Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery

2378:(BMedBiol) or similar: at Oxford and Cambridge in England and Dublin in Ireland Bachelor of Arts degrees are awarded. At a few universities most medical students obtain an ordinary degree in science as well: when the University of Edinburgh had a six-year course, the third year was followed by the award of an ordinary BSc(MedSci). In Australia, The University of Melbourne in Australia offers an Arts Degree (BA) to a medical student on the completion of two extra years of undergraduate study, and Monash University offers a law degree (LLB); if the optional law degree is undertaken, on completion of their degree the student may choose to do a one-year internship at a hospital and become a doctor, or spend one year doing articles to practise thereafter as a lawyer. At the University of Nottingham and the University of Southampton, both in England, all medical students on the five-year course obtain a Bachelor of Medical Sciences (BMedSci) degree without an extra intercalated year. At the 1603:

that is recognized globally. Students get access to advanced facilities and have the opportunity to learn from experienced faculty members. The medium of instruction is English, making it accessible for Indian students. One of the key advantages of studying MBBS in Russia is the affordable tuition fees and cost of living. This opens up opportunities for students from diverse backgrounds to achieve their dream of becoming a doctor. The degree is also accepted for medical practice in India after clearing the required entrance exams.

5244: 5274: 1807:), after which most students used to go elsewhere (but usually to one of the London teaching hospitals) to complete clinical training. They could then take the degrees of their new university: They used to have the options of returning to their old university to take the clinical examinations or taking one of the old non-university qualifying examinations. Most students at Oxford and Cambridge now remain in place to take their clinical training. 5284: 696: 38: 1972: 1542: 483:

their fourth year, they begin their rotations in teaching hospitals where they assist junior and senior physicians and learn their art. At the end of their sixth year, they undertake a competitive examination to match with their medical specialty and city of practice. Students are then full-time physicians practising under supervision and will be called "doctors" only when graduating at the end of their residency.

5264: 1430:

comprehensive training, students are awarded a certificate equivalent to a bachelor's degree, known as the "Diplome de Fin des Etudes Cliniques en Médecine." Subsequently, a national exam is undertaken, and students are ranked based on their performance. Specialization in medicine then follows, ranging from an additional three years for family medicine to five years for most medical and surgical specialties.

5254: 2443: 1434:

junior and senior physicians, honing their practical skills. At the conclusion of the fifth year, students undergo a competitive examination to determine their medical specialty and city of practice. Following this, they transition to full-time physicians, practising under supervision, and earn the title of "doctors" upon successful completion of their residency.

613:

is taught to determine what investigations will be useful for a patient and what are the best treatment options. The curriculum also contains a thorough practical knowledge and practice of performing standard clinical procedures. The course also contains a 12-month-long internship, in which an intern is rotated across various specialties

853:. Unlike the corresponding licentiates awarded by the Royal Colleges in Scotland and England (which were external qualifications), these qualifications are still registerable with the Irish Medical Council, but not with the British GMC. Students at RCSI still receive these licences but now also receive the degrees 642:) after completing their pre-clinical studies. At this point, the graduate is not yet a practising doctor, but may choose to work directly as a medical scientist or other non-clinician professions (usually health-related). However, most graduates will pursue the conventional path, which is to enroll in the 197:) is an undergraduate medical degree awarded by medical schools in countries following the tradition of China. The completion period for this degree is generally five to six years. The term 'Medicine' in this context encompasses the broader field of medical science and practice, rather than specifically 1498:

It is generally a 5.8 year course including one year compulsory internship, that can be completed from a college accredited by the National Medical Commission. At present, Ukraine is ranked at the fourth position in Europe for having the largest number of post graduates in fields of medicine. Ukraine

1429:

exam and obtaining a competitive score that allows them admission to medical schools (usually in the 95% percentile). The curriculum spans six years, two years of fundamental medicine, followed by three years of clinical medicine, culminating in a final year of internship. Upon the completion of this

612:

The students simultaneously obtain hands-on training in the wards and out-patient departments, where they interact with real patients for five years. The curriculum aims to inculcate standard protocols of history taking, examination, differential diagnosis and complete patient Management. The student

375:

have followed the British tradition by conferring the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) to its graduates whilst reserving the title of Doctor of Medicine (MD) for their research training degree, analogous to the PhD, or for their honorary doctorates. Although the majority

201:. Consequently, graduates with an BMed degree are qualified to practise surgery. The BMed degree serves as the primary medical qualification, and individuals holding it may pursue further professional education, such as a Master of Medical Science or a Doctor of Medical Science (equivalent to a PhD). 1602:

Pursuing an MBBS degree in Russia has become an increasingly popular choice for Indian students in recent years. Russia offers a world-class medical education at a fraction of the cost compared to private medical colleges in India. The medical universities in Russia follow a comprehensive curriculum

1506:

The students simultaneously obtain hands-on training in the wards and out-patient departments, where they interact with real patients for six years. The curriculum aims to inculcate standard protocols of history taking, examination, differential diagnosis and complete patient Management. The student

383:

The latest version of the AQF includes the new category of Level 9 Master's (Extended) degrees which permits the use of the term 'Doctor' in the styling of the degree title of relevant professional programs. As a result, most Australian medical schools have replaced their MBBS degrees with the MD to

600:

Over the last decade, a number of medical colleges have been opened in India, to cater to the huge Indian population. The National Medical Commission mentions 704 medical colleges, which teach MBBS in the country, as in July 2023. There are both government run as well as private medical colleges in

486:

After 9 years (or 3 cycles including successfully defending a Practical (or Exercise) thesis (Le Doctorat en Medecine) on an area of interest), they are awarded : Diplôme d'État de docteur en médecine (State diploma of Doctor of Medicine) and Diplôme d'études spécialisées (DES) which are both

482:

French students get permitted access to medical studies when succeeding the competitive examination occurring at the end of their first year of studies. They spend their second and third year at their medical school where they learn physiology, semiology and the basics of medical examination. From

1109:

In the Netherlands, students follow a period of 6 academic years. After three years, students obtain the title Bachelor Geneeskunde (translates to Bachelor of Medicine). After a further three years of study and internships, students obtain the Master Geneeskunde (translates to Master of Medicine)

456:

degrees, but only for international students. In total, 247 universities are authorized to award medical degrees. All 247 universities are recognized by most of the medical councils around the world and by ECFMG. By August 2022, 136 universities have passed the process of Accreditation of Medical

2138:

Most MBBS physicians visiting or practising in the United States use the designation of MD for various personal and professional reasons, but laws may change to require full disclosure when presenting as a clinical practitioner for litigious reasons. The MD title is distinctly used in the US for

2050:

whereby graduating high school seniors complete an accelerated bachelor's degree in two years followed by an MD at the traditional four-year pace. Although the BS-MD pathway is a hybrid undergraduate/graduate program, the result is a primary medical qualification equivalent to an MBBS degree and

473:

as the basic medical degree after completion of five academic and clinical study years followed by two years of obligatory clinical rotations (the MB BCh is issued only after the completion of the clinical rotations) with total of seven years both academic, clinical study and clinical rotations.

1433:

During the initial two years at medical school, students focus on foundational subjects such as physiology, semiology, and the fundamentals of medical examination. From the fourth year onwards, they engage in rotations at teaching hospitals, where they actively participate under the guidance of

263:. In the mid-19th century, the public bodies that regulated medical practice required practitioners in Scotland and England to hold the dual Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery degrees. Over the course of the 19th century, North American medical schools switched to the tradition of the 2390:, certain medical students are able to extend their intercalated year to an extra three years, thus temporarily exiting the MBBS course to complete a PhD. Upon completion of the PhD, the student is required to sit the remaining 2 years of the medicine course to receive his/her MBBS degree. The 2107:

in this year. Following their fourth and final year, they graduate from medical school and are awarded their MD or DO degree. If selected for a residency, they continue for a minimum of three to eight years in their specialty where they are officially licensed to practise after completion. New

1957:

was a distinct and sometimes less-esteemed qualification. These diplomas slowly became less popular among British medical students, but as recently as 1938 only a half of them qualified with university degrees. The diplomas came to be taken mostly by those who had already qualified in medicine

290:

In many countries, the degrees are awarded after an undergraduate course lasting five or six years. For example, most Chinese universities offering medical degrees provide undergraduate courses lasting six years. In some cases, a graduate in another discipline may subsequently enter a special

2410:

Medical school graduates are only entitled to use the courtesy title "Doctor" upon registration as a medical practitioner with the relevant regulatory body in their respective country. Medical graduates are eligible to sit postgraduate examinations, including examinations for membership and

1610:

Embarking on a journey to study MBBS abroad is a significant decision for Indian students. The allure of international education, exposure to diverse cultures, and world-class medical training make it an enticing prospect. However, planning and executing such a venture can be daunting. Many

617:

Besides standard clinical care, one also gets a thorough experience of ward management, staff management, and thorough counselling skills. After 1 year of rotatory internship, additional years of rural internship is mandatory in many states, which can be skipped by paying a huge fine to the

1869:

Since 2018, a joint initiative coordinated by both the Universities of St Andrews and Dundee, the Scottish Graduate Entry Medicine (ScotGEM) programme, has based its first and second year students at St Andrews, and its third and fourth year students at Dundee. This is Scotland's first

2221:

Medical degrees differ from other undergraduate degrees in that they are professional qualifications that lead holders to enter a particular career upon receipt. This is not the case with most other undergraduate degrees, so whilst the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery are

322:

The names and abbreviations given to these degrees depend on the institution, awarding body or country, and vary widely. This is mostly for reasons of tradition rather than to indicate any difference between the relative levels of the degrees. They are considered equivalent.

