2582:
2967:
38:
2706:
3242:
4163:
2872:, an ancient tablet on which is written a declaration in the name of Cyrus referring to restoration of temples and repatriation of exiled peoples, has often been taken as corroboration of the authenticity of the biblical decrees attributed to Cyrus, but other scholars point out that the cylinder's text is specific to Babylon and Mesopotamia and makes no mention of Judah or Jerusalem.
2690:, resulting in the city's destruction in 587 BCE. Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the city wall and the Temple, together with the houses of the most important citizens. Zedekiah and his sons were captured and the sons were executed in front of Zedekiah, who was then blinded and taken to Babylon with many others (Jer 52:10–11). Judah became a Babylonian province, called
2810:
from an outlying base, describes how the signal fires from nearby towns were disappearing: "And may (my lord) be apprised that we are watching for the fire signals of
Lachish according to all the signs which my lord has given, because we cannot see Azeqah." Archaeological finds from Jerusalem testify
3378:
Overall, the difficulty in calculation arises because the biblical texts provide varying numbers for the different deportations. The HB/OT's conflicting figures for the dates, number and victims of the
Babylonian deportations become even more of a problem for historical reconstruction because, other
195:
Archaeological studies have revealed that, although the city of
Jerusalem was utterly destroyed, other parts of Judah continued to be inhabited during the period of the exile. Historical records from Mesopotamia and Jewish sources indicate that a significant portion of the Jewish population chose to
2893:
A 2017 exhibition in
Jerusalem displayed over 100 cuneiform tablets detailing trade in fruits and other commodities, taxes, debts, and credits accumulated between Jews forced or persuaded to move from Jerusalem by King Nebuchadnezzar around 600 BCE. The tablets included details on one exiled Judean
2790:, describing ration orders for a captive King of Judah, identified with King Jeconiah, have been discovered during excavations in Babylon, in the royal archives of Nebuchadnezzar. One of the tablets refers to food rations for "Ya’u-kīnu, king of the land of Yahudu" and five royal princes, his sons.
2735:
to return, and he took steps to return the country to prosperity. Some time later, a surviving member of the royal family assassinated
Gedaliah and his Babylonian advisors, prompting many refugees to seek safety in Egypt. By the end of the second decade of the 6th century BCE, in addition to those
2851:
However, there is evidence for hardship. For example, exiled Jewish leaders were suspected of national disloyalty and were reduced to peasantry, where they worked in agriculture and building projects and performed simple tasks such as farming, shepherding and fishing. This ended when the
Persians
2876:
asserted that the "alleged decree of Cyrus" regarding Judah, "cannot be considered authentic", but that there was a "general policy of allowing deportees to return and to re-establish cult sites". He also stated that archaeology suggests that the return was a "trickle" taking place over decades,
2819:
Archaeological excavations and surveys have enabled the population of Judah before the
Babylonian destruction to be estimated to have been approximately 75,000. Taking the different biblical numbers of exiles at their highest, 20,000, this would mean that perhaps 25% of the population had been
2782:
In the seventh year, in the month of Kislev, the king of Akkad mustered his troops, marched to the Hatti-land, and encamped against the City of Judah and on the ninth day of the month of Adar he seized the city and captured the king. He appointed there a king of his own choice and taking heavy
2820:
deported to
Babylon, with the remaining majority staying in Judah. Although Jerusalem was destroyed, with large parts of the city remaining in ruins for 150 years, numerous other settlements in Judah continued to be inhabited, with no signs of disruption visible in archaeological studies.
2581:
2852:
conquered
Babylon. Exiled Jewish commoners were nostalgic about Judah and, due to circumstance, were forced to abandon temple-based worship. They mostly worshipped in private homes and kept some religious traditions such as circumcision, Sabbath observance, reading of the
2827:
suggests that between the deportations and executions caused by the
Babylonians, plus the famines and epidemics that occurred during the war, the population of Judah may have been reduced to as little as 10% of what it had been in the time before deportations.
4056:
4065:
2890:) with different borders, covering a smaller territory. The population of the province was greatly reduced from that of the kingdom; archaeological surveys suggesting a population of around 30,000 people in the 5th to 4th centuries BCE.
2897:
Most Jews who returned were poor Jews and either saw the exile as "spiritual regeneration" or "divine punishment for sins". One reason why wealthy Jews stayed includes economic opportunities, which were relatively uncommon in Judah.
2650:
In the following years, the court of Jerusalem was divided into two parties, one supporting Egypt, the other Babylon. After Nebuchadnezzar was defeated in battle in 601 BCE by Egypt, Judah revolted against Babylon, culminating in a
3050:, Babylon was one of a number of metaphors for the Jewish diaspora. Most frequently the term "Babylon" meant the diaspora prior to the destruction of the Second Temple. The post-destruction term for the Jewish Diaspora was "
2585:
Clay tablet. The Akkadian cuneiform inscription lists certain rations and mentions the name of Jeconiah (Jehoiachin), King of Judah, and the Babylonian captivity. From Babylon, Iraq. Reign of Nebuchadnezzar II,
3448:
The Wellspring of Georgian Historiography: The Early Medieval Historical Chronicle The Conversion of Katli and The Life of St. Nino, Constantine B. Lerner, England: Bennett and Bloom, London, 2004, p. 60
142:(587 BCE), and a later deportation occurred in Nebuchadnezzar II's 23rd year (582 BCE). However, the dates, numbers of deportations, and numbers of deportees vary in the several biblical accounts.
2736:
who remained in Judah, there were significant Jewish communities in Babylon and in Egypt; this was the beginning of the later numerous Jewish communities living permanently outside Judah in the
2798:
Nebuchadnezzar and the Babylonian forces returned in 589 BCE and rampaged through Judah, leaving clear archaeological evidence of destruction in many towns and settlements there. Clay
2774:
Nebuchadnezzar's siege of Jerusalem, his capture of its king, his appointment of another in his place, and the plundering of the city in 597 BCE are corroborated by a passage in the
4106:
Becking, Bob, and Korpel, Marjo Christina Annette (eds), "The Crisis of Israelite Religion: Transformation of Religious Tradition in Exilic & Post-Exilic Times" (Brill, 1999)
4190:
2759:) and Joshua the Priest (a descendant of the line of the former High Priests of the Temple) and their construction of the Second Temple in the period from 521 to 516 BCE.
