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later a schoolmaster and
Education Officer of the Loiyangalani Division. He retired in 2006 and this is when he began to attempt to reinstate El Molo as the language of the community through school teaching. Basil and his collogues collected any further linguistic and anthropological data. Efforts were dropped in 2012 because it was difficult to implement and extend Cushitic lexical material as it was limited, or its knowledge was too unevenly spread among the community to be any help. Another thing discovered was how the El Molo people will not disclose themselves the population of their community. They believe that disclosing their numbers endangers them more, since over the years they have been assimilated by their surrounding communities.
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were recorded in 1934, 143 people in 1973, approximately 200 in 1976. Counts by fieldworkers gave 613 in 2008 and approximately 700 by 2012; a much larger number of 2840 was reported in the Kenyan 2009 national census. According to the 2019 census, the ethnic population is about 1,100 and the population is decreasing yearly.
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With the language endangerment of El Molo, as with other languages there is a possibility of a loss of undiscovered and unique knowledge that is still yet to be explored. The names a language bestows upon objects, plants or animals go beyond mere labels, but rather include a great deal of information
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In 1995 the “Elmolo
Development Group” (EDG) was established to promote self-reliance among the Elmolo people especially in an attempt for revitalization. In this there also was an Elmolo language revival program that had begun. Founder and chairman, Michael Basili, of the Gura Pau was a teacher and
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An unsolved question is whether the Elmolo were “originally” speakers of a
Cushitic language, and still another is whether they were always fishers or rather pastoralists who turned to fishing out of necessity in an area unsuitable for animal husbandry. Heine (1982) favors the first hypothesis, and
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The remaining few speakers of the language are fighting to keep the language alive. There is still a considerable quantity of preserved vocabulary for the language itself. The original
Cushitic-Elmolo can be divided into items of basic vocabulary (such as body parts, numerals, names of plants and
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on the southeast shore of Lake
Turkana, between El Molo bay and Mount Kulal. Unlike their surrounding neighbors, the El Molo do not depend on livestock for livelihood. Fish is their main diet, but they occasionally they eat crocodile, turtle, and hippos. The population has been growing: 84 people
565:
Federico
Corriente, Gregorio del Olmo Lete, Ángeles Vicente & Juan-Pablo Vita (Eds.), Dialectology of the Semitic Languages. Proceedings of the IV Meeting on Comparative Semitics, Zaragoza 6/9-11/2010 ("Aula Orientalis – Supplementa 27"). Sabadell (Barcelona): Editorial AUSA: 2012:
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animals, and kinship terms). The
Samburu dialect is now spoken in substitute of El Molo. All Cushitic material has lost its original phonology and morphosyntax, which have been adapted to Samburu. Present-day El Molo thus follows the phonological and morphological rules of Samburu.
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Federico
Corriente, Gregorio del Olmo Lete, Ángeles Vicente & Juan-Pablo Vita (Eds.), Dialectology of the Semitic Languages. Proceedings of the Iv Meeting on Comparative Semitics, Zaragoza 6/9-11/2010 ("Aula Orientalis – Supplementa 27"). Sabadell (Barcelona): Editorial
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are one of the largest language families of East Africa, spoken in an area stretching from North-East Sudan at the
Egyptian border, embracing Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Ethiopia, a considerable part of Kenya, and some areas of Northern Tanzania. Its closest relative is
864:
Tosco, Mauro. 2012. What
Terminal Speakers Can Do to Their Language: the Case of Elmolo. In Federico Corriente and Gregorio del Olmo Lete and Ángeles Vicente and Juan-Pablo Vita (eds.), Dialectology of the Semitic Languages. 131–143. Sabadell (Barcelona): Editorial
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The language and most of the culture has been lost to assimilation from surrounding neighbors. Native transmission of El Molo largely ceased during the first half of the 20th century. The people at all ages now speak primarily
362:, a Maasai language (dialect) of Kenya. Only eight fluent speakers, four men and four women aged over 50, were left by 1976. According to the community, the last “good” speaker, Kaayo, died in 1999, but it is still spoken.
