1379:. Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that retroviruses, including HIV, utilize to replicate themselves. Secondary testing was performed in mouse cells infected with the retroviruses Friend virus or Harvey sarcoma virus, as the Wellcome group did not have a viable in-house HIV antiviral assay in place at that time, and these other retroviruses were believed to represent reasonable surrogates. AZT proved to be a remarkably potent inhibitor of both Friend virus and Harvey sarcoma virus, and a search of the company's records showed that it had demonstrated low toxicity when tested for its antibacterial activity in rats many years earlier. Based in part on these results, AZT was selected by nucleoside chemist Janet Rideout as one of 11 compounds to send to the NCI for testing in that organization's HIV antiviral assay.
663:
640:
58:
1203:, but regardless of dosage AZT has an approximately 100-fold greater affinity for HIV's reverse transcriptase. The selectivity has been suggested to be due to the cell's ability to quickly repair its own DNA chain if it is disrupted by AZT during its formation, whereas the HIV virus lacks that ability. Thus AZT inhibits HIV replication without affecting the function of uninfected cells. At sufficiently high dosages, AZT begins to inhibit the cellular DNA polymerase used by
6033:
961:, where mother-to-child transmission was a significant problem. A number of studies were initiated in the late 1990s that sought to test the efficacy of a shorter, simpler regimen for use in 'resource-poor' countries. This AZT short course was an inferior standard of care and would have been considered malpractice if trialed in the US; however, it was nonetheless a treatment that would improve the care and survival of impoverished subjects.
49:
6073:
6061:
1017:(heartburn), headache, cosmetic reduction in abdominal body fat, trouble sleeping, and loss of appetite. Less common side effects include faint discoloration of fingernails and toenails, mood elevation, occasional tingling or transient numbness of the hands or feet, and minor skin discoloration. Allergic reactions are rare.
3264:"Mechanism of inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase and human DNA polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma by the 5'-triphosphates of carbovir, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, 2',3'-dideoxyguanosine and 3'-deoxythymidine. A novel RNA template for the evaluation of antiretroviral drugs"
1391:
counts, restored T cell immunity as measured by skin testing, and that it showed strong evidence of clinical effectiveness, such as inducing weight gain in AIDS patients. It also showed that levels of AZT that worked in vitro could be injected into patients in serum and suppository form, and that the
1424:
AZT was subsequently approved unanimously for infants and children in 1990. AZT was initially administered in significantly higher dosages than today, typically 400 mg every four hours, day and night, compared to modern dosage of 300 mg twice daily. The paucity of alternatives for treating
1460:
ruled in 1992 in favor of
Burroughs Wellcome, ruling that even though they had never tested it against HIV, they had conceived of it working before they sent it to the NCI scientists. This suit was appealed up to the Supreme Court of the US, but in 1996 the Court declined to formally review it. The
948:
development. Without AZT, 10–15% of fetuses with HIV-infected mothers will themselves become infected. AZT has been shown to reduce this risk to 8% when given in a three-part regimen post-conception, delivery, and six weeks post-delivery. Consistent and proactive precautionary measures, such as the
1451:
filed a lawsuit claiming that the patents were invalid. Subsequently, Barr
Laboratories and Novopharm Ltd. also challenged the patent, in part based on the assertion that NCI scientists Samuel Broder, Hiroaki Mitsuya, and Robert Yarchoan should have been named as inventors, and those two companies
956:
During 1994 to 1999, AZT was the primary form of prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission. AZT prophylaxis prevented more than 1000 parental and infant deaths from AIDS in the United States. In the U.S. at that time, the accepted standard of care for HIV-positive mothers was known as the 076
1386:
of AZT at the NCI was initiated at the NCI and Duke
University. In doing this Phase I trial, they built on their experience in doing an earlier trial, with suramin, another drug that had shown effective anti-HIV activity in the laboratory. This initial trial of AZT proved that the drug could be
1443:
Until 1991, 80% of the $ 420 million allocated to the
National Institute of Health's AIDS Clinical Trials Group, went toward studies of AZT. Aside from two similarly designed chemotherapies, ddI and ddC, from approval of the drug until 1993, no other drugs against AIDS were approved, leading to
1412:
of AZT was subsequently conducted by
Burroughs-Wellcome and suggested that AZT safely prolongs the lives of people with HIV. However, it was quickly unblinded and several more in the drug receiving group later perished. Burroughs-Wellcome filed for a patent for AZT in 1985. The Anti-Infective
1358:
that they had made, they developed an assay to screen drugs for their ability to protect CD4 T cells from being killed by HIV. In order to expedite the process of discovering a drug, the NCI researchers actively sought collaborations with pharmaceutical companies having access to libraries of
1228:
1154:
1116:
Even at the highest doses that can be tolerated in patients, AZT is not potent enough to prevent all HIV replication and may only slow the replication of the virus and progression of the disease. Prolonged AZT treatment can lead to HIV developing resistance to AZT by
3912:
Yarchoan R, Klecker RW, Weinhold KJ, Markham PD, Lyerly HK, Durack DT, Gelmann E, Lehrman SN, Blum RM, Barry DW (1986). "Administration of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, an inhibitor of HTLV-III/LAV replication, to patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex".
1421:) for use against HIV, AIDS, and AIDS Related Complex (ARC, a now-obsolete medical term for pre-AIDS illness) on March 20, 1987. The time between the first demonstration that AZT was active against HIV in the laboratory and its approval was 25 months.
2943:
Yarchoan R, Klecker R, Weinhold K, Markham P, Lyerly H, Durack D, Gelmann E, Lehrman S, Blum R, Barry D (1986). "Administration of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, an inhibitor of HTLV-III/LAV replication, to patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex".
1362:
In June 1984, Burroughs-Wellcome virologist Marty St. Clair set up a program to discover drugs with the potential to inhibit HIV replication. Burroughs-Wellcome had expertise in nucleoside analogs and viral diseases, led by researchers including
1099:
decreased the elimination rate and increased the therapeutic strength of the medication. Today, side effects are much less common with the use of lower doses of AZT. According to IARC, there is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the
3970:
Fischl MA, Richman DD, Grieco MH, Gottlieb MS, Volberding PA, Laskin OL, et al. (July 1987). "The efficacy of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial".
2434:
Antonello RM, Di Bella S, Betts J, La
Ragione R, Bressan R, Principe L, et al. (July 2021). "Zidovudine in synergistic combination with fosfomycin: an in vitro and in vivo evaluation against multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales".