1511:

Besides standard clinical care, one also gets a thorough experience of ward management, staff management, and thorough counselling skills. The degree awarded is "Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery". The minimum requirements for the MBBS course are 50% marks in

1095:

organizes the work related to establishment and operation of medical institutions all over Nepal and bears the sole responsibility to maintain quality, professionalism, institutional accountability and social justice in medical education. There is another entity called

1777:. However, beginning in 2013 students have been awarded BMBS. Although no degree in surgery was formally awarded by Southampton, this degree was equivalent to the MB ChB; students may go on to a career in surgery the same as any other graduates in medicine and surgery. 452:) in Clinical Medicine for a course of study lasting five years for native Chinese students and six years for international/foreign students, including internship. International students may take the program in English or Chinese. Some medical schools also award 259:. Several early North American medical schools were (for the most part) founded by physicians and surgeons who had trained in England and Scotland. University medical education in England culminated with the Bachelor of Medicine qualification and in Scotland the 3559: 1407:

The medical degree in Sudan is a six-year program that includes both classroom and clinical training. Students who successfully complete the program are awarded the Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degree, which is recognized internationally.

1100:

which major functions are quality control of medical education of the country, establish ethical health care practice, establish standardization of medical practice as well as responsible for giving license to practise medicine within the country's border.

592:

and other Deemed Medical Colleges do not have the 1 year of mandatory rural posting. During internship, medical students are paid a stipend. Registration as MBBS doctor is granted after completion of these postings. MBBS in India comes under purview of the

3682: 4076: 650:) for another 1.5 to 2 years. During this program, students are required to rotate through different medical/surgical specialties in a teaching hospital, actively involved in diagnoses and treatment of patients under the direct supervision of 1606:

Overall, an MBBS degree from a Russian university is a valuable credential that can jumpstart the career of aspiring Indian doctors. The combination of quality education and cost-effectiveness makes it an attractive option worth considering.

2043:(USMLE), which is given in three exams. The MBBS is not offered at medical schools in the United States as the majority of medical school programs are graduate entry and by tradition offer the MD degree as a primary medical qualification. 2362:

in Scotland), it is possible for the degrees to be awarded with Honours (i.e. MB ChB (Hons.)) or with Commendation, if the board of examiners recognises exceptional performance throughout the degree course. Very few of these are awarded.

2151:

There are many medical schools in Vietnam, such as Hanoi Medical University, Vietnam University of Traditional Medicine, and Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy. Most of them require six years to receive a Doctor of Medicine degree.

291:

graduate-entry medical course, reduced in duration to account for relevant material covered or learning skills acquired during the first degree. In some cases the old first-year courses (for six-year degrees) in the basic sciences of

1507:

601:

India. Admission to MBBS program in government colleges can be highly competitive because of subsidized education and extensive hands-on experience. Every year, millions of students appear for the national competitive examination

274:

and is reserved for medical practitioners who undertake research and submit a thesis in the field of medicine. Nevertheless, those holding Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery are usually referred to by the courtesy title of

2212:

The University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences (UZ-CHS) awards the MBChB degree. Midlands State University (MSU) also offers the MBChB degree. The National University of Science and Technology (NUST) awards the MBBS.

3563: 1199:

To get admission into any government medical college, the weightage is determined by the provincial or federal government. In order to get admission into any private medical college, the following weightage is used:

621:

MBBS curriculum in India is going through changes with incorporation of modern teaching methods and introduction of National Exit Test (NExT) as the exit test for obtaining MBBS degree, notified on 30 June 2023.

1424:

Medical education in Tunisia is solely administered by the government Ministry of Higher Education and Ministry of Public Health. Students get permitted access to medical studies when succeeding their national

3674: 1183:

All medical colleges and universities are regulated by the respective provincial department of health. They, however, have to be recognised after meeting criteria set by a central regulatory authority called

2098:

exam as well. DO students take the COMLEX Level 2-Cognitive Evaulation exam and previously took the COMLEX Level 2-Performance Evaluation exam. COMLEX 2-PE and Step 2 CS were discontinued in 2021 during the

178:. Despite the historical distinction in nomenclature, these degrees are typically combined and conferred together. This degree is usually awarded as an undergraduate degree, but it can also be awarded at 4068: 3399: 2143:. They separate themselves from DOs who go through a different type of education and training that focuses on the patient as a whole and an array of treatments inclusive of medicine and surgery as well. 303:

have been abolished: that standard has to be reached by school examinations before entry. However, in most countries, a newly graduated Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery must spend a specified period in

1092: 1416:

The higher education in Syria provides training to a Diploma, Bachelor, Master, and Doctorate levels (see European Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency on Higher Education: Syria).

861:. The RCSI students received a Licence in Midwifery (LM) from each college, in the same way that the Irish universities granted BAO degrees, so their qualifications were sometimes expressed as 608:

The MBBS course starts with the basic pre and para-clinical subjects such as biochemistry, physiology, anatomy, microbiology, pathology, forensic medicine including toxicology and pharmacology

2051:

graduates of these schools go on to enter their intern year at roughly the same age as their UK counterparts. Most American schools offering a BS-MD program do so in 7 years, such as the

2103:. They then go through one more year of experiential learning, often with elective rotations tailored to particular interests of study or future specialization. They also apply for the 3210: 2716: 5320: 3068: 3642: 400:

is a constituent university of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) and awards its graduates the MB, BCh, BAO (Hons), the same degree awarded to graduates at RCSI.

2691: 895:

In Japan, medical undergraduates are awarded a Bachelor of Medicine, a course of study lasting six years. It is awarded by 42 national, 8 public and 31 private universities.

796:(Bachelor of Obstetrics), a degree unique to Ireland which the Irish universities added in the 19th century as the legislation at the time insisted on a final examination in 2375: 1909:. The UEB was dissolved in 2007. These qualifications are still registrable with the GMC, but permission to award them was withdrawn by the Privy Council of the UK in 1999. 1119: 384:

resolve the previous anomalous nomenclature. With the introduction of the Master's level MD, universities have also renamed their previous medical research doctorates. The

2601: 2188:(UG) also confers "MB BS" to their medical school graduates. There are other medical schools in the West Indies, but these follow the North-American system leading to 1459: 1039:" (Physician-surgeon) after five or six years of post-high school education, plus one year of internship and one year of social service depending on each institution. 717: 55: 2132: 5557: 1552: 1176:. A medical college is affiliated with a university as a department which usually has a separate campus. Currently, a total of 127 medical colleges are listed in 5613: 3391: 5582: 2571: 1525: 1024: 919: 602: 2090:

of medicine by taking part in patient care in clinics and hospitals under the close supervision of board-certified physicians. After this year, they take the

2367: 1692: 1499:

has a number of Top Government Medical Universities offering MBBS, MD and other degrees in medicine to the local students as well as international students.

1169: 5592: 5567: 5313: 3851: 102: 3821: 1898: 1302: 4016: 74: 4278: 4240: 4203: 4166: 1193: 965: 496: 3452: 2123:. MD/PhD students are required to take all USMLE exams and postgraduate residency training if they wish to practise medicine. A few schools, such as 1260: 3121: 1642:, Birmingham, Bristol, Buckingham, Lancaster, Leeds, Leicester, Liverpool, Keele, Manchester, Sheffield, Sunderland (in partnership with Keele) and 81: 17: 5669: 5577: 5306: 3261: 2308: 388:

was the first to introduce the MD in 2011 as a basic medical degree, and has renamed its research degree to Doctor of Medical Science (DMedSc).

4454: 4046: 3911: 3881: 1479: 1123: 3735: 239:

Historically, Bachelor of Medicine was also the primary medical degree conferred by institutions in the United States and Canada, such as the

2768: 1804: 354:; usually abbreviated as MB BS, and sometimes as BM BS, even though most MB BS-awarding institutions do not use Latin to name their degrees. 88: 3198: 1628:)", these degrees usually retain, for historical reasons, "Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery" and are abbreviated to MBChB or MBBS. 5608: 5459: 3941: 3791: 3620: 1855: 1231:

All Rwandan medical schools, public and private, award an MBBS as the basic medical degree after completion of five or six academic years.

5480: 3761: 3713: 3649: 2726: 2412: 2319: 2040: 1835: 1764: 1688: 1567: 3064: 70: 4773: 4139: 3736:"Bristol University | Academic Registry (Education Support) | QAA Descriptor for a Higher Education Qualification at Level 7" 3484: 2917: 2541: 2456: 2181: 1816: 5418: 4098: 2801: 2679:

Meng, Qingyue; Yang, Hongwei; Chen, Wen; Sun, Qiang; Liu, Xiaoyun (20 December 2015). Mills, Anne; Tangcharoensathien, Viroj (eds.).

1866:

whereby they complete 3 years at St. Andrews, then 3 years at Edinburgh and are assisted with applying for residency back in Canada.

217: 2680: 588:-year course including one year of mandatory internship and an additional year of mandatory rural posting. Some institutes like the 5552: 2128: 2060: 1890: 1020: 589: 512: 424:

The Bridgetown International University, Victoria University of Barbados, American University of Barbados School of Medicine, and

5674: 4713: 487:

needed for full registration on the National Council of the Order of Physicians (l'Ordre des médecins) and can practise medicine

495:

All Ghanaian medical schools award an MBChB as the basic medical degree after 6 academic years. These seven medical schools are

5572: 5329: 3589: 2649: 2461: 2100: 1894: 1624:

While first degrees in medicine meet the expectations of the descriptor for higher education qualification at "level 7 (the UK

1475: 1463: 1447: 999:

The Libyan International Medical University is an accredited private medical university that awards an MBChB to its graduates.

842: 409: 1889:(earlier LRCPE, LRCSE, LRFPSG) is an old non-university qualifying examination in medicine and surgery awarded jointly by the 1188:(PMC). Entrance into the medical colleges is based on merit under the guidelines of PMC. Both the academic performance at the 2070:(DOs) go through four years of undergraduate education and apply to professional medical graduate schools with a competitive 2052: 1451: 1189: 1160:

It is a 5-year course plus one-year internship in affiliated hospital that can be completed from a college recognized by the

3355: 2593: 1252: 5013: 2177: 1930: 1828: 1696: 1467: 846: 824: 781: 372: 3971: 3430: 2857: 5348: 1878:

by both universities - the first to graduate with this professional degree directly from St Andrews in over fifty years.

