1655:"; and out of pure matter the celestial bodies, and out of impure matter the four elements, were evolved. But while the first formed into an inseparable combination and the mixture of the latter is one which constantly changes, a third form exists which mixes with matter for a certain time, to live again in a disembodied state after its separation, and this is the human soul. According to its wisdom—which makes it seek the upper world, the pure lasting form—or its folly—which makes it follow the impure matter of the perishable world below—the soul of man partakes of the nature of either the one or the other but, his destination being to live forever like the angels, man has been appointed by God to be the ruler of all beings on earth; and in the same measure in which he fulfills or deviates from his destination, does he rise or fall in dignity above or below his fellow creatures.
866:
1753:, when the evil spirit shall have vanished altogether, when the sensual man shall have become a spiritual one, and the passions that created hatred and strife shall have given way to love of man and to faithful obedience to the will of God, no other laws than those given to the God-devoted one in the Decalogue—the law written upon the heart of man—will be necessary. Men, imbued solely with love for their fellows, free from sin, will rise to the standard of the God-devoted man, and, like him, share in the eternal bliss of God.
1622:. In it, he exhorts the reader to lead a life of purity and devotion. At the same time he does not hesitate to borrow ideas from non-Jewish philosophers, and he pays homage to the ancient Greek philosophers who, without knowledge of the Torah, arrived at certain fundamental truths regarding the beginning of things, though in an imperfect way, because both the end and the divine source of wisdom remained hidden to them. In his opinion the non-Jew may attain to as high a degree of godliness as the Jew.
2837:
2002:
841:, bar Ḥiyya modestly states that, because none of the scientific works such as those which exist in Arabic were accessible to his brethren in France, he felt called upon to compose books which, though containing no research of his own, would help to popularize knowledge among Hebrew readers. His Hebrew terminology, therefore, occasionally lacks the clearness and precision of later writers and translators.
2210:
1651:
two different elements. There is pure and there is impure matter. So also there is form too sublime to mingle with matter, such as that of the angelic or the upper world; and form which, being receptive and hollow, is susceptible to mixture with matter. The upper world, while gazing upon the lower and radiating its higher light, causes the mixture of matter with receptive form, the "
2065:
1663:
that the soul in this world of flesh is imprisoned, while the animal soul craves for worldly pleasures, and experiences pain in foregoing them. Still, only the sensual man requires corrections of the flesh to liberate the soul from its bondage; the truly pious need not, or rather should not, undergo
1650:
Matter, being void of all reality, requires form to give it existence. Now the union of these two by the will of God, which brings them from a state of potentiality into one of actuality, is creation, time itself being simultaneously produced with the created things. Both matter and form consist of
736:
would appear in the year AM 5118 (AD 1358). Its fifth and last chapter, the largest part of the work, may be read as an independent treatise providing an astrological explanation of Jewish and universal history based on an analysis of the periodical conjunctions of
372:. Abraham bar Hiyya is said to have been a great astronomer and wrote some works on astronomy and geography. One talks about the form of the earth, the elements, and the structure of the spheres. Other works included papers on astrology, trigonometry, and music.
787:. There remains doubt as to the particulars: a number of Jewish translators named Abraham existed during the 12th century, and it is not always possible to identify the one in question. Known translations of bar Ḥiyya include:
1703:
such as take part in the world's affairs, but are, as regards their conduct, ruled only by the divine laws and statutes without concerning themselves with the rest of men (these form the "holy congregation" or the "faithful
1731:; the other nine present the various laws in relation to God, to domestic life, and to society at large. Each of these three classes again refers either to the heart or sentiment, to the speech or to the action of man.
1707:
such as lead righteous lives, but take care also that the wrong done outside of their sphere is punished and the good of all the people promoted (these form the "kingdom of justice" or the "righteous nation").
391:" is always appended to his name, Barcelona was at the time no longer under Muslim rule, and therefore not part of Sepharad. Abraham Albargeloni (i.e., from Barcelona) thus belonged to the community of the
1965:
Also Ḥayya. Other variants include
Abraham ben Chija, Abraham ben Hiyya al-Bargeloni, Avraham ben Chiya Hanasi mi'Barcelona, Abraham ben Chiva, Abraham ben Chaja, and Rabbi Abrahamo Hispano filio Rabbi
1700:
such as lead a life altogether apart from worldly pursuits and devoted only to God ("these are but few in number and may in their sovereignty over the world be regarded as one individuality").
480:, was the first European attempt to synthesize Greek and Arabic mathematics. Likely written in the first quarter of the 12th century, the book is said to elaborate on the interdependence of
1806:
1867:
621:), an astronomical work on the formation of the heavens and the earth, which was to have been followed by a second part on the course of the stars. A portion was translated into
1610:, as Rapoport and Rosin think, or not, the object of the work was a practical, rather than a theoretical, one. It was to be a homily in four chapters on repentance based on the
278:
1664:
fasting or other forms of asceticism except such as the law has prescribed. But, precisely as man has been set apart among his fellow creatures as God's servant, so
721:
religious basis. It was published in 1860 by
Freimann, with a biography of the author (by the editor), a list of his works, and learned introduction by Rapoport.