1240:
2918:(in which the exile is the "Sabbath of the land"); and the opening chapters of Ezra, which records its end. Other works from or about the exile include the stories in
3734:
4086:
Alstola, "Everyday Life in Exile: Judean Deportees in Babylonian Texts", The Ancient Near East Today : Current News about the Ancient Past, vol. 10, no. 6, 2022
4080:
3016:
for Jews. This period saw their transformation into an ethno-religious group who could survive without a central Temple. Israeli philosopher and Biblical scholar
4175:
4105:
1818:
4268:
1473:
1168:
4206:
4101:
Nodet, Étienne, "A search for the origins of Judaism: from Joshua to the Mishnah" (Sheffield Academic Press, 1999, original edition Editions du Cerf, 1997)
1360:
4100:
2568:
332:
1355:
3027:). Prior to exile, the people of Israel had been organized according to tribe. Afterwards, they were organized by smaller family groups. Only the
2671:) back to Babylon. Jehoiakim's uncle Zedekiah was appointed king in his place, but the exiles in Babylon continued to consider Jeconiah as their
1603:
4095:
3107:, who replaced Josiah but reigned only 3 months). Began giving tribute to Nebuchadnezzar in 605 BCE. First deportation, purportedly including
1857:
4085:
2982:
followed by deliverance. The Babylonian captivity had a number of serious effects on Judaism and Jewish culture. For example, the current
4761:
4668:
4502:
842:
805:
4180:
2848:
suggests that the exiled Judeans experienced a lifestyle scarcely less prosperous than what they were accustomed to in their homeland.
4690:
1781:
2655:
beginning in late 598 BCE. Jehoiakim, the king of Judah, died during the siege and was succeeded by his son Jehoiachin (also called
4746:
4603:
4273:
4240:
4125:
1804:
4819:
4751:
4741:
4497:
1154:
4205:
2561:
1731:
1666:
1548:
4656:
4651:
4167:
4116:
Grabbe, Lester L., "A history of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period", vol.1 (T&T Clark International, 2004)
3845:
3791:
3646:
3404:
3322:
3031:
continued in its temple role after the return. After this time, there were always sizable numbers of Jews living outside the
852:
31:
4144:
3704:
4673:
4384:
1290:
4096:
Blenkinsopp, Joseph, "Judaism, the first phase: the place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the origins of Judaism" (Eerdmans, 2009)
4336:
4318:
4136:
Pearce, Laurie, "New Perspectives on the Exile in Light of Cuneiform Texts". In Kelle, Brad E.; Strawn, Brent A. (eds.).
1558:
1375:
1365:
605:
223:
196:
remain in Mesopotamia. This decision led to the establishment of a sizable Jewish community in Mesopotamia known as the
4849:
4356:
3875:
3742:
3364:
1954:
1904:
1869:
1563:
1428:
1295:
3919:
3867:
A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud – A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1
222:
communities are believed to derive their ancestry in large part from these exiles; these communities have now largely
4145:
Stackert, Jeffrey, "Rewriting the Torah: literary revision in Deuteronomy and the holiness code" (Mohr Siebeck, 2007)
4120:
3966:
3716:
3708:
3676:
3494:
2554:
1646:
1608:
1583:
1503:
1488:
1335:
1275:
1230:
3712:
2682:
and others of the pro-Babylonian party, Zedekiah revolted against Babylon and entered into an alliance with Pharaoh
3720:
3700:
3696:
3692:
1939:
1921:
1827:
1721:
1573:
1568:
1493:
1458:
1325:
17:
3505:
3317:. Historical dictionaries of ancient civilizations and historical eras. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 73.
4661:
4608:
4598:
4512:
4293:
2836:
In Mesopotamia, the exiled Judeans were relocated to agricultural settlements, with one notable settlement being
2787:
2695:
2457:
2356:
1911:
1894:
1847:
1746:
1656:
1593:
1543:
1523:
1518:
1438:
1412:
1387:
1265:
1255:
1245:
1225:
1220:
3529:
The Oxford History of the Biblical World, ed. by Michael D Coogan. Pub. by Oxford University Press, 1999. p. 350
4195:
4090:
1930:
1916:
1884:
1864:
1832:
1776:
1751:
1726:
1706:
1696:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1651:
1641:
1636:
1613:
1528:
1513:
1433:
1392:
1345:
1340:
1260:
1205:
4072:
Alstola, Tero, "Judeans in Babylonia: A Study of Deportees in the Sixth and Fifth Centuries BCE" (Brill, 2019)
3020:
said "The exile is the watershed. With the exile, the religion of Israel comes to an end and Judaism begins."
4869:
4854:
4814:
4507:
4126:
Lipschitz, Oded, and Oeming, Manfred (eds), "Judah and the Judeans in the Persian period" (Eisenbrauns, 2006)
2351:
1889:
1874:
1837:
1799:
1771:
1761:
1756:
1741:
1736:
1716:
1701:
1686:
1661:
1627:
1598:
1498:
1483:
1407:
1397:
1315:
1285:
1210:
1196:
126:
in Nebuchadnezzar II's seventh year (598/597 BCE) that culminated in the death of Jehoiakim and the exile to
2974:
In the Hebrew Bible, the captivity in Babylon is presented as a punishment for idolatry and disobedience to
4829:
4678:
4517:
4263:
4233:
3666:
3459:
2610:
1959:
1879:
1842:
1766:
1711:
1578:
1553:
1478:
1453:
1443:
1382:
1305:
1300:
1280:
1270:
1250:
1235:
1128:
832:
596:
591:
122:. In the fourth year of Nebuchadnezzar II's reign, Jehoiakim refused to pay further tribute, which led to
4844:
4527:
4522:
4366:
4346:
3890:
Yehud being the Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew Yehuda, or "Judah", and "medinata" the word for province
3181:
3160:
3124:
2966:
2691:
2687:
2652:
1949:
1944:
1899:
1852:
1538:
1508:
1468:
1463:
1320:
626:
203:
139:
123:
100:
92:
4308:
4303:
2626:
2423:
2268:
1976:
1370:
566:
556:
292:
2751:
ended the exile in 538 BCE, the year after he captured Babylon. The exile ended with the return under
4874:
4859:
4839:
4450:
2811:
that virtually the whole city within the walls was burnt to rubble in 587 BCE and utterly destroyed.
2609:
empire. In the last decades of the century, Assyria was overthrown by Babylon, an Assyrian province.