1680: 1212: 1165: 1147: 377: 95: 3295: 3235: 658:/attending physicians. After completing a clinical clerkship, students take the national medical licensing examination ( 5695: 5562: 5149: 4491: 2116: 2104: 1760: 1455: 1396: 1177: 1032: 504: 175: 3325: 2831: 2623: 1874:. The intention is that the students of the inaugural cohort, due to graduate in July 2022, will be conferred a joint 823:, the preclinical course leads to an additional Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree (upgradable after three or four years to 2047: 2015: 1589: 1322: 1080: 743: 252: 121: 3537: 2947: 2786: 2563: 2108:

resident physicians, or interns, in the first year of residency, known as intern year or internship, often take the

1997: 1504:

biochemistry, physiology, anatomy, microbiology, pathology, forensic medicine including toxicology and pharmacology.

725: 5587: 1989: 1712: 1559: 1395:

was established through legislation and the MBBS degree was recognised for registration of doctors in place of the

1276: 1264: 1256: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 884: 675: 458: 264: 5491: 4193: 2091: 2046:

There are a number of institutions in the United States that offer a combined 6-year BS-MD joint degree, notably

1571: 1356: 563: 5700: 3843: 2887: 5475: 5449: 5423: 5267: 5139: 4573: 4132: 2476: 2119:

at various academic institutions, which entails 7–8 years of primary medical education that is combined with a

2071: 2067: 2028: 1982: 1756: 1667: 1064: 1028: 858: 765: 721: 366: 221: 59: 3813: 3499: 3008: 1509:

The course also contains a 12-month-long internship, in which an intern is rotated across various specialties.

270:

In the countries that award bachelor's degrees in medicine, however, Doctor of Medicine denotes a holder of a

4008: 2391: 2351: 2161: 757: 515:

and the private Accra College of Medicine, and Family Health Medical School, another private medical school.

425: 457:

Education from the Ministry of Education of China. The universities awarding MB and MBBS degrees are at the

5547: 5496: 5397: 5119: 4420: 2395: 2095: 1372: 1336: 3459: 380:(AQF) they remained categorised as Level 7 Bachelor's degrees together with other undergraduate programs. 4763: 4189: 3739: 3112: 2371: 1926: 1344: 1161: 1097: 594: 232:

The degree is currently awarded in institutions in the United Kingdom and countries formerly part of the

5365: 4743: 2977: 2056: 1340: 1291: 947: 532: 240: 3265: 5172: 4125: 4069:"Medical Schools Offering Combined Baccalaureate-MD Programs, by State and Program Length, 2021-2022" 2387: 2231: 1774: 1748: 801: 769: 4038: 3903: 3873: 1110:

title. After the completion of the master's degree, the students are recognized as medical doctors.

531:. Other "offshore" United-States-linked schools in the country award the North American MD, such as 5705: 4964: 4886: 4881: 4801: 4561: 4258: 2347: 2343: 2327: 1871: 1863: 1824: 1736: 1704: 1639: 1348: 1185: 1138:

is awarded by many public and private universities in Nigeria, after a period of 6 academic years.

706: 508: 2749: 5648: 4944: 4918: 4185: 3042: 2486: 2383: 2379: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2140: 1993: 1942: 1934: 1796: 1784: 1332: 805: 773: 710: 554: 385: 48: 3933: 3783: 3146: 597:

which has the power to recognize or de-recognize medical colleges which provide MBBS education.

4536: 4484: 4231: 3612: 2431:, if earned in Ireland, the UK or Commonwealth nations, and board certification examinations). 2323: 2230:(depending on the institution), they are perhaps more accurately conceptualised as a so-called 1938: 1906: 1744: 1700: 1328: 1310: 989: 957: 820: 809: 761: 179: 3753: 3705: 2314:

Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery are usually awarded as professional degrees, not as

827:); as originally after this most students used to go elsewhere to complete clinical training. 5380: 5370: 5187: 5073: 5046: 5019: 4971: 4925: 4620: 4292: 3172: 2115:

Undergraduate students applying to medical school also have the option to apply to an MD/PhD

2087: 1820: 1643: 1376: 985: 923: 655: 305: 248: 2909: 2533: 317: 5375: 5207: 5167: 5034: 4848: 4843: 4823: 4758: 4610: 4406: 4362: 4268: 4254: 4212: 4157: 2764: 2466: 2359: 2258: 2253: 2223: 2185: 2169: 2036: 1925:

were non-university qualifying examinations in medicine and surgery awarded jointly by the

1882: 1843: 1842:

until the early 1970s, but since the incorporation of its clinical medical school into the

1792: 1752: 1740: 1726: 1708: 1676: 1471: 1392: 777: 651: 635: 524: 437: 376:

of Australian MBBS degrees have been graduate programs since the 1990s, under the previous

280: 4105: 3675:"Ukraine and Russia are leading study destinations to pursue MBBS abroad - Times of India" 2793: 2657: 1196:, are taken into consideration for the eligibility to enter most of the medical colleges. 666:(written as prefix "dr.") as their first professional title if they pass the examination. 8: 5653: 5387: 5298: 5287: 5229: 5212: 4871: 4588: 4397: 4382: 2322:

as for honours degrees in other subjects. However, at many institutions (for example the

2298: 2288: 2278: 1306: 935: 927: 838: 682:, with the exception of the University of Kurdistan-Hewlêr which awards the MBBS degree. 500: 256: 1854:, and students go to a Partner Medical School (Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, or 5444: 5413: 5353: 5177: 5134: 5124: 4913: 4866: 4833: 4828: 4578: 4556: 4324: 4249: 3288:"UAM. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. Licenciaturas y carreras en orden alfabético" 2491: 2471: 2424: 2420: 2355: 1684: 1657: 1653: 1625: 1368: 1299: 961: 939: 643: 260: 244: 205: 3377: 2398:(BMedSci) degree to all students who have successfully completed three years of their 5273: 5247: 5129: 5099: 5078: 5041: 5024: 4939: 4903: 4893: 4788: 4708: 4652: 4615: 4600: 4541: 4508: 4477: 4416: 4180: 3478: 2501: 2496: 2428: 2416: 1716: 943: 284: 198: 3585: 3090: 2624:"ECFMG 2011 Information Booklet - Reference Guide for Medical Education Credentials" 1611:

Consultants in India Offering MBBS in Russia for Indian and International Students.

992:(formerly Garyounis) (Benghazi), and University of Alzaweyah. The schools award the 976:

The AM. Dogliotti College of Medicine (University of Libeira) awards the MD degree.

271: 5257: 4949: 4934: 4811: 4686: 4642: 4446: 4402: 4319: 4175: 2273: 1295: 342:; abbreviated as MB ChB, MB BCh or otherwise. If titled in English, they are named 3643:"Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency on Higher Education in Syria" 1524:

and English in a student's secondary school examinations and student need to pass

308:

before he or she can obtain full registration as a licensed medical practitioner.

5629: 5392: 5277: 5222: 5083: 5068: 5051: 4991: 4986: 4930: 4908: 4605: 4551: 4531: 4441: 4425: 4387: 4372: 4339: 4149: 3347: 2448: 2227: 2124: 2075: 1272: 3009:"MEDICAL AND DENTAL TRAINING INSTITUTIONS IN GHANA AND CORRESPONDING PROGRAMMES" 1426: 182:

medical institutions. The typical duration for completion is five to six years.

5635: 5358: 5109: 5063: 4876: 4806: 4625: 4411: 4367: 4334: 4217: 3963: 3422: 2853: 2506: 2315: 2032: 2031:

with an MBBS from foreign countries are generally exempt from having to attend

1563: 1443: 1153: 931: 800:. This third degree is an anachronism which is not registerable with the Irish 276: 233: 171: 167: 139: 5689: 5643: 5192: 4981: 4976: 4838: 4778: 4681: 3522: 3287: 3239: 2173: 1502:

The MBBS course starts with the basic pre and para-clinical subjects such as

1205: 213: 209: 4117: 618:

government, for obtaining permanent registration as a medical practitioner.

5501: 5486: 5197: 5182: 5008: 4733: 4583: 4568: 4514: 4329: 3392:"Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery - The University of Auckland" 3317: 2823: 2627: 2481: 2234:. Other professions whose qualifications follow a similar pattern include: 2109: 2079: 756:

The medical schools in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland –

543:

The awarding of qualifications in Hong Kong follows the British tradition.

397: 267:

and began conferring Doctor of Medicine rather than Bachelor of Medicine.

5343: 5056: 5001: 4898: 4753: 4728: 4546: 4392: 3530:"Admissions | Postgraduate, Graduate Entry Medicine | Duke-NUS" 3529: 2939: 2721: 2511: 2366:

More often, it is possible to study one subject for an extra year for an

2248: 1156:

is more often referred to as a medical college. The full-form of MBBS is

4099:"Regulations of the University of West Indies Regarding The MBBS Degree" 224:

degree. For practical purposes, the degrees are considered to be equal.

5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5508: 5454: 5144: 5029: 4996: 4768: 4718: 4703: 4698: 4691: 4676: 4666: 2750:"Perspectives on professional doctorate education in the United States" 2717:"Medical credentials and degrees: Doctors, nurses, P.A.s - Mayo Clinic" 2293: 2083: 797: 5217: 4959: 4954: 4818: 4796: 4671: 4635: 4287: 2879: 2794:"ECFMC 2017 guide: Reference Guide for Medical Education Credentials" 2263: 2243: 2238: 1517: 1219: 630:

In Indonesia, graduating students are awarded the academic degree of

296: 2172:. The degree is a 5-year programme. The three physical campuses are 2000:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 695: 37: 4723: 4500: 3507: 2268: 1946: 1918: 1902: 1675:

is used at all medical schools currently or previously part of the

1083:, the only medical school in the country, awards the MBChB degree. 605:

for a total of 107,798 MBBS seats in the country, as of July 2023.