1927:
1907:
1887:
530:'Treatise on Measurement and Calculation'), probably intended to be a part of the preceding work. This is the celebrated geometry translated in 1145 by
2850:
2015:
1785:
he calculated from
Scripture the exact time for the advent of the Messiah to be the year of the world 5118. He wrote also a work on redemption, from which
1538:
642:
573:("Scroll of the Revealer") on the redemption of the Jewish people. The latter was partly translated into Latin in the 14th century under the title
2697:
Sela, Shlomo (2001). "The Fuzzy
Borders between Astronomy and Astrology in the Thought and Work of Three Twelfth-Century Jewish Intellectuals".
2477:
2308:
Allgemeine
Enzyklopädie der Wissenschaften und der Künste, Part 1, Vol. 1, p. 157; Poggendorff’s Handwörterbuch, Volume I, A-L, 1863 Leipzig.
1723:, lives solely in the service of God (the singular being used because only Moses or the one who emulates him is addressed). The first of the
1574:
1164:
186:
1749:
legislation intended for the people living in an agricultural state and forming a "kingdom of justice." However, in the time of the
3165:
364:. He was held in high consideration by the ruler he served on account of his astronomical knowledge and had disputes with learned
3048:
604:
of the earlier Jewish scientific literature, which made him a pioneer in the use of the Hebrew language for scientific purposes.
3130:
2149:
3145:
3023:
2171:
2122:
2054:
1946:
447:
178:
3155:
3150:
3135:
3125:
3120:
3115:
1711:
In accordance with these three classes of servants of God, he finds the laws of the Torah to be divided into three groups:
3160:
2969:
2755:
865:
3140:
2041:
1769:. Characteristic of the age is the fact that while Abraham bar Ḥiyya contended against every superstition, against the
3110:
3105:
1742:, to render them a holy congregation relying solely upon the special protection of God without resorting to warfare.
1603:, Abraham bar Ḥiyya had to wrestle with the difficulties of a language not yet adapted to philosophic terminology.
504:. The book draws from a number of Greek sources then available in Arabic, as well as the works of al-Khwarizmi and
2419:
Levey, Martin (September 1952). "The
Encyclopedia of Abraham Savasorda: A Departure in Mathematical Methodology".
1567:
749:
406:
in 1137, and thus the County of
Barcelona became the capital of a new Catalan-Aragonese confederation called the
301:
3170:
1831:
1727:, which he considers merely as an introductory word, accentuates the divine origin and the eternal goal of the
349:; there is even a record of a Jewish Savasorda there in the beginning of the 12th century. In his travelogues,
1341:
630:
1346:
1159:
3175:
2220:
2046:
1560:
1508:
1461:
1240:
1789:
appropriated many ideas. It is in defense of
Judaism against Christian arguments, and also discusses
1493:
1371:
1275:
1149:
1058:
922:
761:
Abraham bar Ḥiyya co-operated with a number of scholars in the translation of scientific works from
387:(a work that the latter finished in 1143) was identical with Abraham bar Ḥiyya. Although the title "
3053:
1336:
585:
in nature, and drew a horoscope of favourable and unfavourable days. Bar Ḥiyya forecasted that the
3061:
2840: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
430:
Abraham bar Ḥiyya was one of the most important figures in the scientific movement which made the
235:
3043:
2855:
2229:
2083:
2020:
1426:
945:
485:
337:'prince'). Scholars assume that Bar Hiyya would have obtained this title in the court of
2556:
Levey, Martin (1954). "Abraham
Savasorda and His Algorism: A Study in Early European Logistic".
2078:
1825:
1607:
1456:
1396:
1366:
1126:
1063:
656:), the sequel to the preceding work, which is found sometimes in manuscripts with the notes of
476:'The Foundations of Understanding and the Tower of Faith'), usually referred to as the
318:
2599:
Schub, Pincus (1932). "A Mathematical Text by
Mordecai Comtino (Constantinople, XV Century)".
1734:
The group of laws contained in the second, third, and fourth books of Moses, intended for the
3095:
2672:
1975:
1406:
1376:
1270:
566:
2490:
This work was printed in Basel by Oswald Schreckenfuchs, including a Latin translation. See
3100:
2327:
2163:
1719:, containing the fundamental laws with especial reference to the God-devoted man who, like
1518:
1260:
1225:
1108:
699:
489:
626:
8:
3039:
1818:
1635:
1523:
1008:
876:
804:
525:
471:
332:
325:
226:
2331:
2267:
418:. Abraham Albargeloni spent some time in Narbonne, where he composed some works for the
3031:
3011:
2722:
2714:
2624:
2616:
2581:
2573:
2538:
2530:
2471:
2444:
2436:
2396:
2351:
2130:
2110:
1912:
1892:
1872:
1750:
1533:
1528:
1498:
1451:
1431:
1280:
1255:
1033:
1003:
960:
586:
350:
293:
230:
171:
84:
55:
2387:
Kaunzner, Wolfgang (1987). "On the Transmission of mathematical Knowledge to Europe".
2036:
3019:
2726:
2628:
2585:
2542:
2513:
Levy, Raphael (October 1942). "The Authorship of a Latin Treatise on the Astrolabe".