2537:
2230:
2081:
2022:
913:
2906:
The exilic period was a rich source for Hebrew literature. Biblical depictions of the exile include
3108:
2979:
2923:
2240:
2220:
1330:
810:
351:
3638:
The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts
4834:
4618:
4283:
4278:
4226:
2381:
2371:
2336:
2215:
2205:
1988:
1159:
1101:
935:
614:
571:
286:
4864:
4644:
4445:
2723:, a native Judahite; he encouraged the many Jews who had fled to surrounding countries such as
2500:
2235:
2149:
1215:
767:
386:
356:
4135:
4081:"Exile and Restoration: A Study of Hebrew Thought of the Sixth Century B.C." (SCM Press, 1968)
3865:
3781:
3354:
4716:
4695:
4634:
4629:
4455:
4389:
4115:
4028:
4020:
3954:
3937:
2987:
2775:
2614:
2391:
2386:
2331:
2119:
1034:
762:
749:
644:
361:
184:. All of these events are considered significant to the developed history and culture of the
88:
3900:
3833:
4376:
3994:
3632:
3380:
2943:
2462:
2414:
2154:
2012:
825:
690:
637:
111:
2806:, were discovered during excavations; one, which was probably written to the commander at
8:
4721:
4561:
4394:
3662:
3164:
3047:
2711:
2664:
2515:
2210:
888:
755:
658:
651:
581:
469:
344:
104:
4131:
Middlemas, Jill Anne, "The troubles of templeless Judah" (Oxford University Press, 2005)
3269:, 200 clay tablets from the sixth and fifth centuries BCE on the exiled Judean community
4824:
4736:
4351:
4331:
3628:
3255:
3040:
2955:
2927:
2845:
2366:
2316:
2263:
2258:
2172:
2042:
1310:
1139:
898:
818:
672:
238:
3023:
This process coincided with the emergence of scribes and sages as Jewish leaders (see
4768:
4639:
4554:
4477:
4440:
4404:
3962:
3871:
3841:
3787:
3672:
3642:
3490:
3400:
3360:
3318:
3266:
3141:
3104:
3017:
2881:
2644:
2510:
2452:
2432:
2249:
1809:
1448:
908:
779:
709:
586:
499:
366:
150:
115:
37:
4071:
3194:
Release of Jehoiachin after 37 years in a Babylonian prison. He remains in Babylon.
3055:
4549:
4435:
4430:
4409:
4341:
4288:
4150:
Vanderkam, James, "An introduction to early Judaism (2nd edition)" (Eerdmans, 2022)
4076:
3811:
3210:
3009:
2907:
2873:
2598:
2480:
2361:
2321:
2285:
1983:
1533:
1044:
800:
704:
619:
509:
301:
80:
4711:
4541:
4489:
4465:
4460:
4149:
4130:
4111:
Bedford, Peter Ross, "Temple restoration in early Achaemenid Judah" (Brill, 2001)
4110:
3901:"Ancient tablets on display in Jerusalem reveal Jewish life during Babylon exile"
3582:
3036:
2983:
2951:
2803:
2748:
2737:
2698:, rabbinic sources place the date of the destruction of the First Temple at 3338
2667:
and took Jeconiah, his court and other prominent citizens (including the prophet
2618:
2442:
2401:
2396:
2376:
2298:
2292:
2225:
2177:
2017:
1998:
1149:
878:
790:
773:
317:
219:
146:
3955:"Issues and Problems in the Contemporary Debate Regarding the Priestly Writings"
4731:
4399:
4298:
4249:
4041:
3550:
3356:
Biblical History and Israel S Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History
3277:
3272:
3260:
3247:
3032:
3013:
2939:
2919:
2886:
2869:
2705:
2542:
2341:
2196:
2076:
2055:
2032:
2027:
2005:
1993:
1588:
1069:
1003:
968:
946:
883:
721:
699:
561:
540:
516:
282:
264:
181:
162:
158:
154:
72:
3959:
The strata of the priestly writings: contemporary debate and future directions
4808:
4756:
3984:. Naomi E. Pasachoff, Robert J. Littma. Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. p. 43
3028:
2935:
2824:
2490:
2485:
1691:
1618:
1144:
993:
988:
983:
973:
951:
903:
665:
504:
409:
371:
322:
215:
211:
170:
118:
besieged Jerusalem, which resulted in tribute being paid by the Judean king
4793:
4414:
3542:
3286:, expressing lamentation of the exiles in Babylon for the loss of Jerusalem
3070:, itself based mainly on biblical texts. (Alternative dates are possible.)
3051:
2994:
2958:
when the former Kingdom of Judah had become the Persian province of Yehud.
2915:
2744:
2602:
2520:
2346:
2187:
2182:
2140:
2093:
1187:
1054:
1039:
998:
963:
576:
418:
207:
166:
45:
3834:""We All Returned as One!": Critical Notes on the Myth of the Mass Return"
4091:
Rainer Albertz, Bob Becking, "Yahwism after the Exile" (Van Gorcum, 2003)
3280:, biblical account of the return to Judah by some of the exiled Judahites
2505:
2447:
2112:
1018:
1013:
1008:
978:
96:
3605:, ed. by Achtemeier, etc., Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1985, p. 103
3379:
than the brief reference to the first capture of Jerusalem (597) in the
2910:
39–43 (which saw the exile as a lost opportunity); the final section of
30:
This article is about the period in Jewish history. For other uses, see
4773:
4326:
3222:
3120:
2947:
2857:
2755:
the Prince (so-called because he was a descendant of the royal line of
2752:
2699:
2647:
of Babylon. Some of the young nobility of Judah were taken to Babylon.
2640:
2163:
1177:
1106:
1064:
893:
873:
432:
339:
259:
4060:
3186:
Many Jews flee to Egypt and a possible fourth deportation to Babylon.
2625:, the king of Judah, was killed in a battle with the Egyptians at the
4566:
4470:
4207:"LXXV. Fall of the Kingdom of Juda. — The Babylonian Captivity"
4121:
Lipschitz, Oded, "The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem" (Eisenbrauns, 2005)
3566:
3283:
3100:
2694:, putting an end to the independent Kingdom of Judah (Because of the
2326:
2311:
1401:
1349:
1111:
1059:
1049:
730:
726:
716:
631:
391:
127:
119:
84:
4022:
Israel in exile: the history and literature of the sixth century BCE
3939:
Israel in exile: the history and literature of the sixth century BCE
1079:
4726:
4586:
3546:
3419:
3177:
3137:
3012:
scholars, the Torah was redacted during this time, and began to be
2997:
2931:
2837:
2762:
2720:
2679:
2672:
2656:
2636:
2495:
2105:
2037:
868:
376:
327:
135:
131:
3671:(1961 ed.). Edinburgh and London: Thomas Nelson. p. 84.
