43:
992:), and Jewish tradition. He stressed the willingness and the joyful readiness of the God-loving heart to perform life's duties. He wrote, "It is impossible to think that the nations would recognize us as being wise and understanding if we were not to provide infallible proofs and explanations for the truths of the Torah and our faith." Many Jewish writers familiar with his work consider him an original thinker of high rank. According to
984:, "the duties to be performed by the parts of the body" ("Hovot HaEvarim"), without regard to the inner ideas and sentiments that should be embodied in the Jewish way of life, "the duties of the heart" ("Hovot HaLev"). He also felt that many disregarded all duties incumbent upon them, whether outward observances or inner moral obligations.
1002:
Bahya combined in a rare degree great depth of emotion, a vivid poetic imagination, the power of eloquence, and beauty of diction with a penetrating intellect; and he was therefore well fitted to write a work the main object of which was not to argue about and defend the doctrines of
Judaism, but to
1060:
Bahya, inclined to contemplative mysticism and asceticism, eliminated from his system every element that he felt might obscure monotheism or interfere with halakha. He wanted to present a religious system that was at once lofty and pure and in full accord with reason.
987:
In his view, most people acted according to selfish, worldly motives. Bahya, therefore, felt compelled to attempt to present the Jewish faith as a great spiritual truth founded on reason, revelation (especially regarding the
1157:
The Book of
Direction to the Duties of the Heart, from the Original Arabic Version of Bahya Ben Joseph Ibn Pakuda's al-Hidaya ila Fara'id al-Qulub by Menahem Mansoor (the only English translation from the original
715:
2346:
966:
and philosophical and scientific Arabic, Greek, and Roman literature, frequently quoting from the works of non-Jewish moral philosophers in his work.
837:
751:
2326:
2321:
341:
1010:
became a popular book among the Jews worldwide, and parts of it were once recited for devotional purposes during the days before
1151:
1034:
2341:
2331:
1715:
1550:
42:
1204:
830:
2316:
1943:
1948:
1137:
744:
2086:
1932:
1770:
1765:
973:, Bahya says that he wished to fill a great need in Jewish literature; he felt that neither the rabbis of the
1805:
1700:
1556:
1343:
518:
2290:
2203:
1902:
1695:
1661:
823:
523:
336:
2166:
1810:
1612:
1562:
1430:
1349:
2066:
1958:
1835:
1780:
1544:
737:
685:
638:
417:
977:
nor subsequent rabbis adequately brought all the ethical teachings of
Judaism into a coherent system.
2336:
2198:
2188:
2182:
2125:
2076:
1815:
1120:
928:
670:
548:
452:
326:
235:
99:
1116:
2275:
2265:
1785:
1683:
1607:
1602:
1255:
513:
2193:
2131:
2023:
1968:
1914:
1858:
994:
603:
122:
2003:
1998:
1973:
1582:
1453:
1197:
1047:
955:
633:
573:
543:
303:
240:
2218:
2213:
1332:
1260:
1235:
866:
583:
553:
447:
1092:
A Sufi-Jewish
Dialogue: Philosophy and Mysticism in Bahya ibn Paquda's "Duties of the Heart"
1081:", Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies, Volume III, Division C, p. 81 (1973)
2280:
2172:
1890:
1830:
695:
437:
402:
285:
1168:
A Sufi-Jewish
Dialogue: Philosophy and Mysticism in Bahya ibn Paquda's Duties of the Heart
8:
2295:
2101:
2051:
2033:
2008:
1963:
1631:
1577:
1572:
1532:
1486:
1018:
963:
700:
185:
53:
1800:
1745:
2285:
2255:
2249:
1953:
1908:
1896:
1840:
1760:
1671:
1666:
1538:
1294:
882:
710:
705:
675:
628:
608:
457:
432:
210:
180:
137:
1795:
2260:
2223:
2208:
2154:
2096:
1983:
1863:
1820:
