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days of bacteriology, it was not realised then that bacteria too obey the laws of genetics. Even the existence of a bacterial nucleus was a subject of controversy. The differences in morphology and other properties were attributed by Nageli in 1877, to bacterial pleomorphism, which postulated the existence of a single, a few species of bacteria, which possessed a protein capacity for a variation. With the development and application of precise methods of pure culture, it became apparent that different types of bacteria retained constant form and function through successive generations. This led to the concept of monomorphism.
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Bacterial conjugation is often regarded as the bacterial equivalent of sexual reproduction or mating since it involves the exchange of genetic material. During conjugation the donor cell provides a conjugative or mobilizable genetic element that is most often a plasmid or transposon. Most conjugative
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The genetic information transferred is often beneficial to the recipient. Benefits may include antibiotic resistance, xenobiotic tolerance or the ability to use new metabolites. Such beneficial plasmids may be considered bacterial endosymbionts. Other elements, however, may be viewed as bacterial
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Like other organisms, bacteria also breed true and maintain their characteristics from generation to generation, yet at the same time, exhibit variations in particular properties in a small proportion of their progeny. Though heritability and variations in bacteria had been noticed from the early
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of bacteria. In transformation, a cell takes up extraneous DNA found in the environment and incorporates it into its genome (genetic material) through recombination. Not all bacteria are competent to be transformed, and not all extracellular DNA is competent to transform. To be competent to
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Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material (plasmid) between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells. Discovered in 1946 by Joshua
Lederberg and Edward Tatum, conjugation is a mechanism of
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38:(this is true of all prokaryotes. While it is a fact that there are prokaryotic organelles, they are never bound by a lipid membrane, but by a shell of proteins), necessitating
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transform, the extracellular DNA must be double-stranded and relatively large. To be competent to be transformed, a cell must have the surface protein
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genetic studies. One of the major distinctions between bacterial and eukaryotic genetics stems from the bacteria's lack of membrane-bound
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as are transformation and transduction although these two other mechanisms do not involve cell-to-cell contact.
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plasmids have systems ensuring that the recipient cell does not already contain a similar element.
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devoted to the study of bacterial genes. Bacterial genetics are subtly different from
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Perspectives on
Genetics: Anecdotal, Historical, and Critical Commentaries, 1987-1998
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parasites and conjugation as a mechanism evolved by them to allow for their spread.
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and his colleagues who used the process to demonstrate that
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genetics, however bacteria still serve as a good model for
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and later (in 1944) examined at the molecular level by
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Subfield of genetics involving study of bacterial genes
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194:. Academic Press. 1964-01-01. pp. 368–.
159:James Franklin Crow; William F. Dove (2000).
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165:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 384.
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567:List of genetics research organizations
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143:Bacteria and Bacteriophage Genetics
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62:was first observed in 1928 by
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526:Missing heritability problem
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145:. New York: Springer-Verlag.
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94:horizontal gene transfer
562:List of genetic codes
87:Bacterial conjugation
461:Behavioural genetics
191:Advances in Genetics
119:Ebola virus genetics
541:Population genomics
531:Molecular evolution
491:Genetic engineering
22:is the subfield of
606:Bacterial genetics
501:Genetic monitoring
114:Microbial genetics
64:Frederick Griffith
58:Transformation in
20:Bacterial genetics
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516:He Jiankui affair
506:Genetic genealogy
496:Genetic diversity
425:the British Isles
330:Genetic variation
201:978-0-08-056799-0
172:978-0-299-16604-5
141:Birge EA (1994).
81:Competent Factor'
40:protein synthesis
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486:Genetic code
420:the Americas
396:Quantitative
366:Cytogenetics
361:Conservation
254:Introduction
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68:Oswald Avery
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466:Epigenetics
471:Geneticist
445:South Asia
391:Population
371:Ecological
340:Amino acid
320:Nucleotide
295:Chromosome
125:References
36:organelles
28:eukaryotic
386:Molecular
381:Microbial
356:Classical
44:cytoplasm
600:Category
585:Category
511:Heredity
481:Genomics
325:Mutation
315:Heredity
279:Glossary
269:Timeline
243:Genetics
108:See also
74:was the
60:bacteria
24:genetics
264:History
259:Outline
430:Europe
415:Africa
349:Fields
335:Allele
310:Genome
198:
169:
32:animal
555:Lists
435:Italy
274:Index
196:ISBN
167:ISBN
305:RNA
300:DNA
72:DNA
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408:of
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235:e
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