syllable types have been identified in Baiso language, which can be categorized into open (V, CV:, V:, CV) and closed syllables (VC, CVC, VVC, CVVC), as well as light (CV) and heavy syllables (CVV, CVVC, CVC). While it is very uncommon to find polysyllabic Baiso words, most are
1023:
The dative case, for instance, is expressed via the system of noun stem + -V:n. If the stem noun (1) ends with a long vowel, merely the consonant -n will be attached. If it (2) ends with a short vowel, the vowel will first be lengthened and -n will then be attached. However, if a (3) noun stem
3206:
The alveolar implosive /ɗ/ barely appears in Baiso words. Apparently, it has mostly been replaced by the alveolar ejective /t'/ or has simply been removed, except in the intervocalic word medial position. This distinguishes Baiso from other East
Cushitic languages where /ɗ/ is rather common,
839:
A similar operation occurs when comparing the paucal and the plural. When a paucal noun is used in a sentence, it will require plural agreements on its verbs, adjectives, and demonstratives. However, a plural noun will require a singular masculine agreement on its verbs, adjectives, and
283:
Most noteworthy are the traces of the Somali language that remain in Baiso. Baiso does not merely share grammatic similarities with Somali but one clearly notices a Somali influence on the Baiso lexis. Especially the basic vocabulary and most of their morphological features are shared.
420:
It therefore appears that non only quantity but also phonemes and themes/concepts influence the plural suffix that is chosen. All singular nouns that end with the phonemes /b/ and /d/, for example, are pluralized by adding -eel and geminating the final consonant of the noun stem, e.g.
1834:
Regarding the agreement marking of pronoun and verb, different rules are applied than with nouns. In fact, plural pronouns require a plural agreement on verbs, adjectives, as well as demonstratives. This is different from plural nouns, which require a masculine singular agreement.
3240:
The fricative /z/ is barely found in any Baiso words, just in a few loan words and certain place names. Comparing Baiso to Proto
Lowland East Cushitic, the sound /z/ might have largely been replaced by /d/ in Baiso. In Proto Lowland East Cushitic, for example, the word
3269:
The Baiso consonant inventory includes two nasal phonemes (/m/, and /n/). The voiced alveolar nasal /n/ is the most frequently used phoneme in Baiso. It occurs in all word positions, except in postconsonantal position. The phoneme is realized in three different ways:
582:
It needs to be kept in mind, that even though certain singular nouns can be pluralized by reduplication or internat modification, they can be just as well be pluralized by adding a suffix. This depends on the quantity that is being referred to. Take the example of
3305:
In regards to the vowel inventory, most
Cushitic languages have a five-term vowel system. Here, Baiso shares another similarity with its related languages. Hence, it has five short vowels and five contrastive long vowels, as can be seen in the table below.
1843:
One might have noticed in the table above that the indirect personal pronouns in Baiso are being formed by attaching the dative suffix -n to the direct personal pronouns. In that case, the final vowel of each pronoun is lengthened, and in the case of
274:
Baiso is particularly close related to
Rendille and to the Somali dialects of the Upper Juba region Digil and May. They share many phonological and morphological features, such as the relationship between gender and number or pluralization.
658:
In some cases, the paucal suffix is added to the plural form (pluralized either through reduplication or addition/deletion of vowels, not by adding a suffix) of a noun instead of its singular form. However, it is yet unclear, why this is.
1014:
The nominative and accusative cases are not marked on Baiso nouns, they are expressed by word order. Moreover, Baiso has the dative, genitive, instrumental, ablative, locative, and comitative cases, which are expressed in different ways.
667:
As in most
Cushitic languages, Baiso has two grammatical genders: masculine, and feminine. These are not marked on the noun itself but is rather expressed through an agreement with the corresponding verb, adjective, and demonstrative.
250:
As mentioned above, Baiso is a
Lowland East Cushitic language, more precisely a Nuclear Southern Lowland East Cushitic language belonging to the subgroup Omo-Tana. Amongst Baiso, the languages that are part of the Omo-Tana group are
3464:
Regarding consonant gemination, two identical consonants can only occur in word medial position. There are a few phonemes that never occur as geminated consonants, which are the following: /m"/, /n"/, /h/, /z/, /ʃ/, and /ʔ/.
315:
The Baiso language has four number systems: singulative, singular, paucal, and plural. While the singular is never marked, the other number systems are marked by different suffixes that are added to the noun stems.
3553:
In noun phrases, hence, a sentence in which a noun is the head of the sentence and different types of complements surround it, the complements can both precede and follow the noun. Take these two example sentences:
1221:
On the other hand, if a noun ends with a long vowel, one simply adds the epenthetic and the final suffix -i onto the noun stem. If the noun ends with a consonant, the case marker is simply attached to the noun.
3236:
Baiso has five fricatives (/f/, /s/, /z/, /h/, and /ʃ/). Except /z/, these fricatives are widely found in Baiso words. The voiceless palatal fricative /ʃ/ often occurs in loan words from Amharic as well.
671:
Most (in-)animate entities in Baiso are randomly assigned a gender. Animals, for instance, tend to have different names depending on whether the female or male animal is referred to. Sometimes, the terms
4079:""A few notes on the documentation of Bayso (Cushitic) and Haro (Omotic): fieldwork organisation and data collection." Rassegna di Studi Etiopici, 2012, Nuova Serie, Vol. 4 (47) (2012), pp. 153-170"
3707:
Baiso is a postpositional language, in which the postpositions are either suffixes or independent words. In the case of postpositional phrases, the postpositions always follow the head noun, as in:
290:
Another, relatively recent, influence on Baiso comes from Amharic which is a very popular and widespread language among Baiso speakers and is mostly limited to cultural aspects within the language.
3458:
In regard to word stress, if a Baiso word consists of two syllables, the emphasis is made on its first syllable as long as its second syllable does not contain a long vowel or is a heavy syllable.
695:
In Baiso language, the phenomenon of gender polarity also plays a role. Thus, change of number also results in the change of grammatical gender. This is a common occurrence in Cushitic languages.
3450:
Baiso words never have more than two identical vowels following one another. Moreover, a sequence of two similar vowels is treated as one unit, hence, they are not separated into two syllables.
3203:
Baiso has three implosives (/ɗ/, /m"/, and /n"/). As already mentioned, the nasal implosives /m"/ and /n"/ are unique to the Baiso language and cannot be found in other East Cushitic languages.