2448:
2355:
2343:
2291:
2167:
2118:
2050:
1421:
1411:
1401:
1316:
1250:
1245:
1078:
1053:
857:
824:
435:
392:
206:
152:
2706:
2608:
2565:
2522:
2428:
2335:
2159:
1774:
1735:
1724:
1716:
1693:
1488:
1436:
1131:
1073:
1038:
1028:
1018:
985:
680:
657:
638:
577:. Even these religious works contain scientific and philosophical speculation. His
431:
422:, in which he complained about the Provençal community's ignorance of mathematics.
419:
384:
361:
357:
1773:, against prayers for the dead, and similar practises, he was, nevertheless, like
2993:
2216:
1983:
1786:
1681:
1600:
1446:
1295:
1187:
1103:
1093:
770:
762:
725:
710:
703:
687:
664:
649:
634:
614:
597:
531:
516:
462:
415:
407:
369:
365:
309:
210:
125:
88:
679:" and the "Jerusalem Tables". Several manuscripts of this work contain notes by
2846:
2339:
2244:
Katz, Shlomo, ed. (14 March 1998). "R' Avraham ben Chiya Hanasi mi'Barcelona".
2224:
2148:
Lévy, Tony (2002). "Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages". In Vauchez, André (ed.).
2074:
2011:
1619:
1592:
1513:
1381:
1351:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1285:
1265:
1083:
766:
733:
622:
2295:
1770:
3089:
2973:
2841:
2371:
La obra Séfer hešbón mahlekot ha-kokabim de R. Abraham bar Hiyya ha-Bargeloní
2347:
2069:
2006:
1503:
1386:
1361:
601:
481:
443:
439:
297:
155:
2710:
1746:
1652:
1611:
1441:
1290:
1023:
975:
809:
558:
451:
190:
1805:
1762:
1631:
1391:
1356:
1169:
1154:
1088:
1048:
906:
779:
718:
198:
194:
163:
109:
2718:
2400:
2068: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2005: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1680:) being used by the prophet for Israel's creation as for that of man in
702:. It is the oldest-known Hebrew work treating of the calculation of the
229:
and algebra, the book contains the first known complete solution of the
2534:
2318:
Goldstein, Bernard R. (2001). "Kepler and Hebrew Astronomical Tables".
1665:
1615:
1416:
1202:
1192:
1098:
1068:
1043:
965:
891:
590:
501:
159:
3080:
2620:
2577:
2440:
2788:
Die Bibelexegese der Jüdischen Religionsphilosophen des Mittelalters,
1930:
1778:
1207:
970:
901:
896:
784:
582:
539:
505:
411:
281:
214:
202:
167:
105:
51:
2526:
1765:
is elsewhere quoted by Abraham bar Ḥiyya, he never refers to him in
304:. Bar Ḥiyya occupied a high position in the royal court, serving as
16:
Catalan Jewish mathematician, astronomer and philosopher (1070-1136)
2612:
2569:
2432:
1790:
1728:
1643:
1588:
1300:
980:
493:
399:
388:
380:
342:
338:
73:
69:
1197:
814:
774:
742:
676:
554:
1797:, according to astrological calculation, for the year 4946 A.M.
1587:
Bar Ḥiyya was a pioneer in the field of philosophy: as shown by
2644:
History of the Jews: from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
1979:
1934:
1543:
738:
695:
508:. Only a few short fragments of this work have been preserved.
497:
403:
346:
305:
1696:, Abraham bar Ḥiyya distinguishes three classes of pious men:
1794:
1739:
1720:
1660:
927:
550:, following it even to the sameness of some of the examples.
182:
2214:
633:. It appears also that complete translations into Latin and
1929:
is radius. The same proof appears in the commentary of the
375:
Some scholars think that the Magister Abraham who dictated
732:), a controversial work in defense of the theory that the
2503:
Poggendorff’s Handwörterbuch, Volume I, A-L, 1863 Leipzig
2492:
Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Wissenschaften und der Künste
553:
Bar Ḥiyya also wrote two religious works in the field of
454:
world, in both his original works and his translations.
356:
According to Adolph Drechsler, bar Ḥiyya was a pupil of
1848:
2373:. Barcelona: Instituto Arias Montano. pp. 13–14.
1915:
1895:
1875:
1834:
1757:
Guttmann has shown that Naḥmanides read and used the
353:
mentions bar Ḥiyya living in Barcelona in the 1160s.
238:
1668:
is separate from the nations, the same three terms (
323:
2967:
2744:. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing. p. 11.
1761:, though occasionally differing from it; but while
1738:during their wandering in the desert or during the
794:
the well-known treatise of Ali ben Aḥmad al-Imrani.
675:), astronomical tables, called also the "Tables of
1921:
1901:
1881:
1861:
536:Liber embadorum a Savasordo in hebraico compositus
272:
3037:
2368:
641:contains a copy with a commentary, apparently by
177:Bar Ḥiyya was active in translating the works of
3087:
410:. The kings of Aragon extended their domains to
2671:
2665:
2265:
368:, to whom he demonstrated the accuracy of the
2272:. Thalmessinger & Cahn; Trübner & Co.
1687:
1568:
3016:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
2970:"The proof of Rabbi Abraham Bar Hiya Hanasi"
2115:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
1988:
1809:Bar Ḥiyya's theorem in a copy of the Talmud.
1630:Abraham bar Ḥiyya's philosophical system is
292:Abraham bar Ḥiyya was the great-grandson of
30:
3062:"Abraham bar Hiyya [dit Savasorda]"
2961:
2845:
2742:Studies in the History of Mediaeval Science
2382:
2380:
2281:
2279:
2266:Geiger, Abraham; Newburgh, Charles (1866).