1730:
1710:
1641:
1597:
1509:
1447:
1418:
1359:
1354:
1300:
1245:
1240:
1190:
890:
598:
588:
578:
493:
427:
422:
255:
230:
190:
34:
2177:
2119:
2013:
1938:
1920:
1878:
1869:
1775:
1750:
1720:
1689:
1677:
1656:
1567:
1504:
1471:
1465:
1412:
1369:
1338:
1289:
1250:
923:
665:
613:
308:
250:
215:
205:
162:
2244:
2239:
2160:
2091:
2081:
2071:
2061:
2028:
1993:
1988:
1884:
1790:
1755:
1735:
1705:
1592:
1481:
1459:
1379:
1322:
1317:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1038:
906:
874:
623:
472:
364:
280:
270:
20:
1145:
1436:
1407:
1374:
690:
558:
528:
508:
503:
498:
462:
442:
260:
2310:
2056:
1740:
1476:
1441:
1424:
1364:
1306:
1119:(English translation of the original Shaar HaBitachon from Chovot HaLevavot,
1011:
680:
563:
538:
1162:
Interiority and Law: Bahya ibn Paquda and the
Concept of Inner Commandments,
1017:
Ibn Paquda's works inspired and shaped many later Jewish writers, including
2136:
1978:
1926:
1646:
1587:
1384:
1284:
1229:
1221:
1094:, Introduction, text: "The Hidāya was written in Judeo-Arabic around 1080."
980:
Bahya felt that many Jews paid attention only to the outward observance of
618:
467:
200:
152:
1133:
Duties of the Heart / Chovot HaLevavot - free complete
English translation
1003:
appeal to the sentiments and to stir and elevate the hearts of the people.
1825:
1521:
1402:
1327:
568:
533:
346:
331:
265:
225:
83:
2270:
2018:
1515:
1279:
894:
593:
379:
369:
275:
245:
220:
142:
68:
1527:
1394:
811:
384:
147:
78:
73:
1496:
1213:
959:
806:
794:
477:
157:
2111:
2043:
1850:
1651:
981:
789:
784:
374:
1622:
974:
918:
801:
774:
720:
2146:
1873:
1725:
1636:
1270:
989:
954:
Little is known of his life except that he bore the title of
898:
886:
779:
104:
1182:
1033:
He often followed the method of the anonymously-authored "
1173:
1052:
939:
16:Spanish Jewish philosopher and rabbi (c.1050–1120)
1077:Menahem Mansoor, "Arabic sources on Ibn Pakuda's
2308:
917:He was the author of the first Jewish system of
1178:. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson. pp. 20–21.
1164:Omer Michaelis, Stanford University Press 2024
1198:
931:in the years 1161-80 under the title Hebrew:
831:
745:
1140:, jewishencyclopedia.com article written by
962:. Bahya was thoroughly familiar with Jewish
1174:ibn Pakuda, Bachya; Yaakov Feldman (1996).
946:
1205:
1191:
838:
824:
752:
738:
2347:Burials at the Old Jewish Cemetery, Safed
1129:(partial translation) at sacred-texts.com
901:). He was one of two people now known as
905:, the other being the Bible commentator
1021:in his encyclopedic philosophical work
365:Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean
2309:
1035:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
1186:
870:
1042:
951:'The Duties of the Heart'.
932:
924:Guidance to the Duties of the Heart
878:
13:
1103:Duties of the Heart (Feldman 1996)
14:
2358:
2327:11th-century rabbis in al-Andalus
2322:12th-century rabbis in al-Andalus
1110:
927:It was translated into Hebrew by
912:
1944:Isaac ben Mordecai of Regensburg
1117:Shaar HaBitachon - Gate of Trust
41:
1949:Ephraim ben Isaac of Regensburg
1043:رسائل إخوان الصفاء وخلان الوفاء
1028:
2087:Moses ben Isaac ben ha-Nessiah
1933:Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg
1771:Elhanan ben Isaac of Dampierre
1766:Isaac ben Abraham of Dampierre
1097:
1084:
1071:
309:Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari
1:
1806:Samuel ben Solomon of Falaise
1701:Abraham ben Joseph of Orleans
1557:Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne
1344:Shem Tov ben Abraham ibn Gaon
1064:
1025:, "The Book of Compilation."