2663:(March 16) 597 BCE, and Nebuchadnezzar pillaged Jerusalem and its
4581:
4576:
4218:
3920:"Ancient tablets reveal life of Jews in Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon"
3783:
Judah in the Neo-Babylonian Period: The Archaeology of Desolation
3001:
2911:
2807:
2799:
2668:
2633:
2606:
2471:
2437:
2306:
2100:
1089:
1084:
956:
847:
742:
738:
734:
483:
478:
455:
437:
312:
307:
297:
275:
250:
189:
188:, and ultimately had a far-reaching impact on the development of
76:
57:
2946:
arose from the Babylonian captivity. The final redaction of the
4683:
4591:
4571:
4162:
4138:
The Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible
3562:
3383:, historians have only the biblical sources with which to work.
3088:
2975:
2853:
2841:
2683:
2622:
2131:
2126:
2086:
2071:
1182:
1074:
494:
460:
446:
381:
53:
3735:"Babylonian Ration List: King Jehoiakhin in Exile, 592/1 BCE"
3538:
3005:
2950:
took place in the Persian period following the exile,and the
2756:
2728:
2686:. Nebuchadnezzar returned, defeated the Egyptians, and again
1094:
523:
427:
396:
198:
2884:, the former Kingdom of Judah became the province of Judah (
3812:"A sociological analysis of Israelites in Babylonian exile"
3523:
3263:, sometimes called the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy"
3024:
2732:
2724:
2660:
246:
185:
49:
3424:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. pp. 7–11, 30, 226.
3474:
The Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible
3066:
The following table is based on Rainer Albertz's work on
2954:, one of its main sources, is primarily a product of the
2715:
of the destruction of Jerusalem under the Babylonian rule
91:. The deportations occurred in multiple waves: After the
4203:
3583:"Second Temple Period (538 BCE. to 70 CE) Persian Rule"
3004:, followed by the emergence of the central role of the
2621:
in Syria, but Babylon counter-attacked. In the process
3741:. The Center for Online Judaic Studies. Archived from
95:
in 597 BCE, around 7,000 individuals were deported to
2914:(which portrays it as the temporary end of history);
2894:
family over four generations, all with Hebrew names.
202:(dispersal), which persisted until modern times. The
3627:
3237:
3039:", unless this is considered to have begun with the
2110:
2091:
514:
4068:
Border map, CET – Center For Educational technology
134:, his court, and many others; Jeconiah's successor
27:
Period in Jewish history during the 6th century BCE
2978:in a similar way to the presentation of Israelite
2961:
2617:, seized control of Assyrian territory up to the
229:
4806:
3476:Pub. by Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. (2006)
3395:Dunn, James G.; Rogerston, John William (2003).
2793:
2763:Archaeological and other extra-biblical evidence
3943:Society for Biblical Literature, 2003, pp. 4–38
3818:: 380–388 – via Sabinet African Journals.
3359:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 357–58.
2970:Depiction of Jews mourning the exile in Babylon
3836:. In Lipschitz, Oded; Oeming, Manfred (eds.).
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
2986:was adopted during this period, replacing the
2643:in 605 BCE, Jehoiakim began paying tribute to
138:and others were exiled when Nebuchadnezzar II
4234:
3786:. Society of Biblical Lit. pp. 140–143.
3394:
2659:) at the age of eighteen. The city fell on 2
2562:
3859:
3857:
3420:Jonathan Stökl, Caroline Waerzegger (2015).
3353:Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011).
3035:; thus, it also marks the beginning of the "
2719:The first governor appointed by Babylon was
3840:. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. p. 8.
3838:Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period
3608:
3520:(Westminster John Knox Press, 1993), p. 23.
3399:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 545.
2769:
806:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
4241:
4227:
3957:. In Sarah Shectman, Joel S. Baden (ed.).
3827:
3825:
3577:
3575:
3352:
2569:
2555:
3854:
3438:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). p. 27.
3340:A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament
4212:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture
3961:. Theologischer Verlag. pp. 32–33.
3809:
3770:Jerusalem: CARTA Jerusalem, 2008, p. 70.
3422:Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context
2965:
2704:
2580:
36:
4061:CET – Center For Educational technology
3831:
3822:
3572:
3489:, Continuum International, 1996, p. x.
3315:Historical dictionary of ancient Israel
3180:, the Babylonian-appointed governor of
2993:This period saw the last high point of
14:
4807:
3982:A Concise History of the Jewish People
3863:
3732:
3661:
3337:
3312:
2863:
2831:
4222:
3917:
3805:
3803:
3779:
3755:Ya'u-kīnu, king of the land of Yahudu
3518:Jeremiah: An Archaeological Companion
3457:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
2814:
2802:from this period, referred to as the
147:the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire
32:Babylonian captivity (disambiguation)
4385:Timeline of the Second Temple period
3995:"Secrets of Noah's Ark – Transcript"
3987:
3952:
3460:"When Iran Welcomed Jewish Refugees"
3213:allows Jews to return to Jerusalem.
3202:Persians conquer Babylon (October).
2901:
2696:missing years in the Jewish calendar
140:destroyed Jerusalem in his 18th year
99:. Further deportations followed the
3227:Foundations of Second Temple laid.
3221:Return by many Jews to Yehud under
3169:Third deportation July/August 587.
2930:, the "Story of the Three Youths" (
2783:tribute brought it back to Babylon.
110:In the biblical account, after the
24:
4269:Jewish history in Israel/Palestine
4248:
4050:
4029:page 77 with another list of dates
3800:
3668:Documents from Old Testament Times
3342:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3297:
3129:Second deportation, 16 March 597.
3014:regarded as the authoritative text
3008:in Jewish life. According to many
2593:. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin
25:
4886:
4155:
4140:. (Oxford University Press, 2020)
3766:Translation from Aḥituv, Shmuel.
3458:Dekel, Mikhal (19 October 2019).
2702:(423 BCE) or 3358 AM (403 BCE)).
2613:, fearing the sudden rise of the
2597:In the late 7th century BCE, the
597:Historical population comparisons
4204:Friedrich Justus Knecht (1910).
4161:
3870:. T & T Clark. p. 355.
3397:Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
3240:
1241:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1155:Historical population by country
157:in 539 BCE, exiled Judeans were
114:in 605 BCE, the Babylonian king
4599:Talmudic academies in Babylonia
4357:Judah's revolts against Babylon
4035:
4013:
3975:
3946:
3930:
3918:Baker, Luke (3 February 2017).