2073:
2010:
648:"Calculation of the Courses of the Stars" (
3059:
3009:
2476:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2108:
1575:
1561:
197:. He also wrote several original works on
2317:
2285:
1862:{\displaystyle A=C\times {\tfrac {R}{2}}}
1793:"the Insane", announcing the downfall of
596:Abraham bar Ḥiyya wrote all his works in
185:and was likely the earliest to introduce
3014:. In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.).
3012:"Bar Ḥiyya: Abraham Bar Ḥiyya Savasorda"
2414:
2412:
2410:
2386:
2377:
2276:
2261:
2259:
2113:. In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.).
2111:"Bar Ḥiyya: Abraham Bar Ḥiyya Savasorda"
1804:
3049:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
2739:
2692:
2690:
2143:
2141:
2139:
1828:the following equation for any circle:
1188:Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean
694:). This work was published in 1851, in
3088:
2656:
2641:
2549:
607:
3018:. New York: Springer. pp. 95–6.
2677:Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik
2598:
2555:
2461:
2418:
2407:
2256:
2117:. New York: Springer. pp. 95–6.
2104:
2102:
2034:
1947:Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
511:Bar Ḥiyya's most notable work is his
2696:
2687:
2512:
2395:(2). Franz Steiner Verlag: 129–140.
2320:Journal for the History of Astronomy
2288:Illustriertes Lexikon der Astronomie
2243:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2164:10.1093/acref/9780227679319.001.0001
2147:
2136:
1606:Whether composed especially for the
663:"Tables" or "Tables of the Prince" (
459:Yesode ha-Tebunah u-Migdal ha-Emunah
2464:The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela
2369:Millás Vallicrosa, José M. (1959).
2290:. Leipzig: J. J. Weber. p. 5.
1989:
748:An apologetic epistle addressed to
729:
714:
691:
668:
653:
618:
520:
466:
313:
221:, translated in 1145 into Latin as
217:. His most influential work is his
130:ר׳ אַבְרָהָם בַּר חִיָּיא הַנָשִׂיא
129:
31:
13:
2849:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "
2659:The Messiah Idea in Jewish History
2099:
2042:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
2014:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "
1815:Ḥibbur ha-meshīḥah ve-ha-tishboret
1625:
542:made the Latin translation of the
513:Ḥibbur ha-Meshiḥah ve-ha-Tishboret
308:, and bore the title of governor (
219:Ḥibbur ha-Meshiḥah ve-ha-Tishboret
14:
3187:
3003:
2193:
2077:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
1817:contains the first appearance of
565:("Contemplation of the Soul") on
2968:Boaz Tsaban & David Garber.
2859:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
2835:
2233:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
2208:
2087:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
2063:
2024:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
2000:
1909:is the circumference length and
864:
3166:Medieval Spanish mathematicians
2987:
2948:
2936:
2924:
2911:
2899:
2887:
2875:
2863:
2829:
2817:
2805:
2793:
2773:
2761:
2756:Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris
2748:
2740:Haskins, Charles Homer (1967).
2733:
2650:
2635:
2592:
2506:
2497:
2484:
2455:
2362:
2156:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
1969:
1959:
831:Liber Augmenti et Diminutionis,
756:
750:Judah ben Barzilai al-Barzeloni
302:Talmudic academies in Babylonia
139:– 1136 or 1145), also known as
3060:Warszawski, Jean-Marc (2006).
2311:
2302:
2237:
2180:
1800:
1132:Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari
1:
2462:Adler, Marcus Nathan (1907).
2215:Sacerdote, G.; Guttmann, J.;
2028:
1771:superstitions of the tequfoth
1642:"Reflections on the Soul" as
844:
631:Erasmus Oswald Schreckenfuchs
280:, and influenced the work of
133:
43:
3146:Medieval Catalan astronomers
3010:Langermann, Y. Tzvi (2007).
2109:Langermann, Y. Tzvi (2007).
2092:
1347:Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi
575:Liber de redemptione Israhel
287:
273:{\displaystyle x^{2}-ax+b=c}
7:
3156:Medieval Jewish astronomers
3151:Medieval Jewish astrologers
3136:Philosophers from Catalonia
3126:12th-century Catalan rabbis
3121:12th-century mathematicians
3116:11th-century mathematicians
2675:(1867). "Abraham Judaeus".
2657:Greenstone, Julius Hillel.
2246:HaMaayan / The Torah Spring
2221:"Abraham bar Ḥiyya ha-Nasi"
2079:"Abraham bar Hiyya ha-Nasi"
2037:"Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi"
1940:
446:the intermediaries between
324:
10:
3192:
3161:Medieval Jewish scientists
2340:10.1177/002182860103200203
2286:Drechsler, Adolph (1881).
1688:Three Classes of Pious Men
1599:was originally written in
1462:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
1342:Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm
833:a treatise on mathematics.
773:with their translation of
724:"Scroll of the Revealer" (
717:), an ethical work upon a
709:"Meditation of the Soul" (
3141:Scientists from Catalonia
3131:Arabic–Hebrew translators
2996:, 8a in the Vilna edition
2851:ABRAHAM BAR ḤIYYA HA-NASI
2784:Die Spuren Al-Baṭlajûsis,
2642:Graetz, Heinrich (1892).