2766:"State of California Environmental Protection Agency Office of Environmental Hazard Assessment Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 Chemicals Known to the State to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity July 29, 1011"
1275:
In parallel work, other compounds that successfully blocked the synthesis of nucleic acids had been proven to be both antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer agents, the leading work being done at the laboratory of Nobel laureates
1337:
In 1983, researchers at the
Institut Pasteur in Paris identified the retrovirus now known as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) as the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. Shortly thereafter,
957:
regimen and involved five daily doses of AZT from the second trimester onwards, as well as AZT intravenously administered during labour. As this treatment was lengthy and expensive, it was deemed unfeasible in the
2328:"Repurposing the anti-viral drug zidovudine (AZT) in combination with meropenem as an effective treatment for infections with multi-drug resistant, carbapenemase-producing strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae"
4705:
2827:"Changing patterns in the selection of viral mutations among patients receiving nucleoside and nucleotide drug combinations directed against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase"
732:
2765:
2883:"3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine (BW A509U): an antiviral agent that inhibits the infectivity and cytopathic effect of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus in vitro"
4110:
969:
Zidovudine also has antibacterial properties, though not routinely used in clinical settings. It acts on bacteria with a mechanism of action still not fully explained. Promising results from
953:, face masks, heavy-duty rubber gloves, clinically segregated disposable diapers, and avoidance of mouth contact will further reduce child-attendant transmission of HIV to as little as 1–2%.
928:. Together they work to substantially reduce the risk of HIV infection following the first single exposure to the virus. More recently, AZT has been replaced by other antiretrovirals such as
4679:
1192:
Cellular enzymes convert AZT into the effective 5'-triphosphate form. Studies have shown that the termination of HIV's forming DNA chains is the specific factor in the inhibitory effect.
4597:
1425:
HIV/AIDS at that time unambiguously affirmed the health risk/benefit ratio, with inevitable slow, disfiguring, and painful death from HIV outweighing the drug's side effect of transient
1329:
This report attracted little interest from other researchers as the Friend leukemia virus is a retrovirus, and at the time, there were no known human diseases caused by retroviruses.
1126:
1040:. All of these conditions were generally found to be reversible upon reduction of AZT dosages. They have been attributed to several possible causes, including transient depletion of
3036:"Reverse transcriptase inhibitors can selectively block the synthesis of differently sized viral DNA transcripts in cells acutely infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1"
4185:
2149:"Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group"
1444:
criticism that research preoccupation with AZT and its close relatives, and the massive diverting of funds to such, had delayed the development of more efficacious drugs.
4699:
1134:
6108:
4889:
1359:
compounds with potential antiviral activity. This assay could simultaneously test both the anti-HIV effect of the compounds and their toxicity against infected T cells.
4894:
3956:
1582:
4840:
1181:. Reverse transcription is necessary for production of HIV's double-stranded DNA, which would be subsequently integrated into the genetic material of the infected
4065:
3880:
6128:
4312:
3481:
1457:
3503:
1108:). In 2009, the State of California added zidovudine to its list of chemicals "known to the state of California to cause cancer and other reproductive harm."
5279:
207:
4006:
Brook I (September 1987). "Approval of zidovudine (AZT) for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A challenge to the medical and pharmaceutical communities".
908:
AZT was usually dosed twice a day in combination with other antiretroviral therapies. This approach is referred to as Highly Active
Antiretroviral Therapy (
4476:
3178:
Yarchoan R, Mitsuya H, Myers C, Broder S (1989). "Clinical pharmacology of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (zidovudine) and related dideoxynucleosides".
3085:"Phosphorylation of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and selective interaction of the 5'-triphosphate with human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase"
3330:"Intracellular metabolism of CycloSaligenyl 3'-azido-2', 3'-dideoxythymidine monophosphate, a prodrug of 3'-azido-2', 3'-dideoxythymidine (zidovudine)"
790:
2938:
2936:
4102:
870:
1935:"Updated U.S. Public Health Service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to HIV and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis"
912:) and is used to prevent the likelihood of HIV resistance. As of 2019, the standard is a three-drug once-daily oral treatment that can include AZT.
131:
4846:
4207:
2933:
5970:
4904:
4824:
4909:
1311:
2504:
Sun R, Eriksson S, Wang L (June 2010). "Identification and characterization of mitochondrial factors modulating thymidine kinase 2 activity".
4857:
4258:
80:
4879:
4863:
1611:
746:
3365:
5232:
5227:
1697:
2686:
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4177:
2482:
2031:"Haematological safety of perinatal zidovudine in pregnant HIV-1-infected women in Thailand: secondary analysis of a randomized trial"
4884:
1296:
2743:
2283:
Crane J (December 2010). "Adverse events and placebo effects: African scientists, HIV, and ethics in the 'global health sciences'".
5151:
3670:
5438:
2790:
Richman DD (May 1990). "Susceptibility to nucleoside analogues of zidovudine-resistant isolates of human immunodeficiency virus".
1993:
1020:
Early long-term higher-dose therapy with AZT was initially associated with side effects that sometimes limited therapy, including
5963:
4795:
4087:
1557:
2717:
1272:, that nearly all avian cancers were caused by bird retroviruses, but corresponding human retroviruses had not yet been found.
5250:
5141:
3771:
3312:
3150:
1658:
888:
3144:"Induction of Endogenous Virus and of Thymidline Kinase by Bromodeoxyuridine in Cell Cultures Transformed by Friend Virus"
774:
InChI=1S/C10H13N5O4/c1-5-3-15(10(18)12-9(5)17)8-2-6(13-14-11)7(4-16)19-8/h3,6-8,16H,2,4H2,1H3,(H,12,17,18)/t6-,7+,8+/m0/s1
6123:
5580:
5353:
4899:
4236:
3694:"Induction of endogenous virus and of thymidine kinase by bromodeoxyuridine in cell cultures transformed by Friend virus"
6103:
4914:
1418:
3887:
1125:. To slow the development of resistance, physicians generally recommend that AZT be given in combination with another
797:
148:
5977:
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4251:
1740:
1691:
1130:
766:
3510:
2117:
6133:
5984:
5267:
4924:
4808:
1382:
In
February 1985, the NCI scientists found that AZT had potent efficacy in vitro. Several months later, a phase 1
2147:
Connor E, Sperling R, Gelber R, Kiselev P, Scott G, O'Sullivan M, VanDyke R, Bey M, Shearer W, Jacobson R (1994).
6001:
5910:
4934:
4919:
4582:
4570:
367:
237:
112:
3660:
1243:. The primary intermolecular bonding motif is a hydrogen bonded dimeric ring formed from two N-HO interactions.
5956:
4814:
843:
17:
440:
5318:
1971:
1303:
3379:
Dyer I, Low JN, Tollin P, Wilson HR, Howie RA (April 1988). "Structure of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, AZT".