3169:
In Baiso there are seven plosive stops (/b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, and /ʔ/), of which /p/ is one of the least frequently used consonant phonemes and /b/ one of the most frequently used.
287:
Moreover there is Oromo, the most spoken Cushitic language, which has influenced Baiso to this day. Oromo has influenced Baiso vocabulary as well as morphology, e.g. the verbal inflection.
1856:
In regards to the possessive pronouns, Baiso distinguishes between masculine and feminine, depending on the gender of the entity possessed. To get a clearer picture, take these examples:
3531:
Most frequently and dominantly, Baiso has open syllables (-CV). Baiso's basic syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). This shows, that the nucleus vowel, either long or short, is obligatory.
698:
Most singular masculine nouns and all singular feminine nouns turn masculine when pluralized. But there are exceptions where a singular masculine noun will turn feminine in the plural.
2584:
When an adjective occurs with the paucal form of a noun, either the suffix -n'i is attached onto the plural adjectives, or the prefix o- is attached to the singular adjective stems.
215:
Only recently, the writing system of the Latin alphabet was adapted to the Baiso language. Hence, it does not yet have any literary tradition and is not sufficiently documented.
1088:
If a noun ends with a short vowel, that exact vowel is lengthened and a -y- (epenthetic) is added onto it before attaching the final instrumental suffix -i. Take this example:
437:). Moreover, also singular nouns that end with the vowel -e will ask for the suffix -eel when getting pluralized. In this case, the final vowel -e of the noun stem is deleted.
4185:
Hayward, Richard J. 1978, 1979. Bayso Revisited: some preliminary linguistic observations. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 41, 42. 539–570, 103–132.
1815:
Furthermore, subject pronouns cannot always be emitted as is possible in some other languages. This is because some pronouns require the same verb forms. You can say both
3161:
Even though the consonant phonemes /p/, /h/, and /z/ appear in the table above, there is uncertainty about whether they really are part of the Baiso consonant inventory.
475:
Nevertheless, it can be said that most singular nouns can be combined with almost all of the plural suffixes available, all depending on the context one uses them in.
440:
The least frequently used plural suffixes are -le and -li. However, there is an interesting observation to be added about the suffix -le. There are some words, like
1077:
For singular masculine and plural nouns, the prefix ka- is needed. For singular feminine nouns, ta- is needed. If the possessed entity is paucal, o- is prefixed.
2110:
In the following table you can see the classification of all demonstrative pronouns according to their number, gender, and distance (proximal, medial, distal):
242:
a big role among the different clans. However, it remains unclear whether there are lexical or phonetic differences in the Baiso spoken by the different clans.
1753:
As can be seen above, the Baiso language has seven independent personal pronouns distinguished according to number (and gender in the third person singular).
1085:
The instrumental case indicates that a noun is used in order to achieve something. In Baiso, this case is expressed by adding the suffix -i to the noun stem.
2553:
are added to the adjective stem. Some adjectives can also be pluralized by reduplicating their first syllable or the first part of the adjective stem, as in
2718:: plosive stops, implosive stops, ejectives, fricatives, affricates, nasals, approximants and glides (semi-vowels). These are further subsumed under six
1074:
In Baiso, the genitive is expressed with the prefixes ka-, ta-, or o-. Which prefix is chosen, depends on the number and gender of the possessed entity.
2592:
When an adjective is predictively used, it occurs in combination with a copula verb, which both agree in number and gender with their respective noun.
2430:
Adjectives in Baiso agree in number and gender with the noun they are referred to. They are pluralized either through suffixation or reduplication.
4168:
1386:
Accompaniment, hence the comitative case, is marked by suffixing -ne to a noun. Usually, additionally to the suffix, the independent postposition
709:) are pluralized, they require a singular feminine agreeance on the verbs, demonstratives, and adjectives referring to them. Take this example:
3173:
preconsonantal position, especially in front of the voiceless alveolar consonants /s/ and /t/, it is realized as the voiceless bilabial stop .
4154:
3195:
Moreover, also the voiceless glottal stop /ʔ/ has striking features as it only occurs in word medial position and mostly in disyllabic words.
4213:
990:
Definiteness, on the other hand, is marked on nouns by adding the suffixes -u, -e, -o, or -i onto the singular and plural noun stems, e.g.
3228:
with /s'/ as part of the consonant inventory. The phoneme /t͡ʃ/, on the other hand, is often found in loan words from Amharic and Oromo.
4058:
4188:
Lemmi Kebebew Gnarie. 2018. Grammatical Description and Documentation of Bayso. (Doctoral dissertation, Addis Ababa University; 283pp.)
2327:
Their position in the sentence is not fixed. Hence, it can take any possible position without the meaning of the sentence changing.
2711:
Baiso; the most prominent examples are the two nasal implosives /n"/ and /m"/ and the lack of uvular and pharyngeal consonants.
3771:
Baiso relative clauses are introduced by the particles ka-, ta-, and o-, that are prefixed to the verb in the relative clause.
3439:
Vowel length plays an important role in Baiso as it clearly distinguishes one word from another. For instance, while the word
3261:
In Baiso, there are only two affricatives (/d͡ʒ/, and /t͡ʃ/). The phoneme /d͡ʒ/ occurs in many loan words from Afaan Oromoo.
2335:
Baiso expresses its reflexive pronouns by the morpheme isi combined with the feminine possessive pronouns. Hence, there are:
1955:
Moreover, if the entity possessed is a paucal form, the prefix o- and the respective masculine possessive noun is needed.
3139:
2991:
2714:
Baiso has a consonant inventory of 28 consonants in total, which are classified into eight categories based on their
223:
The Baiso people have come a long way to finally arrive at their present settlement area. They originally come from
4325:
4206:
3461:
In trisyllable words, the penultimate syllable is stressed as long as the other syllables are not heavy syllables.
3020:
2931:
1320:
The ablative in Baiso expresses either movement from one place to another, or the origin of something or somebody.
4708:
4373:
3387:
3381:
3011:
175:
91:
4161:
3763:
In storytelling or casual conversation for instance, the subject tends to take the last position of a sentence.
4468:
688:) are also added to specify the gender of an animal. This system of gender identification may be borrowed from
2962:
2725:
Apparently, the category of ejectives occurs very seldom and has probably been introduced to Baiso by loans.