860:
Tosco, Mauro. 1998. "People who are not the language they speak": on language shift without language decay in East Africa. In Brenzinger, M. (ed.), Endangered languages in Africa, 119-142. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe
260:. It was thought to be extinct in the middle part of the 20th century, but a few speakers were found in the later 20th century. Most of the El Molo population have shifted to the neighboring
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Scherrer, Carol. 1974. Effects of western influence on Elmolo, 1973-74. (Discussion papers from the Inst. of African Studies (IAS), 61.) Nairobi: University of Nairobi.
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about the proper place this community view this animal in the world, and can reveal how a culture imagines the proper place for these creatures in the wild.
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Brenzinger, Matthias (ed). 1992. Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explorations and Special Reference to East Africa. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
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The El Molo population is also referred to as the “Dhes, Elmolo, Fura-Pawa, Ldes, and Ndorobo”. They are fishermen concentrated in two villages in
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Brenzinger, Matthias. 1992. Lexical retention in language shift: Yaaku/ Mukogodo- Maasai and El-molo/Elmolo- Samburu. In Brenzinger (ed), 213–254.
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claims that traditional fishing in Kenya’s Rift Valley is likely to go back to Eastern Cushites originating from the Ethiopian Highlands.
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Dyson, W. S. and Fuchs, V. E. 1937. The Elmolo. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 67. 327–338.
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Tosco, Mauro (2015). "From Elmolo to Gura Pau: A Remembered Cushitic language of Lake Turkana and its possible revitalization".
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is a Samburu name referring to people who do not use livestock as their source of income. The name is formed from the Samburu
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Bunyi, Grace. "Language in Education in Kenyan School". Encyclopedia of Language Education. Volume 5: 33.
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FEAR OF EXTINCTION AS THE EL MOLO DROP allAfrica.com, March 12, 2010 NEWS, 2pp database : NewsBank
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Heine, Bernd. 1972/73. Vokabulare ostafrikanischer Restsprachen, 1: Elmolo.
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Okuma, O. S. (2016). Conservation of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Kenya.
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El Molo belongs to the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. The
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Fear of Extinction as the El Molo Numbers Drop (2010). allAfrica.com.
722:"What Terminal Speakers Can Do to Their Language: the Case of Elmolo"
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The Arbore Language: A first Investigation; including a vocabulary
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785:(1. issued as paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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Lamberti, Marcello (1991). "Cushitic and Its Classifications".
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536:"El-molo language revival through learning, use and research"
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Oral tradition sees the El Molo people as an offshoot of the
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Joshua Project. "El Molo in Kenya". Retrieved 9 March 2018.
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may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's
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841:. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. pp. 173–218.
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924:El Molo at the Endangered Languages Project
856:(PhD thesis). London: University of London.
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404:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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326:(phonetically ) 'this person'.
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32:This article
30:
21:
20:
1878:
1849:
1822:
1680:
1679:
1585:Macro-Somali
1567:Lowland East
1446:
1189:Nilo-Saharan
1143:
910:56. 276–283.
907:
892:2318/1563131
874:
870:
853:
838:
829:
804:Bibliography
782:
776:
767:
756:. Retrieved
747:
735:
725:
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703:
694:
688:
659:. Retrieved
650:
633:
629:
623:
611:. Retrieved
607:
598:
591:Hayward 1984
586:
579:Sobiana 1980
574:
564:
554:
543:. Retrieved
539:
529:
512:
483:. Retrieved
479:
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444:
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420:
411:
396:Please help
384:
356:
343:
328:
323:
319:
315:
308:
306:
286:
270:
257:
253:
249:
245:
242:Lake Turkana
234:Afro-Asiatic
225:
224:
196:
159:
150:Lowland East
140:Afro-Asiatic
94:Lake Turkana
57:
48:
33:
540:Pawankafund
366:Present day
1896:Categories
1312:Portuguese
1106:West Nyala
988:Indigenous
758:2024-07-30
740:Tosco 2015
729:: 131–143.