4244:
4203:
1414:
830:. It is generally recommended for use in combination with other antiretrovirals. It may be used to prevent
658:
491:
2029:
Briand N, Lallemant M, Jourdain G, Techapalokul S, Tunthanathip P, Suphanich S, et al. (April 2007).
5498:
5019:
3528:
3215:"Effect of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors on mitochondrial DNA synthesis in rats and humans"
1713:
1503:"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)"
619:
4199:
2090:
1558:"Retrovir – zidovudine capsule Retrovir – zidovudine solution Retrovir – zidovudine injection, solution"
940:
of HIV during pregnancy, labor, and delivery and has been proven to be integral to uninfected siblings'
6051:
4057:
2379:"Activity of Tigecycline or Colistin in Combination with Zidovudine against Escherichia coli Harboring
1890:
Phanuphak N, Gulick RM (January 2020). "HIV treatment and prevention 2019: current standards of care".
1471:
1310:. Development was shelved after it proved biologically inert in mice. In 1974, Wolfram Ostertag of the
4126:"Inventorship and ownership considerations and pitfalls with collaborative research: patent highlight"
1994:"Recommendations for Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant HIV-1-Infected Women for Maternal Health"
1264:
gained clinical support and funding. It had recently become known, due to the work of Nobel laureates
560:
6118:
6113:
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1784:
1756:
1502:
1417:(FDA) voted ten to one to recommend the approval of AZT. The FDA approved the drug (via the then-new
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1236:
921:
823:
126:
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2196:
Walensky RP, Paltiel AD, Losina E, Mercincavage LM, Schackman BR, Sax PE, et al. (July 2006).
635:
3618:
Horwitz JP, Chua J, Noel MJ (1964). "The monomesylates of 1-(2-deoxy-bd-lyxofuranosyl) thymines".
3083:
Furman PA, Fyfe JA, St Clair MH, Weinhold K, Rideout JL, Freeman GA, et al. (November 1986).
2881:
Mitsuya H, Weinhold KJ, Furman PA, St Clair MH, Lehrman SN, Gallo RC, et al. (October 1985).
580:
5443:
5255:
4851:
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1603:
887:. It was approved in the United States in 1987 and was the first treatment for HIV. It is on the
185:
70:
1968:"UK guideline for the use of post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV following sexual exposure (2011)"
303:
Complete absorption, following first-pass metabolism systemic availability 75% (range 52 to 75%)
5729:
5518:
5488:
4929:
3763:
3329:
3262:
Parker WB, White EL, Shaddix SC, Ross LJ, Buckheit RW, Germany JM, et al. (January 1991).
1049:
982:
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6006:
5433:
5126:
4939:
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4689:
4288:
2739:
2682:
1438:
1376:
1375:, Sandra Lehrman and others. Their research efforts were focused in part on the viral enzyme
1323:
1166:
1122:
937:
883:
Zidovudine was first described in 1964. It was resynthesized from a public-domain formula by
877:
839:
831:
431:
3755:
3328:
Balzarini J, Naesens L, Aquaro S, Knispel T, Perno C, De Clercq E, Meier C (December 1999).
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31:
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8:
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3692:
Ostertag W, Roesler G, Krieg CJ, Kind J, Cole T, Crozier T, et al. (December 1974).
1478:. The patent case was dismissed in 2003 and AHF filed a new case challenging the patent.
1277:
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2004:
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Common side effects include headaches, fever, and nausea. Serious side effects include
835:
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3119:
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2882:
2683:"ZIDOVUDINE (AZT) – ORAL (Retrovir) side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions"
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3600:
3571:"The development of antiretroviral therapy and its impact on the HIV-1/AIDS pandemic"
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2709:
2625:
2596:
Fisher JW (December 1997). "Erythropoietin: physiologic and pharmacologic aspects".
2533:
2312:
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GSK's patents on AZT expired in 2005, and in
September 2005, the FDA approved three
6036:
5861:
5749:
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3922:
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3723:
3713:
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3443:
3424:"Azidothymidine: crystal structure and possible functional role of the azido group"
3396:
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220:
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3143:
1812:
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2047:
2003:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. November 17, 2005. Archived from
1903:
1347:
1343:
1291:
Richard E. Beltz first synthesized AZT in 1961, but did not publish his research.
1269:
1212:
1080:
862:
318:
298:
5428:
5423:
5418:
3984:
3191:
2639:
Fisher JW (January 2003). "Erythropoietin: physiology and pharmacology update".
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57:
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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1208:
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producing isolates), especially in combination with other active agents (e.g.
990:
6087:
5920:
5841:
5508:
5503:
5408:
5027:
4777:
4612:
4498:
3957:"Did Controversial AZT Treatment Kill More Patients than AIDS in '80s, '90s?"
2344:
2327:
2296:
1934:
1372:
1355:
1354:(NCI) initiated a program to develop therapies for HIV/AIDS. Using a line of
1339:
1307:
1300:
1207:
to replicate, accounting for its potentially toxic but reversible effects on
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651:
265:
3808:
3718:
3448:
3109:
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2907:
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that HIV uses to make DNA and therefore decreases replication of the virus.
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5304:
5081:
5071:
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4412:
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4349:
4279:
4200:"HIV/AIDS History of Approvals – HIV/AIDS Historical Time Line 2000 – 2010"
4178:"Judge Denies Request To Dismiss Patent Challenge Vs. Glaxo's AZT – Law360"
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1911:
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571:
215:
40:
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1933:
Panlilio AL, Cardo DM, Grohskopf LA, Heneine W, Ross CS (September 2005).
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5101:
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4627:
4422:
4402:
4381:
4328:
4296:
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4041:
Cimons M (March 21, 1987). "U.S. Approves Sale of AZT to AIDS Patients".
2402:
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1371:, David Barry, Paul (Chip) McGuirt Jr., Philip Furman, Martha St. Clair,
1025:
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4607:
4556:
4551:
4539:
4523:
4513:
4493:
4455:
4365:
4353:
4345:
2354:
1261:
1101:
1088:
994:
925:
838:
or other potential exposure. It is sold both by itself and together as
708:
471:
4141:
2565:
2549:"Mechanisms of zidovudine-induced mitochondrial toxicity and myopathy"
2548:
1789:
World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list
1761:
World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list
1068:
of the muscle cells. Anemia due to AZT was successfully treated using
6018:
5802:
5782:
5739:
5734:
5714:
5709:
5650:
5620:
5600:
5553:
5538:
5523:
5222:
5202:
5197:
5167:
5096:
5076:
4965:
4722:
4637:
4622:
4545:
4518:
4508:
4503:
4450:
4427:
4340:
2091:"Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) | CIDRZ"
1532:"Retrovir 100mg Capsules – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
1463:
1162:
1065:
1061:
941:
866:
406:
352:
343:
84:
3529:"Toxic Hope: Widely Embraced, the AIDS Drug is now under Heavy Fire"
2988:
981:
studies showed the efficacy of AZT also against multidrug-resistant
5787:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5724:
5660:
5655:
5630:
5610:
5595:
5590:
5493:
5217:
4602:
2214:
2197:
2028:
1216:
1186:
1118:
1037:
998:
971:
945:
858:
827:
520:
451:
143:
1967:
1847:
Yarchoan R, Mitsuya H, Broder S (October 1988). "AIDS therapies".