4713:
3402:
3396:
2924:
154:
4424:
4199:
3352:
3346:
3031:
2984:
196:
According to the Baiso people, however, Giddicho is primarily the name given to the Baiso people by the
3428:
3422:
3148:
2793:
2785:
963:
The exception to this rule are nouns that are inherently plural. These also ask for plural agreements.
231:
in eastern Ethiopia, which also explains the close relation between the Baiso and the Somali language.
4333:
2954:
2895:
3808:
4621:
3367:
3361:
417:). Moreover, the suffix -laal is commonly used for human entities and not for animals or objects.
4595:
4534:
2832:
2825:
2804:
386:
The plural is formed in a more complex way. Even though most commonly the plural is indicated by
4519:
4391:
4382:
2866:
2859:
2749:
971:
In Baiso, indefiniteness usually is not marked. The only method is to add the cardinal numbers
478:
As mentioned above, there are other ways to pluralize singular nouns. One method to do this is
212:
which is also the language most young Baiso speakers today primarily use throughout their day.
179:
96:
1394:) is attached to the phrase. In informal situations, however, one of the two can be left out.
4143:
EPEN:epenthesis SNG:singulative REL:relative INST:instrumental case ASC:associative particle
3115:
3057:
3050:
81:
2565:(PL). Moreover, there are also adjectives that are pluralized via total reduplication, e.g.
1848:, the long vowel -u: is inserted between the direct personal pronoun and the dative suffix.
1024:
finishes with a consonant, the long vowel -u: and -n will be added. Look at these examples:
3066:
2843:
1328:
Locative in Baiso is expressed through independent postpositions. These are the following:
193:
Alternative names for Baiso are Giddicho, named after an island on Lake Abaya, and Alkali.
8:
3760:
The basic Baiso word order is S-O-V. This word order, however, is flexible in some ways.
3476:
in English). Moreover, consonant gemination also occurs across morpheme boundary, as in:
3468:
If a consonant appears in a postconsonantal position, it is almost never geminated, e.g.
2877:
332:
to the noun stem. However, this alone does not indicate definiteness or indefiniteness.
4657:
4481:
4222:
4127:
2744:
2739:
252:
86:
1230:
The ablative case in Baiso is expressed through the postpositional suffix -ko, as in:
613:
refers to a large number of teeth belonging to different types of humans and animals.
146:
4507:
4434:
4353:
4267:
2766:
2756:
264:
1971:
They agree with the number and gender of the noun with which they occur. Therefore:
4641:
4560:
4487:
4441:
4414:
4404:
4348:
4277:
456:), which are inherently plural, thus have no singular form. Some other words, like
260:
4646:
4636:
4590:
4476:
4451:
4419:
4363:
4358:
4315:
4285:
4248:
4155:
The "islanders" of Lake Abaya and Lake Ch'amo: Harro, Ganjule, Gats'ame and Bayso
3107:
3039:
2761:
268:
256:
73:
524:
it doesn't, the reduplicated consonant is simply added to the noun stem, as in:
159:
4689:
4651:
4565:
4555:
4529:
4493:
4458:
4429:
4409:
4343:
4338:
4243:
4238:
4230:
3443:
means 'five' in English, substituting the vowel /e/ with an /e:/ turns it into
3091:
3084:
689:
4169:
The Bayso people of Gidiccho Island, Southern Ethiopia: An ethnographic sketch
472:), can be both singular or plural depending on the context they are used in.
4702:
4674:
4605:
4600:
4585:
4524:
4260:
4254:
3796:
3324:
3249:
in English) has the /z/ fricative in it, while in Baiso the word turned into
1378:
However, sometimes the locative is also expressed by suffixing -y on a noun.
228:
4630:
4290:
2811:
130:
3340:
3319:
3131:
4131:
4078:
4175:
3801:
3414:
3336:
3329:
1520:
The following table shows all personal pronouns of the Baiso language:
197:
187:
46:
2728:
The following table shows all consonant phonemes occurring in Baiso:
307:
Baiso cases are expressed via postpositions, suffixes, or word order.
200:, a neighbor clan with close relationship to them. The Baiso term for
4446:
4191:
3410:
3375:
3277:
as voiced palatal nasal /ɲ/ when followed by palatals /d͡ʒ/ and /t͡ʃ/
3005:
235:
139:
123:
2911:
480:
reduplication in the form of repetition of the stem-final consonant
183:
35:
4118:
Fleming, Harold C. (1964). "Baiso and Rendille: Somali Outliers".
3699:, hence the numeral following the head noun, is the correct form.
2773:
1448:
2722:: bilabial, labiodental, alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal.
2312:). They are used in this form as both subject and object. Only
224:
1006:). The most frequently used vowel to mark definiteness is -i.
4539:
3310:
344:. By additionally adding a specific demonstrative pronoun or
278:
3274:
as voiced velar nasal /ŋ/ when followed by /k/, /k'/, or /g/
3535:
disyllabic, followed by trisyllabic and monosyllabic words.
2541:
To make an adjective plural by suffixation, the suffixes -
547:(vowel deletion, vowel insertion, or vowel change), e.g.
392:
reduplication, internal modification, and vowel deletion
4105:
Ibaaddo ka-Ba'iso: Culture and Language of the Ba'iso
56:
Bayso people (5,500 (2007 census)), Haro people (L2)
4160:Corbett, Greville G. and Hayward, Richard J. 1987.
4060:Grammatical Description and Documentation of Bayso
324:To make a noun singulative, one adds the suffixes
4102:
4700:
4066:(Doctoral dissertation). Addis Ababa University.
2268:Baiso has six different interrogative pronouns:
3297:There are two different glides (/w/, and /y/).
2587:
1965:hikki, hilti, aakki, aalti, hassu, hasse, hin"i
1506:'Ballamo went to the market with his children.'
3289:Baiso has two liquid phonemes (/l/, and /r/).
348:, one can clearly indicate (in-)definiteness:
4207:
1838:
4103:Haberland, Eike; Lamberti, Marcello (1988).
3500:
3215:tip of the tongue becomes stiff and is then
2672:
1748:
1425:
701:When certain singular masculine nouns (e.g.
3711:
3621:
3565:
3480:
3211:lungs. It appears in word medial position.