2342:Medieval Jewish philosophers
2291:Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi
2204:Eliezer ben Samuel of Verona
1903:Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin
1662:Samson ben Joseph of Falaise
1212:
524:Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi
7:
2332:Writers of Musar literature
2167:Isaiah di Trani the Younger
1811:Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon
1563:Levi ben Abraham ben Hayyim
1431:Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona
1350:Meir ben Solomon Abi-Sahula
1138:Bahya Ben Joseph ibn Pakuda
1053:
940:
855:Bahya ben Joseph ibn Pakuda
10:
2363:
2067:Eliyahu Menachem of London
1959:Eliezer ben Isaac ha-Gadol
1836:Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken
1781:Samson ben Abraham of Sens
1545:David ben Levi of Narbonne
639:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
519:Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm
18:
2232:
2199:Moses ben Meir of Ferrara
2145:
2110:
2077:Jacob ben Judah of London
2042:
1849:
1816:Joseph ben Samuel Bonfils
1621:
1495:
1393:
1269:
1220:
929:Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon
549:Simcha Bunim of Peshischa
342:Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat
100:Aristobulus of Alexandria
2276:Isaac ben Jacob ha-Lavan
2266:Isaac ben Samuel of Acre
1786:Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi
1716:Haim ben Hananel HaCohen
1684:Moses ben Jacob of Coucy
1608:Aaron ben Jacob ha-Kohen
1256:Samuel ben Jacob ibn Jam
1152:Rabbi Bachaya Ibn Pakuda
514:Joseph Solomon Delmedigo
19:Not to be confused with
2317:Philosophers of Judaism
2132:Avigdor Cohen of Vienna
2024:Isaac ben Asher ha-Levi
1969:Yehuda HaKohen ben Meir
1915:Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi
1859:Meshullam ben Kalonymus
1127:The Duties of the Heart
1014:, the Jewish New Year.
995:The Jewish Encyclopedia
969:In the introduction to
921:, written around 1080.
881:), c. 1050–1120, was a
2004:Jacob ben Judah Landau
1999:Joel ben Isaac ha-Levi
1974:Meir ben Baruch Halevi
1583:Abraham of Montpellier
1454:Simeon ben Zemah Duran
1054:Rasā'il Ikhwān al-Ṣafā
1005:
574:Isaac Orobio de Castro
544:Shneur Zalman of Liadi
241:Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera
2219:Isaac ben Melchizedek
2214:Joseph Colon Trabotto
1899:(Maharam MeRotenberg)
1559:(Raavad II, HaEshkol)
1333:Isaac ben Moses Arama
1261:Shemariah ben Elhanan
1236:Chananel ben Chushiel
1000:
584:Samuel David Luzzatto
554:Samson Raphael Hirsch
175:Spanish and European:
143:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
2296:Nethanel ben Isaiah
2281:Nathan ben Abraham I
2173:Obadiah of Bertinoro
1891:Mordechai ben Hillel
1831:Shemaiah of Soissons
286:Judah Leon Abravanel
2185:(Shibbolei HaLeket)
2102:Berechiah de Nicole
2052:Aaron of Canterbury
2034:Isaac Asir HaTikvah
2009:Samuel ben Natronai
1964:Judah ben Kalonymus
1929:(Hagahot Maimuniot)
1632:Rabbi Abin ha-Gadol
1578:Asher ben Meshullam
1573:Meshullam ben Jacob
1533:Isaac ben Abba Mari
1487:Judah ben Barzillai
1176:Duties of the Heart
1079:Duties of the Heart
1019:Berechiah ha-Nakdan
1008:Duties of the Heart
971:Duties of the Heart
964:rabbinic literature
716:Microcosm–macrocosm
634:Joseph Soloveitchik
304:Natan'el al-Fayyumi
105:Philo of Alexandria
29:Part of a series on
2286:Hillel ben Eliakim
2256:Zerahiah the Greek
2250:Tobiah ben Eliezer
2122:(Terumat HaDeshen)
1954:Samson ben Eliezer