3911:
3893:
3884:
3773:
3760:
3726:
3685:
3655:
3596:
3556:
3532:
3510:
3499:
3479:
180:in the new Persian province of
75:during which a large number of
4820:Ancient Jewish Persian history
4196:New International Encyclopedia
3466:
3451:
3442:
3428:
3413:
3388:
3346:
3331:
2962:Significance in Jewish history
2653:three-month siege of Jerusalem
230:Biblical accounts of the exile
13:
1:
3290:
3061:
2794:Second campaign (589–587 BCE)
2587:
812:Christianity and Judaism
174:
145:The Bible recounts how after
4679:Expulsion of Jews from Spain
3313:Lemche, Niels Peter (2004).
3152:Anti-Babylonian conspiracy.
2877:rather than a single event.
2788:Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets
165:. According to the biblical
7:
3810:Farisani, Elelwani (2004).
3233:
3225:and Joshua the High Priest.
3161:Siege and fall of Jerusalem
3125:Siege and fall of Jerusalem
2934:3:1–5:6), and the books of
2639:army by the Babylonians at
2627:Battle of Megiddo (609 BCE)
2111:
2092:
1819:Latin America and Caribbean
515:
83:were forcibly relocated to
42:The Flight of the Prisoners
10:
4891:
3864:Grabbe, Lester L. (2004).
3220:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3176:
3159:
3151:
3136:
3118:
3098:
3086:
2874:Professor Lester L. Grabbe
2424:Jewish political movements
2121:Conversion to Judaism
29:
4850:Jewish Babylonian history
4784:
4704:
4617:
4540:
4488:
4423:
4375:
4317:
4256:
3603:Harper's Bible Dictionary
827:Hinduism and Judaism
159:permitted by the Persians
124:another siege of the city
4609:Revolt against Heraclius
4337:Ancient Israel and Judah
4319:Ancient Israel and Judah
3338:Coogan, Michael (2009).
2770:First campaign (597 BCE)
653:Temple in Jerusalem
346:Bar and bat mitzvah
101:destruction of Jerusalem
4294:Expulsions and exoduses
4181:Encyclopædia Britannica
3780:Faust, Avraham (2012).
615:Twelve Tribes of Israel
4645:Invasion of Banu Nadir
4446:First Jewish-Roman War
4184:(11th ed.). 1911.
3705:2Chronicles 36:9–36:10
3641:. Simon and Schuster.
3140:made king of Judah by
2971:
2785:
2716:
2709:Illustration from the
2594:
169:, construction of the
60:
4696:Medieval antisemitism
4635:Siege of Banu Qaynuqa
4630:Siege of Banu Qurayza
4604:Revolt against Gallus
4390:Second Temple Judaism
4001:. PBS. 7 October 2015
3953:Blum, Erhard (1998).
3832:Becking, Bob (2006).
3768:Echoes from the Past.
3633:Silberman, Neil Asher
3545:, avodah zara p. 9a.
3436:Encyclopaedia Judaica
2988:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet
2969:
2780:
2776:Babylonian Chronicles
2708:
2675:, or rightful ruler.
2615:Neo-Babylonian empire
2584:
1361:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1356:Republic of the Congo
750:Second Temple Judaism
621:Kingdom of Judah
592:Modern historiography
89:Neo-Babylonian Empire
40:
4870:Mesopotamian Hebrews
4855:Jewish Iraqi history
4815:Babylonian captivity
4657:Sephardic Golden Age
4451:Battle of Beth Horon
4377:Second Temple period
4362:Babylonian captivity
4191:Babylonish Captivity
4176:Babylonian Captivity
4170:at Wikimedia Commons
4168:Babylonian captivity
3816:Old Testament Essays
3663:Thomas, David Winton
3381:Babylonian Chronicle
3123:(reigned 3 months).
2944:Book of Lamentations
2678:Despite warnings by
2632:After the defeat of
2463:World Agudath Israel
1604:United Arab Emirates
691:Second Temple period
681:Babylonian captivity
224:emmigrated to Israel
112:Battle of Carchemish
65:Babylonian captivity
4830:Books of Chronicles
4395:Hellenistic Judaism
4304:Political movements
3709:Jeremiah 22:24–22:6
3629:Finkelstein, Israel
3184:, is assassinated.
3048:Rabbinic literature
3010:historical-critical
2864:Persian restoration
2844:. Biblical scholar
2832:Conditions in exile
2712:Nuremberg Chronicle
756:Hellenistic Judaism
334:Land of Israel
293:Principles of faith
173:in Jerusalem began
48:; the exile of the
4845:Expulsions of Jews
4352:Assyrian Captivity
4332:Origins of Judaism
4274:Population history
3907:. 3 February 2015.
3485:Dan Cohn-Sherbok,
3472:Geoffrey Wigoder,
3256:Assyrian captivity
3041:Assyrian captivity
2972:
2956:post-exilic period
2928:Bel and the Dragon
2846:Niels Peter Lemche
2815:Aftermath in Judah
2717:
2688:besieged Jerusalem
2595:
2317:Jewish Koine Greek
1859:Dominican Republic
1140:Judaism by country
819:Jews and Christmas
674:Assyrian captivity
93:siege of Jerusalem
71:was the period in
61:
4802:
4801:
4794:WP:Jewish history
4652:Under Muslim rule
4640:Battle of Khaybar
4555:Synagogal Judaism
4536:
4535:
4478:Bar Kokhba revolt
4441:Jewish-Roman Wars
4405:Hasmonean kingdom
4347:Kingdom of Israel
4166:Media related to
3847:978-1-57506-104-7
3793:978-1-58983-641-9
3648:978-0-684-86912-4
3565:to Ezekiel 24:1,
3406:978-0-8028-3711-0
3324:978-0-8108-4848-1
3267:Al-Yahudu Tablets
3231:
3230:
3142:Nebuchadnezzar II
3018:Yehezkel Kaufmann
3000:in the person of
2902:Exilic literature
2840:near the city of
2743:According to the
2645:Nebuchadnezzar II
2579:
2578:
2528:
2527:
2276:
2275:
2023:Reconstructionist
1967:
1966:
1119:
1118:
926:
925:
763:Jewish–Roman wars
711:Hasmonean dynasty
627:Kingdom of Israel
531:
530:
151:Achaemenid Empire
130:of his successor
116:Nebuchadnezzar II
79:from the ancient
16:(Redirected from
4882:
4875:Forced migration
4860:Kingdom of Judah
4840:Book of Jeremiah
4790:
4626:Mohammedan Wars
4550:Rabbinic Judaism
4503:Byzantine Empire
4456:Galilee campaign
4436:Judean Civil War
4431:Maccabean Revolt
4424:Wars and revolts
4421:
4420:
4410:Herodian kingdom
4367:Babylonian Yehud
4342:Kingdom of Judah
4279:Military history
4243:
4236:
4229:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4200:
4185:
4165:
4077:Peter R. Ackroyd
4044:
4039:
4033:
4019:Rainer Albertz,
4017:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3950:
3944:
3936:Rainer Albertz,
3934:
3928:
3927:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3861:
3852:
3851:
3829:
3820:
3819:
3807:
3798:
3797:
3777:
3771:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3750:
3730:
3724:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3625:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3579:
3570:
3560:
3554:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3516:Philip J. King,
3514:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3487:The Hebrew Bible
3483:
3477:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3373:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3310:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3165:Solomon's Temple
3073:
3072:
2980:slavery in Egypt
2908:Book of Jeremiah
2599:Kingdom of Judah
2592:
2589:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2420:
2419:
2301:
2122:
2116:
2097:
2061:
2060:
2008:
1955:New Zealand
1907:
1870:El Salvador
1860:
1792:Northern America
1784:
1378:
1134:
1133:
1045:Crimean Karaites
941:
940:
919:
917:
838:
836:
828:
822:
813:
801:Rabbinic Judaism
782:
776:
770:
758:
746:
712:
705:Maccabean Revolt
682:
675:
669:
661:
654:
648:
640:
622:
546:
545:
520:
415:
414:
347:
335:
234:
233:
179:
176:
105:Solomon's Temple
81:Kingdom of Judah
69:Babylonian exile
21:
18:Babylonian exile
4890:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4788:
4780:
4769:Israeli history
4712:Jewish question
4700:
4613:
4542:Rabbinic period
4532:
4484:
4466:Diaspora revolt
4461:Siege of Masada
4419:
4371:
4313:
4284:Genetic history
4252:
4247:
4188:
4173:
4158:
4053:
4051:Further reading
4048:
4047:
4040:
4036:
4018:
4014:
4004:
4002:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3980:
3976:
3969:
3951:
3947:
3935:
3931:
3916:
3912:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3830:
3823:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3778:
3774:
3765:
3761:
3748:
3746:
3745:on 16 June 2013
3731:
3727:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3626:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3588:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3573:
3561:
3557:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3500:
3484:
3480:
3471:
3467:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3393:
3389:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3351:
3347:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3311:
3298:
3293:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3226:
3211:Decree of Cyrus
3185:
3168:
3128:
3068:Israel in exile
3064:
3037:Jewish diaspora
2984:Hebrew alphabet
2964:
2952:Priestly source
2904:
2880:As part of the
2866:
2834:
2817:
2804:Lachish letters
2796:
2772:
2765:
2749:Cyrus the Great
2738:Jewish Diaspora
2619:Euphrates river
2590:
2575:
2530:
2529:
2417:
2407:
2406:
2397:Judeo-Malayalam
2377:Judaeo-Georgian
2297:
2288:
2278:
2277:
2178:Yiddish theatre
2120:
2058:
2048:
2047:
2006:
1979:
1969:
1968:
1905:
1858:
1782:
1376:
1160:Genetic studies
1131:
1121:
1120:
938:
928:
927:
915:
914:
834:
833:
826:
816:
811:
793:and Middle Ages
791:Rabbinic period
778:
772:
765:
753:
724:
710:
680:
673:
664:
656:
652:
643:
638:in Judaism
635:
620:
543:
533:
532:
412:
402:
401:
345:
333:
278:
232:
220:Mountain Jewish
216:Bukharan Jewish
212:Georgian Jewish
177:
163:return to Judah
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4888:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4835:Books of Kings
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4732:Reform Judaism
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4691:Ottoman Empire
4688:
4687:
4686:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4623:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4569:
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4559:
4558:
4557:
4546:
4544:
4538:
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4534:
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4531:
4530:
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4510:
4505:
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4494:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
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4480:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4400:Yehud Medinata
4397:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
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4291:
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4281:
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4264:Historiography
4260:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4250:Jewish history
4246:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4201:
4186:
4171:
4157:
4156:External links
4154:
4153:
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4142:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4074:
4069:
4066:Yehud Medinata
4063:
4057:Yehud Medinata
4052:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4012:
3986:
3974:
3967:
3945:
3941:(page 15 link)
3929:
3910:
3892:
3883:
3877:978-0567089984
3876:
3853:
3846:
3821:
3799:
3792:
3772:
3759:
3725:
3684:
3677:
3654:
3647:
3607:
3595:
3571:
3555:
3551:seder hadoroth
3531:
3522:
3509:
3498:
3478:
3465:
3450:
3441:
3427:
3412:
3405:
3387:
3366:978-0802862600
3365:
3345:
3330:
3323:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3281:
3278:Return to Zion
3275:
3273:Biblical Egypt
3270:
3264:
3261:Avignon Papacy
3258:
3252:
3251:
3248:Judaism portal
3235:
3232:
3229:
3228:
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3215:
3214:
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3203:
3200:
3196:
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3192:
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3182:Yehud Province
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3130:
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3077:
3063:
3060:
3033:Land of Israel
2963:
2960:
2903:
2900:
2887:Yehud Medinata
2882:Persian Empire
2870:Cyrus Cylinder
2865:
2862:
2833:
2830:
2823:Archaeologist
2816:
2813:
2795:
2792:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2747:, the Persian
2591: 580 BCE
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2545:
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2458:Territorialism
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2342:Judaeo-Spanish
2339:
2337:Judaeo-Iranian
2334:
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2160:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1783:United Kingdom
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1216:Bilad-el-Sudan
1213:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1169:Land of Israel
1165:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1029:
1028:
1027:Related groups
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
960:
959:
954:
939:
934:
933:
930:
929:
924:
923:
922:
921:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
884:Jewish atheism
881:
876:
871:
863:
862:
858:
857:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:Islamic–Jewish
830:
823:
808:
803:
795:
794:
787:
786:
785:
784:
760:
747:
719:
714:
707:
702:
700:Yehud Medinata
694:
693:
687:
686:
685:
684:
677:
670:
662:
649:
641:
629:
624:
617:
609:
608:
606:Ancient Israel
602:
601:
600:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
562:Land of Israel
559:
551:
550:
544:
539:
538:
535:
534:
529:
528:
527:
526:
521:
517:Shulchan Aruch
512:
507:
502:
497:
489:
488:
487:
486:
481:
473:
472:
466:
465:
464:
463:
458:
450:
449:
443:
442:
441:
440:
435:
430:
422:
421:
413:
408:
407:
404:
403:
400:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
342:
337:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
295:
290:
283:God in Judaism
279:
274:
273:
270:
269:
268:
267:
262:
254:
253:
243:
242:
231:
228:
208:Persian Jewish
182:Yehud Medinata
178: 537 BCE
155:Battle of Opis
73:Jewish history
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4887:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4865:Second Temple
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4795:
4792:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4757:The Holocaust
4755:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4747:United States
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4727:Enlightenment
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4244:
4239:
4237:
4232:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4043:
4042:2 Kings 25:27
4038:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4016:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3983:
3978:
3970:
3968:9783290175368
3964:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3887:
3879:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3860:
3858:
3849:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3826:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3804:
3795:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3776:
3769:
3763:
3756:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3721:Ezekiel 17:12
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3680:
3678:9780061300851
3674:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3650:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3604:
3599:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3526:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3506:2Kings 24:6–8
3502:
3496:
3495:0-304-33703-X
3492:
3488:
3482:
3475:
3469:
3461:
3454:
3445:
3437:
3431:
3423:
3416:
3408:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3382:
3368:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3334:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3238:
3224:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3189:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3029:Tribe of Levi
3026:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2968:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2826:
2825:Avraham Faust
2821:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2767:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2583:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2382:Judeo-Aramaic
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:Judeo-Italian
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:Denominations
1973:
1972:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1805:United States
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1291:Guinea-Bissau
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1145:Lists of Jews
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1066:
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904:The Holocaust
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505:Mishneh Torah
503:
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265:Who is a Jew?