2661:
2596:
2434:
2414:
2404:
2396:
2383:
2375:
2362:
2354:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2221:
2213:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2092:
2049:
2025:
1982:
1398:
1234:
1092:
844:
774:
720:
543:Some singular nouns are also pluralized by
4214:
4200:
3453:
279:Linguistic influence on the Baiso language
218:
3702:
3510:
2511:
2263:
1963:The Baiso demonstrative pronouns include
1958:
1480:
1296:
1189:
1141:
2002:
1877:in English) is a singular masculine noun
942:hikki babbaar -jool ka- agaalsat -o -y-a
934:
893:
745:
4117:
2500:
2480:
2458:
2069:
1867:in English) is a singular feminine noun
1254:
1177:
1173:
930:
889:
812:
808:
741:
606:refers to the teeth of different people
4701:
4221:
4157:. SIL Electronic Survey Reports. 36pp.
4056:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
3671:numerals. Therefore, one can say both
3292:
1851:
1400:baallamoo yiis kakeessane wota baa bee
599:refers to the teeth of a single person
4195:
4176:"Baiso and Rendille: Somali Outliers"
4016:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3526:
2330:
2123:
1525:
1276:
987:; feminine) to the noun in question.
873:
795:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4076:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
1515:
1169:
3766:
3755:
3731:
3219:pushed against the alveolar ridge.
2316:builds an exception, it turns into
2073:
2006:
13:
4147:
3785:
3658:
3632:
3603:
3584:
3207:especially at the word beginning.
3184:in English) is pronounced , while
2686:
2635:
2615:
1125:
914:
298:
14:
4725:
4107:. Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.
4085:
3815:
3427:
3421:
3401:
3395:
3386:
3380:
3366:
3360:
3351:
3345:
3147:
3138:
3114:
3090:
3083:
3065:
3056:
3049:
3030:
3019:
3010:
2990:
2983:
2961:
2953:
2930:
2923:
2894:
2876:
2865:
2858:
2842:
2831:
2824:
2810:
2803:
2792:
2784:
846:hikki babbaardʒool kaʔagaalsatoya
245:
16:Afro-Asiatic language of Ethiopia
3807:
3164:
1217:'She cut the meat with a knife.'
884:
3695:). In the latter example, only
3548:
3256:
3192:in English) is pronounced as .
1823:which would be translated into
1080:
966:
4111:
4070:
4057:Gnarie, Lemmi Kebebew (2018).
2649:
925:
409:in English) cannot turn into *
399:nine different plural suffixes
319:
1:
3778:
3543:
3280:as /n/ in all other occasions
3231:
3198:
2705:
2425:
1381:
4153:Brenzinger, Matthias. 1999.
3222:
2700:
2588:Predictive use of adjectives
840:demonstratives. An example:
234:Afterwards they migrated to
7:
1510:
1323:
1225:
1069:
1036:to express its dative case.
336:, for instance, means both
182:subgroup, and is spoken in
10:
4730:
4180:Rassegna di Studi Etiopici
4162:Gender and number in Bayso
4120:Rassegna di Studi Etiopici
3284:
1839:Indirect personal pronouns
1757:subject personal pronouns
1496:Ballamo children ASC- his
1486:baallamoo yiis ka- keessa
1316:'The boy came from Soddo.'
959:'These are men who learn.'
390:, other possibilities are
293:
178:language belonging to the
4683:
4667:
4620:
4578:
4548:
4515:
4506:
4467:
4390:
4381:
4372:
4324:
4276:
4229:
3538:
3300:
3264:
3130:
3106:
3038:
3004:
2910:
2772:
2736:
2436:heleeltiti k'aroti emette
2403:
2392:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2131:
2128:
2120:
2118:
1800:
1749:Subject personal pronouns
1721:
1670:
1665:
1640:
1615:
1610:
1585:
1560:
1555:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1236:wadallati sooddooko emete
1094:ese matʃtʃaayi soo goosse
1018:
662:
617:
381:
310:
153:
137:
121:
116:
70:
60:
52:
41:
31:
26:
21:
3616:complement precedes noun
66:4,600 (2007 census)
4182:, 20 (1964), pp. 35–96.
4077:Savà, Graziano (2012).
3737:
3726:
3718:
3712:
3647:
3639:
3628:
3622:
3591:
3580:
3572:
3566:
3560:complement follows noun
3506:
3495:
3487:
3481:
3454:Suprasegmental features
2667:
2656:
2641:
2630:
2622:
2611:
2603:
2597:
2561:; SG) which turns into
2506:
2495:
2487:
2472:
2464:
2453:
2441:
2435:
2415:
2405:
2397:
2384:
2376:
2363:
2355:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2222:
2214:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2114:Demonstrative pronouns
2101:He this.F.OB love -IPFV
2087:
2079:
2064:
2056:
2050:
2020:
2012:
1997:
1989:
1983:
1475:
1467:
1455:
1440:
1432:
1421:
1413:
1405:
1399:
1291:
1283:
1268:
1260:
1249:
1241:
1235:
1184:
1164:
1156:
1148:
1133:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1093:
1009:
920:
909:
901:
880:
867:
859:
851:
845:
833:'these parental uncles'
802:
789:
781:
775:
735:
727:
721:
595:Internal modification:
219:Geographic distribution
186:, in the region around
4167:Epple, Susanne. 2016.
3703:Postpositional phrases
2720:places of articulation
2716:manner of articulation
2537:'The wise woman came.'
2264:Interrogative pronouns
2034:I this.M.OB want -IPFV
1959:Demonstrative pronouns
1214:meat cut -3.SG.F. -PFV
756:{parental uncle} this.
397:Apparently, there are
2320:when dative and into
2098:usu hitta gelaat -ara
1043:for the English word
762:'this parental uncle'
545:internal modification
227:, the capital of the
176:Lowland East Cushitic
2678:iso o- gabaabban -i
2581:singular masculine.
1534:Possessive pronouns
1302:wodalla -ti sooddoo
820:aabbo -dʒolaal hitti
4714:Culture of Ethiopia
4174:Harold C. Fleming,
3775:end of a sentence.