1387:
safely administered to patients with HIV, that it increased their
731:
607:
5757:
5719:
5701:
5665:
5625:
5605:
5585:
5327:
5116:
4662:
4432:
2195:
1475:
1470:
In 2002, another lawsuit was filed challenging the patent by the
1405:
977:
936:
for both pre-exposure prophylaxis and post-exposure treatment of
3213:
Collins ML, Sondel N, Cesar D, Hellerstein MK (September 2004).
2598:
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
2433:
2377:
Zhou YF, Liu P, Dai SH, Sun J, Liu YH, Liao XP (December 2020).
5797:
5645:
5640:
5615:
5383:
5363:
5066:
5061:
2118:"Transmission of HIV from infants to women who breastfeed them"
1452:
applied to the FDA to sell AZT as a generic drug. In response,
1426:
1257:
1170:
1021:
874:
551:
348:
130:
3911:
2942:
2198:"The survival benefits of AIDS treatment in the United States"
1227:
4376:
3327:
3212:
2880:
2094:
1932:
1195:
At very high doses, AZT's triphosphate form may also inhibit
1142:
1077:
986:
924:(PEP) in combination with another antiretroviral drug called
909:
722:
531:
323:
48:
6072:
1153:
624:
5807:
4890:
Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
4335:
4323:
3969:
3421:
2146:
511:
4895:
Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil
3177:
3082:
932:
to provide PEP. Before tenofovir, a principal part of the
4360:
4275:
1783:
1755:
1510:
1388:
1178:
1174:
4841:
Darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
3691:
3141:
Induction of Endogenous Virus and of Thymidline Kinase.
1773:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
3749:
3747:
889:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
5296:
3261:
2278:
2276:
1735:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 179.
1458:
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
1104:
of zidovudine; it is possibly carcinogenic to humans (
6049:
3832:"Emerging concepts in the immunopathogenesis of AIDS"
3033:
2986:
2824:
1846:
1657:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
3744:
3034:
Quan Y, Rong L, Liang C, Wainberg MA (August 1999).
1284:, leading to the development of the antitumor agent
1165:
analogue. AZT works by selectively inhibiting HIV's
1129:
and an antiretroviral from another group, such as a
869:
and appears to be safe for the fetus. ZDV is of the
3378:
2546:
2325:
2273:
1495:
1456:Co. filed a lawsuit against the two companies. The
1318:, Germany, reported that AZT specifically targeted
1044:, sensitivity of the γ-DNA polymerase in some cell
1013:Most common side effects include nausea, vomiting,
439:
6109:Nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors
4123:
2326:DeSarno AE, Parcell BJ, Coote PJ (December 2020).
1392:drug penetrated deeply only into infected brains.
4088:"Zidovudine (AZT) | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide"
3829:
3787:Weiss RA (May 1993). "How does HIV cause AIDS?".
1295:of the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and
871:nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor
6085:
4847:Dolutegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
3482:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975"
2088:CIDRZ. Prevention of AIDS Transmission (PMTCT).
1395:
419:
5971:GlaxoSmithKline Services Unlimited v Commission
4905:Emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir alafenamide
4825:Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
3645:Detours V; Henry D (writers/directors) (2002).
3617:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3219:Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
2503:
1889:
1679:
394:
4910:Emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil
4396:(Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI))
4058:"HEALTH : AZT Approved for AIDS Children"
3881:"Clinical Center 50th Anniversary Celebration"
3422:Camerman A, Mastropaolo D, Camerman N (1987).
3302:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2825:Wainberg MA, Brenner BG, Turner D (May 2005).
1312:Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine
1231:A crystal of AZT, viewed under polarized light
1135:non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor
6129:World Health Organization essential medicines
5312:
4858:Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir alafenamide
4252:
4171:
4169:
2437:International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
2376:
1728:
1709:
1707:
1474:, which also filed an antitrust case against
1157:AZT in oral, injectable, and suppository form
4880:Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil
4864:Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil
4124:Armstrong M, Murphy Jr GM (April 26, 2012).
3649:(Film). ADR Productions/Good & Bad News.
3557:
2506:Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
2189:
2022:
1467:, was a landmark in US law of inventorship.
949:rigorous use of antiretroviral medications,
579:
147:
3638:
2867:
1649:
1464:Burroughs Wellcome Co. v. Barr Laboratories
964:
282:In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
5319:
5305:
4875:Doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil
4259:
4245:
4166:
4100:
3647:I am alive today (history of an AIDS drug)
3307:(3rd ed.). Pearson Professional Ltd.
3076:
1704:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1251:
661:
638:
479:
30:"AZT" redirects here. For other uses, see
4885:Efavirenz/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil
4149:
3855:
3727:
3717:
3611:
3594:
3457:
3447:
3279:
3230:
3118:
3108:
3059:
2916:
2906:
2850:
2740:"Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation"
2564:
2410:
2353:
2343:
2213:
2164:
2056:
2046:
1811:
1796:
1768:
1297:Wayne State University School of Medicine
1145:(Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy).
873:(NRTI) class. It works by inhibiting the
499:
5152:Zinc finger protein transcription factor
3878:NIH Clinical Center's 50th Anniversary.
3368:from the original on September 21, 2007.
2987:Mitsuya H, Yarchoan R, Broder S (1990).
1226:
1152:
5964:Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corp.
4188:from the original on November 17, 2016.
4113:from the original on November 17, 2016.
3753:
3653:
3156:from the original on September 24, 2015
2789:
2540:
1777:
1749:
1700:from the original on September 8, 2017.
1626:
634:
459:
103:
14:
6086:
4210:from the original on October 23, 2016.
4175:
4040:
4034:
3830:Douek DC, Roederer M, Koup RA (2009).
3568:
3496:
3474:
2720:from the original on December 26, 2011
2638:
2595:
2485:from the original on December 20, 2010
2236:
1686:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 505.
1661:from the original on December 21, 2016
1432:
1148:
652:
274:
246:
121:
5439:Recherche et Industrie Thérapeutiques
5300:
4240:
4076:– via From Times Wire Services.