2494:, Part 1, Vol. 1, p. 157.
2158:. James Clarke & Co.
2045:. Vol. 1. New York:
2016:Abraham bar Ḥiyya ha-Nasi
1993:), 'Chief of the Police'.
1372:Simcha Bunim of Peshischa
1165:Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat
923:Aristobulus of Alexandria
686:"Book of Intercalation" (
467:יסודי התבונה ומגדל האמונה
122:Abraham bar Ḥiyya ha-Nasi
115:
101:
94:
80:
62:
39:
28:
23:Abraham bar Ḥiyya ha-Nasi
21:
3111:12th-century astrologers
3106:11th-century astrologers
3054:University of St Andrews
2786:p. 28, and Bacher,
1952:
1824:Bar Ḥiyya proved by the
1337:Joseph Solomon Delmedigo
792:De Horarum Electionibus,
29:
2856:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2711:10.2979/ALE.2001.-.1.59
2269:Judaism and Its History
2230:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2084:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2047:Charles Scribner's Sons
2021:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1595:'s assumption that the
800:astrological aphorisms.
486:mathematical operations
425:
225:. A Hebrew treatise on
2673:Steinschneider, Moritz
2466:. New York. p. 2.
2227:; et al. (eds.).
2035:Levey, Martin (1970).
1933:(12th century) on the
1923:
1903:
1883:
1863:
1826:method of indivisibles
1810:
1657:
1608:Ten Days of Repentance
1397:Isaac Orobio de Castro
1367:Shneur Zalman of Liadi
1064:Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera
798:Capitula Centiloquium,
274:
3171:Rabbis from Barcelona
2800:Ethik des Maimonides,
1924:
1904:
1889:is the surface area,
1884:
1864:
1808:
1777:, a firm believer in
1648:
1638:and of the author of
1407:Samuel David Luzzatto
1377:Samson Raphael Hirsch
998:Spanish and European:
966:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
613:"Form of the Earth" (
521:חיבור המשיחה והתשבורת
275:
3040:Robertson, Edmund F.
2908:p. 201, note 2.
1913:
1893:
1873:
1832:
1783:Megillat ha-Megalleh
1751:Messianic redemption
1109:Judah Leon Abravanel
669:לוחות or לוחות הנשיא
654:חשבון מהלכות הכוכבים
579:Megillat ha-Megalleh
571:Megillat ha-Megalleh
236:
3044:"Abraham bar Hiyya"
3038:O'Connor, John J.;
2332:2001JHA....32..130G
1819:quadratic equations
1636:Solomon ibn Gabirol
1539:Microcosm–macrocosm
1457:Joseph Soloveitchik
1127:Natan'el al-Fayyumi
928:Philo of Alexandria
852:Part of a series on
608:Other notable works
548:Practica Geometriae
490:business arithmetic
172:County of Barcelona
145:Abraham Albargeloni
56:County of Barcelona
32:אברהם בר חייא הנשיא
3176:Jewish astronomers
2921:pp. 199, 200.
2770:1900, p. 195.
2754:Manuscript in the
2049:. pp. 22–23.
1919:
1899:
1879:
1859:
1857:
1811:
1452:Abraham Isaac Kook
1432:Monsieur Chouchani
1034:Joseph ibn Tzaddik
1004:Hasdai ibn Shaprut
971:Ismaili philosophy
961:Brethren of Purity
837:In the preface to
534:, under the title
351:Benjamin of Tudela
306:minister of police
294:Hezekiah ben David
270:
231:quadratic equation
227:practical geometry
85:Quadratic equation
3025:978-0-387-31022-0
2894:Ḥobot ha-Lebabot,
2188:Hegyon ha-Nefesh,
2173:978-0-19-518817-2
2151:Abraham Bar Hiyya
2124:978-0-387-31022-0
2056:978-0-684-10114-9
1935:Babylonian Talmud
1922:{\displaystyle R}
1902:{\displaystyle C}
1882:{\displaystyle A}
1856:
1591:in refutation of
1585:
1584:
1422:Eliezer Berkovits
1412:Elijah Benamozegh
1402:Moses Mendelssohn
1317:Francisco Sanches
1276:Reconstructionist
1079:Isaac ben Sheshet
1074:Moses of Narbonne
1054:Samuel ibn Tibbon
1014:Abraham bar Hiyya
858:Jewish philosophy
825:Rudolph de Bruges
627:Sebastian Münster
546:the basis of his
529:
475:
436:Jews of Catalonia
398:Catalonia joined
393:Jews of Catalonia
336:
322:
207:Jewish philosophy
141:Abraham Savasorda
119:
118:
96:Scientific career
3183:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3056:
3029:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2972:. Archived from
2965:
2959:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2931:Sefer ha-'Ibbur,
2928:
2922:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2495:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2416:
2405:
2404:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2326:(107): 130–136.