3751:'near the mountain'
3313:
3293:Glides/Approximants
2733:
2732:Consonant phonemes
2598:iso ogabaabbaniyaan
2573:; SG) turning into
2115:
2051:usu hitta gelaatara
2031:ani hikka doot -ara
1882:
1852:Possessive pronouns
1758:
4709:Omo–Tana languages
4223:Cushitic languages
4164:. Lingua 73. 1-28.
3748:mountain -SNG near
3527:Syllabic structure
3447:meaning 'leave!'.
3309:
2731:
2331:Reflexive pronouns
2113:
1881:
1756:
1028:The personal name
823:{parental uncle} -
776:aabbodʒolaal hitti
623:noun stem. Hence,
609:Suffix -dʒoolaal:
4696:
4695:
4690:extinct languages
4616:
4615:
4574:
4573:
4502:
4501:
3805:(25th ed., 2022)
3437:
3436:
3159:
3158:
2423:
2422:
2261:
2260:
1984:ani hikka dootara
1953:
1952:
1813:
1812:
1746:
1745:
1516:Personal pronouns
979:; masculine) and
953:learn -EPEN -COP.
165:
164:
4721:
4513:
4512:
4442:Somali languages
4388:
4387:
4379:
4378:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4193:
4192:
4136:
4135:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4100:
4083:
4082:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4054:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3794:
3767:Relative clauses
3756:Simple sentences
3745:wadami -ti dolle
3733:
3715:
3660:
3634:
3625:
3605:
3586:
3569:
3512:
3502:
3484:
3431:
3425:
3405:
3399:
3390:
3384:
3370:
3364:
3355:
3349:
3314:
3308:
3176:Hence, the word
3151:
3142:
3118:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3069:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3034:
3023:
3014:
2994:
2987:
2978:
2965:
2957:
2947:
2934:
2927:
2918:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2846:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2734:
2730:
2696:'They are short'
2688:
2674:
2663:
2651:
2637:
2617:
2600:
2513:
2502:
2482:
2460:
2438:
2418:
2408:
2400:
2387:
2379:
2366:
2358:
2338:
2337:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2225:
2217:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2116:
2112:
2094:
2075:
2071:
2053:
2027:
2008:
2004:
1986:
1977:masculine object
1883:
1880:
1831:, respectively.
1759:
1755:
1724:
1673:
1643:
1618:
1588:
1563:
1523:
1522:
1482:
1450:
1427:
1402:
1298:
1278:
1256:
1238:
1191:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1143:
1127:
1096:
936:
932:
927:
916:
895:
891:
886:
875:
848:
814:
810:
797:
778:
747:
743:
724:
149:
133:
126:
76:
27:Giddicho, Alkali
19:
18:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4679:
4663:
4612:
4570:
4544:
4498:
4463:
4368:
4320:
4272:
4225:
4220:
4150:
4148:Further reading
4145:
4140:
4139:
4116:
4112:
4101:
4086:
4075:
4071:
4063:
4055:
3816:
3806:
3795:
3786:
3781:
3769:
3758:
3753:
3743:
3735:
3724:
3716:
3705:
3683:) but not both
3668:
3667:
3666:
3653:
3645:
3637:
3626:
3612:
3611:
3597:
3589:
3578:
3570:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3529:
3524:
3514:
3504:
3493:
3485:
3456:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3267:
3259:
3234:
3225:
3201:
3167:
3078:
3044:
2976:
2945:
2916:
2887:
2853:
2819:
2778:
2751:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2676:
2665:
2654:
2639:
2628:
2620:
2609:
2601:
2590:
2539:
2515:
2504:
2493:
2485:
2470:
2462:
2451:
2439:
2428:
2333:
2266:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2104:'He loves this'
2096:
2085:
2077:
2062:
2054:
2044:feminine object
2040:
2039:
2029:
2018:
2010:
1995:
1987:
1961:
1854:
1841:
1751:
1722:
1671:
1667:
1641:
1616:
1612:
1586:
1561:
1557:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1484:
1473:
1465:
1453:
1438:
1430:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1384:
1326:
1318:
1300:
1289:
1281:
1266:
1258:
1247:
1239:
1228:
1219:
1193:
1182:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1131:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1083:
1072:
1039:The Baiso word
1021:
1012:
969:
961:
940:
918:
907:
899:
878:
865:
857:
849:
837:
836:
835:
818:
800:
787:
779:
765:
764:
751:
733:
725:
665:
620:
602:Suffix -dʒool:
384:
322:
313:
301:
299:Noun Morphology
296:
281:
248:
221:
145:
129:
122:
112:
77:
74:Language family
72:
63:
62:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
4727:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4694:
4693:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4626:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4593:
4588:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4535:Southern Oromo
4532:
4527:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4385:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4219:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4149:
4146:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4110:
4084:
4069:
3814:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3768:
3765:
3757:
3754:
3736:
3725:
3717:
3713:wadamiti dolle
3710:
3709:
3704:
3701:
3655:ka- jinjin min
3646:
3638:
3627:
3623:kadʒindʒin min
3620:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3599:min ka- jinjin
3590:
3579:
3571:
3567:min kadʒindʒin
3564:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3528:
3525:
3505:
3494:
3486:
3479:
3478:
3455:
3452:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3419:
3417:
3407:
3406:
3393:
3391:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3358:
3356:
3343:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3302:
3299:
3294:
3291:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3233:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3200:
3197:
3166:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3145:
3143:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3063:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3017:
3015:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2959:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2790:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2689:- short -EPEN
2666:
2655:
2640:
2629:
2621:
2610:
2602:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2505:
2494:
2486:
2471:
2463:
2452:
2440:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2332:
2329:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2086:
2078:
2063:
2055:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2019:
2011:
1996:
1988:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1853:
1850:
1840:
1837:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1762:Person/Gender
1750:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1652:isinuun 'you'
1650:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1474:
1466:
1454:
1439:
1431:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1397:
1396:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1325:
1322:
1309:boy -SG soddo
1290:
1282:
1267:
1259:
1248:
1240:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1183:
1163:
1155:
1147:
1132:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1091:
1090:
1082:
1079:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1052:
1037:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:
968:
965:
919:
908:
900:
879:
866:
858:
850:
843:
842:
801:
788:
785:parental uncle
780:
773:
772:
771:
770:
766:
734:
731:parental uncle
726:
719:
718:
717:
716:
712:
711:
707:parental uncle
664:
661:
619:
616:
615:
614:
607:
600:
521:
520:
502:
383:
380:
321:
318:
312:
309:
300:
297:
295:
292:
280:
277:
247:
246:Classification
244:
220:
217:
204:apparently is
163:
162:
157:
151:
150:
143:
135:
134:
127:
119:
118:
117:Language codes
114:
113:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:
106:
105:
104:
80:
78:
71:
68:
67:
64:
61:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
43:
39:
38:
33:
32:Native to
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4726:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4520:Eastern Oromo
4518:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4425:Rendille–Boni
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4326:Highland East
4323:
4317:
4314:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4217:
4212:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4144:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4114:
4106:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4080:
4073:
4062:
4061:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3764:
3761:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3723:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3665:
3662:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3644:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3588:
3582:
3577:
3574:
3568:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3536:
3532:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3492:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3433:
3430:
3424:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3298:
3290:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3262:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3229:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3165:Plosive stops
3162:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2608:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2409:(themselves)
2407:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:(yourselves)
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2328:
2325:
2324:when plural.