1909:Eliezer ben Nathan
1897:Meir of Rothenburg
1866:(Rabbeinu Gershom)
1841:Ephraim ben Samson
1761:Eliezer of Touques
1672:Eliezer ben Samuel
1667:Yom Tov of Falaise
1539:Abraham ben Nathan
1335:(Akeidat Yitzchak)
1273:(except Catalonia)
883:Jewish philosopher
629:Abraham Isaac Kook
609:Monsieur Chouchani
211:Joseph ibn Tzaddik
181:Hasdai ibn Shaprut
148:Ismaili philosophy
138:Brethren of Purity
2304:
2303:
2261:Isaac ben Dorbolo
2224:Judah Messer Leon
2209:Hillel ben Samuel
2155:Nathan ben Jehiel
2097:Yom Tov of Joigny
1984:Israel of Bamberg
1935:(Yehudah haHasid)
1864:Gershom ben Judah
1821:Menahem ben Helbo
1731:Peretz ben Elijah
1711:Judah ben Yom Tov
1642:List of Tosafists
1625:(except Provence)
1613:Jonathan of Lunel
1603:Isaac of Narbonne
1598:Samuel ibn Tibbon
1510:Abraham ben David
1448:Isaac ben Sheshet
1419:Shlomo ibn Aderet
1360:Maimon ben Joseph
1355:Isaac ibn Ghiyyat
1301:Joseph ibn Migash
1246:Zechariah Aghmati
1241:Dunash ben Labrat
1051:
950:
941:Ḥoḇoṯ hal-Leḇāḇoṯ
938:
891:Taifa of Zaragoza
889:who lived in the
848:
847:
762:
761:
599:Eliezer Berkovits
589:Elijah Benamozegh
579:Moses Mendelssohn
494:Francisco Sanches
453:Reconstructionist
256:Isaac ben Sheshet
251:Moses of Narbonne
231:Samuel ibn Tibbon
191:Abraham bar Hiyya
35:Jewish philosophy
2354:
2337:Jewish ethicists
2178:Menahem Recanati
2120:Israel Isserlein
2014:Alexander Suslin
1939:Yaakov ben Yakar
1921:Eleazar of Worms
1879:Asher ben Jehiel
1870:Simeon bar Isaac
1801:Samuel of Évreux
1776:Baruch ben Isaac
1751:Samson of Chinon
1746:Jacob of Orléans
1721:Yechiel of Paris
1690:Judah ben Nathan
1678:Isaac ben Samuel
1657:Solomon ben Meir
1568:Moshe ha-Darshan
1551:Moses ben Joseph
1505:Hachmei Provence
1472:Azriel of Gerona
1468:(Nimmukei Yosef)
1466:Joseph ibn Habib
1462:(Maggid Mishneh)
1427:(Rabbeinu Yonah)
1413:Nissim of Gerona
1370:Abraham ibn Daud
1339:Rabbenu Yerucham
1313:Bahya ibn Paquda
1295:Yom Tov Asevilli
1290:Abraham ibn Ezra
1251:Nissim ben Jacob
1207:
1200:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1088:
1082:
1075:
1056:
1046:
1044:
948:
945:
943:
937:romanized:
936:
934:
880:
872:
851:Bahyā ibn Pāqudā
840:
833:
826:
764:
763:
754:
747:
740:
657:
614:Emmanuel Levinas
405:
236:Joseph ben Judah
216:Abraham ibn Ezra
206:Abraham ibn Daud
196:Bahya ibn Paquda
163:Rabbinic Judaism
125:
56:
45:
26:
25:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2245:Elijah Mizrachi
2240:Isaac Abarbanel
2228:
2161:Isaiah di Trani
2141:
2126:Isaac of Vienna
2106:
2092:Moses of London
2082:Josce of London
2072:Hagin Deulacres
2062:Elias of London
2038:
2029:Simha of Speyer
1994:Judah ben Asher
1989:Ephraim of Bonn
1885:Jacob ben Asher
1845:
1796:Moses of Évreux
1791:Meir ben Samuel
1756:Jacob of Chinon
1736:Eliezer of Toul
1706:Elijah of Paris
1617:
1593:Isaac the Blind
1491:
1482:Judah ben Yakar
1460:Vidal of Tolosa
1389:
1380:Jonah ibn Janah
1323:David Abudirham
1318:Bahya ben Asher
1265:
1216:
1211:
1142:Kaufmann Kohler
1113:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1031:
958:"judge" at the
915:
907:Bahya ben Asher
903:Rabbeinu Behaye
844:
767:Rabbinical eras
758:
729:
728:
725:
658:
655:
648:
647:
644:
643:
624:Gershom Scholem
604:Eliyahu Dessler
483:
482:
406:
401:
394:
393:
390:
389:
352:
351:
314:
313:
291:
290:
281:Isaac Abarbanel
271:Elia del Medigo
168:
167:
126:
121:
114:
113:
110:
109:
89:
88:
57:
52:
24:
21:Bahya ben Asher
17:
12:
11:
5:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1887:(Baal HaTurim)
1882:
1876:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1437:Hasdai Crescas
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1408:Menachem Meiri
1405:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1375:Moses ibn Ezra
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1112:
1111:External links
1109:
1106:
1105:
1096:
1083:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1030:
1027:
1023:Sefer HaHibbur
914:
913:Life and works
911:
879:بهية بن فاقودا
871:בחיי אבן פקודה
846:
845:
843:
842:
835:
828:
820:
817:
816:
815:
814:
809:
804:
799:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
769:
768:
760:
759:
757:
756:
749:
742:
734:
731:
730:
727:
726:
724:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
662:
659:
654:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
642:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
559:Jacob Abendana
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
529:Tzvi Ashkenazi
526:
521:
516:
511:
509:Salomon Maimon
506:
504:Baruch Spinoza
501:
499:Uriel da Costa
496:
490:
486:
484:
481:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
448:Existentialist
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
414:
410:
407:
400:
399:
396:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
361:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
323:
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
306:
300:
296:
293:
292:
289:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
261:Hasdai Crescas
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
177:
173:
170:
169:
166:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
134:
132:Influenced by:
130:
127:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:
102:
96:
92:
90:
87:
86:
81:
76:
71:
65:
61:
58:
51:
50:
47:
46:
38:
37:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2359:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:Benjamin Anaw
2187:
2184:
2183:Zedekiah Anaw
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:Aaron of York
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1741:Chaim Paltiel
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1477:Moshe Chalava
1475:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1442:Aharon HaLevi
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:(Baal HaMaor)
1432:
1429:
1426:
1425:Yonah Gerondi
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:Isaac Aboab I
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1307:Meir Abulafia
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1170:, Diana Lobel
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1100:
1093:
1090:Diana Lobel,
1087:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1012:Rosh Hashanah
1009:
1004:
999:
997:
996:
991:
985:
983:
978:
976:
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
952:
942:
930:
926:
925:
920:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
876:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
841:
836:
834:
829:
827:
822:
821:
819:
818:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
776:
773:
772:
771:
770:
766:
765:
755:
750:
748:
743:
741:
736:
735:
733:
732:
722:
721:Righteousness
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
671:Chosen people
669:
667:
664:
663:
661:
660:
652:
651:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
564:Isaac Cardoso