263:
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248:
245:
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240:
236:
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227:
225:
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193:
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187:
186:Jewish people
183:
172:
171:Second Temple
168:
164:
160:
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143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
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108:
107:in 587 BCE.
106:
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98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
4752:World War II
4742:Soviet Union
4722:Emancipation
4717:Disabilities
4498:Roman Empire
4415:Roman Judaea
4361:
4214:. B. Herder.
4211:
4194:
4179:
4137:
4037:
4021:
4015:
4003:. Retrieved
3998:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3958:
3948:
3938:
3932:
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3913:
3904:
3895:
3886:
3866:
3837:
3815:
3782:
3775:
3767:
3762:
3754:
3747:. Retrieved
3743:the original
3738:
3733:COJS staff.
3728:
3693:2Kings 24:12
3687:
3667:
3657:
3639:
3636:
3602:
3598:
3587:. Retrieved
3558:
3543:Talmud Bavli
3534:
3525:
3517:
3512:
3501:
3486:
3481:
3473:
3468:
3453:
3444:
3435:
3430:
3421:
3415:
3396:
3390:
3377:
3370:. Retrieved
3355:
3348:
3339:
3333:
3314:
3218:520–515 BCE
3144:of Babylon.
3096:609–598 BCE
3067:
3065:
3045:
3022:
2992:
2973:
2916:2 Chronicles
2905:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2879:
2867:
2850:
2835:
2822:
2818:
2797:
2786:
2781:
2773:
2766:
2745:book of Ezra
2742:
2718:
2710:
2677:
2649:
2631:
2603:client state
2596:
2521:Post-Zionism
2392:Judeo-Berber
2387:Judeo-Arabic
2347:Judeo-Gascon
2094:Pidyon haben
2013:Conservative
1559:Saudi Arabia
1377:South Africa
1366:Sierra Leone
1188:Israeli Jews
1102:Mosaic Arabs
1055:Kaifeng Jews
916:Arab–Israeli
889:Emancipation
768:Great Revolt
679:
577:Anti-Judaism
572:Antisemitism
567:Name "Judea"
362:Baal teshuva
204:Iraqi Jewish
197:
194:
167:Book of Ezra
144:
109:
68:
64:
62:
46:James Tissot
41:
4619:Middle Ages
4528:Mesopotamia
3717:52:31–52:34
3701:25:27–25:30
3697:24:15–24:16
3585:. Biu.ac.il
3167:destroyed.
3103:(succeeded
2516:Revisionist
2506:Neo-Zionism
2113:Zeved habat
1906:Puerto Rico
1732:Netherlands
1564:South Korea
1549:Philippines
1429:Afghanistan
1296:Ivory Coast
1070:Crypto-Jews
1035:Bnei Anusim
1014:Bene Israel
979:Beta Israel
936:Communities
843:Middle Ages
582:Persecution
357:Bereavement
97:Mesopotamia
4809:Categories
4774:New Yishuv
4762:Resistance
4327:Israelites
3589:2014-03-15
3291:References
3223:Zerubbabel
3121:Jehoiachin
3116:598/7 BCE
3062:Chronology
2948:Pentateuch
2753:Zerubbabel
2641:Carchemish
2501:Maximalism
2453:Secularism
2433:Autonomism
2250:Literature
2043:Humanistic
1647:Azerbaijan
1609:Uzbekistan
1584:Tajikistan
1504:Kyrgyzstan
1489:Kazakhstan
1336:Mozambique
1311:Madagascar
1231:Cape Verde
1183:New Yishuv
1178:Old Yishuv
1129:Population
1107:Subbotniks
1065:Samaritans
1004:Romanyotim
947:Ashkenazim
894:Old Yishuv
874:Sabbateans
861:Modern era
853:Golden Age
780:Bar Kokhba
500:Beit Yosef
367:Philosophy
218:, and the
44:(1896) by
4825:Babylonia
4669:Byzantium
4567:Sanhedrin
4471:Kitos War
4289:Languages
4257:Overviews
4025:, p.xxi.
3749:23 August
3567:abarbanel
3553:year 3338
3284:Psalm 137
3119:Reign of
3101:Jehoiakim
3099:Reign of
3087:Death of
2511:Religious
2367:Zarphatic
2357:Bukharian
2327:Judeo-Tat
2312:Yeshivish
2286:Languages
2241:Sephardic
2231:Israelite
2221:Ethiopian
2211:Ashkenazi
2150:Religious
1940:Australia
1922:Venezuela
1828:Argentina
1810:Greenland
1722:Lithuania
1574:Sri Lanka
1569:Singapore
1494:Kurdistan
1459:Indonesia
1449:Hong Kong
1402:Abayudaya
1326:Mauritius
1060:Igbo Jews
1050:Krymchaks
969:Sephardim
837:relations
731:Sadducees
727:Pharisees
717:Sanhedrin
632:Jerusalem
392:Synagogue
260:Etymology
128:Babylonia
120:Jehoiakim
85:Babylonia
4789:See also
4674:Crusades
4662:Kairouan
4587:Savoraim
4513:Carthage
4490:Diaspora
4309:Timeline
3905:Ynetnews
3739:COJS.org
3665:(1958).