4005:
3786:
3526:
2831:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
2391:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
2282:
1791:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1763:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1614:from the original on October 25, 2012
846:. It can be used by mouth or by slow
600:
559:
539:
259:
138:
89:
4232:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
3848:10.1146/annurev.med.60.041807.123549
3673:from the original on August 16, 2009
3661:"A Failure Led to Drug Against AIDS"
3303:Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM (1995).
2989:"Molecular targets for AIDS therapy"
2746:from the original on January 4, 2012
2547:Scruggs ER, Dirks Naylor AJ (2008).
2481:. Medicinenet.com. August 12, 2010.
1413:Advisory Committee to United States
1332:
1235:Enantiopure AZT crystallizes in the
606:
219:
5354:GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd
4900:Emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
3973:The New England Journal of Medicine
3268:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1256:In the 1960s, the theory that most
1141:; this type of therapy is known as
1111:
832:mother-to-child spread during birth
519:
410:
24:
4915:Emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil
3545:
3232:10.1097/01.qai.0000131585.77530.64
2689:from the original on June 30, 2005
2202:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
1974:from the original on April 8, 2014
1869:10.1038/scientificamerican1088-110
25:
6145:
5978:United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.
4218:
4101:Greenhouse L (January 17, 1996).
3504:"The Purine Path To Chemotherapy"
2641:Experimental Biology and Medicine
2449:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106362
2115:Transmission of HIV from infants
915:
170:
6071:
6059:
6032:
6031:
5985:United States v. GlaxoSmithKline
5288:. Formerly or rarely used agent.
4925:Lamivudine/nevirapine/zidovudine
4809:Abacavir/dolutegravir/lamivudine
4068:from the original on May 4, 2015
4055:AZT Approved for AIDS Children.
4020:10.1001/jama.1987.03400110099035
2792:The American Journal of Medicine
1608:PubChem Public Chemical Database
1299:synthesized AZT in 1964 under a
903:
692:
686:
56:
47:
6002:Drug Industry Documents Archive
5092:Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
4935:Lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil
4920:Lamivudine/nevirapine/stavudine
4192:
4130:ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters
4117:
4094:
4080:
4049:
3999:
3963:
3949:
3905:
3872:
3823:
3780:
3685:
3587:10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.002
3539:
3520:
3415:
3372:
3321:
3296:
3255:
3206:
3135:
3052:10.1128/JVI.73.8.6700-6707.1999
3027:
2980:
2843:10.1128/AAC.49.5.1671-1678.2005
2818:
2783:
2758:
2732:
2701:
2675:
2632:
2589:
2497:
2471:
2427:
2370:
2319:
2230:
2140:
2109:
2082:
2073:
1986:
1960:
1926:
1892:Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
1883:
1840:
1805:
1732:Entry Inhibitors in HIV Therapy
1680:Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006).
1419:FDA accelerated approval system
1199:used by human cells to undergo
1127:reverse-transcriptase inhibitor
1076:production. Drugs that inhibit
1008:
898:
779:Key:HBOMLICNUCNMMY-XLPZGREQSA-N
754:O=C1NC(C(C)=CN12O(CO)(N==)C2)=O
377:1--5-methylpyrimidine-2,4-dione
5957:Canada v. GlaxoSmithKline Inc.
4815:Abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine
2124:. July 1, 2012. Archived from
1729:Reeves JD, Derdeyn CA (2007).
1722:
1673:
1596:
1583:"Active substance: Zidovudine"
1575:
1550:
1524:
1173:that the virus uses to make a
844:abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine
698:
680:
13:
1:
3927:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92808-4
3281:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)52360-7
2958:10.1016/S0140-6736(86)92808-4
2251:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78436-1
1683:Analogue-based Drug Discovery
1488:
1396:Patent filed and FDA approval
1304:National Institutes of Health
1260:were caused by environmental
1056:, reduction of intracellular
4204:Food and Drug Administration
2804:10.1016/0002-9343(90)90414-9
2048:10.1371/journal.pctr.0020011
1904:10.1097/COH.0000000000000588
1826:10.1016/0006-2952(94)90001-9
1447:In 1991, the advocacy group
1415:Food and Drug Administration
1222:
938:mother-to-child transmission
375:3'-deoxy-3'-azido-thymidine
7:
4690:Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)
3985:10.1056/NEJM198707233170401
3192:10.1056/NEJM198909143211106
2707:Side Effects. NAM Aidsmap.
2166:10.1056/NEJM199411033311801
1714:Linda Marsa, 'Toxic Hope',
10:
6150:
6124:Drugs developed by GSK plc
4685:Tenofovir disoproxil (TDF)
3758:Drug Discovery – A History
2653:10.1177/153537020322800101
2610:10.3181/00379727-216-44183
1801:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
1472:AIDS Healthcare Foundation
1436:
1246:
826:used to prevent and treat
670:Chemical and physical data
29:
6104:IARC Group 2B carcinogens
6027:
5994:
5948:
5898:
5827:
5820:
5694:
5573:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5459:Smith, Kline & French
5394:
5378:
5341:
5334:
5245:
5160:
5054:
5036:
5018:
5000:
4981:
4974:
4953:
4794:
4741:
4715:
4706:Discovery and development
4698:
4581:
4569:
4532:
4486:
4477:Discovery and development
4469:
4441:
4391:
4313:Discovery and development
4305:
4287:
3836:Annual Review of Medicine
3569:Broder S (January 2010).
3527:Marsa L (June 20, 1993).
3401:10.1107/S0108270188000368
2518:10.1080/15257771003741018
2285:Social Studies of Science
1785:World Health Organization
1757:World Health Organization
1590:European Medicines Agency
1352:National Cancer Institute
922:post-exposure prophylaxis
865:. It is commonly used in
863:high blood lactate levels
824:antiretroviral medication
787:
762:
742:
720:
707:
674:
669:
650:
618:
590:
570:
550:
530:
510:
490:
470:
450:
430:
405:
385:
363:
358:
342:
329:
317:
307:
297:
289:
236:
231:
206:
184:
158:
111:
97:
79:
69:
64:
55:
46:
27:Antiretroviral medication
5449:S. E. Massengill Company
5349:GlaxoSmithKline Pakistan
5002:Transcription inhibitors
4954:Pharmacokinetic boosters
4870:Dolutegravir/rilpivirine
4831:Cabotegravir/rilpivirine
4471:Protease Inhibitors (PI)
4176:Meland M (May 3, 2004).
2995:(Submitted manuscript).
2297:10.1177/0306312710371145
1814:Biochemical Pharmacology
965:Antibacterial properties
6134:Hydroxymethyl compounds
5444:Reliant Pharmaceuticals
5326:
5286:initial regimen options
4852:Dolutegravir/lamivudine
4329:Enfuvirtide (ENF, T-20)
4307:Entry/fusion inhibitors
4230:Drug Information Portal
4206:(FDA). August 8, 2014.