2315:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2217:Kohler, Kaufmann
2212:
2211:
2206:
2191:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2145:
2134:
2128:
2106:
2088:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2025:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1849:
1759:Hegyon ha-Nefesh
1736:people of Israel
1725:Ten Commandments
1694:Baḥya ibn Paquda
1616:Day of Atonement
1597:Hegyon ha-Nefesh
1577:
1570:
1563:
1480:
1437:Emmanuel Levinas
1228:
1059:Joseph ben Judah
1039:Abraham ibn Ezra
1029:Abraham ibn Daud
1019:Bahya ibn Paquda
986:Rabbinic Judaism
948:
879:
868:
849:
848:
813:, attributed to
803:A commentary of
731:
716:
693:
681:Abraham ibn Ezra
670:
658:Abraham ibn Ezra
655:
639:Bodleian Library
620:
593:5118 (1358 CE).
589:would appear in
563:Hegyon ha-Nefesh
524:
522:
470:
468:
432:Jews of Provence
420:Hachmei Provence
385:Rudolf of Bruges
366:Catholic priests
362:Abraham ibn Ezra
358:Moshe ha-Darshan
331:
329:
317:
315:
279:
277:
276:
271:
248:
247:
195:Christian Europe
138:
135:
131:
48:
45:
34:
33:
19:
18:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3086:
3085:
3071:
3069:
3066:Musicologie.org
3026:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2994:Tractate Sukkah
2992:
2988:
2979:
2977:
2966:
2962:
2958:1869, iv. 7, 8.
2953:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2916:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2847:Singer, Isidore
2836:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2794:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2753:
2749:
2738:
2734:
2695:
2688:
2670:
2666:
2655:
2651:
2640:
2636:
2597:
2593:
2554:
2550:
2527:10.2307/2856449
2511:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2489:
2485:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2417:
2408:
2389:Sudhoffs Archiv
2385:
2378:
2367:
2363:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2284:
2277:
2264:
2257:
2242:
2238:
2225:Singer, Isidore
2209:
2207:
2194:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2146:
2137:
2125:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2075:Singer, Isidore
2064:
2057:
2031:
2012:Singer, Isidore
2001:
1998:
1997:
1984:Ṣāḥib al-Shurṭa
1974:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1943:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1847:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1803:
1787:Isaac Abravanel
1690:
1659:He agrees with
1640:Torot ha-Nefesh
1628:
1626:Matter and Form
1581:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1481:
1478:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1447:Gershom Scholem
1427:Eliyahu Dessler
1306:
1305:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1175:
1174:
1137:
1136:
1114:
1113:
1104:Isaac Abarbanel
1094:Elia del Medigo
991:
990:
949:
944:
937:
936:
933:
932:
912:
911:
880:
875:
847:
805:Aḥmad ibn Yusuf
771:Plato of Tivoli
769:, most notably
759:
704:Hebrew calendar
637:were made. The
610:
532:Plato of Tivoli
428:
416:southern France
414:in what is now
408:Crown of Aragon
370:Jewish calendar
360:and teacher of
290:
243:
239:
237:
234:
233:
223:Liber embadorum
179:Islamic science
166:who resided in
149:Abraham Judaeus
136:
108:
89:Hebrew calendar
87:
76:
67:
58:
49:
46:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3189:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3057:
3035:
3024:
3005:
3004:External links
3002:
2999:
2998:
2986:
2960:
2947:
2935:
2923:
2919:Monatsschrift,
2910:
2906:Monatsschrift,
2898:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2828:
2816:
2814:pp. 1, 2.
2804:
2792:
2772:
2768:Monatsschrift,
2760:
2747:
2732:
2686:
2664:
2661:. p. 134.
2649:
2646:. p. 320.
2634:
2613:10.1086/346637
2591:
2570:10.1086/368570
2548:
2521:(4): 566–569.
2505:
2496:
2483:
2454:
2433:10.1086/348115
2427:(3): 257–264.
2406:
2376:
2361:
2310:
2301:
2275:
2255:
2236:
2192:
2179:
2172:
2135:
2123:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2061:
2055:
2030:
2027:
1996:
1995:
1968:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1918:
1898:
1878:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1802:
1799:
1755:
1754:
1743:
1732:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1689:
1686:
1627:
1624:
1620:Shabbat Shuvah
1593:David Kaufmann
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1382:Jacob Abendana
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1352:Tzvi Ashkenazi
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1332:Salomon Maimon
1329:
1327:Baruch Spinoza
1324:
1322:Uriel da Costa
1319:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1271:Existentialist
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1084:Hasdai Crescas
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1000:
996:
993:
992:
989:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
957:
955:Influenced by:
953:
950:
943:
942:
939:
938:
935:
934:
931:
930:
925:
919:
915:
913:
910:
909:
904:
899:
894:
888:
884:
881:
874:
873:
870:
869:
861:
860:
854:
853:
846:
843:
835:
834:
828:
818:
801:
795:
758:
755:
754:
753:
746:
722:
707:
684:
661:
646:
609:
606:
448:Arabic science
427:
424:
289:
286:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
246:
242:
170:, then in the
153:Catalan Jewish
117:
116:
113:
112:
103:
99:
98:
92:
91:
82:
81:Known for
78:
77:
68:
64:
60:
59:
50:
41:
37:
36:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3188:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3082:
3081:PDF biography
3079:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3007:
2995:
2990:
2976:on 2011-08-12
2975:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2956:Ben Chananja,
2951:
2944:
2939:
2932:
2927:
2920:
2917:Guttmann, in
2914:
2907:
2902:
2895:
2890:
2883:
2878:
2871:
2866:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2842:public domain
2832:
2825:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2796:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2769:
2764:
2757:
2751:
2743:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2705:(1): 59–100.