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2216:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2127:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2037:'I want this'
2035:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2009:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1930:'your house'
1929:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1849:
1847:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1733:isoon 'them'
1732:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1524:
1521:
1507:
1504:
1503:market go.PFV
1502:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1390:(in English:
1389:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1203:so goos -t -e
1202:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1181:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1078:
1075:
1064:
1061:) turns into
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1016:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
964:
960:
957:
956:
952:
948:
943:
939:
938:
922:
917:
911:
906:
903:
898:
897:
882:
877:
876:
869:
864:
861:
856:
853:
847:
841:
834:
831:
830:
826:
821:
817:
816:
804:
799:
798:
791:
786:
783:
777:
768:
767:
763:
760:
759:
754:
750:
749:
737:
732:
729:
723:
714:
713:
710:
708:
704:
699:
696:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
669:
660:
656:
654:
650:
647:) turns into
646:
642:
638:
634:
631:) turns into
630:
626:
612:
608:
605:
601:
598:
594:
593:
592:
590:
586:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
518:
514:
511:) turns into
510:
506:
503:
500:
496:
493:) turns into
492:
488:
485:
484:
483:
481:
476:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
429:) turns into
428:
424:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
379:
377:
375:
370:
368:
362:
360:
355:
353:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
317:
308:
305:
291:
288:
285:
276:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
243:
239:
237:
232:
230:
229:Somali Region
226:
216:
213:
209:
207:
203:
199:
194:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
161:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
142:
141:
136:
132:
128:
125:
120:
115:
103:
100:
99:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
88:
85:
84:
83:
79:
75:
69:
65:
59:
55:
51:
48:
45:in region of
44:
40:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
4685:
4656:
4629:
4486:
4399:
4392:Macro-Somali
4374:Lowland East
4253:
4179:
4142:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4104:
4072:
4059:
3800:
3773:
3770:
3762:
3759:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3729:
3721:
3706:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3677:dubba ibaado
3676:
3673:ibaado dubba
3672:
3669:
3664:'big houses'
3663:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3642:
3631:
3609:'big houses'
3608:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3583:
3575:
3552:
3549:Noun phrases
3533:
3530:
3521:
3519:buy -1PL PFV
3518:
3515:
3509:
3498:
3490:
3473:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3268:
3260:
3257:Affricatives
3250:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3226:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3160:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2670:
2659:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2633:
2625:
2614:
2606:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2534:come -F -PFV
2531:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2520:-titi k'aro
2517:
2516:
2509:
2498:
2490:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2456:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2429:
2398:isi olteessa
2367:(ourselves)
2334:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2067:
2059:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2000:
1992:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1954:
1949:'his house'
1946:
1939:
1927:
1920:
1908:
1901:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1845:
1842:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1752:
1708:eseen 'her'
1685:usuun 'him'
1519:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1252:
1244:
1229:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1187:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1087:
1084:
1081:Instrumental
1076:
1073:
1065:when dative.
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:when dative.
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1013:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
970:
967:Definiteness
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
944:
941:
929:
923:
912:
904:
888:
883:
872:
870:
862:
854:
838:
832:
828:
824:
822:
819:
807:
805:
794:
792:
784:
761:
757:
755:
752:
740:
738:
730:
706:
702:
700:
697:
694:
685:
681:
677:
673:
670:
666:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
621:
611:ilkodʒoolaal
610:
603:
596:
588:
584:
581:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
542:
537:
533:
529:
525:
522:
516:
512:
508:
504:
498:
494:
490:
486:
479:
477:
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
446:wild animals
445:
441:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
419:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
396:
391:
387:
385:
373:
372:
366:
364:
358:
357:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
323:
314:
306:
302:
289:
286:
282:
273:
267:, Boni, and
249:
240:
233:
222:
214:
210:
205:
201:
195:
192:
171:
167:
166:
138:
101:
92:Lowland East
82:Afro-Asiatic
4171:. Ms. 62pp.
3689:*lama orono
3661:- big house
3522:'we bought'
3516:imin- -n -e
3470:gamballakki
3132:Approximant
2563:c'ic'c'imin
2393:3rd person
2385:isi ollisin
2380:(yourself)
2372:2nd person
2364:isi ottaani
2351:1st person
1923:'your cow'
1911:'my house'
1730:iso 'them'
1727:iso 'they'
1691:(ta)teessa
1688:(ka)keessa
1649:isin 'you'
1646:isin 'you'
1627:kuun 'you'
1206:she knife -
1195:ese macha -
1047:turns into
1032:turns into
945:these man -
753:aabbo hikki
722:aabbo hikki
365:heleeltiti
361:woman came.
350:heleeltiti
320:Singulative
4703:Categories
3802:Ethnologue
3779:References
3697:orono lama
3685:orono lama
3681:all people
3544:Word order
3232:Fricatives
3217:forcefully
3199:Implosives
2706:Consonants
2693:-IPFV -3PL
2426:Adjectives
2419:(herself)
2416:isi attise
2406:isi ottiso
2401:(himself)
2129:Masculine
1942:'his cow'
1821:ese aante,
1705:ese 'her'
1702:ese 'she'
1682:usu 'him'
1658:(ta)tisin
1655:(ka)kisin
1621:ati 'you'
1603:(ta)taani
1600:(ka)kaani
1597:noon 'us'
1382:Comitative
1034:baallamoon
376:woman came
334:Heleeltiti
198:Guji Oromo
188:Lake Abaya
47:Lake Abaya
4688:indicate
4596:Saho–Afar
4482:Daasanach
4447:Maay Maay
4126:: 35–96.