2411:

fellowship of professional institutions. Among the latter are the

2139:

physicians who earned their medical degree in the US who practise

1862:

after a further three years' study. There is also a programme for

1799:, the preclinical course leads to an additional Bachelor of Arts ( 1091:

There are 18 medical schools in Nepal that award the MBBS degree.

918:

The national universities with medical faculties in Kenya, namely

357:

Below are described the specific names used, arranged by country.

5202: 4662: 4630: 4523: 3120:(2nd ed.). Jakarta, Indonesia: Konsil Kedokteran Indonesia. 2303: 1521: 1513: 1352: 1279:), but it follows the North American model of styling its degree 1173: 1168:). Medical colleges may also teach Post Graduate courses such as 300: 292: 2970:"Home | Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology" 1631:

Varied abbreviations are used for these degrees in these areas:

4377: 4344: 4263: 2654:

Peking University Health Science Center Office of the Registrar

2594:"Medicine (5 Year Programme) - Queen Mary University of London" 2120: 837:, denotes a holder of the historical non-university qualifying 1383:

degree after the successful completion of six academic years.

3201:[List of Universities with Medical Schools (FY2019)] 2201: 993: 327: 2969: 2944:

Working Committee for the Accreditation of Medical Education

2184:

in Barbados, with each campus having a Medical Faculty. The

1912: 1126:, style their degrees as "MBChB" and "MB ChB" respectively. 984:

There are three major public medical universities in Libya,

279:" and use the prefix "Dr.", whether or not they also hold a 4469: 3784:"Medicine (MB) A100 | Courses | Queen's University Belfast" 3110: 2399: 1380: 469:

All Egyptian medical schools, public and private, award an

5328: 3034: 3904:"Medicine BSc A990 - Subjects - University of St Andrews" 3874:"Medicine BSc A100 - Subjects - University of St Andrews" 2283: 2133:

Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine

5558:

American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine

2800:. Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates. 1699:). Other medical schools that also award an "MB BS" are 660:

Ujian Kompetensi Mahasiswa Program Profesi Dokter/UKMPPD

1619: 1528:

examination for the admission in Ukraine Universities.

1011:

is awarded by five public and 17 private universities.

5583:

Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education

4039:"Early Assurance Medical School Program | NEOMED" 2741: 2074:

score and GPA. They then go through two more years of

1025:

Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education

920:

Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology

857:, due to RCSI's status as a recognised college of the 603:

National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)

3934:"ScotGEM MBChB - Subjects - University of St Andrews" 2940:"Directory of Accredited School in Clinical Medicine" 2846: 2423:), and a postgraduate doctorate in medicine (such as 5593:

Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates

5568:

Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education

2438: 1958:

overseas or who failed their medical school finals.

1570:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a 1192:(grades 11–12) and a centralized entrance test like 3497: 2394:, Mona in Kingston, Jamaica automatically awards a 1899:

Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow

1803:), degree (upgradable after three or four years to 849:to students of the RCSI's medical school under the 808:(GMC). The only exception is the newly established 62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4009:"Requirements for become a licensed doctor in USA" 2168:, due to the historical affiliation of UWI to the 1206:National Medical and Dental College Admission Test 816:for Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery. 497:Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology 3348:"|| Nepal Medical Council ||" 2534:"Decoding the 'Alphabet Soup' of Medical Degrees" 426:University of the West Indies Faculty of Medicine 336:Medicinae Baccalaureus et Chirurgiae Baccalaureus 5687: 3423:"MB ChB: The University of Otago Medical Degree" 3378:"Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC - Master Geneeskunde" 2910:"Undergraduate Medicine at RCSI Bahrain - Apply" 174:or universities in countries that adhere to the 5578:Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation 3754:"MBChB Medicine - The University of Sunderland" 2678: 2370:. This is usually a Bachelor of Science (BSc), 2082:exam. DO students take a similar exam known as 1719:(which is currently partnered with St George's) 812:graduate entry school of medicine which awards 436:In China, medical undergraduates are awarded a 332:Medicinae Baccalaureus, Chirurgiae Baccalaureus 144:Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus Chirurgiae 4455:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin) 3997:. London: Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust. 2112:exam or COMLEX Level 3 exam during that year. 2078:medical science study, and take the pass-fail 1945:withdrew permission. Before 1994, the English 208:degree typically conferred by universities in 204:Both degrees are considered equivalent to the 5314: 4485: 4147: 4133: 3173:"Medicine - Courses | Trinity College Dublin" 2086:Level 1. Following a pass, they then undergo 2035:in the United States, but must still undergo 1496:Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery. 3562:. helpforafricanstudents.org. Archived from 2856:. University of Melbourne. 15 January 2014. 2747: 1846:, St Andrews now only awards a pre-clinical 1275:has a medical programme based in Singapore ( 348:Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery 3986: 3814:"Graduate Entry Medicine - Course Overview" 3706:"MBBS in abroad for Indian student in 2024" 3500:"Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery" 3114:Standar Pendidikan Profesi Dokter Indonesia 2415:, postgraduate master's degrees (such as a 2413:Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons 2041:United States Medical Licensing Examination 1836:University of St Andrews School of Medicine 1765:Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry 724:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 326:If the awarding body titles the degrees in 176:United Kingdom's higher education tradition 71:"Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery" 5670:Issues in higher education inside the U.S. 5321: 5307: 4774:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 4492: 4478: 4140: 4126: 2457:Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery 1446:that teach undergraduate courses, namely; 1442:The nine universities in Uganda that have 1239:Medical schools in Saudi Arabia award the 1158:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery. 968:degree in addition to the six-year MBChB. 5115:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 3153:. Queen's University Belfast. 3 June 2024 2016:Learn how and when to remove this message 1913:Historical Primary Medical Qualifications 1590:Learn how and when to remove this message 1093:Medical education commission, Nepal (MEC) 744:Learn how and when to remove this message 344:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 318:Surgeon § Titles in the Commonwealth 136:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 5553:Association of American Medical Colleges 2129:Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine 2061:Association of American Medical Colleges 1891:Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 1689:King's College London School of Medicine 1021:National Autonomous University of Mexico 590:All India Institutes of Medical Sciences 513:University of Health and Allied Sciences 340:Baccalaureus in Medicina et in Chirurgia 3504:Alfaisal University College of Medicine 3236:"Oferta Académica UNAM | Medicina" 1872:graduate entry medical degree programme 1693:Barts and The London School of Medicine 764:, some constituent institutions of the 14: 5688: 5573:Liaison Committee on Medical Education 5330:Medical education in the United States 4019:from the original on 24 September 2021 3992: 3968:The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries 3483:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3420: 2462:Bachelor of Unani Medicine and Surgery 1895:Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh 1638:is used at the universities of Aston, 1551:contains content that is written like 1526:National Eligibility cum Entrance Test 1476:St. Augustine International University 843:Royal College of Physicians of Ireland 5302: 4473: 4121: 3685:from the original on 3 September 2021 3623:from the original on 25 December 2022 3592:from the original on 14 November 2016 3421:School, Otago Medical (14 May 2021). 3298:from the original on 19 November 2016 3065:"List of College Teaching MBBS | NMC" 2998:Accra College of Medicine, Acm.edu.gh 2748:O'Connor, Bridget N. (October 2011). 2053:Indiana University School of Medicine 1927:Royal College of Physicians of London 1494:In Ukraine, the full-form of MBBS is 1118:The two New Zealand medical schools, 883:formerly denoted a licentiate of the 396:The Medical University of Bahrain or 227: 5253: 5014:Physical medicine and rehabilitation 3703: 3552: 3498:Alfaisal University (12 July 2023). 3111:Konsil Kedokteran Indonesia (2012). 3071:from the original on 18 October 2021 3001: 2980:from the original on 23 October 2019 2834:from the original on 24 October 2019 2604:from the original on 6 December 2022 2574:from the original on 6 December 2022 2544:from the original on 6 December 2022 2528: 2526: 1965: 1931:Royal College of Surgeons of England 1620:England, Wales, and Northern Ireland 1535: 1035:, among others, grant the title of " 847:Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland 782:Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland 722:adding citations to reliable sources 689: 60:adding citations to reliable sources 31: 5263: 4079:from the original on 25 August 2023 3540:from the original on 10 August 2018 3216:from the original on 16 August 2022 3045:from the original on 11 August 2021 2950:from the original on 31 August 2022 2063:maintains a list of such schools. 1953:was awarded for 110 years, and the 1681:Imperial College School of Medicine 1652:is used by the Welsh universities, 1486:degree, after five years of study. 1213:Higher Secondary School Certificate 1204:50% to Marks of entrance test like 1164:, to receive a degree titled MBBS ( 1148:List of medical schools in Pakistan 378:Australian Qualifications Framework 216:only, some doctors opt to train in 24: 5675:Physician shortage inside the U.S. 5563:National Resident Matching Program 5150:Medical Scientist Training Program 3914:from the original on 27 April 2022 2774:from the original on 11 April 2019 2318:, and as such the graduate is not 2117:Medical Scientist Training Program 2105:National Resident Matching Program 1761:Brighton and Sussex Medical School 1397:Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery 1178:World Directory of Medical Schools 1033:Metropolitan Autonomous University 863:L & LM, RCPI, L & LM, RCSI 505:University for Development Studies 25: 5717: 3764:from the original on 4 April 2022 2804:from the original on 25 June 2017 2523: 2216: 2160:All constituent countries of the 2048:Northeast Ohio Medical University 1815:All medical schools in Scotland ( 1697:St George's, University of London 1614: 1323:Medical education in South Africa 1261:Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine 648:Program Pendidikan Profesi Dokter 574:In India the MBBS is generally a 330:, the degrees are commonly named 5588:American Osteopathic Association 5282: 5272: 5262: 5252: 5243: 5242: 4049:from the original on 18 May 2021 3974:from the original on 23 May 2022 3944:from the original on 23 May 2022 3884:from the original on 23 May 2022 3854:from the original on 23 May 2022 3824:from the original on 23 May 2022 3794:from the original on 26 May 2022 3610: 3433:from the original on 23 May 2022 3402:from the original on 23 May 2022 3358:from the original on 3 June 2023 3328:from the original on 3 June 2023 3127:from the original on 21 May 2024 2920:from the original on 26 May 2022 2890:from the original on 24 May 2022 2860:from the original on 3 July 2014 2697:from the original on 29 May 2023 2441: 2200:All schools in Zambia award the 1970: 1961: 1905:Board and from 1994 through the 1713:University of Central Lancashire 1540: 1460:Kampala International University 1277:Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School 1265:Nanyang Technological University 1257:National University of Singapore 905:Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery 794:Baccalaureus in Arte Obstetricia 694: 662:) and will be awarded the title 459:list of medical schools in China 352:Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery 265:ancient universities of Scotland 36: 18:Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery 5283: 4194:Certificate of Higher Education 4091: 4061: 4031: 4001: 3956: 3926: 3896: 3866: 3836: 3806: 3776: 3746: 3728: 3716:from the original on 3 May 2024 3697: 3667: 3635: 3604: 3578: 3491: 3445: 3414: 3384: 3370: 3340: 3310: 3280: 3254: 3228: 3191: 3165: 3139: 3104: 3083: 3057: 3027: 2992: 2962: 2932: 2902: 2872: 2816: 2626:. 3 August 2011. Archived from 2068:Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine 2029:International medical graduates 1941:from 1994 until 1999, when the 1864:Canadian Citizens and residents 1357:University of the Witwatersrand 1316: 1253:Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine 1234: 564:Chinese University of Hong Kong 546:The dual degree is awarded as: 535:, Lincoln American University. 47:needs additional citations for 5450:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 5424:International medical graduate 5140:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 4574:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 2709: 2672: 2642: 2616: 2586: 2556: 2477:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 2405: 2155: 2072:Medical College Admission Test 2066:Primarily US-educated MDs and 1773:was previously awarded at the 1757:Kent and Medway Medical School 1362: 1222:conducted by Private Colleges. 1113: 1104: 1029:National Polytechnic Institute 859:National University of Ireland 766:National University of Ireland 367:Medical education in Australia 222:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 13: 1: 3704:Khan, Athar (19 April 2024). 3588:. Sri Lanka Medical Council. 2757:Work Based Learning e-Journal 2517: 2392:University of the West Indies 2162:University of the West Indies 2055:, or in 8 years, such as the 1858:), where they are awarded an 1355:all award MBChB, whereas the 1218:20% to Marks obtained in the 910:degree is awarded in Jordan. 