2704:
2700:
2693:
2691:
2682:
2679:(in German).
2678:
2674:
2668:
2660:
2653:
2645:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2500:
2493:
2487:
2479:
2473:
2465:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2262:
2260:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2219:(1901–1906).
2218:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2189:
2183:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2070:public domain
2062:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2007:public domain
1986:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1916:
1896:
1876:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1827:
1822:
1821:in the West.
1820:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1634:like that of
1633:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1544:Righteousness
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1494:Chosen people
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:Isaac Cardoso
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1362:Samuel Hirsch
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1150:Isaac Israeli
1148:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:
995:
994:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
956:
952:
951:
947:
941:
940:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
918:
914:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
887:
883:
882:
878:
872:
871:
867:
863:
862:
859:
856:
855:
851:
850:
842:
840:
839:Ẓurat ha-Areẓ
832:
829:
826:
822:
821:De Astrolabio
819:
816:
812:
811:
806:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
789:
788:
786:
782:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
751:
747:
744:
740:
735:
727:
723:
720:
719:rationalistic
712:
708:
705:
701:
697:
689:
685:
682:
678:
674:
673:Luḥot ha-Nasi
666:
662:
659:
651:
647:
644:
643:Ḥayyim Lisker
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
616:
612:
611:
605:
603:
602:Judaeo-Arabic
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
527:
518:
514:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:number theory
479:
473:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
379:(probably at
378:
377:De Astrolabio
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
334:
328:
327:
320:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
285:
283:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
244:
240:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:mathematician
154:
150:
146:
142:
127:
123:
114:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
65:
61:
57:
53:
42:
38:
27:
20:
3096:1070s births
3070:. Retrieved
3065:
3047:
3015:
2989:
2978:. Retrieved
2974:the original
2963:
2955:
2950:
2945:p. 32a.
2942:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2913:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2881:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2854:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2750:
2741:
2735:
2702:
2698:
2680:
2676:
2667:
2658:
2652:
2643:
2637:
2607:(1): 54–70.
2604:
2600:
2594:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2499:
2491:
2486:
2463:
2457:
2424:
2420:
2392:
2388:
2370:
2364:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2304:
2287:
2268:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2228:
2187:
2182:
2155:
2150:
2114:
2082:
2040:
2019:
1999:
1982:
1976:Latinisation
1971:
1961:
1823:
1814:
1813:Bar Ḥiyya's
1812:
1782:
1766:
1758:
1756:
1747:Deuteronomic
1710:
1691:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1658:
1653:tohu va-bohu
1649:
1639:
1629:
1605:
1596:
1586:
1442:Martin Buber
1310:
1261:Conservative
1234:
1181:
1143:
1120:
1024:Judah Halevi
1013:
997:
976:Jewish Kalam
954:
916:
885:
838:
836:
830:
820:
810:Centiloquium
808:
797:
791:
778:
760:
757:Translations
672:
595:
583:astrological
578:
574:
570:
562:
552:
547:
543:
535:
512:
510:
478:Encyclopedia
477:
458:
457:Bar Ḥiyya's
456:
429:
402:in 1112 and
397:
376:
374:
355:
291:
222:
218:
191:Muslim world
176:
148:
144:
140:
121:
120:
95:
66:1136 or 1145
3101:1136 deaths
3068:(in French)
3032:PDF version
2872:p. 16a
2826:p. 8a.
2802:p. 15.
2790:p. 82.
2780:Z. D. M. G.
2190:p. 63.
2131:PDF version
1990:صاحب الشرطة
1801:Mathematics
1763:Saadia Gaon
1632:neoplatonic
1499:Eschatology
1392:David Nieto
1357:Jacob Emden
1291:Neo-Hasidic
1170:Ibn Kammuna
1160:al-Mukkamas
1155:Saadia Gaon
1089:Joseph Albo
1049:Nachmanides
1009:Ibn Gabirol
877:Hellenistic
783:in 1138 at
780:Tetrabiblos
296:, the last
199:mathematics
164:philosopher
137: 1070
110:Mathematics
47: 1070
3090:Categories
2980:2011-03-28
2933:p. 8.
2884:p. 7.
2782:xxx. 364;
2296:1075821512
2186:Rapoport,
2029:References
1417:Moses Hess
1235:Positions:
1182:Positions:
1099:Judah Minz
1069:Gersonides
1044:Maimonides
907:Boethusian
886:Positions:
845:Philosophy
730:מגלת המגלה
715:הגיון הנפש
700:Filipowski
677:Al-Battani
567:repentance
211:chronology
160:astronomer
3072:1 January
2758:(7377 A).
2727:170436865
2629:144399199
2586:143863438
2564:: 50–64.
2543:162816396
2472:cite book
2449:144775595
2356:117455118
2348:0021-8286
2093:Footnotes
1931:Tosafists
1845:×
1781:. In his
1779:astrology
1717:Decalogue
1529:Holocaust
1519:Happiness
1301:Rambamist
1281:Holocaust
1256:Chassidic
1246:Sephardic
1193:Kabbalist
1121:Yemenite:
897:Sadducean
892:Hasmonean
785:Barcelona
692:ספר העבור
619:צורת הארץ
600:, not in
581:was also
540:Fibonacci
506:Al-Karaji
452:Christian
412:Occitania
319:romanized
288:Biography
282:Fibonacci
250:−
215:surveying
203:astronomy
189:from the
168:Barcelona
106:Astronomy
52:Barcelona
2719:40385448
2515:Speculum
2401:20777136
2252:(18): 4.