3693:two goats
3223:Ejectives
3079:implosive
3006:Fricative
2917:voiceless
2888:implosive
2779:voiceless
2701:Phonology
2623:gabaabban
2530:-SG wise
2524:eme -t -e
2359:(myself)
2343:singular
2157:Proximal
2132:Feminine
2121:Singular
1947:ka-keessa
1940:ta-teessa
1904:'my cow'
1817:ati aante
1765:Singular
1739:(ta)tiso
1736:(ka)kiso
1714:(ta)tise
1711:(ka)kise
1679:usu 'he'
1624:ku 'you'
1572:iin 'me'
1548:Feminine
1545:Masculine
1542:Indirect
1406:baallamoo
1313:come -PFV
1063:yisaasuun
1030:baallamoo
678:masculine
649:kerdʒedʒa
637:few women
633:helaaldʒa
604:ilkodʒool
499:shoulders
411:lubanlaal
338:the woman
253:Dhaasanac
236:Dire Dawa
140:Glottolog
124:ISO 639-3
53:Ethnicity
4435:Rendille
4383:Omo–Tana
4354:Kambaata
4304:Gollango
4268:Xamtanga
4132:41299528
3722:mountain
2977:ejective
2912:Sibilant
2854:ejective
2752:alveolar
2745:Alveolar
2740:Bilabial
2575:dʒindʒin
2377:isi otto
2356:isi otte
2278:me/memme
2257:'those'
2205:'these'
2197:'these'
1806:3 SG.F.
1672:singular
1617:singular
1594:no 'us'
1591:no 'we'
1569:in 'me'
1566:ani 'I'
1562:singular
1528:Subject
1511:Pronouns
1417:children
1392:together
1324:Locative
1226:Ablative
1070:Genitive
1059:children
902:agaalsat
790:-dʒolaal
715:Singular
686:feminine
653:few dogs
517:children
491:shoulder
470:hen/hens
462:bee/bees
450:wayyoole
435:villages
431:aguddeel
388:suffixes
304:occurs.
265:Rendille
202:Giddicho
184:Ethiopia
180:Omo–Tana
147:bais1246
97:Omo-Tana
87:Cushitic
36:Ethiopia
4686:Italics
4658:Kwʼadza
4642:Burunge
4561:Dirasha
4549:Konsoid
4508:Oromoid
4488:El Molo
4469:Western
4415:Girirra
4405:Dabarre
4349:Hadiyya
4307:Gorrose
4301:Gergere
4291:Gawwada
3325:Central
3285:Liquids
2774:Plosive
2767:Glottal
2757:Palatal
2547:dʒolaal
2346:plural
2304:), and
2249:'that'
2241:'that'
2233:Distal
2226:'that'
2218:'that'
2210:Medial
2189:'this'
2181:'this'
2173:'this'
2165:'this'
2152:Object
2149:Subject
2146:Object
2143:Subject
2140:Object
2137:Subject
2124:Plural
1935:3 SG.M
1886:Number
1829:She ate
1825:You ate
1795:3 SG.M
1768:Plural
1742:theirs
1668:person
1633:(ta)ta
1630:(ka)ka
1613:person
1578:(ta)te
1575:(ka)ke
1558:person
1531:Object
1493:baa bee
1409:Ballamo
1360:hegelli
1306:emet -e
1261:sooddoo
1242:wodalla
1004:the dog
860:babbaar
639:), and
534:nebebbo
513:yiisaas
495:hananno
466:lukkale
458:zizaale
454:leaders
442:sulaale
427:village
342:a woman
294:Grammar
261:El Molo
4668:Others
4647:Gorowa
4637:Alagwa
4591:Dahalo
4579:Others
4477:Arbore
4452:Somali
4420:Jiiddu
4364:Sidama
4359:Libido
4316:Tsamai
4295:Dihina
4286:Dobase
4278:Dullay
4249:Qimant
4130:
3719:wadami
3640:jinjin
3602:house
3592:jinjin
3539:Syntax
3482:iminne
3311:Vowels
3301:Vowels
3265:Nasals
3251:wadana
3243:wizena
2946:voiced
2820:voiced
2682:-a -an
2577:(PL).
2555:c'imin
2549:, or -
2518:heleel
2443:heleel
2322:ayyoos
2318:ayyoon
2292:(F.) (
2080:gelaat
1969:aan"i.
1967:, and
1892:house
1723:plural
1661:yours
1642:plural
1636:yours
1587:plural
1551:Gloss
1539:Direct
1471:market
1433:keessa
1351:guunte
1055:Yisaas
1019:Dative
769:Plural
682:t'altu
663:Gender
625:helaal
618:Paucal
563:), or
549:oroono
382:Plural
369:emette
354:emette
311:Number
269:Somali
257:Arbore
225:Jijiga
42:Region
4652:Iraqw
4631:Aasáx
4622:South
4566:Konso
4556:Bussa
4540:Waata
4530:Oromo
4494:Yaaku
4459:Tunni
4410:Garre
4400:Baiso
4344:Gedeo
4339:Burji
4334:Alaba
4310:Harso
4261:Qwara
4255:Kayla
4244:Bilen
4239:Awngi
4128:JSTOR
4064:(PDF)
3797:Baiso
3738:dolle
3651:house
3606:- big
3576:house
3488:imin-
3474:black
3341:Close
3320:Front
3247:heart
3186:luban
3108:Trill
3045:plain
3040:Nasal
2762:Velar
2750:Post-
2685:they
2626:short
2551:dʒool
2528:woman
2465:k'aro
2454:-titi
2448:woman
2310:where
2306:hagge
2294:which
2290:eetti
2288:(M.)/
2286:eekki
2254:aan"i
2246:aatti
2238:aakki
2223:hasse
2215:hassu
2202:hin"a
2194:hin"i
2186:hitta
2178:hitti
2170:hikka
2162:hikki
2068:this.
2065:hitta
2001:this.