885:Apothecaries' Hall of Ireland 410:medical schools in Bangladesh 403: 5548:American Medical Association 5398:Continuing medical education 5120:Bachelor of Medical Sciences 4887:Neurosurgical anesthesiology 4499: 3995:Medical Education in Britain 3613:"Medical Education in Sudan" 3560:"Medical schools in Somalia" 2681:"China Health System Review" 2564:"Medicine (MBBS) programmes" 2396:Bachelor of Medical Sciences 2180:in Trinidad and Tobago, and 1679:(aka The United Hospitals) ( 1386: 1373:University of Bahr El-Ghazal 1359:styles its degree as MBBCh. 1337:University of the Free State 1246: 1166:Medical colleges in Pakistan 887:, and is no longer awarded. 625: 538: 360: 7: 4190:Diploma of Higher Education 2650:"临床医学（五年制）_专业介绍_北京大学医学部教育处" 2434: 2376:Bachelor of Medical Biology 2372:Bachelor of Medical Science 2368:intercalated honours degree 2207: 2094:exam and formerly took the 1996:the claims made and adding 1810: 1668:Queen's University, Belfast 1480:Uganda Christian University 1345:University of KwaZulu-Natal 1186:Pakistan Medical Commission 1162:Pakistan Medical Commission 1141: 1098:Nepal Medical Council (NMC) 1002: 595:National Medical Commission 419: 27:Medical and surgical degree 10: 5722: 5366:Graduate medical education 3013:MEDICAL AND DENTAL COUNCIL 2352:Queen's University Belfast 2146: 2057:Baylor College of Medicine 1489: 1419: 1379:in South Sudan awards the 1341:University of Stellenbosch 1320: 1292:Somali National University 1286: 1283:at master's degree level. 1145: 1129: 1079:The University of Namibia 1074: 1047:All five medical schools ( 1042: 971: 948:Kenya Methodist University 758:Queen's University Belfast 685: 533:Texila American University 391: 373:Australian medical schools 364: 315: 241:University of Pennsylvania 5696:Academic degrees of India 5662: 5622: 5601: 5540: 5468: 5437: 5419:Osteopathic Medicine (DO) 5406: 5336: 5238: 5160: 5098: 4859: 4787: 4742: 4651: 4522: 4507: 4434: 4353: 4312: 4305: 4277: 4239: 4230: 4202: 4165: 4156: 3993:Walker, R Milnes (1965). 2854:"Doctor of Medicine (MD)" 2688:World Health Organization 2388:University College London 2232:first professional degree 2195: 2135:, offer DO/PhD programs. 2092:Step 2 Clinical Knowledge 1775:University of Southampton 1749:University of Southampton 1531: 1437: 1226: 1014: 964:also award the four-year 898: 770:University College Dublin 638:(written as suffix "S.Ked 518: 477: 311: 5074:Transplantation medicine 4965:Clinical neurophysiology 4882:Obstetric anesthesiology 4802:Interventional radiology 4562:Digestive system surgery 4073:Students & Residents 3844:"Partner Medical School" 3758:University of Sunderland 3179:. Trinity College Dublin 2348:University of Manchester 2344:Hull York Medical School 2328:University of Birmingham 1737:University of Nottingham 1705:Hull York Medical School 1411: 1402: 1349:Walter Sisulu University 1086: 979: 913: 890: 865:or more misleadingly as 569: 509:University of Cape Coast 490: 464: 431: 5649:William Stewart Halsted 4945:Intensive care medicine 4919:Mass gathering medicine 4764:Maternal–fetal medicine 4186:Higher National Diploma 2568:Imperial College London 2487:List of medical schools 2384:Imperial College London 2380:University of Cambridge 2340:University of Leicester 2336:University of Liverpool 2332:University of Sheffield 2141:evidence-based medicine 1943:General Medical Council 1935:Society of Apothecaries 1901:, previously through a 1791:At the universities of 1785:University of Cambridge 1333:University of Cape Town 1281:Doctor of Medicine (MD) 1081:UNAM School of Medicine 1067:) in Myanmar award the 841:awarded jointly by the 806:General Medical Council 784:— award the degrees of 774:University College Cork 676:medical schools in Iraq 669: 555:University of Hong Kong 386:University of Melbourne 4537:Cardiothoracic surgery 2324:University of Aberdeen 2096:Step 2 Clinical Skills 1939:United Examining Board 1907:United Examining Board 1745:University of Plymouth 1701:Norwich Medical School 1329:University of Pretoria 1311:East Africa University 990:University of Benghazi 966:BSc. Clinical Medicine 958:Mount Kenya University 821:Trinity College Dublin 810:University of Limerick 762:Trinity College Dublin 253:University of Maryland 150:, also abbreviated as 143: 5188:Personalized medicine 5047:Reproductive medicine 4972:Occupational medicine 4926:Evolutionary medicine 4293:Candidate of Sciences 3209:(in Japanese). 2019. 2824:"Study MBBS in China" 2354:in Northern Ireland, 2088:experiential learning 1572:neutral point of view 1377:Upper Nile University 1146:Further information: 986:University of Tripoli 924:University of Nairobi 851:Irish Conjoint Scheme 316:Further information: 249:University of Toronto 220:, and thus receive a 5208:Traditional medicine 5168:Alternative medicine 5035:Addiction psychiatry 4849:Transfusion medicine 4844:Medical microbiology 4759:Gynecologic oncology 4611:Reproductive surgery 4363:Academic certificate 4255:Postgraduate diploma 3938:www.st-andrews.ac.uk 3908:www.st-andrews.ac.uk 3878:www.st-andrews.ac.uk 3324:. 13 November 2023. 2880:"About RCSI Bahrain" 2765:Middlesex University 2360:University of Dundee 2259:Occupational Therapy 2254:Environmental Health 2186:University of Guyana 2170:University of London 1887:LRCPE, LRCSE, LRCPSG 1883:Triple Qualification 1844:University of Dundee 1753:University of Surrey 1741:University of Exeter 1727:University of Oxford 1709:Newcastle University 1677:University of London 1472:Habib Medical School 1393:University of Ceylon 778:University of Galway 718:improve this section 636:Bachelor of Medicine 525:University of Guyana 438:Bachelor of Medicine 428:all award the MBBS. 218:osteopathic medicine 187:Bachelor of Medicine 56:improve this article 5654:Andrew Taylor Still 5388:Board certification 5230:History of medicine 5213:Veterinary medicine 5020:Preventive medicine 4872:Adolescent medicine 4714:Infectious diseases 4398:Professional degree 3790:. 1 February 2022. 3566:on 15 November 2016 3268:on 13 November 2016 3242:on 26 November 2016 3199:"医学部を置く大学一覧（令和元年度）" 2299:Physician Assistant 2289:Veterinary Medicine 2279:Clinical Psychology 1564:promotional content 1464:Busitema University 1448:Makerere University 1307:Hargeisa University 1215:(HSSC) Pre-Medical. 936:Kenyatta University 928:Aga Khan University 501:University of Ghana 257:Columbia University 5701:Bachelor's degrees 5614:Specialty colleges 5445:Doctor of Medicine 5178:Molecular oncology 5135:Doctor of Medicine 5125:Master of Medicine 5042:Radiation oncology 4914:Emergency medicine 4867:Addiction medicine 4834:Clinical chemistry 4829:Clinical pathology 4621:Transplant surgery 4579:Orthopedic surgery 4557:Colorectal surgery 4325:Doctor of Sciences 3681:. 26 August 2021. 3679:The Times of India 3655:on 1 December 2014 3465:on 1 November 2019 3396:www.auckland.ac.nz 3262:"Plan de Estudios" 2729:on 21 January 2021 2660:on 6 December 2022 2492:Master of Medicine 2472:Doctor of Medicine 2425:Doctor of Medicine 2421:Master of Medicine 2356:Cardiff University 1981:possibly contains 1783:is awarded by the 1725:is awarded by the 1685:UCL Medical School 1658:Swansea University 1654:Cardiff University 1566:and inappropriate 1452:Mbarara University 1369:University of Juba 1309:award the MB ChB, 1300:Benadir University 962:Egerton University 940:Egerton University 644:clinical clerkship 632:Sarjana Kedokteran 261:Doctor of Medicine 245:Harvard University 228:History and nature 206:Doctor of Medicine 5683: 5682: 5541:Regulatory bodies 5296: 5295: 5130:Master of Surgery 5094: 5093: 5079:Tropical medicine 5025:Prison healthcare 4940:Hospital medicine 4904:Disaster medicine 4894:Aviation medicine 4709:Hospital medicine 4616:Surgical oncology 4601:Pediatric surgery 4595: 4542:Endocrine surgery 4467: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4417:Specialist degree 4301: 4300: 4269:Engineer's degree 4226: 4225: 4213:Bachelor's degree 4181:Foundation degree 2502:Medical education 2497:Master of Surgery 2467:Bachelor's degree 2429:Doctor of Science 2417:Master of Surgery 2358:in Wales and the 2101:COVID-19 pandemic 2026: 2025: 2018: 1983:original research 1717:Ulster University 1600: 1599: 1592: 1468:Kabale University 1303:Salaam University 944:Maseno University 754: 753: 746: 199:internal medicine 132: 131: 124: 106: 16:(Redirected from 5713: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5300: 5299: 5286: 5285: 5276: 5266: 5265: 5256: 5255: 5246: 5245: 4950:Medical genetics 4935:General practice 4812:Nuclear medicine 4687:Gastroenterology 4643:Vascular surgery 4593: 4520: 4519: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4403:Graduate diploma 4320:Higher doctorate 4310: 4309: 4237: 4236: 4176:Associate degree 4163: 4162: 4142: 4135: 4128: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4112: 4111:on 16 July 2011. 4110: 4104:. Archived from 4103: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4013:Usmle-courses.eu 4005: 3999: 3998: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3964:"Medical Reform" 3960: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3850:. 10 July 2020. 3848:www.ulster.ac.uk 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3818:www.ulster.ac.uk 3810: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3742:on 20 June 2013. 3738:. Archived from 3732: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3654: 3648:. Archived from 3647: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3506:. Archived from 3495: 3489: 3488: 3482: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3464: 3458:. Archived from 3457: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3380:. 3 August 2017. 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3264:. Archived from 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3238:. Archived from 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3215: 3204: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3126: 3119: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3091:"All news | NMC" 3087: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3015:. 