708:Tosco 2015
681:Heine 1980
545:2024-06-09
514:Ethnologue
459:References
334:Population
1881:indicate
1789:Saho–Afar
1675:Daasanach
1640:Maay Maay
1134:Daasanach
1071:Mijikenda
990:languages
630:Anthropos
485:9 January
414:July 2024
385:does not
307:The name
298:Dhaasanac
266:Daasanach
254:Fura-Pawa
198:Glottolog
182:ISO 639-3
99:Ethnicity
51:June 2024
1628:Rendille
1576:Omo–Tana
1547:Kambaata
1497:Gollango
1461:Xamtanga
1317:Japanese
1197:Kipsigis
1159:Rendille
1116:Cushitic
642:40463677
480:BBC News
302:Arboroid
230:Cushitic
205:elmo1238
145:Cushitic
1879:Italics
1851:Kwʼadza
1835:Burunge
1754:Dirasha
1742:Konsoid
1701:Oromoid
1681:El Molo
1662:Western
1608:Girirra
1598:Dabarre
1542:Hadiyya
1500:Gorrose
1494:Gergere
1484:Gawwada
1327:Russian
1307:Chinese
1287:Italian
1277:Spanish
1272:Punjabi
1262:English
1242:Turkana
1232:Samburu
1144:El Molo
1066:Marachi
979:Swahili
974:English
861:Verlag.
661:9 March
613:9 March
566:131-143
509:El Molo
406:removed
391:sources
360:Samburu
309:El Molo
226:El Molo
218:El Molo
160:El Molo
121:Revival
111:Extinct
76:El Molo
1861:Others
1840:Gorowa
1830:Alagwa
1784:Dahalo
1772:Others
1670:Arbore
1645:Somali
1613:Jiiddu
1557:Sidama
1552:Libido
1509:Tsamai
1488:Dihina
1479:Dobase
1471:Dullay
1442:Qimant
1332:Danish
1322:Romani
1302:Arabic
1297:Hebrew
1282:German
1267:French
1227:Pökoot
1222:Omotik
1212:Naandi
1207:Maasai
1164:Somali
1139:Dahalo
1086:Pokomo
1056:Logoli
1046:Kikuyu
1031:Ilwana
1006:Bajuni
789:
640:
294:Arbore
256:, and
250:Elmolo
91:Region
1845:Iraqw
1824:Aasáx
1815:South
1759:Konso
1749:Bussa
1733:Waata
1723:Oromo
1687:Yaaku
1652:Tunni
1603:Garre
1593:Baiso
1537:Gedeo
1532:Burji
1527:Alaba
1503:Harso
1454:Qwara
1448:Kayla
1437:Bilen
1432:Awngi
1374:Engsh
1369:Sheng
1337:Dutch
1292:Hindi
1237:Tugen
1217:Ogiek
1179:Yaaku
1174:Waata
1154:Oromo
1129:Burji
1124:Aweer
1101:Taita
1091:Samia
1081:Nyole
1061:Luhya
1051:Kuria
1041:Khayo
1036:Kamba
1021:Gusii
998:Bantu
865:AUSA.
638:JSTOR
246:Dehes
85:Kenya
1868:Beja
1799:Saho
1794:Afar
1779:Boon
1718:Orma
1623:Boni
1491:Gaba
1424:Agaw
1149:Orma
1096:Suba
1076:Meru
1016:Embu
1011:Digo
787:ISBN
727:Ausa
663:2018
615:2018
487:2020
389:any
387:cite
324:molu
258:Ldes
102:560
1202:Luo
887:hdl
879:doi
511:at
400:by
320:el-
213:ELP
189:elo
1898::
885:.
875:44
873:.
724:.
671:^
634:86
632:.
606:.
563:.
538:.
495:^
478:.
467:^
318:,
316:l-
279:.
268:.
252:,
248:,
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889::
881::
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761:.
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665:.
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568:.
548:.
489:.
427:)
421:(
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412:(
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394:.
64:)
58:(
53:)
49:(
39:.
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