3635:(2001).
3547:Josephus
3234:See also
3207:538 BCE
3199:539 BCE
3191:562 BCE
3178:Gedaliah
3174:583 BCE
3157:587 BCE
3149:594 BCE
3138:Zedekiah
3134:597 BCE
3105:Jehoahaz
3084:609 BCE
2998:prophecy
2995:biblical
2932:1 Esdras
2838:Tel-Abib
2721:Gedaliah
2680:Jeremiah
2673:Exilarch
2657:Jeconiah
2607:Assyrian
2538:Category
2496:Kahanism
2443:Feminism
2415:Politics
2299:Biblical
2269:American
2216:Bukharan
2206:American
2106:Shidduch
2082:Clothing
2038:Haymanot
1984:Orthodox
1912:Suriname
1895:Paraguay
1848:Colombia
1747:Portugal
1657:Bulgaria
1594:Thailand
1544:Pakistan
1524:Mongolia
1519:Malaysia
1439:Cambodia
1413:Zimbabwe
1388:Tanzania
1266:Eswatini
1256:Ethiopia
1246:Djibouti
1226:Cameroon
1221:Botswana
1150:Diaspora
1112:Noahides
1085:Marranos
1009:Cochinim
994:Bukharim
984:Gruzinim
974:Teimanim
964:Mizrahim
952:Galician
918:conflict
879:Hasidism
869:Haskalah
774:Diaspora
645:timeline
557:Timeline
470:Rabbinic
377:Kabbalah
352:Marriage
328:Tzedakah
318:Holidays
276:Religion
239:a series
237:Part of
136:Zedekiah
132:Jeconiah
4737:Zionism
4582:Amoraim
4577:Tannaim
4299:Schisms
4199:. 1905.
3924:Reuters
3372:11 June
3054:", or "
3002:Ezekiel
2924:Susanna
2912:2 Kings
2808:Lachish
2800:ostraca
2669:Ezekiel
2637:Necho's
2634:Pharaoh
2605:of the
2481:General
2472:Zionism
2448:Leftism
2438:Bundism
2362:Knaanic
2322:Yevanic
2307:Yiddish
2264:Yiddish
2259:Israeli
2236:Mizrahi
2226:Israeli
2197:Cuisine
2173:Ancient
2155:Secular
2101:Kashrut
2077:Wedding
2064:Customs
2056:Culture
2033:Science
2028:Renewal
2018:Karaite
1999:Hasidic
1931:Oceania
1917:Uruguay
1885:Jamaica
1865:Ecuador
1833:Bolivia
1777:Ukraine
1752:Romania
1727:Moldova
1707:Hungary
1697:Germany
1692:Georgia
1682:Finland
1677:Estonia
1672:Denmark
1667:Czechia
1652:Belarus
1642:Austria
1637:Armenia
1614:Vietnam
1529:Myanmar
1514:Lebanon
1434:Bahrain
1393:Tunisia
1371:Somalia
1346:Nigeria
1341:Namibia
1331:Morocco
1261:Eritrea
1206:Algeria
1090:Neofiti
999:Italkim
989:Juhurim
899:Zionism
848:Khazars
743:Sicarii
739:Zealots
735:Essenes
722:Schisms
587:Leaders
549:General
541:History
484:Tosefta
479:Midrash
456:Mishnah
438:Ketuvim
433:Nevi'im
382:Customs
313:Shabbat
308:Halakha
300: (
298:Mitzvot
285: (
251:Judaism
190:Judaism
153:at the
149:to the
87:by the
77:Judeans
58:Babylon
4705:Modern
4684:Anusim
4592:Geonim
4572:Chazal
4523:Persia
4508:Greece
4005:27 May
3965:
3874:
3844:
3790:
3675:
3645:
3569:et al.
3563:malbim
3493:
3403:
3363:
3321:
3109:Daniel
3089:Josiah
3079:Event
2976:Yahweh
2942:. The
2940:Judith
2920:Daniel
2854:Psalms
2842:Nippur
2684:Hophra
2665:Temple
2623:Josiah
2601:was a
2543:Portal
2402:Domari
2332:Shassi
2293:Hebrew
2188:Humour
2132:Hiloni
2127:Aliyah
2087:Niddah
2072:Minyan
2007:Reform
1994:Haredi
1989:Modern
1890:Mexico
1875:Guyana
1838:Brazil
1800:Canada
1772:Sweden
1762:Serbia
1757:Russia
1742:Poland
1737:Norway
1717:Latvia
1702:Greece
1687:France
1662:Cyprus
1628:Europe
1599:Turkey
1589:Taiwan
1499:Kuwait
1484:Jordan
1474:Israel
1408:Zambia
1398:Uganda
1316:Malawi
1286:Guinea
1276:Gambia
1211:Angola
1197:Africa
1080:Dönmeh
1075:Anusim
1019:Berber
957:Litvak
909:Israel
815:
752:
666:Second
634:
495:Targum
461:Gemara
447:Talmud
419:Tanakh
372:Ethics
323:Prayer
54:Canaan
4518:Egypt
4059:map,
3539:Rashi
3076:Year
3006:Torah
2936:Tobit
2922:1–6,
2757:David
2729:Ammon
2692:Yehud
2611:Egypt
2491:Labor
2486:Green
2183:Dance
2141:Music
1960:Palau
1880:Haiti
1843:Chile
1767:Spain
1712:Italy
1619:Yemen
1579:Syria
1554:Qatar
1534:Nepal
1479:Japan
1454:India
1444:China
1383:Sudan
1306:Libya
1301:Kenya
1281:Ghana
1271:Gabon
1251:Egypt
1236:Benin
1095:Xueta
1040:Lemba
659:First
524:Zohar
428:Torah
410:Texts
397:Rabbi
387:Rites
287:names
199:golah
52:from
4562:Nasi
4007:2019
3999:Nova
3963:ISBN
3872:ISBN
3842:ISBN
3788:ISBN
3751:2013
3713:29:2
3691:Cf.
3673:ISBN
3643:ISBN
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3374:2015
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3052:Rome
3025:Ezra
2938:and
2868:The
2856:and
2733:Edom
2731:and
2725:Moab
2661:Adar
1950:Guam
1945:Fiji
1900:Peru
1853:Cuba
1539:Oman
1509:Laos
1469:Iraq
1464:Iran
1421:Asia
1350:Igbo
1321:Mali
340:Brit
249:and
247:Jews
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