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
539:Samuel Hirsch
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
489:
485:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
413:
409:
408:
404:
398:
397:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
360:
356:
355:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
327:Isaac Israeli
325:
324:
322:
318:
317:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
299:
295:
294:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
176:
172:
171:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
133:
129:
128:
124:
118:
117:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
95:
91:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
66:
64:
60:
59:
55:
49:
48:
44:
40:
39:
36:
33:
32:
28:
27:
22:
2252:(Lekach Tov)
2137:Isaac Tyrnau
1979:Israel Bruna
1927:Meir HaKohen
1680:(Ri HaZaken)
1647:Rabbeinu Tam
1588:Joseph Caspi
1385:Abraham Saba
1312:
1285:Judah Halevi
1230:Isaac Alfasi
1222:North Africa
1175:
1167:
1161:
1146:Isaac Broydé
1099:
1091:
1086:
1078:
1073:
1059:
1032:
1029:Neoplatonism
1022:
1016:
1007:
1006:
1001:
993:
986:
979:
970:
968:
953:
933:חובות הלבבות
922:
916:
902:
867:Judeo-Arabic
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:
619:Martin Buber
487:
438:Conservative
411:
358:
320:
297:
201:Judah Halevi
195:
174:
153:Jewish Kalam
131:
93:
62:
2157:(the Aruch)
1893:(Mordechai)
1826:Simeon Kara
1696:Bechor Shor
1547:(HaMichtam)
1522:David Kimhi
1403:Nachmanides
1346:(Migdal Oz)
1328:Joseph Albo
1303:(Ri Migash)
1154:, at OU.org
676:Eschatology
569:David Nieto
534:Jacob Emden
468:Neo-Hasidic
347:Ibn Kammuna
337:al-Mukkamas
332:Saadia Gaon
266:Joseph Albo
226:Nachmanides
186:Ibn Gabirol
54:Hellenistic
2311:Categories
2271:Moses Taku
2194:Judah Anav
2128:(Or Zarua)
2019:Jacob Weil
1541:(HaManhig)
1516:Gersonides
1456:(Tashbatz)
1280:Maimonides
1065:References
895:al-Andalus
594:Moses Hess
412:Positions:
359:Positions:
276:Judah Minz
246:Gersonides
221:Maimonides
84:Boethusian
63:Positions:
2233:Elsewhere
1923:(Rokeach)
1917:(Raavyah)
1911:(Ra'aven)
1905:(Maharil)
1535:(HaIttur)
1528:Abba Mari
1395:Catalonia
1048:romanized
812:Acharonim
706:Holocaust
696:Happiness
478:Rambamist
458:Holocaust
433:Chassidic
423:Sephardic
370:Kabbalist
298:Yemenite:
74:Sadducean
69:Hasmonean
1674:(Yereim)
1518:(Ralbag)
1512:(Raavad)
1497:Provence
1450:(Rivash)
1421:(Rashba)
1214:Rishonim
960:beth din
807:Rishonim
795:Savoraim
701:Holiness
418:Orthodox
385:Tosafist
380:Talmudic
158:Kabbalah
123:Medieval
79:Pharisee
2112:Austria
2044:England
1851:Germany
1692:(Rivan)
1686:(Semag)
1652:Rashbam
1553:(Rambi)
1524:(Radak)
1444:(Ra'ah)
1309:(Ramah)
1297:(Ritva)
1158:Arabic)
1050::
982:halakha
949:
859:Pekudah
790:Amoraim
785:Tannaim
711:Messiah
488:People:
463:Renewal
375:Karaism
94:People:
2169:(Riaz)
1881:(Rosh)
1623:France
1144:&
1039:Arabic
975:Talmud
919:ethics
875:Arabic
863:Bakuda
802:Geonim
775:Chazal
681:Ethics
656:Topics
473:Mussar
443:Reform
428:Chabad
403:Modern
321:Other:
2163:(Rid)
2147:Italy
1874:Mainz
1726:Rivam
1637:Rashi
1415:(Ran)
1271:Spain
1232:(Rif)
1123:2021)
1121:Kehot
990:Torah
956:dayan
899:Spain
897:(now
887:rabbi
780:Zugot
686:Faith
666:Anger
1037:'" (
947:lit.
885:and
1872:of
1057:).
893:in
691:God
2313::
1045:,
1041::
998::
944:,
935:,
909:.
877::
873:,
869::
865:;
861:,
857:,
1206:e
1199:t
1192:v
1148:.
853:(
839:e
832:t
825:v
753:e
746:t
739:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