13 August 2018 3005: 2999: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2773: 2754: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2725:. Archived from 2713: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2696: 2685: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2656:. Archived from 2646: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2630:on 3 August 2011 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2530: 2451: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2274:Physical Therapy 2228:graduate degrees 2021: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2001: 1998:inline citations 1974: 1973: 1966: 1831:) award MB ChB. 1595: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1553:an advertisement 1544: 1543: 1536: 1296:Amoud University 1211:30% to Marks of 804:nor the British 749: 742: 738: 735: 729: 698: 690: 587: 586: 582: 579: 272:junior doctorate 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 105: 64: 40: 32: 21: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5706:Medical degrees 5686: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5658: 5630:Abraham Flexner 5618: 5609:Medical schools 5597: 5536: 5464: 5433: 5402: 5332: 5327: 5297: 5292: 5234: 5223:Chief physician 5156: 5101: 5090: 5084:Travel medicine 5069:Sports medicine 5052:Sexual medicine 4992:Palliative care 4987:Pain management 4931:Family medicine 4909:Diving medicine 4855: 4783: 4745: 4738: 4654: 4647: 4606:Plastic surgery 4552:General surgery 4532:Cardiac surgery 4513: 4511: 4503: 4498: 4468: 4459: 4442:Honorary degree 4430: 4426:Terminal degree 4388:Magister degree 4373:External degree 4355: 4349: 4297: 4273: 4250:Master's degree 4222: 4198: 4152: 4150:academic degree 4146: 4116: 4108: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3991: 3987: 3977: 3975: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3945: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3885: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3855: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3797: 3795: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3717: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3626: 3624: 3617:Eduinfoseas.com 3609: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3534:Duke-nus.edu.sg 3528: 3527: 3523: 3513: 3511: 3510:on 16 June 2023 3496: 3492: 3476: 3475: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3453:"Archived copy" 3451: 3450: 3446: 3436: 3434: 3427:www.otago.ac.nz 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3202: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3182: 3180: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3074: 3072: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2923: 2921: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2752: 2746: 2742: 2732: 2730: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2683: 2677: 2673: 2663: 2661: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2547: 2545: 2532: 2531: 2524: 2520: 2449:Medicine portal 2447: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2408: 2316:honours degrees 2219: 2210: 2198: 2178:Saint Augustine 2158: 2149: 2125:Ohio University 2121:doctoral thesis 2022: 2011: 2005: 2002: 1987: 1975: 1971: 1964: 1923:LRCP MRCS LMSSA 1915: 1813: 1735:is used at the 1666:is used at the 1626:master's degree 1622: 1617: 1596: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1557: 1545: 1541: 1534: 1492: 1456:Gulu University 1444:medical schools 1440: 1422: 1414: 1405: 1389: 1365: 1325: 1319: 1289: 1273:Duke University 1271:. The American 1249: 1237: 1229: 1152:In Pakistan, a 1150: 1144: 1132: 1116: 1107: 1089: 1077: 1045: 1037:Médico cirujano 1019:In Mexico, the 1017: 1005: 982: 974: 916: 901: 893: 802:Medical Council 750: 739: 733: 730: 715: 699: 688: 672: 628: 584: 580: 577: 575: 572: 541: 521: 493: 480: 467: 434: 422: 406: 394: 369: 363: 320: 314: 230: 172:medical schools 128: 117: 111: 108: 65: 63: 53: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5719: 5709: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5672: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5636:Flexner Report 5626: 5624: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5478: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5421: 5416: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5359:Sub-internship 5356: 5349:Medical school 5346: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5326: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5303: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5280: 5270: 5260: 5250: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5164: 5162: 5161:Related topics 5158: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5110:Medical school 5106: 5104: 5096: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5064:Sleep medicine 5061: 5060: 5059: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5011: 5006: 5005: 5004: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4928: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4877:Anesthesiology 4874: 4869: 4863: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4807:Neuroradiology 4804: 4793: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4750: 4748: 4744:Obstetrics and 4740: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4628: 4626:Trauma surgery 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4589:Otolaryngology 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4528: 4526: 4517: 4515:subspecialties 4505: 4504: 4497: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4474: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4444: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4414: 4412:Higher diploma 4409: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4368:Artist diploma 4365: 4359: 4357: 4356:classification 4351: 4350: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4316: 4314: 4307: 4303: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4284: 4282: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4252: 4246: 4244: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4220: 4218:Honours degree 4215: 4209: 4207: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4183: 4178: 4172: 4170: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4145: 4144: 4137: 4130: 4122: 4115: 4114: 4090: 4060: 4030: 4000: 3985: 3955: 3925: 3895: 3865: 3835: 3805: 3775: 3745: 3727: 3696: 3666: 3634: 3603: 3577: 3551: 3521: 3490: 3444: 3413: 3383: 3369: 3352:www.nmc.org.np 3339: 3322:www.mec.gov.np 3309: 3279: 3253: 3227: 3190: 3164: 3138: 3103: 3082: 3056: 3026: 3000: 2991: 2961: 2931: 2901: 2871: 2845: 2815: 2785: 2740: 2708: 2671: 2641: 2615: 2598:www.qmul.ac.uk 2585: 2555: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2507:Medical school 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2436: 2433: 2407: 2404: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2218: 2217:Classification 2215: 2209: 2206: 2197: 2194: 2157: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2033:medical school 2024: 2023: 1978: 1976: 1969: 1963: 1960: 1914: 1911: 1812: 1809: 1805:Master of Arts 1789: 1788: 1778: 1768: 1730: 1720: 1670: 1661: 1647: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1615:United Kingdom 1613: 1598: 1597: 1568:external links 1548: 1546: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1491: 1488: 1482:all award the 1439: 1436: 1421: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1388: 1385: 1364: 1361: 1321:Main article: 1318: 1315: 1288: 1285: 1248: 1245: 1236: 1233: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1216: 1209: 1154:medical school 1143: 1140: 1131: 1128: 1115: 1112: 1106: 1103: 1088: 1085: 1076: 1073: 1044: 1041: 1016: 1013: 1004: 1001: 981: 978: 973: 970: 932:Moi University 915: 912: 900: 897: 892: 889: 825:Master of Arts 788:. The letters 752: 751: 702: 700: 693: 687: 684: 671: 668: 627: 624: 571: 568: 567: 566: 557: 540: 537: 520: 517: 492: 489: 479: 476: 466: 463: 433: 430: 421: 418: 405: 402: 393: 390: 371:Historically, 362: 359: 313: 310: 234:British Empire 229: 226: 180:graduate-level 168:medical degree 130: 129: 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5718: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5644:William Osler 5642: 5638: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5414:Medicine (MD) 5412: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5324: 5319: 5317: 5312: 5310: 5305: 5304: 5301: 5289: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5269: 5261: 5259: 5251: 5249: 5241: 5240: 5237: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5193:Public health 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5173:Allied health 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5097: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4982:Oral medicine 4980: 4978: 4977:Ophthalmology 4975: 4973: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4839:Cytopathology 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4779:Urogynecology 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4682:Endocrinology 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4490: 4488: 4483: 4481: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4264:Diplom degree 4262: 4260: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4158:Undergraduate 4155: 4151: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4131: 4129: 4124: 4123: 4120: 4107: 4100: 4094: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4004: 3996: 3989: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3793: 3789: 3788:www.qub.ac.uk 3785: 3779: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3715: 3711: 3710:edu-wire.com/ 3707: 3700: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3651: 3644: 3638: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3486: 3480: 3461: 3454: 3448: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3379: 3373: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3241: 3237: 3231: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3194: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3152: 3151:www.qub.ac.uk 3148: 3142: 3123: 3116: 3115: 3107: 3092: 3086: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3014: 3010: 3004: 2995: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2819: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2744: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2712: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2675: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2645: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2543: 2539: 2538:Yale Medicine 2535: 2529: 2527: 2522: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2439: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2310: 2309:OT Technician 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2224:undergraduate 2214: 2205: 2203: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2164:(UWI) confer 2163: 2153: 2144: 2142: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2039:and pass the 2038: 2034: 2030: 2020: 2017: 2009: 2006:December 2022 1999: 1995: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1979:This section 1977: 1968: 1967: 1962:United States 1959: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1881:The Scottish 1879: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763:(formerly at 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1640:Anglia Ruskin 1637: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1594: 1591: 1583: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1549:This section 1547: 1538: 1537: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1497: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1417: 1409: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1391:In 1942, the 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1324: 1314: 1313:awards MMBS. 1312: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1244: 1242: 1232: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1180:in Pakistan. 