3809:10.1126/science.8493571
3719:10.1073/pnas.71.12.4980
3449:10.1073/pnas.84.23.8239
3110:10.1073/pnas.83.21.8333
3013:10.1126/science.1699273
2908:10.1073/pnas.82.20.7096
1252:Initial cancer research
891:. It is available as a
5127:Portmanteau inhibitors
5020:Translation inhibitors
4930:Lamivudine/raltegravir
4700:Non-nucleoside (NNRTI)
4658:Islatravir (EFdA, ISL)
3669:. September 20, 1986.
3620:Org. Chem. Ser. Monogr
3428:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
3334:Molecular Pharmacology
2479:"zidovudine, Retrovir"
2345:10.1093/femspd/ftaa063
1232:
1185:(where it is called a
1158:
1050:thymidine triphosphate
983:gram-negative bacteria
920:AZT has been used for
6007:GlaxoSmithKline Prize
5434:Human Genome Sciences
5142:Synergistic enhancers
4940:Lamivudine/zidovudine
4820:Atazanavir/cobicistat
4796:Combined formulations
4633:Zidovudine (AZT, ZDV)
4571:Reverse-transcriptase
4443:Maturation inhibitors
3959:. September 21, 2021.
3346:10.1124/mol.56.6.1354
2332:Pathogens and Disease
1439:Cost of HIV treatment
1377:reverse transcriptase
1350:of the United States
1324:murine leukemia virus
1230:
1167:reverse transcriptase
1156:
1123:reverse transcriptase
989:carrying and metallo-
878:reverse transcriptase
848:injection into a vein
840:lamivudine/zidovudine
5404:Allen & Hanburys
5359:Stiefel Laboratories
4983:Uncoating inhibitors
4836:Darunavir/cobicistat
4676:Nucleotide analogues
4594:Nucleoside analogues
4393:Integrase inhibitors
4272:antiretroviral drugs
2403:10.1128/AAC.01172-20
2097:on February 14, 2012
2035:PLOS Clinical Trials
1592:. November 30, 2017.
1093:acetylsalicylic acid
32:AZT (disambiguation)
4975:Experimental agents
4945:Lopinavir/ritonavir
4804:Abacavir/lamivudine
4778:Elsulfavirine (ESV)
4613:Emtricitabine (FTC)
4499:Fosamprenavir (FPV)
3801:1993Sci...260.1273W
3795:(5112): 1273–1279.
3710:1974PNAS...71.4980O
3632:10.1021/jo01030a546
3492:on January 3, 2017.
3440:1987PNAS...84.8239C
3393:1988AcCrC..44..767D
3101:1986PNAS...83.8333F
3040:Journal of Virology
3005:1990Sci...249.1533M
2899:1985PNAS...82.7096M
2128:on December 3, 2013
1861:1988SciAm.259d.110Y
1849:Scientific American
1538:. December 14, 2018
1433:Society and culture
1278:George H. Hitchings
1149:Mechanism of action
1139:integrase inhibitor
1048:, the depletion of
255:(Prescription only)
43:
5911:Silas M. Burroughs
5454:SmithKline Beecham
5419:Burroughs Wellcome
5272:Never to phase III
4418:Elvitegravir (EVG)
4413:Dolutegravir (DTG)
4408:Cabotegravir (CAB)
4107:The New York Times
3762:. Wiley. pp.
3754:Sneader W (2006).
3666:The New York Times
3575:Antiviral Research
3516:on August 8, 2017.
3381:Acta Crystallogr C
2710:"Zidovudine (AZT,
1454:Burroughs Wellcome
1233:
1159:
1131:protease inhibitor
893:generic medication
885:Burroughs Wellcome
836:needlestick injury
201:rectal suppository
39:
6047:
6046:
5944:
5943:
5816:
5815:
5690:
5689:
5390:
5389:
5294:
5293:
5241:
5240:
5087:Diarylpyrimidines
4790:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4766:Rilpivirine (RPV)
4750:diarylpyrimidines
4733:Delavirdine (DLV)
4628:Zalcitabine (ddC)
4585:nucleotide (NRTI)
4565:
4564:
4423:Raltegravir (RAL)
4403:Bictegravir (BIC)
4382:Fostemsavir (FTR)
4297:Lenacapavir (LEN)
4289:Capsid inhibitors
4142:10.1021/ml300084e
4062:Los Angeles Times
4043:Los Angeles Times
3773:978-0-471-89980-8
3704:(12): 4980–4985.
3533:Los Angeles Times
3434:(23): 8239–8242.
3314:978-0-443-05974-2
3095:(21): 8333–8337.
2999:(4976): 1533–44.
2893:(20): 7096–7100.
2566:10.1159/000134943
2010:on April 22, 2006
1716:Los Angeles Times
1333:HIV/AIDS research
1059:
1042:mitochondrial DNA
822:), was the first
814:), also known as
805:
804:
733:Interactive image
620:CompTox Dashboard
278:
263:
250:
174:
141:
124:
16:(Redirected from
6141:
6119:Tetrahydrofurans
6114:Pyrimidinediones
6076:
6075:
6064:
6063:
6062:
6055:
6035:
6034:
5862:Patrick Vallance
5825:
5824:
5554:Wellbutrin/Zyban
5479:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5339:
5338:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5298:
5297:
5112:Hydroxycarbamide
4979:
4978:
4773:Doravirine (DOR)
4761:Etravirine (ETR)
4756:Dapivirine (DPV)
4728:Nevirapine (NVP)
4713:
4712:
4618:Lamivudine (3TC)
4608:Didanosine (ddI)
4579:
4578:
4552:Tipranavir (TPV)
4540:Atazanavir (ATV)
4524:Saquinavir (SQV)
4514:Nelfinavir (NFV)
4494:Amprenavir (APV)
4484:
4483:
4366:Ibalizumab (IBA)
4261:
4254:
4247:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4212:
4211:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4173:
4164:
4163:
4153:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3921:(8481): 575–80.
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3893:on June 19, 2013
3892:
3886:. Archived from
3885:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3859:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3761:
3751:
3742:
3741:
3731:
3721:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3598:
3566:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3509:. Archived from
3508:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3488:. Archived from
3478:
3472:
3471:
3461:
3451:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3340:(6): 1354–1361.
3325:
3319:
3318:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3283:
3274:(3): 1754–1762.
3259:
3253:
3252:
3234:
3225:(1): 1132–1139.
3210:
3204:
3203:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3155:
3148:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3112:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3063:
3046:(8): 6700–6707.