1941:See also
1869:, where
1791:Muhammed
1775:Ibn Ezra
1646:stated:
1644:Plotinus
1612:Hafṭarot
1589:Guttmann
1524:Holiness
1241:Orthodox
1208:Tosafist
1203:Talmudic
981:Kabbalah
946:Medieval
902:Pharisee
557:and the
494:geometry
450:and the
400:Provence
389:Sephardi
381:Toulouse
343:Zaragoza
339:Banu Hud
151:, was a
74:Provence
70:Narbonne
2943:Hegyon,
2882:Hegyon,
2870:Hegyon,
2844::
2824:Hegyon,
2812:Hegyon,
2535:2856449
2328:Bibcode
2072::
2009::
1978:of the
1966:Haijae.
1682:Genesis
1614:of the
1534:Messiah
1311:People:
1286:Renewal
1198:Karaism
917:People:
815:Ptolemy
807:on the
775:Ptolemy
743:Jupiter
734:Messiah
587:Messiah
555:Judaism
528:
474:
335:
321::
300:of the
187:algebra
3022:
2896:ix. 3.
2725:
2717:
2627:
2621:224627
2619:
2584:
2578:301662
2576:
2558:Osiris
2541:
2533:
2447:
2441:227469
2439:
2399:
2354:
2346:
2294:
2213:
2170:
2121:
2053:
1980:Arabic
1767:Hegyon
1704:city")
1676:, and
1666:Israel
1601:Arabic
1504:Ethics
1479:Topics
1296:Mussar
1266:Reform
1251:Chabad
1226:Modern
1144:Other:
763:Arabic
739:Saturn
726:Hebrew
711:Hebrew
696:London
688:Hebrew
665:Hebrew
650:Hebrew
635:French
615:Hebrew
598:Hebrew
569:, and
559:Tanach
544:Ḥibbūr
517:Hebrew
500:, and
498:optics
463:Hebrew
442:, and
434:, the
404:Aragon
347:Lleida
310:Hebrew
213:, and
147:, and
126:Hebrew
102:Fields
2723:S2CID
2715:JSTOR
2699:Aleph
2625:S2CID
2617:JSTOR
2582:S2CID
2574:JSTOR
2539:S2CID
2531:JSTOR
2445:S2CID
2437:JSTOR
2397:JSTOR
2352:S2CID
2223:. In
1953:Notes
1795:Islam
1740:Exile
1721:Moses
1692:Like
1674:yaṣar
1661:Plato
1509:Faith
1489:Anger
767:Latin
765:into
698:, by
623:Latin
502:music
444:Italy
440:Spain
383:) to
193:into
183:Latin
181:into
3074:2019
3020:ISBN
2954:See
2683:(1).
2601:Isis
2478:link
2421:Isis
2344:ISSN
2292:OCLC
2168:ISBN
2119:ISBN
2051:ISBN
1745:The
1715:The
1678:asah
1670:bara
1618:and
741:and
629:and
526:lit.
472:lit.
426:Work
333:lit.
326:nasi
314:נשיא
298:Gaon
162:and
63:Died
40:Born
2853:".
2707:doi
2609:doi
2566:doi
2523:doi
2429:doi
2336:doi
2250:XII
2160:doi
2018:".
1729:Law
1514:God
823:of
777:'s
625:by
341:of
132:;
72:or
3092::
3064:.
3052:,
3046:,
3042:,
2721:.
2713:.
2701:.
2689:^
2681:12
2623:.
2615:.
2605:17
2603:.
2580:.
2572:.
2562:11
2560:.
2537:.
2529:.
2519:17
2517:.
2474:}}
2470:{{
2443:.
2435:.
2425:43
2423:.
2409:^
2393:71
2391:.
2379:^
2350:.
2342:.
2334:.
2324:32
2322:.
2278:^
2258:^
2248:.
2195:^
2166:.
2154:.
2138:^
2101:^
2081:.
2039:.
1937:.
1684:.
1672:,
728::
713::
690::
671:,
667::
652::
617::
591:AM
561::
538:.
523:,
519::
496:,
492:,
488:,
484:,
469:,
465::
438:,
395:.
330:,
316:,
312::
284:.
209:,
205:,
201:,
174:.
158:,
143:,
134:c.
128::
54:,
44:c.
3076:.
3034:)
3030:(
3028:.
2983:.
2729:.
2709::
2703:1
2631:.
2611::
2588:.
2568::
2545:.
2525::
2480:)
2451:.
2431::
2403:.
2358:.
2338::
2330::
2298:.
2176:.
2162::
2133:)
2129:(
2127:.
2059:.
1987:(
1917:R
1897:C
1877:A
1854:2
1851:R
1842:C
1839:=
1836:A
1576:e
1569:t
1562:v
827:.
817:.
752:.
745:.
706:.
683:.
660:.
645:.
515:(
461:(
345:-
268:c
265:=
262:b
259:+
256:x
253:a
245:2
241:x
124:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.