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1149: 1139: 1137: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1111: 1102: 1099: 1094: 1084: 1082: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1012: 1010: 1000: 997: 995: 991: 987: 977: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 911: 909: 906: 896: 888: 886: 882: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 826: 822: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 748: 745: 737: 727: 723: 719: 713: 712: 708: 703:This section 701: 697: 692: 691: 683: 681: 677: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 623: 619: 616: 611: 606: 604: 598: 596: 591: 565: 561: 558: 556: 552: 549: 548: 547: 544: 536: 534: 530: 526: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 488: 484: 475: 472: 462: 460: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 429: 427: 417: 415: 411: 401: 399: 389: 387: 381: 379: 374: 368: 358: 355: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 324: 319: 309: 307: 302: 298: 294: 288: 286: 282: 278: 273: 268: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 237: 235: 225: 223: 219: 215: 214:United States 211: 210:North America 207: 202: 200: 196: 192: 188: 183: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 126: 123: 115: 112:December 2021 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: – 72: 68: 67:Find sources: 61: 57: 51: 50: 45:This article 43: 39: 34: 33: 30: 19: 5634: 5427: 5198:Rural health 5183:Nanomedicine 5114: 4734:Rheumatology 4665: / 4584:Hand surgery 4569:Neurosurgery 4447: 4330:Habilitation 4313:Postdoctoral 4232:Postgraduate 4106:the original 4093: 4081:. Retrieved 4072: 4063: 4051:. Retrieved 4042: 4033: 4021:. Retrieved 4012: 4003: 3994: 3988: 3976:. Retrieved 3967: 3958: 3946:. Retrieved 3937: 3928: 3916:. Retrieved 3907: 3898: 3886:. Retrieved 3877: 3868: 3856:. Retrieved 3847: 3838: 3826:. Retrieved 3817: 3808: 3796:. Retrieved 3787: 3778: 3766:. Retrieved 3757: 3748: 3740:the original 3730: 3718:. Retrieved 3709: 3699: 3687:. Retrieved 3678: 3669: 3657:. Retrieved 3650:the original 3637: 3625:. Retrieved 3616: 3606: 3594:. Retrieved 3580: 3568:. Retrieved 3564:the original 3554: 3542:. Retrieved 3533: 3524: 3512:. Retrieved 3508:the original 3503: 3493: 3467:. Retrieved 3460:the original 3447: 3435:. Retrieved 3426: 3416: 3404:. Retrieved 3395: 3386: 3372: 3360:. Retrieved 3351: 3342: 3330:. Retrieved 3321: 3318:"Background" 3312: 3300:. Retrieved 3291: 3282: 3270:. Retrieved 3266:the original 3256: 3244:. Retrieved 3240:the original 3230: 3218:. Retrieved 3206: 3193: 3181:. Retrieved 3176: 3167: 3155:. Retrieved 3150: 3141: 3129:. Retrieved 3113: 3106: 3094:. Retrieved 3085: 3073:. Retrieved 3059: 3047:. Retrieved 3038: 3029: 3017:. Retrieved 3012: 3003: 2994: 2982:. Retrieved 2974:Knust.edu.gh 2973: 2964: 2952:. Retrieved 2943: 2934: 2922:. Retrieved 2914:www.rcsi.com 2913: 2904: 2892:. Retrieved 2884:www.rcsi.com 2883: 2874: 2862:. Retrieved 2848: 2836:. Retrieved 2827: 2818: 2806:. Retrieved 2797: 2788: 2776:. Retrieved 2760: 2756: 2743: 2731:. Retrieved 2727:the original 2720: 2711: 2699:. Retrieved 2687: 2674: 2662:. Retrieved 2658:the original 2653: 2644: 2632:. Retrieved 2628:the original 2618: 2606:. Retrieved 2597: 2588: 2576:. Retrieved 2567: 2558: 2546:. Retrieved 2537: 2482:Homologation 2409: 2365: 2350:in England, 2313: 2220: 2211: 2199: 2189: 2176:in Jamaica, 2165: 2159: 2150: 2137: 2114: 2110:USMLE Step 3 2080:USMLE Step 1 2065: 2045: 2037:US residency 2027: 2012: 2003: 1980: 1954: 1950: 1937:through the 1922: 1916: 1886: 1880: 1875: 1868: 1859: 1851: 1847: 1839: 1833: 1814: 1800: 1790: 1780: 1770: 1732: 1722: 1672: 1664:MB, BCh, BAO 1663: 1649: 1635: 1630: 1623: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1586: 1577: 1562:by removing 1558:Please help 1550: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1495: 1493: 1483: 1441: 1432: 1427:baccalauréat 1423: 1415: 1406: 1390: 1366: 1326: 1317:South Africa 1290: 1280: 1268: 1250: 1240: 1238: 1235:Saudi Arabia 1230: 1198: 1182: 1157: 1151: 1135: 1133: 1117: 1108: 1090: 1078: 1068: 1046: 1036: 1018: 1008: 1006: 998: 983: 975: 956: 951: 917: 907: 904: 902: 894: 880: 879: 874: 873:, or simply 870: 866: 862: 854: 850: 834: 833:, or simply 830: 829: 818: 813: 793: 789: 785: 755: 740: 731: 716:Please help 704: 679: 673: 663: 659: 647: 639: 631: 629: 620: 614: 609: 607: 599: 573: 559: 550: 545: 542: 528: 522: 494: 485: 481: 470: 468: 453: 449: 445: 441: 435: 423: 413: 407: 398:RCSI-Bahrain 395: 382: 370: 356: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 325: 321: 289: 269: 238: 231: 203: 194: 190: 186: 184: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 135: 133: 118: 109: 99: 92: 85: 78: 66: 54:Please help 49:verification 46: 29: 5344:Pre-medical 5268:Wikiproject 5057:Venereology 5002:Neonatology 4899:Dermatology 4754:Gynaecology 4746:gynaecology 4729:Pulmonology 4547:Eye surgery 4509:Specialties 4407:certificate 4393:Microdegree 4354:No dominant 4259:certificate 4053:11 February 3768:20 February 3689:3 September 3659:21 February 3627:25 December 3570:14 November 3544:20 February 3469:2 September 3302:25 November 3272:25 November 3246:25 November 3220:12 December 3183:2 September 3157:2 September 3035:"NMC India" 2722:Mayo Clinic 2512:Pre-medical 2406:Progression 2402:programme. 2374:(BMedSci), 2249:Engineering 2156:West Indies 1949:diploma of 1363:South Sudan 1136:MBBS/MB ChB 1114:New Zealand 1105:Netherlands 988:(Tripoli), 875:LRCP&SI 871:LRCPI LRCSI 839:licentiates 835:LRCP&SI 831:LRCPI LRCSI 780:), and the 656:consultants 170:granted by 5690:Categories 5460:Comparison 5381:Fellowship 5371:Internship 5030:Psychiatry 5016:(PM&R) 5009:Phlebology 4997:Pediatrics 4824:Anatomical 4789:Diagnostic 4769:Obstetrics 4719:Nephrology 4704:Hematology 4699:Geriatrics 4692:Hepatology 4677:Cardiology 4667:Immunology 4383:Licentiate 4148:Levels of 4043:Neomed.edu 3586:"About us" 3207:mext.go.jp 3177:www.tcd.ie 3147:"Medicine" 2984:24 October 2838:24 October 2733:31 January 2664:6 December 2608:6 December 2578:6 December 2548:6 December 2518:References 2320:classified 2294:Osteopathy 1990:improve it 1951:LRCP, MRCS 1856:Manchester 1852:BSc (Hons) 1560:improve it 855:MB BCh BAO 798:obstetrics 792:stand for 786:MB BCh BAO 734:April 2023 404:Bangladesh 365:See also: 306:internship 82:newspapers 5623:Reformers 5393:Licensure 5376:Residency 5354:Clerkship 5218:Physician 5102:education 4960:Neurology 4955:Narcology 4819:Pathology 4797:Radiology 4672:Angiology 4636:Andrology 4448:Ad eundem 4419:/ 4405:/ 4288:Doctorate 4257:/ 4192:/ 4188:/ 4083:25 August 3596:5 October 2954:31 August 2798:Ecfmg.org 2634:31 August 2264:Optometry 2244:Education 2239:Dentistry 2182:Cave Hill 1994:verifying 1921:diplomas 1825:Edinburgh 1797:Cambridge 1580:June 2024 1518:chemistry 1387:Sri Lanka 1247:Singapore 1220:Interview 1208:(NMDCAT). 705:does not 652:residents 646:program ( 626:Indonesia 539:Hong Kong 361:Australia 297:chemistry 212:. In the 5407:Pathways 5248:Category 4724:Oncology 4655:medicine 4653:Internal 4501:Medicine 4435:Unearned 4077:Archived 4047:Archived 4017:Archived 3972:Archived 3942:Archived 3912:Archived 3882:Archived 3852:Archived 3822:Archived 3792:Archived 3762:Archived 3714:Archived 3683:Archived 3621:Archived 3590:Archived 3538:Archived 3479:cite web 3431:Archived 3400:Archived 3356:Archived 3326:Archived 3296:Archived 3211:Archived 3122:Archived 3069:Archived 3049:6 August 3043:Archived 3019:1 August 2978:Archived 2948:Archived 2918:Archived 2888:Archived 2858:Archived 2832:Archived 2828:Cucas.cn 2802:Archived 2769:Archived 2692:Archived 2602:Archived 2572:Archived 2542:Archived 2435:See also 2269:Pharmacy 2208:Zimbabwe 2204:degree. 2076:didactic 1947:Conjoint 1919:Conjoint 1903:Conjoint 1838:awarded 1817:Aberdeen 1811:Scotland 1781:MB BChir 1259:and the 1174:diplomas 1142:Pakistan 1120:Auckland 1003:Malaysia 845:and the 420:Barbados 164:MB BChir 5513:Level: 5438:Degrees 5288:Outline 5258:Commons 5203:Therapy 5100:Medical 4663:Allergy 4631:Urology 4524:Surgery 4421:diploma 4281:level 8 4243:level 7 4206:level 6 4169:level 5 4023:30 July 3514:12 July 3039:Nmc.org 2808:25 June 2778:8 April 2304:Nursing 2147:Vietnam 2131:or the 1988:Please 1829:Glasgow 1644:Warwick 1522:biology 1514:physics 1490:Ukraine 1420:Tunisia 1399:(LMS). 1353:MEDUNSA 1287:Somalia 1267:confer 1255:at the 1130:Nigeria 1075:Namibia 1043:Myanmar 972:Liberia 726:removed 711:sources 686:Ireland 583:⁄ 562:at the 553:at the 527:awards 444:, also 392:Bahrain 301:biology 293:physics 166:) is a 96:scholar 5663:Topics 5509:COMLEX 5485:Step: 5455:MD–PhD 5337:Stages 5278:Portal 5145:MD–PhD 4450:degree 4378:Laurea 4345:Fellow 4340:Tenure 4335:Docent 3978:23 May 3948:23 May 3918:23 May 3888:23 May 3858:23 May 3828:23 May 3798:23 May 3611:Rich. 3437:23 May 3406:23 May 3362:3 June 3332:3 June 3292:Uam.mx 3131:21 May 3096:4 July 3075:4 July 2924:24 May 2894:24 May 2864:5 July 2701:29 May 2346:, and 2196:Zambia 2084:COMLEX 2059:. The 1876:MB ChB 1860:MB ChB 1840:MB ChB 1821:Dundee 1793:Oxford 1723:BM BCh 1650:MB BCh 1636:MB ChB 1532:Russia 1478:, and 1438:Uganda 1227:Rwanda 1194:NMDCAT 1031:, the 1027:, the 1023:, the 1015:Mexico 952:MB ChB 950:award 908:(MBBS) 899:Jordan 680:MB ChB 678:award 664:Dokter 519:Guyana 478:France 471:MB BCh 448:, and 412:award 312:Naming 299:, and 277:Doctor 255:, and 251:, the 247:, the 160:MB BCh 156:MB ChB 98: 91: 84: 77: 69: 5602:Lists 5481:USMLE 5469:Exams 4860:Other 4306:Other 4279:ISCED 4241:ISCED 4204:ISCED 4167:ISCED 4109:(PDF) 4102:(PDF) 3720:3 May 3653:(PDF) 3646:(PDF) 3463:(PDF) 3456:(PDF) 3214:(PDF) 3203:(PDF) 3125:(PDF) 3118:(PDF) 2772:(PDF) 2763:(1). 2753:(PDF) 2695:(PDF) 2684:(PDF) 2202:MBChB 2166:MB BS 1955:LMSSA 1733:BM BS 1673:MB BS 1484:MBChB 1412:Syria 1403:Sudan 1269:MB BS 1124:Otago 1087:Nepal 1069:MB BS 994:MBBCh 980:Libya 914:Kenya 891:Japan 814:BM BS 570:India 560:MBChB 529:MB BS 491:Ghana 465:Egypt 432:China 350:; or 338:; or 328:Latin 281:Ph.D. 162:, or 152:BM BS 140:Latin 103:JSTOR 89:books 5476:MCAT 5428:MBBS 4085:2023 4055:2022 4025:2021 3980:2022 3950:2022 3920:2022 3890:2022 3860:2022 3830:2022 3800:2022 3770:2022 3722:2024 3691:2021 3661:2015 3629:2022 3598:2016 3572:2016 3546:2022 3516:2023 3485:link 3471:2019 3439:2022 3408:2022 3364:2023 3334:2023 3304:2016 3274:2016 3248:2016 3222:2022 3185:2024 3159:2024 3133:2024 3098:2023 3077:2023 3051:2021 3021:2024 2986:2019 2956:2022 2926:2022 2896:2022 2866:2014 2840:2019 2810:2017 2780:2015 2735:2021 2703:2023 2666:2022 2636:2022 2610:2022 2580:2022 2550:2022 2400:MBBS 2386:and 2174:Mona 1933:and 1917:The 1897:and 1834:The 1827:and 1795:and 1759:and 1715:and 1695:and 1656:and 1381:MBBS 1375:and 1367:The 1351:and 1327:The 1305:and 1251:The 1241:MBBS 1190:HSSC 1172:and 1170:FCPS 1134:The 1122:and 1065:UMMG 1057:DSMA 1053:UM 2 1009:MBBS 1007:The 960:and 946:and 903:The 776:and 709:any 707:cite 674:All 670:Iraq 654:and 551:MBBS 523:The 454:MBBS 446:BMed 414:MBBS 408:All 191:BMed 148:MBBS 75:news 5525:2PE 5520:2CE 5497:2CS 5492:2CK 4594:ENT 4512:and 2427:or 2419:or 2284:Law 2226:or 2127:'s 1992:by 1885:of 1850:or 1848:BSc 1263:at 1061:UMM 1049:UM1 881:LAH 867:LLM 819:At 790:BAO 720:by 287:. 285:DSc 283:or 193:or 58:by 5692:: 4933:/ 4075:. 4071:. 4045:. 4041:. 4015:. 4011:. 3970:. 3966:. 3940:. 3936:. 3910:. 3906:. 3880:. 3876:. 3846:. 3820:. 3816:. 3786:. 3760:. 3756:. 3712:. 3708:. 3677:. 3619:. 3615:. 3536:. 3532:. 3502:. 3481:}} 3477:{{ 3429:. 3425:. 3398:. 3394:. 3354:. 3350:. 3320:. 3294:. 3290:. 3205:. 3175:. 3149:. 3067:. 3041:. 3037:. 3011:. 2976:. 2972:. 2946:. 2942:. 2916:. 2912:. 2886:. 2882:. 2830:. 2826:. 2796:. 2767:. 2759:. 2755:. 2719:. 2690:. 2686:. 2652:. 2600:. 2596:. 2570:. 2566:. 2540:. 2536:. 2525:^ 2382:, 2342:, 2338:, 2334:, 2330:, 2326:, 2192:. 2190:MD 1929:, 1893:, 1823:, 1819:, 1801:BA 1771:BM 1755:, 1751:, 1747:, 1743:, 1739:, 1711:, 1707:, 1703:, 1691:, 1687:, 1683:, 1520:, 1516:, 1474:, 1470:, 1466:, 1462:, 1458:, 1454:, 1450:, 1371:, 1347:, 1343:, 1339:, 1335:, 1331:, 1298:, 1294:, 1243:. 1071:. 1063:, 1059:, 1055:, 1051:, 996:. 954:. 942:, 938:, 934:, 930:, 926:, 922:, 877:. 869:, 772:, 760:, 634:/ 511:, 507:, 503:, 499:, 461:. 450:BM 442:MB 416:. 346:; 334:; 295:, 243:, 236:. 195:MB 185:A 158:, 154:, 146:; 142:: 134:A 5530:3 5515:1 5502:3 5487:1 5430:) 5426:( 5322:e 5315:t 5308:v 4493:e 4486:t 4479:v 4141:e 4134:t 4127:v 4087:. 4057:. 4027:. 3982:. 3952:. 3922:. 3892:. 3862:. 3832:. 3802:. 3772:. 3724:. 3693:. 3663:. 3631:. 3600:. 3574:. 3548:. 3518:. 3487:) 3473:. 3441:. 3410:. 3366:. 3336:. 3306:. 3276:. 3250:. 3224:. 3187:. 3161:. 3135:. 3100:. 3079:. 3053:. 3023:. 2988:. 2958:. 2928:. 2898:. 2868:. 2842:. 2812:. 2782:. 2761:2 2737:. 2705:. 2668:. 2638:. 2612:. 2582:. 2552:. 2019:) 2013:( 2008:) 2004:( 1986:. 1787:. 1767:) 1729:. 1660:. 1646:. 1593:) 1587:( 1582:) 1578:( 1574:. 1556:. 768:( 747:) 741:( 736:) 732:( 728:. 714:. 640:" 615:. 610:. 585:2 581:1 578:+ 576:5 440:( 275:" 189:( 138:( 125:) 119:( 114:) 110:( 100:· 93:· 86:· 79:· 52:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index