3031:
3025:
3024:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2952:(8481): 575–80.
2940:
2931:
2930:
2920:
2910:
2878:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2837:(5): 1671–1678.
2822:
2816:
2815:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2568:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2512:(4–6): 382–385.
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2347:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2168:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2122:Aids Perspective
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2093:. Archived from
2086:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2050:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2009:
1998:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1939:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1726:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1651:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1507:nctr-crs.fda.gov
1499:
1410:randomized trial
1365:George Hitchings
1286:6-mercaptopurine
1213:skeletal muscles
1112:Viral resistance
1057:
1054:oxidative stress
951:cesarean section
934:clinical pathway
801:
800:
793:
735:
715:
700:
694:
688:
682:
665:
654:
643:
642:
628:
626:
610:
604:
583:
563:
543:
523:
503:
483:
463:
443:
423:
413:
412:
398:
334:
276:
273:
268:
261:
258:
248:
245:
223:
172:
169:
151:
140:
137:
134:
123:
120:
107:
93:
75:Retrovir, others
60:
51:
44:
42:
38:
21:
6149:
6148:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6070:
6060:
6058:
6050:
6048:
6043:
6023:
5990:
5940:
5894:
5890:Laurie Glimcher
5857:Manvinder Banga
5852:Roy M. Anderson
5847:Simon Dingemans
5829:
5812:
5686:
5569:
5463:
5396:
5386:
5374:
5369:ViiV Healthcare
5330:
5325:
5295:
5290:
5289:
5277:
5262:Clinical trials
5237:
5188:Dexelvucitabine
5156:
5147:Tre recombinase
5050:
5032:
5014:
5010:Tat antagonists
4996:
4970:
4949:
4782:
4737:
4723:Efavirenz (EFV)
4702:
4694:
4623:Stavudine (d4T)
4584:
4572:
4561:
4546:Darunavir (DRV)
4528:
4519:Ritonavir (RTV)
4509:Lopinavir (LPV)
4504:Indinavir (IDV)
4473:
4465:
4437:
4395:
4387:
4341:Maraviroc (MVC)
4309:
4301:
4283:
4268:Antiviral drugs
4265:
4224:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4174:
4167:
4122:
4118:
4099:
4095:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4071:
4069:
4064:. May 3, 1990.
4056:
4054:
4050:
4039:
4035:
4004:
4000:
3968:
3964:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3910:
3906:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3828:
3824:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3752:
3745:
3690:
3686:
3676:
3674:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3616:
3612:
3567:
3558:
3550:
3548:"Inventing AZT"
3544:
3540:
3525:
3521:
3513:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3420:
3416:
3377:
3373:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3301:
3297:
3260:
3256:
3211:
3207:
3176:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3081:
3077:
3032:
3028:
2985:
2981:
2941:
2934:
2879:
2868:
2823:
2819:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2771:. July 29, 2011
2768:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2685:. MedicineNet.
2681:
2680:
2676:
2637:
2633:
2594:
2590:
2545:
2541:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2432:
2428:
2375:
2371:
2324:
2320:
2281:
2274:
2235:
2231:
2194:
2190:
2159:(18): 1173–80.
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2007:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1942:MMWR Recomm Rep
1937:
1931:
1927:
1888:
1884:
1845:
1841:
1810:
1806:
1782:
1778:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1727:
1723:
1712:
1705:
1694:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1441:
1435:
1398:
1348:Robert Yarchoan
1344:Hiroaki Mitsuya
1335:
1270:David Baltimore
1254:
1249:
1242:
1225:
1151:
1114:
1102:carcinogenicity
1081:glucuronidation
1011:
967:
918:
906:
901:
796:
794:
791:(what is this?)
788:
783:
780:
775:
770:
769:
758:
755:
750:
749:
738:
713:
703:
697:
691:
685:
646:
622:
614:
586:
566:
546:
526:
506:
486:
466:
446:
426:
409:
401:
381:
378:
376:
371:
370:
332:
309:Protein binding
299:Bioavailability
291:Pharmacokinetic
285:
266:
227:
187:
180:
161:
154:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6147:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6081:
6080:
6068:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6009:
6004:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5981:
5974:
5967:
5960:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5926:Henry Wellcome
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5906:Thomas Beecham
5902:
5900:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5874:
5872:Lynn Elsenhans
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5837:Philip Hampton
5833:
5831:
5822:
5818:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5763:Goody's Powder
5760:
5755:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5485:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5429:Glaxo Wellcome
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5380:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5345:
5343:
5336:
5332:
5331:
5324:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5301:
5292:
5291:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5259:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5042:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5024:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5006:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4987:
4985:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4961:Cobicistat (c)
4957:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4855:
4849:
4844:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4710:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4603:Abacavir (ABC)
4589:
4587:
4583:Nucleoside and
4576:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4543:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4481:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4447:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4373:
4357:
4343:
4332:
4319:
4317:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4264:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4220:
4219:External links
4217:
4214:
4213:
4191:
4165:
4116:
4093:
4079:
4048:
4033:
3998:
3979:(4): 185–191.
3962:
3948:
3904:
3871:
3822:
3779:
3772:
3743:
3684:
3652:
3637:
3610:
3556:
3538:
3519:
3495:
3486:NobelPrize.org
3473:
3414:
3371:
3320:
3313:
3295:
3254:
3205:
3186:(11): 726–38.
3167:
3134:
3075:
3026:
2979:
2932:
2866:
2817:
2798:(5B): 8S–10S.
2782:
2757:
2731:
2700:
2674:
2631:
2604:(3): 358–369.
2588:
2539:
2496:
2470:
2426:
2369:
2338:(9): ftaa063.
2318:
2291:(6): 843–870.
2272:
2229:
2215:10.1086/505147
2188:
2139:
2108:
2081:
2079:Science Codex.
2072:
2021:
1985:
1959:
1948:(RR-9): 1–17.
1925:
1882:
1855:(4): 110–119.
1839:
1820:(2): 155–169.