1998:hikka
1928:ka-ka
1921:ta-ta
1916:2 SG
1909:ka-ke
1902:ta-te
1897:1 SG
1875:house
1790:isin
1717:hers
1606:ours
1581:mine
1369:dolle
1364:under
1355:above
1333:orroo
1264:soddo
1111:knife
1108:macha
1049:ereen
996:a dog
955:SG.M.
951:SG.M.
905:learn
868:-jool
855:these
852:hikki
829:SG.F.
827:this.
806:this.
803:hitti
782:aabbo
758:SG.M.
739:this.
736:hikki
728:aabbo
703:aabbo
690:Oromo
680:) or
674:korma
629:woman
589:tooth
577:teeth
569:tooth
561:goats
557:oreen
509:child
464:) or
448:) or
415:lions
403:luban
363:) or
352:hasse
326:-titi
206:maman
174:is a
172:Bayso
168:Baiso
160:Bayso
102:Baiso
22:Baiso
4675:Beja
4606:Saho
4601:Afar
4586:Boon
4525:Orma
4430:Boni
4298:Gaba
4231:Agaw
3741:near
3687:and
3675:and
3659:COML
3633:COML
3604:COML
3585:COML
3445:keen
3415:Open
3337:High
3330:Back
3190:lion
3182:fear
3178:absi
2992:t͡ʃʼ
2691:-COP
2687:COML
2662:IPFV
2636:EPEN
2616:COML
2607:they
2567:dʒin
2559:thin
2491:come
2468:wise
2314:ayyo
2302:when
2298:gore
2282:what
2270:ayyo
2093:IPFV
2088:-ara
2083:love
2026:IPFV
2021:-ara
2016:want
2013:doot
1945:min
1926:min
1907:min
1889:cow
1846:isin
1827:and
1819:and
1809:ese
1801:iso
1798:usu
1787:ati
1776:ani
1694:his
1501:with
1498:-COM
1491:wota
1462:with
1457:wota
1414:yiis
1388:wota
1373:near
1342:guti
1311:-ABL
1287:come
1284:emet
1212:INST
1208:EPEN
1157:goos
1152:meat
1142:INST
1126:EPEN
1010:Case
1000:keru
998:) -
949:REL.
921:-y-a
915:EPEN
597:ilko
591:):
585:ilki
573:ilko
571:) -
565:ilki
555:) -
553:goat
538:ears
532:) -
526:nebe
505:yiis
423:agud
407:lion
340:and
3799:at
3732:SNG
3727:-ti
3648:min
3643:big
3629:ka-
3595:big
3581:ka-
3573:min
3511:PFV
3501:1PL
3491:buy
3441:ken
3411:Low
3376:Mid
2963:d͡ʒ
2932:t͡ʃ
2673:3PL
2668:-an
2650:COP
2604:iso
2571:big
2545:, -
2543:oli
2522:-ti
2512:PFV
2488:eme
2474:-ti
2296:),
2284:),
2276:),
2274:who
2057:usu
1990:ani
1938:se
1919:se
1900:se
1871:min
1865:cow
1779:no
1666:3rd
1611:2nd
1556:1st
1488:-ne
1481:PFV
1479:go.
1476:bee
1468:baa
1449:COM
1442:-ne
1436:his
1426:ASC
1422:ka-
1304:-ko
1297:PFV
1277:ABL
1270:-ko
1250:-ti
1245:boy
1210:- -
1190:PFV
1160:cut
1103:she
1100:ese
1045:son
1041:ere
992:ker
985:one
981:too
977:one
973:koo
926:COP
885:REL
881:ka-
863:man
655:).
645:dog
641:ker
579:).
540:).
530:ear
487:han
394:.
378:).
367:koo
359:the
346:koo
330:-ti
328:or
271:.
170:or
155:ELP
131:bsw
4705::
4178:,
4124:20
4122:.
4087:^
3817:^
3787:^
3507:-e
3496:-n
3429:aː
3426:,
3403:oː
3400:,
3388:eː
3385:,
3368:uː
3365:,
3353:iː
3350:,
3253:.
3092:nˀ
3085:mˀ
2985:sʼ
2958:)
2878:kʼ
2867:tʼ
2860:pʼ
2789:)
2680:-y
2657:-a
2643:-y
2631:-i
2612:o-
2532:-F
2507:-e
2496:-t
2459:SG
2074:OB
2060:He
2007:OB
1861:se
1784:2
1773:1
1699:F
1676:M
1371::
1362::
1353::
1346:on
1344::
1337:in
1335::
1292:-e
1255:SG
1201:-i
1199:-
1185:-e
1174:SG
1165:-t
1149:so
1135:-i
947:PL
931:SG
910:-o
890:SG
874:PL
825:PL
809:SG
796:PL
742:SG
705:-
692:.
263:,
259:,
255:,
208:.
190:.
4215:e
4208:t
4201:v
4134:.
4081:.
3730:-
3691:(
3679:(
3635:-
3587:-
3499:-
3472:(
3423:a
3413:/
3397:o
3382:e
3362:u
3347:i
3339:/
3245:(
3188:(
3180:(
3149:j
3140:l
3116:r
3067:ɲ
3058:n
3051:m
3032:h
3021:ʃ
3012:f
2955:z
2952:(
2925:s
2896:ɗ
2844:ɡ
2833:d
2826:b
2812:ʔ
2805:k
2794:t
2786:p
2783:(
2671:-
2660:-
2648:-
2634:-
2618:-
2569:(
2557:(
2510:-
2501:F
2499:-
2481:F
2479:-
2457:-
2308:(
2300:(
2280:(
2272:(
2091:-
2072:.
2070:F
2024:-
2005:.
2003:M
1993:I
1873:(
1863:(
1447:-
1428:-
1295:-
1275:-
1253:-
1197:y
1188:-
1180:.
1178:F
1176:.
1172:.
1170:3
1168:-
1139:-
1129:-
1123:-
1120:-
1118:y
1116:-
1057:(
1002:(
994:(
983:(
975:(
937:.
935:M
933:.
928:.
924:-
913:-
896:.
894:M
892:.
887:.
871:-
815:.
813:F
811:.
793:-
748:.
746:M
744:.
684:(
676:(
651:(
643:(
635:(
627:(
587:(
575:(
567:(
559:(
551:(
536:(
528:(
519:)
515:(
507:(
501:)
497:(
489:(
468:(
460:(
452:(
444:(
433:(
425:(
413:(
405:(
374:a
371:(
356:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.