1804:
1776:
1748:
1741:
1721:
1718:, 20 June 1993
1703:
1692:
1672:
1625:
1595:
1574:
1549:
1523:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1449:Public Citizen
1434:
1431:
1397:
1394:
1384:clinical trial
1369:Gertrude Elion
1334:
1331:
1293:Jerome Horwitz
1282:Gertrude Elion
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1239:space group P2
1224:
1221:
1197:DNA polymerase
1150:
1147:
1113:
1110:
1095:(aspirin) and
1074:red blood cell
1034:cardiomyopathy
1030:hepatotoxicity
1010:
1007:
966:
963:
917:
916:HIV prevention
914:
905:
902:
900:
897:
855:liver problems
816:azidothymidine
803:
802:
785:
784:
782:
781:
778:
776:
773:
765:
764:
763:
760:
759:
757:
756:
753:
745:
744:
743:
740:
739:
737:
736:
728:
726:
718:
717:
711:
705:
704:
701:
695:
689:
683:
678:
672:
671:
667:
666:
656:
648:
647:
645:
644:
631:
629:
616:
615:
613:
612:
596:
594:
588:
587:
585:
584:
576:
574:
568:
567:
565:
564:
556:
554:
548:
547:
545:
544:
536:
534:
528:
527:
525:
524:
516:
514:
508:
507:
505:
504:
496:
494:
488:
487:
485:
484:
476:
474:
468:
467:
465:
464:
456:
454:
448:
447:
445:
444:
436:
434:
428:
427:
425:
424:
416:
414:
403:
402:
400:
399:
391:
389:
383:
382:
380:
379:
374:
366:
365:
364:
361:
360:
356:
355:
346:
340:
339:
338:0.5 to 3 hours
336:
327:
326:
321:
315:
314:
311:
305:
304:
301:
295:
294:
287:
286:
284:
283:
280:
271:
256:
242:
240:
234:
233:
229:
228:
226:
225:
212:
210:
204:
203:
190:
188:administration
182:
181:
179:
178:
176:
166:
164:
156:
155:
153:
152:
135:
117:
115:
109:
108:
101:
95:
94:
87:
77:
76:
73:
67:
66:
62:
61:
53:
52:
26:
18:Azidothymadine
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6146:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6067:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6040:
6039:
6030:
6029:
6026:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5980:
5979:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5921:John K. Smith
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:Jesse Goodman
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5842:Emma Walmsley
5840:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5826:
5823:
5819:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5534:Paxil/Seroxat
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5466:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5409:Beecham Group
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5395:Predecessors,
5393:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5322:
5317:
5315:
5310:
5308:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:Failed agents
5159:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5028:Trichosanthin
5026:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4966:Ritonavir (r)
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4568:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4274:used against
4273:
4269:
4262:
4257:
4255:
4250:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4170:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4136:(5): 349–51.
4135:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4089:
4083:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4037:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3966:
3958:
3952:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3908:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3775:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3750:
3748:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3648:
3641:
3633:
3629:
3626:(7): 2076–9.
3625:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3549:
3542:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3512:
3505:
3499:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3316:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3172:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2937:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2767:
2761:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2704:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2443:(1): 106362.
2442:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2277:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2245:(9103): 651.
2244:
2240:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1744:
1742:9783764377830
1738:
1734:
1733:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1695:
1693:9783527607495
1689:
1685:
1684:
1676:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1430:
1429:and malaise.
1428:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1373:Janet Rideout
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:Samuel Broder
1330:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1244:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:cell division
1198:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1072:to stimulate
1071:
1070:erythropoetin
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
979:
974:
973:
962:
960:
954:
952:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
913:
911:
904:HIV treatment
896:
894:
890:
886:
881:
879:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:muscle damage
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
799:
792:
786:
777:
772:
771:
768:
761:
752:
751:
748:
741:
734:
730:
729:
727:
724:
719:
712:
710:
706:
679:
677:
673:
668:
664:
660:
657:
655:
653:ECHA InfoCard
649:
641:
637:
636:DTXSID8020127
633:
632:
630:
621:
617:
609:
608:RCSB PDB
603:
598:
597:
595:
593:
589:
582:
578:
577:
575:
573:
569:
562:
558:
557:
555:
553:
549:
542:
538:
537:
535:
533:
529:
522:
518:
517:
515:
513:
509:
502:
498:
497:
495:
493:
489:
482:
478:
477:
475:
473:
469:
462:
458:
457:
455:
453:
449:
442:
438:
437:
435:
433:
429:
422:
418:
417:
415:
408:
404:
397:
393:
392:
390:
388:
384:
373:
372:
369:
362:
357:
354:
350:
347:
345:
341:
337:
335:
328:
325:
322:
320:
316:
312:
310:
306:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
281:
279: Rx-only
272:
269:
257:
254:
244:
243:
241:
239:
235:
230:
222:
217:
214:
213:
211:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
191:
189:
183:
177:
168:
167:
165:
163:
157:
150:
145:
136:
133:
128:
119:
118:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
72:
68:
65:Clinical data
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
37:
33:
19:
6099:Hepatotoxins
6094:Organoazides
6037:
6013:Side Effects
6011:
5983:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5955:
5931:Andrew Witty
5916:Mahlon Kline
5867:Vivienne Cox
5680:
5636:H5N1 vaccine
5563:
5397:acquisitions
5335:Subsidiaries
5282:
5082:Cyanovirin-N
5072:Calanolide A
4748:
4742:2 generation
4716:1 generation
4703:
4674:
4653:Elvucitabine
4643:Apricitabine
4632:
4592:
4533:2 generation
4487:1 generation
4474:
4461:Fipravirimat
4375:
4370:Semzuvolimab
4359:
4350:Cenicriviroc
4334:
4322:
4310:
4229:
4226:"Zidovudine"
4194:
4181:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4106:
4096:
4082:
4070:. Retrieved
4061:
4051:
4045:. p. 1.
4042:
4036:
4014:(11): 1517.
4011:
4007:
4001:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3951:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3895:. Retrieved
3888:the original
3874:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3757:
3701:
3697:
3687:
3675:. Retrieved
3664:
3655:
3646:
3640:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3578:
3574:
3541:
3532:
3522:
3511:the original
3498:
3490:the original
3485:
3476:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3387:(4): 767–9.
3384:
3380:
3374:
3337:
3333:
3323:
3305:Pharmacology
3304:
3298:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3183:
3180:N Engl J Med
3179:
3160:November 14,
3158:. Retrieved
3137:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3043:
3039:
3029:
2996:
2992:
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5283:recommended
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5601:Engerix-B
5414:Block Drug
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5651:Pandemrix
5621:Hepatyrix
5519:Flixonase
5499:Augmentin
5268:Phase III
5256:Withdrawn
5233:Telinavir
5228:Palinavir
5223:Mozenavir
5203:Emivirine
5198:Lasinavir
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5097:Foscarnet
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4451:Bevirimat
4428:BI 224436
4072:March 30,
3897:April 18,
2724:March 28,
2465:234791392
2132:August 3,
2101:March 31,
2014:March 29,
1920:204952772
1618:April 10,
1400:A flawed
1316:Göttingen
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930:tenofovir
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6038:Category
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5773:Lucozade
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5725:Caltrate
5671:Shingrix
5661:Rabavert
5656:Pediarix
5631:Infanrix
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5468:Products
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2687:Archived
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5475:Current
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